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Email: yousef.yaga@gmail.com
PO Box: 38510 Bani Walid
Course Info
Lecture Hours: 14 weeks x 2.5 hours = 35 hours/semester
Lab Hours: 10 weeks x 2 hour = 20 hours/semester
Self-Readings: 14 weeks x 4 hours = 56 hours/semester
Attendance: > 75 % it means you must attend at least 10 weeks
Grading
Exam 1
Email: yousef.yaga@gmail.com
PO Box: 38510 Bani Walid
Office: Oil & Gas Office, Room 5 (Saturday to Thursday )
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Quizs (
Topic
Date
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
).... Homeworks (
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
1.
Figure 1 shows a simple scheme for a manual control which the Operator manipulated
the wheel of manual valve to control (flow/level/temperature) by looking at mounted
gauges. The operator was the controller and used visual feedback, control and
information was fully distributed.
2.
Control panels with pneumatic controllers were introduced on a process unit basis as
shown above in Figure 2. Several operators regularly monitored and manipulated the
plant from the control panel. Control and information was centralized on a unit level
basis.
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
3.
Figure 3 shows a high density panels with electronic instruments were introduced.
Operators had a complete picture of the process from a central control panel and could
manipulate the entire process with very little physical movement.
Control and information was totally centralized.
4.
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
5.
Direct Control
Actuator
Plant 1
C1
Measurement
Multiplexer
Multiplexer
DAC
ADC
Computer
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
6.
R1 +
Controller
Actuator
Plant 1
C1
b1
Measurement
Multiplexer
Multiplexer
DAC
ADC
Computer
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
7.
SCADA is a system and technology for remote monitoring and control, which allows
the operator to:
Also, SCADA is not a full control system, but rather focuses on the supervisory level.
SCADA working to collecting data and information via distributed devices like
(remote terminal unit) RTU,PLC, transferring data back to the central unit, carrying out
any necessary analysis and control and then displaying that information on a number of
operator screens or displays. Finally, send control actions to the process depending on
the information.
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
7.1
Now days, Modern SCADA are used extensively in many industrials around the world
for remote control of sectors and substations. The following are some examples of the
usage of SCADA systems:
Electric Energy
Power generation, transmission and distribution is cover very wide areas, so SCADA
systems are used to detect and monitor any change in loads ,currents flow and line
voltages, and control the sectors by opening and closing the switches.
control the distributed equipment used like filters and valves. Besides, SCAD A used to
regulate water flow, reservoir levels, pipe pressure and other factors.
Industrial Processes
SCADA systems are used in Industrial and manufacturing to manage processes
and robots like (Car, Food manufacturing, Chemical process).
Nuclear Processes
Transportation
7.2
Besides SCADA can monitor and control any kind of equipment, SCADA used to
automate more complex processes. Further SCADA has many benefits as follows:
Brand Name
Siemens
Software Name
Wincc
Country
Germany
Schneider
Citect Scada
France
Rockwell
RS View
USA
Wonderware
In Touch
USA
Honeywell
Experion
Ci technology
Citect
Australia
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
7.4
Architecture of SCADA
SCADA is highly complex system includes the following components: master terminal
unit (MTU) or host computers, operating equipment, PLCs, instruments, remote
terminal unit, intelligent electronic device IED, and Actuators. These components were
distributed in terms of layers or levels. The basic SCADA architecture system is
represented as shown in Figure 10.
Level 0: is the Input/ Output Level which distributed at one level including all type
of sensors and actuators.
Level 1: is the Process and Field Level which is gather field values, I/O analog,
digital, measuring and other commands, such as RTUs, Valves IEDs, and PLCs.
Level 2: is the Control Level which includes the control devices like PLC, PC.
Level 3: is the Supervisory Level with dynamic changing states and real time control.
Level 4: world Connection using Internet and various new technologies related to mobile /
cell phone operations.
Data Flow
Amount
of Data
L3
L2
L1
L0
Reaction
Time
Figure 10: SCADA Architecture.
