GAS DYNAMICS AND JET PROPULSION / UNIT - IV

KATHIR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Wisdom Tree Coimbatore-641062

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
III YEAR & VI SEMESTER
ME 2351- GAS DYNAMICS & JET PROPULSION

UNIT IV
NORMAL SHOCK
PART A
1. What is meant by shock wave? ( Madras university apr 2003)
A shock wave is nothing but a steep finite pressure wave. The shock
wave may be desired as a compression wave front in a supersonic flow field
across which there is abrupt change in flow properties.
2. What is normal shock?
When the shock wave is at right angle to the flow, it is called normal
shock.
3. What is a oblique shock? (Anna University may 04)
When the shock wave is inclined at an angle to the flow, it is called
oblique shock
4. What is prandtl Meyer relation? (Madras university apr 96)
Prandtl Meyer relation is the basis of other equation for shock waves. It
gives the relationship between the gas velocities before and after the normal
shock and critical velocity of sound.
*
Mx My 1
c x c y a *2
5. Define strength of the shock wave.(Anna university may 04)

It is defined as the ratio of difference in down stream and up stream
shock pressure (py- px) to the upstream shock pressure (px). It is denoted by
6. How the mach number before and after the occurrence of normal
shock are related? (Mk university ap 96)
2
2
MX
1
2
Mach number after the normal shock M Y
2
2
MX 1
1
7. What are the application of moving shock wave? (Ms university ap
96)
It is used in
1. Jet engines
2. Shock tubes
GAS DYNAMICS AND JET PROPULSION / UNIT - IV


3. Supersonic wind tunnel
4. Practical admission turbines.
8. Write the equation for efficiency of a diffuser ? ( Ms university ap
96)
1
T01
T1
POy
1
POx
1
2
M1
2
9. Show waves cannot develop in subsonic flow ? Why ? (Ms uni ap 96)
In subsonic flow , the velocity of the fluid is less than the velocity of
sound. Due to this section , deceleration is not possible in subsonic flow. So
shockwaves cannot develop in subsonic flow.
10. Give the expression for Ty / Tx across the normal shock. (Mu uni ap
96)
2

1
2
2
M x 1 1
Mx
Ty 1
2
2
Tx
Mx
2
1
2 1
11. Define compression and raifaction shock? Is the latter possible.
(Mu uni
ap 96)
A shock wave which is at a higher pressure than the fliud to which is
moving is called compression shock wave.
A shock wave which is at a lower pressure than the fluid into which it is moving
is called an expansion shock.
12. State the necessary condition for a normal shock to occur in
compression flow. (Bu Nov 96)
1. The compression wave is to be at right angle to the compressible flow.
2. Flow should be supersonic.
13. Write down the Rankine Hugonite equation(Mu Nov 97)

y
x
1 Py
1 Px
1 Py
1 Px
14. Is the flow through a normal shock an equilibrium one. (Mku Nov
97)
No, Since the fluid properties like pressure, temperature and density are
changed during normal shock.
15. Write the static pressure ratio expression for a normal shock. (Bu
Nov 97)
Py
Px
1
2
2
M x
1
1
16. Give the difference between normal and oblique shock(Ms uni Nov
97)
Normal shock
1. Shock wave is right angle to the
flow
Oblique shock
Shock wave is inclined at an angle to
the flow
Two dimension flow
2. One dimension
17.The stagnation pressure -------------------- and static pressure
----------------across a normal shock. (Mu uni oct 95)
ANS: Decreases , Increases
18. What are properties changes across a normal shock? (Mu uni apr
96)
1. Stagnation pressure decreases.
2. Stagnation temperature remains constant.
3. Static temperature and static pressure increases.
19. Calculate the strength of shock wave when normal shock appears
at M=2. (Mu uni apr 99)


