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Turbine-Generators for
Grid Studies
Prepared by:
Kara Clark
Nicholas W. Miller
Juan J. Sanchez-Gasca
Version 4.2
June 24, 2008
Legal Notice
This report was prepared by General Electric International, Inc. (GEII) as an account of
work sponsored by GEs Wind Energy business. Neither Wind Energy nor GEII, nor any
person acting on behalf of either:
1. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the use of
any information contained in this report, or that the use of any information, apparatus,
method, or process disclosed in the report may not infringe privately owned rights.
2. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of or for damage resulting from the use
of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report.
ii
Foreword
This document was prepared by GE Energy in Schenectady, NY. Technical and
commercial questions and any correspondence concerning this document should be
referred to:
Nicholas W. Miller
GE Energy
Building 2, Room 605
Schenectady, New York 12345
Phone: (518) 385-9865
Fax: (518) 385-5703
E-mail: nicholas.miller@ge.com
iii
iv
Table of Contents
1
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................1.1
ANALYTICAL APPROACH....................................................................................................3.1
3.1
3.2
CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................................9.1
Table of Figures
Figure 2-1.
Figure 2-2.
Figure 2-3.
Figure 3-1.
Figure 4-1.
Figure 4-2.
Figure 4-3.
Figure 4-4.
Figure 4-5.
Figure 4-6.
Figure 4-7.
Figure 4-8.
Figure 4-9.
Figure 5-1.
Figure 5-2.
Figure 5-3.
Figure 6-1.
Figure 6-2.
Figure 6-3.
Figure 6-4.
Figure 6-5.
Figure 7-1.
Figure 7-2.
Figure 7-3.
Figure 7-4.
Figure 7-5.
Figure 7-6.
Figure 7-7.
Figure 7-8.
Figure 8-1.
Figure 8-2.
Figure 8-3.
Figure 8-4.
Figure 8-5.
Figure 8-6.
Figure 8-7.
vi
Table of Tables
Table 3-1. Individual WTG Power Flow Data...................................................................3.2
Table 4-1. Typical Low-Voltage Ride Through Voltage Thresholds and Durations. .......4.3
Table 4-2. DFAG Generator/Converter Parameters...........................................................4.4
Table 4-3. WindCONTROL Emulator Parameters (on Generator MVA Base). ...............4.7
Table 4-4. DFAG Electrical Control Parameters. ..............................................................4.8
Table 4-5. Open Loop Reactive Power Control Logic. .....................................................4.9
Table 4-6. Open Loop Reactive Power Control Parameters. .............................................4.9
Table 4-7. DFAG WTG Turbine Control Parameters (on Turbine MW Base). ..............4.13
Table 4-8. DFAG WTG Rotor Mechanical Model Parameters (on Turbine MW Base).4.14
Table 4-9. DFAG WTG Wind Power Coefficients..........................................................4.15
Table 4-10. Cp Coefficients i,j ........................................................................................4.17
Table 4-11. Active Power Control and Rate Limit Function Parameters. .......................4.19
Table 5-1. Full Converter Generator/Converter Parameters. .............................................5.1
Table 5-2. Full Converter WTG Electrical Model. ............................................................5.5
Table 5-3. Full Converter WTG WindCONTROL Emulator Parameters. ........................5.5
Table 5-4. Full Converter WTG Turbine Control Parameters (on Turbine MW Base).....5.7
Table 5-5. Full Converter WTG Rotor Model Parameters (on Turbine MW Base). .........5.7
Table 5-6. Full Converter WTG Wind Power Coefficients. ..............................................5.7
Table 6-1. DFAG Generator Model (gewtg) Data for Simulations. ................................6.10
Table 6-2. DFAG Electrical Control Model (exwtge) Data for Simulations...................6.11
Table 6-3. DFAG Turbine Control Model (wndtge) Data for Simulations. ....................6.12
Table 7-1. Full Converter WTG Generator Model Data for Simulations. .......................7.15
Table 7-2. Full Converter WTG Electrical Control Model Data for Simulations. ..........7.16
Table 7-3. Full Converter WTG Turbine Control Model Data for Simulations. .............7.17
vii
Introduction
GE Energy
1.1
3 AC Windings
fnet
Collector
System
(e.g.
34.5kV
bus)
P stator
frotor
P rotor
P rotor
F rotor
P conv
F network
Wind Turbine
Wound-Rotor
Induction Generator
Converter
GE Energy
2.1
GE Energy
2.2
f stator
P stator
3 AC Winding
Wind Turbine
stator
Pnet= Pstator
Q net
fnet
f stator
net
P stator
Collector System
(e.g. 34.5kV bus)
Permanent
frotor
Magnet
P rotor
Rotor
Like the GE 1.5 and 3.6 MW machines, the fundamental frequency electrical dynamic
performance of the GE Multi-Megawatt WTG is completely dominated by the converter.
For the full converter machines, the line-side of the converter corresponds to the WTG
terminals. The electrical behavior on the variable frequency machine side of the converter
is of no interest to the AC system. Further, operation (i.e., rotation) of the turbine is not
required for the converter to continue reactive operation on the line-side. In the vicinity of
rated power, the GE full converter machines will normally operate at a speed selected to
give optimum turbine performance. Control of the frequency converter allows the rotor
speed to be completely decoupled from the grid frequency, and to be controlled over a
wide range.
Similar to the DFAG WTGs, the control of active and reactive power is handled by
fast, high bandwidth regulators within the converter controls, and can be greatly simplified
for simulation of bulk power system dynamic performance.
The turbine control is also similar to that used for a DFAG WTG.
