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Short-circuit state.
Isc = f(If) for n=nN (const.)
short-circuit characteristic (scc)
Per-unit values: Ir=I/IN Ur=U/UN (Er=E/UN)
IfoN nominal field current at
no-load (Ef=UN)
IfscN nominal field current at
short circuit (Isc=IN)
IfoN is usually applied as a
base for relative values of
field current
Ifr = If/IfoN
Short-circuit ratio is an important parameter of synchronous generator:
K sc =
IfoN
1
=
IfscN IfscNr
Xd =
Isc
AD [V ] = X
dun [ ] for unsaturate d machine
CD [A ]
BD [p.u.]
= X dr [p.u.]
CD [p.u.]
X dr =
Xd
Xd
=
ZN U N I N
BD [p.u.] IfscNr
=
CD [p.u.]
1
X dr =
1
K sc
SM2- 1
U = f(I)
for
If = const
cos = const
n = const
lagging character of load
leading character of load
b)
If = f(I)
for
U = const
cos = const
n = const
Voltage regulation
U r =
Ef U
U
[p.u.]
for nominal load current, nominal excitation and nominal power factor
U rN =
EfN UN
UN
[p.u.]
SM2- 2
c)
I = f(If)
for
SM2- 3
P = const
U = const
n = const
E
U
f
Xd
Xd
d)
Ef
sin L
Xd
P =m
UEf
sinL
Xd
hence
1
P to so
1 UEf
sinL
m
Xd
(stability margin);
SM2- 4
U sin L = X q Iq
Id =
Ef
U
cos L and
Xd
Xd
Iq =
U
cos L
Xq
Substituting these relations (forId and Iq) to the following expression for
power
P = mUI cos = mU (Id sin L + Iq cos L )
yields
UEf
U 2 1
1
P =m
sin L + m
sin 2L
Xd
2 X q X d
144244
3 14444
4244444
3
1
(T=P/)
1 ferromagnetic core
2 starting & damping cage
3 magnetic flux barriers
Xd
= 1. 5 2
Xq
Xd
= 2. 5 3
Xq
Xd
=5
Xq
SM2- 5
OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR WITH A POWER
SYSTEM
SYNCHRONIZATION OF GENERATOR connection of synchronous
generator on to the system
busbars.
CB circuit-breaker
Condition of correct synchronization:
To avoid heavy currents flow after
switching on, the voltages (potentials)
of generator terminals and system
terminals should be of equal value
before and after connection equal
potentials at CB terminals:
uug = uusy
uvg = uvsy
uwg = uwsy
to time of CB closing
< 5o
co-phasal position
of generator &
system voltage
stars;
5.
L = 0 P = 0
UEf 2
sin L 2 = T
Xd
SM2- 6
SM2- 7
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Consider 3 steps of synchronous machine (generator) operation:
1. synchronization,
2. overexcitation,
3. application of breaking torque (mechanical load) to the machines
shaft:
Te =
1 UE f
cos < 0 (!)
Xd