TypesofSinglePhaseInductionMotor|SplitPhaseCapacitorStartRunShaded

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The single phase induction motors are made self starting by providing an additional flux by some additional means. Now
dependingupontheseadditionalmeansthesinglephaseinductionmotorsareclassifiedas:

1.Splitphaseinductionmotor.

2.Capacitorstartinductormotor.

3.Capacitorstartcapacitorruninductionmotor(twovaluecapacitormethod).
4.Permanentsplitcapacitor(PSC)motor.

5.Shadedpoleinductionmotor.

SplitPhaseInductionMotor
Inadditiontothemainwindingorrunningwinding,thestatorofsinglephaseinductionmotorcarriesanotherwindingcalled
auxiliary winding or starting winding. A centrifugal switch is connected in series with auxiliary winding . The purpose of this
switch is to disconnect the auxiliary winding from the main circuit when the motor attains a speed up to 75 to 80% of the
synchronousspeed.Weknowthattherunningwindingisinductiveinnature.Ouraimistocreatethephasedifferencebetween
thetwowindingandthisispossibleifthestartingwindingcarrieshighresistance.Letussay
Irunisthecurrentflowingthroughthemainorrunningwinding,
Istartisthecurrentflowinginstartingwinding,
andVTisthesupplyvoltage.

Weknowthatforhighlyresistivewindingthecurrentisalmostinphasewiththevoltageandforhighlyinductivewindingthe
current lag behind the voltage by large angle. The starting winding is highly resistive so, the current flowing in the starting
windinglagsbehindtheappliedvoltagebyverysmallangleandtherunningwindingishighlyinductiveinnatureso,thecurrent
flowinginrunningwindinglagsbehindappliedvoltagebylargeangle.TheresultantofthesetwocurrentisIT.Theresultantof
thesetwocurrentproducerotatingmagneticfieldwhichrotatesinonedirection.Insplitphaseinductionmotorthestarting
andmaincurrentgetsplittedfromeachotherbysomeanglesothismotorgotitsnameassplitphaseinductionmotor.

ApplicationsofSplitPhaseInductionMotor
Split phase induction motors have low starting current and moderate starting torque. So these motors are used in fans,
blowers,centrifugalpumps,washingmachine,grinder,lathes,airconditioningfans,etc.Thesemotorsareavailableinthesize
rangingfrom1/20to1/2KW.

CapacitorStartIMandCapacitorStartCapacitorRunIM

TheworkingprincipleandconstructionofCapacitorstartinductormotorsandcapacitorstartcapacitorruninductionmotorsare
almostthesame.Wealreadyknowthatsinglephaseinductionmotorisnotselfstartingbecausethemagneticfieldproduced
isnotrotatingtype.Inordertoproducerotatingmagneticfieldtheremustbesomephasedifference.Incaseofsplitphase
inductionmotorweuseresistanceforcreatingphasedifferencebuthereweusecapacitorforthispurpose.Wearefamiliarwith
this fact that the current flowing through the capacitor leads the voltage. So, in capacitor start inductor motor and
capacitorstartcapacitorruninductionmotorweareusingtwowinding,themainwindingandthestartingwinding.With
startingwindingweconnectacapacitorsothecurrentflowinginthecapacitori.eIstleadstheappliedvoltagebysomeangle,
st.
Therunningwindingisinductiveinnatureso,thecurrentflowinginrunningwindinglagsbehindappliedvoltagebyanangle,
m.Nowthereoccurlargephaseangledifferencesbetweenthesetwocurrentswhichproduceanresultantcurrent,Iandthis
willproducearotatingmagneticfield.Sincethetorqueproducedbythesemotorsdependsuponthephaseangledifference,
whichisalmost90.So,thesemotorsproduceveryhighstartingtorque.Incaseofcapacitorstartinductionmotor, the
centrifugalswitchisprovidedsoastodisconnectthestartingwindingwhenthemotorattainsaspeedupto75to80%ofthe

synchronous speed but in case of capacitor start capacitors run induction motor there is no centrifugal switch so, the
capacitor remains in the circuit and helps to improve the power factor and the running conditions of single phase induction
motor.

ApplicationofCapacitorStartIMandCapacitorStartCapacitorRunIM
Thesemotorshavehighstartingtorquehencetheyareusedinconveyors,grinder,airconditioners,compressor,etc.Theyare
availableupto6KW.

PermanentSplitCapacitor(PSC)Motor
Ithasacagerotorandstator.Statorhastwowindingsmainandauxiliarywinding.Ithasonlyonecapacitorinserieswith
startingwinding.Ithasnostartingswitch.
AdvantagesandApplications
Nocentrifugalswitchisneeded.Ithashigherefficiencyandpullouttorque.Itfindsapplicationsinfansandblowersinheaters
andairconditioners.Itisalsousedtodriveofficemachinery.