GE Energy
2.3
The model presented in Section 5 describes the relevant dynamics of a single full
converter WTG. As noted above in the DFAG discussion, the primary objective of this
model is to allow for analysis of the performance of groups of WTGs and how they
interact with the bulk power system. Hence, the Var control system and the APC are both
incorporated in the models. Representation of all the individual machines in a large wind
plant is inappropriate for most grid stability studies. Hence, there is provision within the
model structure to allow a single equivalent WTG machine model to represent multiple
WTGS. The model implementation allows the user access to parameters that might
reasonably be customized to meet the particular requirements of a system application.
These parameters are discussed in more detail in Section 5.
Generator/converter model
Electrical control model
Turbine and turbine control model
The generator/converter model injects real and reactive current into the network in
response to control commands, and represents low and high voltage protective functions
(e.g., low voltage ride through capability). The same generator/converter model, with
different data, is used to represent both DFAG WTGs (e.g., GEs 1.5 and 3.6 MW) and full
converter WTGs (e.g., GEs Multi-Megawatt 2.5 MW).
The electrical control model includes both closed and open loop reactive power
controls, and voltage regulation with either a simplified emulator of GEs
WindCONTROL system or a separate, detailed model. This model sends real and reactive
commands to the generator/converter model. Different electrical control models are used
to represent DFAG WTGs and full converter WTGs
The turbine and turbine control model represents the mechanical controls, including
blade pitch control and power order (torque order in the actual equipment) to the converter;
under speed trip; rotor inertia equation; wind power as a function of wind speed, blade
pitch, rotor speed; and active power control. One model is used to represent both DFAG
and full converter WTGs. However, more functions (e.g., dynamic braking resistor) are
enabled for a full converter WTG than for a DFAG machine.
In addition, user-written models can be developed to represent wind gusts or other
profiles by varying input wind speed to the turbine model, or to represent additional
protective functions (e.g., over/under frequency).
GE Energy
2.4
Vreg bus
Vterm
Trip Signal
Ip (P)
Command
Electrical
Control
Model
Generator/
Converter
Model
E" or IQ (Q)
Command
Pgen , Qgen
Power
Order
Wind Profile
Model
(User-written)
Wind
Speed
Pelec
Turbine &
Turbine Control
Model
Fterm
GE Energy
2.5
3 Analytical Approach
In practice, a wind plant has a local grid collecting the output from the machines into a
single point of interconnection to the grid. Since the wind plant is made up of many
identical machines, it is a reasonable approximation to parallel all the machines into a
single equivalent large machine behind a single equivalent reactance. This approach is
consistent with the models presented in this report. However, there are limitations.
Disturbances within the local collector grid cannot be analyzed, and there is some
potentially significant variation in the equivalent impedance for the connection to each
machine. A single machine equivalent requires the approximation that the power output of
all the machines will be the same at a given instant of time. For grid system impact
studies, simulations are typically performed with the initial wind of sufficient speed to
produce rated output on all machines. Under this condition, the assumption that all
machines are initially at the same (rated) output is not an approximation. Otherwise, this
assumption presumes that the geographic dispersion is small enough that the wind over the
plant is uniform. Simulations of bulk system dynamics using a single machine equivalent
is adequate for most planning studies.
Detailed modeling of the WTG collector system is possible. The inclusion of the
WindCONTROL in each WTGs electrical control model provides an emulation of the
action of a single centralized control. An intermediate level of modeling detail can also be
used in which groups of WTGs, e.g. those on a single collector feeder, are represented by a
single equivalent model.
GE Energy
3.1
would be suitably rated for the number of WTGs, with an impedance typically around
10%.
Project Substation
High Side Bus
(collector, e.g. 34.5kV)
Point of
Interconnection
(POI) Bus
Vreg bus
Terminal Bus
P gen
Substation
Transformer
Collector
Equivalent
Impedance
and Charging
Capacitance
Q gen
Unit
Transformer
Vterm
Generator Rating
Pmax
Pmin
Qmax
Qmin
Terminal Voltage (60 Hz)
Terminal Voltage (50 Hz)
Unit Transformer Rating
Unit Transformer Z
Unit Transformer X/R
GE 1.5
GE 3.6
GE 2.5
1.67 MVA
1.5 MW
0.07 MW
0.726 MVAr
-0.726 MVAr
575 V
690 V
1.75 MVA
5.75%
7.5
4 MVA
3.6 MW
0.16 MW
2.08 MVAr
-1.55 MVAr
4160 V
3300 V
4 MVA
7%
7.5
3 MVA
2.5 MW
0 MW
1.20 MVAr
-1.20 MVAr
690 V
690 V
2.8 MVA
6.0%
7.5
GE Energy
3.2
GE Energy
3.3
4.1
Eq"cmd
1
1+ 0.02s
(efd)
From
exwtge
-1
High Voltage
X"
Reactive Current
s0
Management
Low Voltage
Active Current
IPlv
1
1+ 0.02s
(ladifd)
From
exwtge
Isorc
Management
s1
LVPL
Vterm
1.11
LVPL
1
1+ 0.02s
s2
V
zerox
(0.50)
jX"
brkpt
(0.90)
4.2
significantly from one project to another as equipment designs are modified to meet
specific grid codes or interconnection agreements. Recommendations for modeling the
generator protection functions are as follows:
For feasibility and reliability impact studies of future wind projects: Do not
include the generator protection model or else set the trip levels consistent with
applicable grid codes for the project. An objective of the study should be to
establish the voltage and frequency excursions that may occur. These results
should then be reflected in the equipment specifications. The mechanism for
communicating this is the interconnect agreement. Prior to establishing the
interconnect agreement, the product capability should be understood via
communication with the GE representative.