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
7.5
8.
Elements of SCADA
SCADA system is used to supervise, control and monitor data from subsystems, by using
physical cables or remote access. All these procedures are done by using some
components and elements. SCADA systems components as shown in Figure 11 are:
MTU has other auxiliary devices considered to be part of the MTU such as (printers,
backup memories and modems, HMI, Historical Data logging).
The MTU initiates virtually all communication with remote sites and interfaces with an
operator. Data from remote field devices (pumps, valves, alarms, etc.) is sent to the MTU
to be processed, stored and/or sent to other systems. MTU CAN BE
Web server
Data logging, Analyzing data
Serve the clients through a firewall
Real-time decision maker
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
8.2
RTU
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) is a microprocessor-based device with very good radio
interfacing. RTUs are deployed in the field as an interface between the I/O Devices and
SCADA system. RTUs are used to transmit telemetry data from the sensors to the
master unit and receive the control signal from the master station to control the output
devices. RTU can do next:
Gather information from field devices (analog values, digital values, alarming).
Save information in memory unit and exchange with MTU.
Open/close valves, turns switches, change set points).
8.2.1 RTU Features
Intelligent to control a process and multiple processes
Data logging and alarm handling
Can control IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Device)
Expandable
RTU
RTU
RTU
Slave/Master device
MTU
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
RTU has two or three communication ports (RS232, RS422 and RS485) or Ethernet
link. A watchdog timer provides a check that the RTU program is executing regularly.
The RTU program regularly resets the watchdog timer and if this is not done within a
certain time-out period the watchdog timer flags an error.
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
The RTUs are expected to read data from field devices FDs in a plant, and to
transmit data to the MTU. Likewise, the RTUs expected to receive control
instructions from the MTU to control the plant as shown in Figure 15. This two-way
digital communication between RTUs and MTU is carried out on the so-called MTURTU communication sub-system, which constitutes the third component of our
SCADA system. The RTU-FD communication may be analog (in old systems) or
digital (in modern systems) of SCADA system.
D: Data
C: Control Sign.
RTU
MTU
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
The set points received by the RTU from the MTU are always digital in nature,
because RTU-MTU communication is always digital.
communication
Data in duplex mode travel in both directions simultaneously. Figure 16 shows the tree types
of channels mode.
8.3
SCADA system and distributed control system (DCS), both, are suitable for the control
of large distributed industrial processes, a comparison between the two would be in
order. The table below shows the comparison between them
Feature
DCS
SCADA
1 Data transmission
One way
Two way
2 Type of control
Extent of intervention by
3
operator
Limited intervention
Regular intervention
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
8.4
MPI (Multi Point Interface): is designed for easy data exchange between S7300/400 stations.
Industrial Ethernet: permits the rapid exchange of large amounts of data via
PROFINET interface or via communication module.
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
AS-Interface (AS-i): is used to query sensors and actuators on the fieldbus level.
8.4.1 AS-Interface
Description
Network length
transmission rate
167 kbit/s.
Nodes
Access
Signals
Cable
Standard
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A
Fast reaction times: the AS-i master requires a maximum of 5 ms for cyclic data
exchange with up to 31 nodes (with 62 nodes 10 ms).
Nodes (AS-i slaves) on the AS-i cable can be either sensors/actuators with an
integrated AS-i connector or AS-i modules.
AS-i modules are AS-i slaves to which conventional sensors and actuators can
be connected.
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AS-Interface Analyzer
The AS-Interface analyzer is used to creating test reports by test AS-i networks. Errors
during installation, for example bad contacts or EMC problems at extreme load, can be
revealed by this device. This makes it possible to evaluate the quality of complete
networks [5].
Repeater
A repeater uses to extend the AS-I segment, Down times and service times can also be
reduced because the AS-Interface power supply is displayed for each side (separate
power supply) [5].
Further features of the repeater include:
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Lecturer: Yousef M.A