ShadedPoleSinglePhaseInductionMotors

The stator of the shaded pole single phase induction motor has salient or projected poles. These poles are shaded by
copperbandorringwhichisinductiveinnature.Thepolesaredividedintotwounequalhalves.Thesmallerportioncarriesthe
copperbandandiscalledasshadedportionofthepole.
ACTION:Whenasinglephasesupplyisgiventothestatorofshadedpoleinductionmotoranalternatingfluxisproduced.This
changeoffluxinducesemfintheshadedcoil.Sincethisshadedportionisshortcircuited,thecurrentisproducedinitinsucha
direction to oppose the main flux. The flux in shaded pole lags behind the flux in the unshaded pole. The phase difference
betweenthesetwofluxesproducesresultantrotatingflux.
Weknowthatthestatorwindingcurrentisalternatinginnatureandsoisthefluxproducedbythestatorcurrent.Inorderto
clearlyunderstandtheworkingofshadedpoleinductionmotorconsiderthreeregions

1.Whenthefluxchangesitsvaluefromzerotonearlymaximumpositivevalue.

2.Whenthefluxremainsalmostconstantatitsmaximumvalue.

3.Whenthefluxdecreasesfrommaximumpositivevaluetozero.

REGION1:
WhenthefluxchangesitsvaluefromzerotonearlymaximumpositivevalueInthisregiontherateofriseoffluxandhence
currentisveryhigh.AccordingtoFaraday'slawwheneverthereischangeinfluxemfgetsinduced.Sincethecopperbandis
shortcircuitthecurrentstartsflowinginthecopperbandduetothisinducedemf.Thiscurrentincopperbandproducesitsown
flux.NowaccordingtoLenz'slawthedirectionofthiscurrentincopperbandissuchthatitopposesitsowncausei.erisein
current.Sotheshadedringfluxopposesthemainflux,whichleadstothecrowdingoffluxinnonshadedpartofstatorandthe
fluxweakeninshadedpart.Thisnonuniformdistributionoffluxcausesmagneticaxistoshiftinthemiddleofthenonshaded
part.
REGION2:
WhenthefluxremainsalmostconstantatitsmaximumvalueInthisregiontherateofriseofcurrentandhencefluxremains
almostconstant.Hencethereisverylittleinducedemfintheshadedportion.Thefluxproducedbythisinducedemfhasno
effectonthemainfluxandhencedistributionoffluxremainsuniformandthemagneticaxisliesatthecenterofthepole.
REGION3:
When the flux decreases from maximum positive value to zero In this region the rate of decrease in the flux and hence
currentisveryhigh.AccordingtoFaraday'slawwheneverthereischangeinfluxemfgetsinduced.Sincethecopperbandis
shortcircuitthecurrentstartsflowinginthecopperbandduetothisinducedemf.Thiscurrentincopperbandproducesitsown
flux.NowaccordingtoLenz'slawthedirectionofthecurrentincopperbandissuchthatitopposesitsowncausei.edecrease
incurrent.Sotheshadedringfluxaidsthemainflux,whichleadstothecrowdingoffluxinshadedpartofstatorandtheflux

weakeninnonshadedpart.Thisnonuniformdistributionoffluxcausesmagneticaxistoshiftinthemiddleoftheshadedpart
ofthepole.
This shifting of magnetic axis continues for negative cycle also and leads to the production of rotating magnetic field. The
directionofthisfieldisfromnonshadedpartofthepoletotheshadedpartofthepole.

AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofShadedPoleMotor
Theadvantagesofshadedpoleinductionmotorare

1.Veryeconomicalandreliable.

2.Constructionissimpleandrobustbecausethereisnocentrifugalswitch.

Thedisadvantagesofshadedpoleinductionmotorare

1.Lowpowerfactor.

2.Thestartingtorqueisverypoor.


3.Theefficiencyisverylowas,thecopperlossesarehighduetopresenceofcopperband.

4.Thespeedreversalisalsodifficultandexpensiveasitrequiresanothersetofcopperrings.

ApplicationsofShadedPoleMotor
ApplicationsofShadedpolemotorsinductionmotorare
Due to their low starting torques and reasonable cost these motors are mostly employed in small instruments, hair dryers,
toys,recordplayers,smallfans,electricclocksetc.Thesemotorsareusuallyavailableinarangeof1/300to1/20KW.

ObjectiveQuestionsonInductionMotor(MCQs)

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