For facility studies for projects in the design phase: Use trip settings consistent
with performance commitments. The results of the study should indicate
acceptable settings for the actual protective devices to satisfy system requirements
while providing adequate protection for the WTG equipment.
For studies involving in-service projects: Use the actual trip settings of the
protective equipment.
Table 4-1 gives seven trip levels and durations based on specifications for a 60 Hz,
1.5 MW unit with a typical protection option. The PSLF model provides six levels of
voltage tripping. The short term high voltage threshold can be ignored as sub-cycle
behavior in stability simulations is not meaningful. It is important to note that the low
voltage thresholds are a stepwise fit to a curve which is at zero voltage for 200 msec then
slopes up to 75% voltage at 2.85 seconds. The step-wise curve is conservative, in that it is
always inside the specification. As noted above, low voltage ride through requirements
vary from application to application. The tripping thresholds and durations should be
chosen to appropriately represent the application under study.
Any other desired protective functions (e.g., over/under frequency) would need to be
implemented with additional protective device models.
Table 4-1. Typical Low-Voltage Ride Through Voltage Thresholds and Durations.
V (%)
75
50
30
15
110
115
130
GE Energy
V (pu)
-0.25
-0.50
-0.70
-0.85
0.10
0.15
0.30
4.3
Time (sec)
1.9
1.2
0.7
0.2
1.0
0.1
0.02
Table 4-2 includes recommended settings for the DFAG generator/converter model.
The maximum allowed ramp rate limit, rrpwr, is 10. The LVPL breakpoint, brkpt, must be
greater than 0.5, less than 1.0, and greater than the zero-crossing, zerox.
Table 4-2. DFAG Generator/Converter Parameters.
Parameter Name
lpp
dvtrp1
dvtrp2
dvtrp3
dvtrp4
dvtrp5
dvtrp6
dttrp1
dttrp2
dttrp3
dttrp4
dttrp5
dttrp6
fcflg
rrpwr
brkpt
zerox
Recommended Value
0.8
-0.25
-0.50
-0.70
-0.85
0.10
0.15
1.9
1.2
0.7
0.2
1.0
0.1
0
5.
0.9
0.5
GE Energy
4.4
Vrfq
Vreg
WindCONTROL
Emulator
From
separate
WindCONTROL
model
Open
Loop
Control
Logic
Qord
Qcmd
Eq"cmd
Qref
PFAref
Pelec
Power
Factor
Regulator
To Generator
Model
Electrical
Control
Reactive Power Control
IPcmd
Qgen
Vterm
From
Wind Turbine
Model
Pord
Figure 4-2. Overall DFAG Reactive Power and Electrical Control Model.
Vrfq
WindCONTROL
Emulator
Vreg
(vref)
1
1+ sTr
s4
1/fN
Qmax
Kiv/s
Kpv
1+ sTv
s3
Qwv
1
1+ sTc
Qord
s5
Qmin
s2
PFAref
Pelec
Qref
tan
(vref)
1
1+ sTp
(vref)
x
s6
(vref)
pfaflg
Qord
0
1
-1
Qmax
Open
Loop
Control
varflg
Qcmd
Qmin
GE Energy
4.5
Qgen
Qcmd
Vterm
Vmax
KQi / s
Vref
s0
XIQmax
KVi / s
s1
XIQmin
Vmin
Pord
.
.
(vsig)
From
Wind Turbine
Model
Eq"cmd
(efd)
To Generator
Model
IPmax
IPcmd
(ladifd)
Vterm
GE Energy
4.6
Parameter Name
Unit Size
Tr (sec)
Tv(sec)
fN
Tc(sec)
Kpv**
Kiv**
Qmax (pu)
Qmin (pu)
Tpwr (sec)
Recommended Value
1.5
3.6
0.02
0.05
1.0
0.15
18.
5.
0.436*
0.52
-0.436
-0.39
0.05
Operation with WindCONTROL and with European fast power factor control
(varflg = 1, pfaflg = 0, Kqi = 0.5) This represents the another configuration for
GE Energy
4.7
Parameter Name
KQi
KVi
XIQmax
XIQmin
Vmax
Vmin
Ipmax
Recommended Value
0.1*
40**
1.45
0.50
1.10
0.90
1.1
GE Energy
4.8
Voltage Condition
Vterm < VL1
Time Duration
t < TL1
TL1 < t < TL2
t > TL2
t < TH1
TH1< t < TH2
t > TH2
Parameter Name
VL1 (pu)
VH1 (pu)
TL1 (sec.)
TL2 (sec.)
TH1 (sec.)
TH2 (sec.)
QL1 (pu)
QL2 (pu)
QL3 (pu)
QH1 (pu)
QH2 (pu)
QH3 (pu)
Recommended Value
Open Loop Control**
No Open Loop Control
0.9
-9999.
1.1
9999.
0.1
0.
0.5
0.
0.1
0.
1.0
0.
0*
0.
0.45
0.
0*
0.
0*
0.
-0.245
0.
0*
0.
*
The closed-loop Q command, Qord, is passed without modification by setting this to 0.