Strength of shock
py px
px
py
px
Refer Normal shocks tables for Mx = 2 and 1.4

py
4.50, 4.5 1, 3.5
px
20. Show the normal shock in h-s diagram with the help of Rayleigh line and
Fanno line. (Mu uni apr 99)
PART B
1. Starting from the energy equation for flow through a normal shock obtaine
the following relation. (prandtl meyer relation) Au 04
2
2
M x
1
2
2. Prove that M y
(Bu Nov 97)
2
2
M 1
1 x
3. Derive the static pressure ratio across the shock
Px
1
2
2
Mx
(Au
Py
1
1
Dec 03)
4.Show that strength of shock
6. Derive Rankine Hugonoit Equation ( Density across the shock) (Mku apr
96)
7. Derive stagnation pressure across the shock wave
8. Explain Oblique shock
9. The state of a gas 1.3, R 0.469 KJ / KgK upstream of a normal shock
wave is given by the following data : M x 2.5, Px 2bar , Tx 272 K . Calculate
the mach number, pressure, temperature of the gas downstream of the shock.
[Anna university May 2005]


10. Air flows adiabatically in a pipe, A normal shock wave is formed. The
pressure and temperature of air before the shock are 150 kN/m 2 and 25oC
respectively. The pressure just after the normal shock is 350 kN/m 2. Calculate
(i)
Mach number before the shock
(ii)
Mach number, static temperature and velocity of air after the
shock wave.
(iii)
Increase in density of air
(iv)
Loss of stagnation pressure of air
(v)
Change in entropy
[Anna university-May 2004]
11. A convergent divergent nozzle is designed to expand air from a reservoir in
which the pressure is 800 Kpa and temperature is 40 oC to give a Mach number
at exit of 2.5. The throat area is 25 cm 2.
Find (i) Mass flow rate
(ii)Exit area
(iii) When a normal shock appears at a section where the area is 40 cm 2
determine the pressure and temperature at exit.
[Anna univ Dec-2003 & Madras Univ Apr2003]
12. A convergent divergent nozzle is designed to exapand air from a
reservoir which the pressure is 700 Kpa and temperature is 5 c and the nozzle
inlet match number is 0.2. The nozzal inlet match number is 0.2. The nozzal
throat area is 46cm 2 and the exit area is 230 cm 2 . A normal shock appears at
a section where the area is 175cm2. Find the pressure and temperature. Also
find the increase in entropy across the shock.
[ Anna Univ Dec04]
13. When a converging divergine nozzle is operated at off-design condition a
normal shock occurs at a section where the corss sectional area is 18.75 cm 2 in
the diverging protion. At inlet to the noxxle the stagnation state is given as
0.21 MPa and 36oC. The throat area is 12.5 cm 2 and exit area is 25 cm 2.
Estimate the exit Mach number, exit pressure and loss in stagnation pressure
for flow through nozzle.
[Anna Univ Dec05]
14. A Pitot tube kept in a supersonic wind tunnel forms a bow shock, ahead of
it. The static pressure upstream of the shock is 16 Kpa and the pressure at the
mounth is 70 Kpa. Estimate the Mach number of the tunnel. If the stagnation


temperature is 300 C, calculate the static temperature and total pressure
upstream and download of tube.
[Anna Univ Dec03 and Dec05]
15. A convergent divergent air nozzal has exit to throat area ratio of 3. A
normal shock appear at the divergent section where the exiting area ratio is
2.2. Find the Match number, before and after the shock. If the inlet stagnation
properties are 500 Kpa and 450K, find the properties of air at exit and entropy
incerase across the shock.[Madras Univ Apr99]
16. A convergent-divergent nozzle has an exit area to throat area ratio of 2.5.
The total properties of air at inlet are 7 bar and 87 oC. The throuat area is 6.5
cm2.
Determine Mach number, static pressure, static temperature and
stagnation pressure at exit, whe a plane normal shock stands at a point where
the Mach number is 2. Assume Isentropic flow before and after the shock.
[Manonmanium Sundaranar Univ Apr97]
18. A Mach -2 aircraft engine employes a subsonic inlet diffuser of area ration
3. A normal shock is formed just upstream of the diffuser inlet. The freestream conditions of upstream of the diffuser are p 0=0.10 bar, T =300K,
determine
a) Mach number, pressure and temperature at the diffuser exit.
b) Diffuser efficiency including the shock.
Assume isentropic flow in the diffuser downstream of the shock.
[Manonmanium Sundaranar Univ Apr96]
19.An air plane having a diffuser designed for subsonic flight has a normal
shock attached to the edge of the diffuser when the plane is flying at a certain
mach number. If at the exit of the diffuser the mach number is 0.3. what must
be the flight mach number assuming isentropic diffusion behind the shock.
The area at inlet is 0.29 m2 and that exit is 0.44 m2.
20. Air with Mach number 2.5 enters a convergent duct with an area ratio A 2/A1
= 0.5. under certain conditions, normal shock occurs at a point where A/A 1 =
0.6. For this condition, find exit Mach number and pressure ratio across the
duct.
21. A convergent divergent fuct is operating under off design conditions as it
conducts air from a high pressure tank where p 0 = 210 Kpa and T0 = 37oC. A
normal shock is present in the diverging section of nozzle. Find the exit


