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Royal Marine Corps redirects here. For Thailands 28 October 1664 when at the grounds of the Honourable
marine corps, see Royal Thai Marine Corps.
Artillery Company the Duke of York and Albanys maritime regiment of foot was rst formed.[2]
The Corps of Royal Marines (RM) is the United Kingdom's amphibious light infantry force, forming part of 1.1
the Naval Service, along with the Royal Navy.[1] The
Royal Marines were formed in 1755 as the Royal Navys
infantry troops. However, the marines can trace their origins back to the formation of the English Army's Duke
of York and Albanys maritime regiment of Foot at the
grounds of the Honourable Artillery Company on 28 October 1664.[2]
On 5 April 1755, His Majestys Marine Forces, fty Companies in three Divisions, headquartered at Chatham,
Portsmouth, and Plymouth, were formed by Order of
Council under Admiralty control.[2] Initially all eld ocers were Royal Navy ocers as the Royal Navy felt that
the ranks of Marine eld ocers were largely honorary.
This meant that the furthest a Marine ocer could advance was to Lieutenant Colonel. It was not until 1771
that the rst Marine was promoted to Colonel. This attitude persisted well into the 1800s. During the rest of
the 18th century, they served in numerous landings all
over the world, the most famous being the landing at
Bellisle on the Brittany coast in 1761.[2] They also served
in the American War of Independence, being particularly
courageous in the Battle of Bunker Hill led by Major John
Pitcairn.[6]
History
In 1788 a detachment of four companies of marines, under Major Robert Ross, accompanied the First Fleet to
The Royal Marines can trace its origins back as far as protect a new colony at Botany Bay (New South Wales).
1
HISTORY
the Royal Marines was to land rst and act as skimishers ahead of the sailor Infantry and Artillery. This skirmishing was the traditional function of Light Infantry.[15]
For most of their history, British Marines had been organised as fusiliers. In the rest of the 19th Century the
Royal Marines served in many landings especially in the
First and Second Opium Wars (18391842 and 1856
1860) against the Chinese. These were all successful except for the landing at the Mouth of the Peiho in 1859,
where Admiral Sir James Hope ordered a landing across
extensive mud ats.[16]
World Wars
1.2
1.2.1
World Wars
During the First World War, in addition to their usual stations aboard ship, Royal Marines were part of the Royal
Naval Division which landed in Belgium in 1914 to help
defend Antwerp and later took part in the amphibious
landing at Gallipoli in 1915. It also served on the Western
Front. The Divisions rst two commanders were Royal
Marine Artillery Generals. Other Royal Marines acted as
landing parties in the Naval campaign against the Turkish
fortications in the Dardanelles before the Gallipoli landing. They were sent ashore to assess damage to Turkish
fortications after bombardment by British and French
ships and, if necessary, to complete their destruction.
The Royal Marines were the last to leave Gallipoli, replacing both British and French troops in a neatly planned British Commandos in action during Operation Archery, Norand executed withdrawal from the beaches.[18]
way.