** Only for some projects before mid-2003, check with owner.
4.9
Pdbr
From
Pelec getwg
(pelec)
Wind
Speed
(glimv)
Wind
Power
Model
Pmech
s6
rotor
Blade
Pitch
d /dt max
max &
cmd
1
1+ sT p
Kpp+ Kip/s
To
getwg
(glimt )
err
s1
Trip
Signal
Under
Speed
Trip
s9
Anti-windup on
Pitch Limits
s0
Rotor
Model
ref 1 + 5.0s
s5
Pitch Control
Torque Control
Anti-windup on
Power Limits
K ptrq + Kitrq / s
wmax
& d P /dt
max
1
1+ sTpc
s2
s4
Pwmin& d P /dtmin
Anti-windup on
Pitch
Pitch Limits
Compensation
K pc+ K ic / s
pinp
s3
Wind
Power
Model
Power Response
Rate Limit
pstl
PsetAPC
pavl
1
1+sTpav
WTG Terminal
Bus Frequency
0
fbus
+
Auxiliary
Signal
(psig)
plim
1.
s11
pavf
Frequency
Response
Curve
pset
max
perr
sTw
1 + sTw
+
Pmin
To gewtg
Trip Signal
(glimt)
if( fbus < fb OR
fbus > fc )
s10
apcflg
fflg
wsho
Pord
Release
Pmax
if fflg set
To extwge
or ewtgfc
(vsig)
GE Energy
4.10
err
Ki p
ref
From
Converter
Control
Model
cmd
rate limit
(PIrate )
PI max
1
1 + sT PI
Blade
Pitch
PImin
Pitch Control
Kpc
+
P or d
+
Pset
From
Converter
Control
Model
Kic
s
Non-windup
limit
Pitch
Compensation
* The Pitch Control and Pitch Compensation integrators are non-windup integrators as a function of the pitch,
i.e., the inputs of these integrators are set to zero when the pitch is in limits (Pimax or Pimin) and the integrator
input tends to force the pitch command further against its limit. The outputs of these integrators are not limited
except by the lower (zero) limit on the Pitch Compensation integrator.
The turbine control model sends a power order to the electrical control, requesting that
the converter deliver this power to the grid. The electrical control, as described in Section
4.2, may or may not be successful in implementing this power order. The control of
turbine speed is quite complex. For modeling purposes, this is approximated by closed
loop control with a speed reference that is proportional to electric power output. For power
levels above rated, the rotor speed will be controlled primarily by the pitch control, with
the speed being allowed to rise above the reference transiently. The actual control does
not use a speed reference or a feedback of power.
GE Energy
4.11
In this model, the blade position actuators are rate limited and there is a time constant
associated with the translation of blade angle to mechanical output. The pitch control does
not differentiate between shaft acceleration due to increase in wind speed or due to system
faults. In either case, the response is appropriate and relatively slow compared to the
electrical control.
The model reference speed is normally 1.2 pu, but is reduced for power levels below
75%. This behavior is represented in the model by using the following equation for speed
reference when the power is below 0.75 pu:
ref = 0.67 P 2 + 1.42 P + 0.51
The speed reference slowly tracks changes in power with a low pass filter time constant
of approximately 5 seconds. Note: In the actual controller, the speed reference is not
directly a function of power, but the overall effect on the speed/power relationship is
similar.
The turbine control acts to smooth out electrical power fluctuations due to variations in
shaft power. By allowing the machine speed to vary around reference speed, the inertia of
the machine functions as a buffer to mechanical power variations.
The model includes a low rotor speed tripping function. If the DFAG machine speed
falls below 0.10pu, the WTG is tripped instantaneously.
The model also includes high and low wind speed cut-out for the turbine. For the
DFAG machine, this results in a generator trip. All of the wind speed thresholds and
timers are internal to the model and can not be changed by the user.
The high wind speed threshold is currently set at 25 m/sec. The difference between the
wind speed and the high wind speed threshold is integrated and if that value exceeds
another threshold (8 m-sec/sec), the unit is tripped. The integration represents an inverse
time function. The more excessive the wind speed, the faster the unit is tripped.
The low wind speed threshold is set at 3 m/sec. For this function, the decrease in rotor
speed and power is approximated with a pseudo drag term. The unit is tripped, via the low
rotor speed tripping function described above, when the rotor speed falls below 0.10 pu.
Once a WTG has tripped, it can not be started again. The model is neither applicable
nor appropriate for simulating start-up scenarios.
Parameter values for the DFAG wind turbine control model are shown in Table 4-7.
None of these values should be modified by the user unless advised to so by the
manufacturer.
GE Energy
4.12
Table 4-7. DFAG WTG Turbine Control Parameters (on Turbine MW Base).
Parameter Name
Kpp
Kip
Tp (sec)
max (deg)
min (deg)
d/dt max (deg/sec)
d/dt min (deg/sec)
Pwmax (pu)
Pwmin (pu)
dP/dt max (pu/sec)
dP/dt min (pu/sec)
Kpc
Kic
Kptrq
Kitrq
Tpc
Recommended Value
150.
25.
0.30
27.
0.0
10.0
-10.0
1.12
0.04
0.45
-0.45
3.0
30.0
3.0
0.6
0.05
GE Energy
4.13
spd0
Turbine Speed
rotor
Tmech = Pmech
Tmech
1
2H
1
s
s6
s7
Dtg
Telec
s6 + 0
1
s
base
1
2Hg
1
s
s8
Tshaft
Ktg
+
1
s
base
s8 + 0
spd0
+
+
Generator Speed
Table 4-8. DFAG WTG Rotor Mechanical Model Parameters (on Turbine MW Base).