pressure, loss in stagnation pressure, and increase in entropy for the following
areas.
22. Air enters a converging diverging nozzle with a stagnation pressure of 29
bar and temperature of 50 oC. In the diverging part at a section just before a
normal shock, the pressure is 5 bar. What is the pressure just behind the
shock? Find the air flow rate per unit area at the throat.
[Madras Univ Oct97]
23. A turbojet engine works at a Mach number of 1.3 at an altitude of 15250
metres (T=218K, p=0.118 bar). A normal shock occurs ahead of its inlet
diffuser. Determine the Mach number and stagnation pressure after the shock.
What is the percentage of stagnation pressure loss across the shock.
[Madras Univ Apr 98]
24. The state of the gas [ 1.3andR 0.47 KJ / kgK ] upstream of a normal
shock wave Mach number is 2.5. Static pressure and temperature are 200 KPa
and 275 K respectively. Calculate downstream Mach number, percentage of
loss in stagnation pressure and gain in entropy across the shock.
[Madras Univ Oct98]
25. A concerging diverging nozzle has an exit to throat area ratio of 2. air
enters the nozzle with a stagnation pressure of 6.5 bar and a stagnation
temperature of 93oC. The throat are is 6.25 cm2. if there is a normal shock
wave standing at a point where M=1.5, determine the pressure, temperature
on either side of the plane of shock and the Mach number on the down stream
side of the plane.
[Madras Univ Apr97]
26. A supersonic nozzle is provided with a constant diameter circular duct at
its exit. The duct diameter is same as the nozzle exit diameter. Nozzle exit
cross section is three times that of its throat. The entry conditions of the gas [
1.4andR 0.287 KJ / kgK ] are p0=10 bar. T0 = 600 K. Calculate the static
pressure, Mach number and velocity of the gas in the duct.
a) When the nozzle operates at its design condition.
b) When a normal shock occurs at its exit.
c) When a normal shock occurs at a section in the diverging part where
the area ratio
A
2
A
[Madras Univ Apr 2000 & MSU Apr 96]

ASSIGNMENT IV
Unit-IV
1. Starting from the energy equation for flow through a normal shock obtaine
the following relation. (prandtl meyer relation)
Px
1
2
2
Mx
2. Derive the static pressure ratio across the shock
Py
1
1
3. The state of a gas 1.3, R 0.469 KJ / KgK upstream of a normal shock

wave is given by the following data: M x 2.5, Px 2bar , Tx 272 K . Calculate
the mach number, pressure, temperature of the gas downstream of the shock.
[Anna university May 2005]
4. Air flows adiabatically in a pipe, A normal shock wave is formed. The
pressure and temperature of air before the shock are 150 kN/m 2 and 25oC
respectively. The pressure just after the normal shock is 350 kN/m 2. Calculate
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
Mach number before the shock

Mach number, static temperature and velocity of air after the
shock wave.
Increase in density of air
Loss of stagnation pressure of air
Change in entropy
[Anna university-May 2004]

5. A convergent divergent nozzle is designed to expand air from a reservoir in

which the pressure is 800 Kpa and temperature is 40 oC to give a Mach number
at exit of 2.5. The throat area is 25 cm 2.
Find (i) Mass flow rate
(ii)Exit area
(iii) When a normal shock appears at a section where the area is 40 cm 2
determine the pressure and temperature at exit.

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KATHIR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Wisdom Tree Coimbatore-641062

ME 2351- GAS DYNAMICS & JET PROPULSION

5. Define strength of the shock wave.(Anna university may 04)