The Royal Marines also took part in the Zeebrugge Raid
in 1918. Five Royal Marines earned the Victoria Cross in
the First World War, two at Zeebrugge, one at Gallipoli, Dakar and in the capture of Madagascar. After the asone at Jutland and one on the Western Front.[14]
sault on the French naval base at Antsirane in Madagascar was held up, fty Sea Service Royal Marines from
HMS Ramilles commanded by Captain Martin Price
1.2.2 Between the wars
were landed on the quay of the base by the British destroyer HMS Anthony after it ran the gauntlet of French
After the war Royal Marines took part in the allied in- shore batteries defending Diego Suarez Bay. They then
tervention in Russia. In 1919, the 6th Battalion RMLI captured two of the batteries, which led to a quick surmutinied and was disbanded at Murmansk. The Royal render by the French.[21]
Marine Artillery (RMA) and Royal Marine Light Infantry (RMLI) were amalgamated on 22 June 1923.[19] In addition the Royal Marines formed Mobile Naval Base
Post-war demobilisation had seen the Royal Marines re- Defence Organisations (MNBDOs) similar to the United
duced from 55,000 (1918) to 15,000 in 1922 and there States Marine Corps Defense Battalions. One of these
was Treasury pressure for a further reduction to 6,000 or took part in the defence of Crete. Royal Marines also
even the entire disbandment of the Corps. As a com- served in Malaya and in Singapore, where due to losses
promise an establishment of 9,500 was settled upon but they were joined with remnants of the 2nd Battalion,
this meant that two separate branches could no longer be Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders to form the Plymouth
maintained. The abandonment of the Marines artillery Argylls. The Royal Marines formed one Commando (A
role meant that the Corps would subsequently have to rely Commando) which served at Dieppe. One month after
on Royal Artillery support when ashore, that the title of Dieppe, most of the 11th Royal Marine Battalion was
Royal Marines would apply to the entire Corps and that killed or captured in an ill staged amphibious landing at
only a few specialists would now receive gunnery train- Tobruk in Operation Agreement, again the Marines were
ing. As a form of consolation the dark blue and red involved with the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders,
uniform of the Royal Marine Artillery now became the this time the 1st Battalion. In 1942 the Infantry Battalfull dress of the entire Corps. Royal Marine ocers and ions of the Royal Marine Division were re-organised as
SNCOs however continue to wear the historic scarlet in Commandos, joining the British Army Commandos. The
mess dress to the present day. The ranks of Private, used Division command structure became a Special Service
by the RMLI, and Gunner, used by the RMA, were abol- Brigade command. The support troops became landing
craft crew and saw extensive action on D-Day in June
ished and replaced by the rank of Marine.[20]
1944.[22]
1.2.3
TODAY
The RM are lifted by the Navys jungly Sea King HC4 helicopters, seen here over Norway in 2014.
Men of No 4 (Army) Commando engaged in house to house ghting with the Germans at Riva Bella, near Ouistreham.
The Corps underwent a notable change after 1945 however, when the Royal Marines took on the main responsibility for the role and training of the British Commandos.
The Royal Marines have an illustrious history, and since
their creation in 1942 Royal Marines Commandos have
engaged on active operations across the globe, every year,
In January 1945, two further RM Brigades were formed, except 1968.[27] Notably they were the rst ever military
116th Brigade and 117th Brigade. Both were conven- unit to perform an air assault insertion by helicopter, durtional Infantry, rather than in the Commando role. 116th ing the Suez Crisis in 1956.[28] They were also part of the
Brigade saw some action in the Netherlands, but 117th land element during the Falklands War.[29]
Brigade was hardly used operationally. In addition one
Landing Craft Assault (LCA) unit was stationed in Australia late in the war as a training unit. In 1946 the Army 2 Today
Commandos were disbanded, leaving the Royal Marines
to continue the Commando role (with supporting Army
elements). A number of Royal Marines served as pilots 2.1 Personnel
during the Second World War. It was a Royal Marines
ocer who led the attack by a formation of Blackburn
Skuas that sank the Knigsberg. Eighteen Royal Marines
commanded Fleet Air Arm squadrons during the course
of the war, and with the formation of the British Pacic
Fleet were well-represented in the nal drive on Japan.
Captains and Majors generally commanded squadrons,
whilst in one case Lt. Colonel R.C. Hay on HMS Indefatigable was Air Group Co-ordinator from HMS Victorious
of the entire British Pacic Fleet.[24]
Throughout the war Royal Marines continued in their traditional role of providing ships detachments and manning
a proportion of the guns on Cruisers and Capital Ships.
They also provided the crew for the UKs Minor Landing
craft and the Royal Marines Armoured Support Group Royal Marines in Afghanistan
manned Centaur IV tanks on D Day one of these is still
on display at Pegasus Bridge.[25]
The Royal Marines are part of the Naval Service and unOnly one Marine (Corporal Thomas Peck Hunter of der the full command of Fleet Commander. The rank
43 Commando) was awarded the Victoria Cross in the structure of the corps is similar to that of the British
5
Army with ocers and other ranks recruited and initially
trained separately from other naval personnel, Women are
only permitted to serve in the Royal Marines Band Service. On average, 1,200 recruits and 2,000 potential recruits, and 400 potential ocers attend training courses
and acquaint courses at CTCRM every year.