One-Mass Model
H (pu torque/ pu acceleration)
Two-Mass Model
Ht
Hg
Ktg (pu torque / radian)
Dtg (pu torque / pu speed)
base* (radians/sec)
GE 1.5
60 Hz
GE 1.5
50 Hz
GE 3.6
60 Hz
GE 3.6
50 Hz
4.94
5.29
5.23
5.74
4.33
0.62
1.11
1.5
125.66
4.33
0.96
1.39
2.3
157.08
4.32
0.91
3.16
1.5
125.66
4.32
1.42
3.95
2.3
157.08
GE Energy
4.14
A r v 3w Cp ( , )
2
P is the mechanical power extracted from the wind, is the air density in kg/m3, Ar is the
area swept by the rotor blades in m2, vw is the wind speed in m/sec, and Cp is the power
coefficient, which is a function of and . is the ratio of the rotor blade tip speed and
the wind speed (vtip/vw), and is the blade pitch angle in degrees. The relationship
between blade tip speed and turbine rotor speed, , is a fixed constant, Kb. Thus, the
calculation of becomes:
= Kb (/vw)
For GE WTGs, the parameters given in Table 4-9 will result in Pmech in pu on the units
MW base.
Table 4-9. DFAG WTG Wind Power Coefficients.
GE 1.5
0.00159
56.6
Ar
Kb
GE 3.6
0.00145
69.5
i, j i j
i=0 j=0
The coefficients i,j are given in Table 4-10. The curve fit is a good approximation for
values of 3 < < 15, which are suitable for stability simulations for all blade
configurations and models. These curves should not be used for energy production or
other economic evaluation. Values of outside this range represent very high and low
wind speeds, respectively, that are outside the continuous rating of the machine.
GE Energy
4.15
0.5
=1o
0.4
=3
=5o
0.3
o
=7
o
=9
0.2
=11o
=13o
=15o
0.1
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
Initialization of the wind power model recognizes two distinct states: 1) initial
electrical power (from the load flow) is less than rated, or 2) initial electrical power equal
to rated. In either case, Pmech = Pelec is known from the load flow and = ref is set at the
corresponding value (1.2 pu if P > 0.75 pu). Then, using the Cp curve fit equation, the
wind speed vw required to produce Pmech with = min is determined. (Notice from Figure
4-8, that two values of will generally satisfy the required Cp for a given . The wind
speed vw, corresponding to the higher is used.) If Pmech is less than rated, this value of
wind speed is used as the initial value. If Pmech is equal to rated and the user-input value of
wind speed is greater than the = min value, then is increased to produce rated P at the
specified value of wind speed.
Large negative values of Cp are not allowed. The minimum is set to 0.05.
GE Energy
4.16
i
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
j
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
0
aij
4.9686e-010
-7.1535e-008
1.6167e-006
-9.4839e-006
1.4787e-005
-8.9194e-008
5.9924e-006
-1.0479e-004
5.7051e-004
-8.6018e-004
2.7937e-006
-1.4855e-004
2.1495e-003
-1.0996e-002
1.5727e-002
-2.3895e-005
1.0683e-003
-1.3934e-002
6.0405e-002
-6.7606e-002
1.1524e-005
-1.3365e-004
-1.2406e-002
2.1808e-001
-4.1909e-001
GE Energy
Under normal operating conditions with near nominal system frequency, the control is
either enforcing a maximum plant output (i.e., Pmax) or providing a specified margin by
generating less power than is available from the wind (e.g., actual power generated is 95%
of the available power, or Pbc = 0.95).
In response to frequency excursions, the control switches into another mode and
calculates a plant power order as a function of system frequency. This path requests a
higher than usual power order for low frequency events, and lower than usual power order
for high frequency events. Thus, the wind plant will generate additional power in response
to the loss of other generating facilities or less power in response to the loss of load.
An auxiliary frequency signal, normally zero, may be set by a user-written model to
test APC performance in response to other types of frequency deviations. Such deviations
could include frequency steps, ramps, or other functions defined by the host utilitys
interconnection requirements.
An example frequency response curve is shown in Figure 4-9. Points A through D on
this response curve may be set to meet specific performance objectives or requirements of
the host grid. The value of Pd should be greater than or equal to the minimum power,
which is discussed below. The value of Fb must be less than 1, and that of Fc must be
greater than 1. The value of Tpav may be increased to simulate fixed power reference.
1.2
Point A
(Fa,Pa)
Point B
(Fb,Pbc)
Point C
(Fc,Pbc)
0.8
0.6
0.4
Point D
(Fd,Pd)
0.2
0
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
Frequency (pu)
GE Energy
4.18
The two primary inputs to the frequency response curve are available power
(determined from wind speed, a Cp curve and the constant Kb) and WTG terminal bus
frequency. At nominal frequency, the filtered version of the available power is multiplied
by the factor, Pbc, to generate a power set point, pset. This set point is compared to
specified limits, Pmin and Pmax. The minimum power is nominally 0.20 pu of maximum
plant output. The maximum power represents an operator specified plant output limit. For
example, this may represent a limit that would be imposed on a given wind plant after the
loss of a local transmission line, or under light load conditions.
In response to frequency excursions, the filtered available power is multiplied by the
appropriate interpolated factor to generate a power set point. No operator limit is imposed
for frequency excursions. The plant is still limited to the maximum power rating of the
WTGs, or to the available power from a given wind speed.
Under all frequency conditions, the maximum power set point, PsetAPC, is an input to
both the pitch compensation (described in Section 4.3.1) and the power response rate limit
function. This rate limit is implemented by applying the maximum power set point
(PsetAPC) to the power order (pinp) from the turbine control, calculating the difference
between the original power order and the limited power order, processing that error
through a washout filter, and adding the output of the washout to the limited power order
to generate the final power order (Pord) for the converter control (extwge) model. The time
constant of the washout filter determines the ramp rate limit imposed on changes to the
power order signal. This function is always in service and is not disabled by setting apcflg
to 0. Example data for both the APC and power response rate limit functions are shown in
Table 4-11.
Table 4-11. Active Power Control and Rate Limit Function Parameters.
Parameter Name
Tw (sec)
apcflg
Tpav (sec)
Pa (pu)
Pbc (pu)
Pd (pu)
Fa (pu)
Fb (pu)
Fc (pu)
Fd (pu)
Pmax (pu)
Pmin (pu)
GE Energy
4.19
Recommended Value
1.0
0
0.15
1.0
0.95
0.40
0.96
0.996
1.004
1.04
1.0
0.2
1
1+ 0.02s
High Voltage
-1
Reactive Current
s0
Management
Isorc
Low Voltage
IPlv
1
1+ 0.02s
Active Current
Management
s1
LVPL
Vterm
1.11
LVPL
1
1+ 0.02s
V
zerox
(0.0)
s2
brkpt
(0.70)
Parameter Name
fcflg
brkpt
zerox
GE Energy
5.1
Recommended Value
1
0.7
0.0
5.2
When reactive power has priority, the calculation of the limit on the reactive current
begins by determining the minimum of a hard reactive current limit, Iqhl, and the voltage
dependent limit, Iqmxv, as described above. The minimum of Iqhl and Iqmxv is compared to
a maximum temperature dependent converter current, ImaxTD. That minimum is the
maximum limit, Iqmx, applied to the reactive current order, IQcmd. The minimum reactive
current, Iqmn, is the negative of this maximum limit. The remaining converter current
capability, SQRT(ImaxTD2 IQcmd2), becomes the maximum, Ipmx, applied to the real
current order, IPcmd. No minimum is applied to the real current order. Reactive power
priority is recommended, which is equivalent to the default value of 0 for pqflag.
The preliminary values for the additional data associated with the converter current
limit and dynamic braking resistor are shown in Table 5-2. The converter current limit,
ImaxTD, is a function of time and operation. However, it is constant in this model (1.7 pu)
and not user-specified.
The bulk of the remaining data is unchanged from that used for a DFAG WTG. Data
associated with the reactive power control model that should be modified to correctly
represent a full converter WTG are shown in Table 5-3.
GE Energy
5.3
Qgen
Qcmd
Iqmx
Vmax
s0
Vterm
IQcmd
Vref
KQi / s
KVi / s
Porx
Pord
to Wind
Generator Model
Iqmn
Vmin
(efd)
s1
Ipmx
.
.
(vsig)
IPcmd
(ladifd)
from Wind
Turbine Model
to Wind
Generator Model
Vterm
Pelec
from Wind
Generator
Model
+
+
Pdlt
Pdbr
(elimt)
Eerr
Kdbr
0
to Wind
Turbine Model
1/s
Edbr
s7
EBST
Dynamic Braking Resistor
GE Energy
5.4
Iqmn
Iqmx
Iqmx
Vt
Q Priority
Iqmn
P Priority
Iqmxv
1.6
qmax
Vt
1.0
-1
-1
Iqmxv
Iqhl
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
ImaxTD2 - IPcmd2
ImaxTD
IQcmd
ImaxTD2 - IQcmd2
Iphl
Minimum
Minimum
Ipmx
Ipmx
Parameter Name
Iphl (pu)
Iqhl (pu)
pqflag
EBST (pu)
Kdbr
Recommended Value
1.11
1.25
0=Q priority
0.2
10.
Parameter Name
KVi
Qmax (pu)
Qmin (pu)
GE Energy
5.5
Recommended Value
120.
0.40
-0.40
IPcmd
The block diagram for the turbine model is unchanged, and is shown in Figure 4-5.
The signal representing the dynamic braking resistor power, Pdbr, is now added to the
electrical power as an input to both the rotor model and the creation of the speed reference.
When this model is used to represent the 1.5 MW or 3.6 MW DFAG WTG, the dynamic
braking resistor power is automatically set to zero.
With a full converter WTG, it is possible to inject or absorb reactive power (e.g.,
regulate voltage) at zero real power. Zero power may be the result of no wind, excessive
wind, or an operator directive to curtail output. All three of these zero power scenarios
may be simulated with this model.
For the first scenario (no wind), a user-written wind profile model is required to drive a
specific WTGs wind speed below the low wind speed threshold. As the wind speed
drops, so does the machine speed, electrical power and mechanical power. Below the low
wind speed threshold, the decrease in mechanical power is implemented with a pseudo
drag term. Unlike the DFAG machine, no trip signal is generated when the rotor speed
falls below 0.10 pu. Therefore, the generator model will still respond to reactive power
commands from the electrical control model (e.g., WindCONTROL emulator). The low
wind speed threshold is set at 3 m/sec, and cannot be changed by the user.
The second scenario (excessive wind) also requires a user-written wind profile model.
Once the wind speed exceeds the high wind speed threshold, the difference between the
wind speed and the threshold is integrated. If that value exceeds another threshold, the full
converter machine goes into zero-power operation (i.e., electrical power and rotor speed
are zero). The integration represents an inverse time function. The more excessive the
wind speed, the earlier the unit enters zero-power operation. All of the wind speed
thresholds and timers are internal to the model and cannot be changed by the user. The
high wind speed threshold is currently set at 25 m/sec and the inverse-time threshold at
8 m-sec/sec.
For the third scenario (curtailed output), the real power at the generator in the power
flow is zero. The WTG will initialize at zero wind speed, machine speed, electrical and
mechanical power. Again, the generator model will inject or absorb reactive power in
response to reactive power commands from the electrical control model.
The key limitation on zero-power operation is that once in that mode, the WTG stays
there. The model is neither applicable nor appropriate for simulating start-up scenarios.
GE Energy
5.6
Three turbine control parameters are different from those used to represent a DFAG
WTG. Those parameters and their recommended values are shown in Table 5-4. The
remaining turbine control parameters can be used for the full converter without change.
Note that they are on the MW rating base of the turbine. The turbine-generator mechanical
model parameters for the full converter WTG are given in Table 5-5. The same Cp curves
are used for the full converter WTG together with the wind power coefficients shown in
Table 5-6.
Table 5-4. Full Converter WTG Turbine Control Parameters (on Turbine MW Base).
Parameter Name
Pwmin (pu)
Kptrq
Kitrq
Recommended Value
0.
0.3
0.1
Table 5-5. Full Converter WTG Rotor Model Parameters (on Turbine MW Base).
Parameter Name
One-mass Model
H
Two-mass Model
Ht
Hg
Ktg
Dtg
base
Recommended Value
4.18
3.36
0.82
3.86
1.5
144
Parameter Name
Ar
Kb
GE Energy
5.7
Recommended Value
0.00159
56.6
The dynamic data used for the benchmark simulations are listed in Section 6.3. Note
that the WindCONTROL emulator was on (varflg = 1) for all cases. The Active Power
Control was only on for the example showing its performance (Section 6.2.2).
GE Energy
6.1
GE Energy
6.2
GE Energy
6.3
GE Energy
6.4
GE Energy
6.5
6.2.2 Active Power Control and Power Response Rate Limit Performance
The Active Power Control (APC) and power response rate limit performance are
presented in this section. This is the only case for which the APC was active, i.e., the input
parameter apcflg was set to 1.
Figure 6-4 shows the APCs response to a loss of load. Initially, the wind plant is
constrained to 0.95 pu of the power available in the wind. Therefore, the blade pitch is
non-zero.
At 1 second, 100 MW of load is tripped. As a result, system frequency increases.
Shortly thereafter, the frequency exceeds the first high frequency threshold (Fc = 1.004 pu
or 60.24 Hz) in the APCs frequency response curve. This defines a frequency excursion
event, and the frequency excursion flag is set to 1. The output of the APC function, which
is the upper limit imposed on the power order from the turbine, begins to decrease (Pstl,
left column, third plot, green line). The washout in the power response rate limit (Wsho,
pink line) transiently allows the higher power order from the turbine control (Pinp, red
line) through to the final power order (Pord, black line).
At about 8 seconds, the washout settles to near zero, and the final power order is equal
to the output of the APC. Between about 12 and 14 seconds, the frequency is below the
high frequency threshold for APC operation. However, this is only temporary. The
frequency rises a bit and the wind plant APC continues to operate.
Throughout the simulation, the large machine on the Infinite bus is attempting to
control frequency by reducing its output. By the end of the simulation, the frequency has
settled to about 60.3 Hz and the APC output to about 0.92 pu in accordance with the
frequency response curve characteristic.
GE Energy
6.6
GE Energy
6.7
GE Energy
6.8
GE Energy
6.9
Model Parameter
MVA
lpp
dvtrp1
dvtrp2
dvtrp3
dvtrp4
dvtrp5
dvtrp6
dttrp1
dttrp2
dttrp3
dttrp4
dttrp5
dttrp6
fcflg
rrpwr
brkpt
zerox
GE Energy
6.10
1.5 MW WTG
111.
0.80
-0.25
-0.50
-0.70
-0.85
0.10
0.15
1.90
1.20
0.70
0.20
1.00
0.10
0
5.0
0.90
0.50
Table 6-2. DFAG Electrical Control Model (exwtge) Data for Simulations.
Model Parameter
varflg
kqi
kvi
vmax
vmin
qmax
qmin
xiqmax
xiqmin
tr
tc
kpv
kiv
vl1
vh1
tl1
tl2
th1
th2
ql1
ql2
ql3
qh1
qh2
qh3
pfaflg
fn
tv
tpwr
ipmax
xc
GE Energy
6.11
1.5 MW WTG
1
0.10
40.
1.10
0.90
0.436
-0.436
1.45
0.50
0.02
0.15
18.
5.
-9999
9999
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.0
0.05
0.05
1.10
0
Table 6-3. DFAG Turbine Control Model (wndtge) Data for Simulations.
Model Parameter
mwcap
usize
spdw1
tp
tpc
kpp
kip
kptrq
kitrq
kpc
kic
pimax
pimin
pirat
pwmax
pwmin
pwrat
ht
nmass
hg
ktg
dtg
wbase
tw
apcflg
tpav
pa
pbc
pd
fa
fb
fc
fd
pmax
pmin
1.5 MW WTG
100.5
1.5
11.0
0.30
0.05
150.
25.
3.0
0.60
3.0
30.
27.
0.
10.
1.12
0.04
0.45
4.94
1
1.0
0 or 1*
0.15
1.0
0.95
0.40
0.96
0.996
1.004
1.04
1.0
0.20
GE Energy
6.12
7.1
braking resistor (Pdbr, red line, pu), the energy absorbed by the dynamic braking resistor
(Edbr, green line, pu), and the difference between the energy absorbed by the dynamic
brake and the energy threshold (Eerr, light blue line, pu).
From top to bottom, the right column shows the WindCONTROL emulator voltage
reference (dark blue line, pu) and regulated voltage (red line, pu). In all cases, the
regulated bus was the point of interconnection.
The second plot shows the rotor speed (dark blue line, pu).
The third plot shows the blade pitch (dark blue line, deg) and wind speed (red line,
m/sec).
The fourth and final plot in the right column shows the real power (Ipcmd, dark blue
line, pu) and reactive power (Iqcmd, red line, pu) current commands from the electrical
control to the generator. Three converter current limits are also plotted: the maximum real
current (Ipmx, green line, pu), the maximum reactive current (Iqmx, light blue, pu), the
voltage dependent reactive current limit (Iqxv, pink line, pu). Finally, the real power
current command after the low voltage power logic (Iplv, black line, pu) is shown.
Note that per unit values of real and reactive power are on the MVA base for variables
associated with the generator and electrical control models. Per unit values of real and
reactive power are on the MW base for variables associated with the turbine model.
Transfer variables between models (e.g., Pord from the turbine to the electrical control) are
on the MVA base of the receiving model.
GE Energy
7.2
GE Energy
7.3
GE Energy
7.4
GE Energy
7.5
GE Energy
7.6
GE Energy
7.7
GE Energy
7.8
GE Energy
7.9
GE Energy
7.10
GE Energy
7.11
GE Energy
7.12
GE Energy
7.13
Figure 7-8. Low Voltage Power Logic Response to Fault on POI Bus.
GE Energy
7.14
Model Parameter
MVA
lpp
dvtrp1
dvtrp2
dvtrp3
dvtrp4
dvtrp5
dvtrp6
dttrp1
dttrp2
dttrp3
dttrp4
dttrp5
dttrp6
fcflg
rrpwr
brkpt
zerox
GE Energy
7.15
2.5 MW WTG
111.
0.80
-0.25
-0.50
-0.70
-0.85
0.10
0.15
1.90
1.20
0.70
0.20
1.00
0.10
1
5.0
0.70
0.00
Table 7-2. Full Converter WTG Electrical Control Model Data for Simulations.
Model Parameter
varflg
kqi
kvi
vmax
vmin
qmax
qmin
tr
tc
kpv
kiv
pfaflg
fn
tv
tpwr
iphl
iqhl
pqflag
kdbr
ebst
2.5 MW WTG
1
0.10
120.
1.10
0.90
0.40
-0.40
0.02
0.15
18.
5.
0
1.0
0.05
0.05
1.11
1.25
0 or 1*
10.
0.2
GE Energy
7.16
Table 7-3. Full Converter WTG Turbine Control Model Data for Simulations.
Model Parameter
mwcap
usize
spdw1
tp
tpc
kpp
kip
kptrq
kitrq
kpc
kic
pimax
pimin
pirat
pwmax
pwmin
pwrat
h
nmass
hg
ktg
dtg
wbase
tw
apcflg
tpav
pa
pbc
pd
fa
fb
fc
fd
pmax
pmin
GE Energy
7.17
2.5 MW WTG
100.
2.5
9.0
0.30
0.05
150.
25.
0.30
0.1
3.0
30.
27.
0.
10.
1.12
0.0
0.45
4.18
1
1.0
0
0.15
1.0
0.95
0.40
0.96
0.996
1.004
1.04
1.0
0.2
Several test disturbances were applied to this system. However, the results of only one
are described here. This disturbance consisted of a 150 msec, 3-phase fault through an
impedance at bus 2. The fault is cleared by tripping one of the 230 kV lines.
The PSLF 1.5 MW DFAG model, as described in this document, and the Windtrap
1.5 MW WTG model with the most recent GE controller (WCNTRLFLAG = 33) were
used for this comparison.
Cross plots of PSLF (blue line) and Windtrap (pink line) simulation results are shown
in Figure 8-2 through Figure 8-4. The first figure shows terminal voltage (pu), the second
GE Energy
8.1
shows real power output from the WTG (MW), and the third shows reactive power output
(MVAr).
In all figures, the PSLF response matches the Windtrap response in the frequency
range of interest. Thus the PSLF model is an appropriate representation of the GE 1.5 MW
WTGs behavior for fundamental frequency analysis.
1.50
Windtrap
PSLF
1.00
0.50
0.00
0
0.5
1.5
Time (Seconds)
Figure 8-2. 1.5 MW DFAG PSLF and Windtrap Terminal Voltage Response.
GE Energy
8.2
3.0
Windtrap
PSLF
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
0
0.5
1.5
Time (Seconds)
Figure 8-3. 1.5 MW DFAG PSLF and Windtrap Real Power Response.
3.0
Windtrap
PSLF
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
0
0.5
1.5
Time (Seconds)
Figure 8-4. 1.5 MW DFAG PSLF and Windtrap Reactive Power Response.
GE Energy
8.3
GE Energy
8.4
1.50
Windtrap
PSLF
1.00
0.50
0.00
0
0.5
1.5
Time (Seconds)
Figure 8-5. 2.5 MW Full Converter PSLF and Windtrap Terminal Voltage Response.
4.0
Windtrap
PSLF
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
0.5
1.5
Time (Seconds)
Figure 8-6. 2.5 MW Full Converter PSLF and Windtrap Real Power Response.
GE Energy
8.5
3.0
Windtrap
PSLF
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
0
0.5
1.5
Time (Seconds)
Figure 8-7. 2.5 MW Full Converter PSLF and Windtrap Reactive Power Response.
GE Energy
8.6
9 Conclusions
The wind turbine model presented in this report is based on presently available design
information, test data and extensive engineering judgment. The modeling of wind turbine
generators for bulk power system performance studies is still in a state of rapid evolution,
and is the focus of intense activity in many parts of the industry. More important, the GE
equipment is being continuously improved, to provide better dynamic performance. These
ongoing improvements necessitate continuing changes and improvements to these models.
This model is expected to give realistic and correct results when used for bulk system
performance studies. It is expected that as experience and additional hard test data is
obtained, these models will continue to evolve, in terms of parameter values and structure.
GE Energy
9.1