At its height in 1944 during the Second World War, more
than 70,000 people served in the Royal Marines. Following the Allied victory the Royal Marines were quickly reduced to a post-war strength of 13,000. When National
Service nally came to an end in 1960, the Marines were
again reduced, but this time to an all Commando-trained
force of 9,000 personnel.[30]
As of October 2014 the Royal Marines had a strength of
7,760 Regular[31] and 750 Royal Marines Reserve, giving a combined component strength of around 8,510 personnel. The Royal Marines are the only European marine force capable of conducting amphibious operations
at brigade level.[32]
2.2
Equipment
Insignia of 3 Commando
Commando Logistics Regiment is delegated to 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines, of which they are a part.
Based at Stonehouse Barracks, the brigade exercises con Commando Logistic Regiment based at Chivenor, trol as directed by either CINCFLEET or the Permanent
Joint Headquarters. As the main combat formation of the
Devon
Royal Marines, the brigade has its own organic capability
Special Boat Service based at RM Poole, Dorset (al- to it in the eld, 30 Commando Information Exploitation
though Full Command is retained by CINCFLEET, Group, a battalion sized formation providing information
Operational Command of SBS RM is assigned to operations capabilities, life support and security for the
Director Special Forces).
Brigade Headquarters.
30 Commando Information Exploitation Group[41]
based at Stonehouse Barracks, Plymouth
3.3
Structure of a Commando
7
RN Volunteer Bands. Musicians have an important
secondary role as medics and eld hospital orderlies.
Personnel may not be commando trained, wearing a
dark blue beret instead of green; the band service is
the only branch of the Royal Marines which admits
women.
Tactical HQ
Reconnaissance Troop with a sniper section
Mortar Troop
Special Boat Service (SBS) are naval special forces
Anti-Tank (AT) Troop
and under operational command of Director Special
Forces, UK Special Forces Group. It is commanded
Medium Machine Gun Troop
by a Lieutenant Colonel qualied as a Swimmer Canoeist. SBS Responsibilities include water-borne
operations, Maritime Counter-Terrorism and other 2X Close Combat Companies
special forces tasks.
Company Headquarters
Royal Marines Band Service provides regular bands
for the Royal Navy and provides expertise to train
3X Close Combat Troops
2X Stand O Companies
Company Headquarters
Heavy Machine Gun (HMG) Troop
AT Troop
Close Combat Troop.
Logistic Company
A Echelon 1
A Echelon 2
FRT (Forward Repair Team)
RAP (Regimental Aid Post)
B Echelon
In general a rie company Marine will be a member of
a four-man re team, the building block of commando
operations. A Royal Marine works with his team in
the eld and shares accommodation if living in barracks.
This structure is a recent development, formerly Commandos were structured similarly to British Army light
Infantry Battalions.[46] During the restructuring of the
United Kingdoms military services the Corps evolved
from a Cold War focus on NATOs Northern Flank towards a more expeditionary posture.
3.4
commando trained. The CHF is neither under the permanent control of 3 Commando Brigade nor that of the
Commandant General Royal Marines, but rather is allocated to support Royal Marines units as required. It uses
both Sea King medium transport and Lynx light transport/reconnaissance helicopters to provide aviation support for the Royal Marines.
3.5
and most physically demanding specialist infantry training regimes in the world. Recruit training lasts for 32
9
awarded to every squad, and is only presented if a recruit
measures up to the very exacting standards required.[51]
Throughout his career, a Marine can specialise in a number of dierent roles upon completion of their respective courses after spending 12 years as a general duties
(GD) Marine. Examples of some specialisations and different courses includes the mountain leader (ML), physical training instructor (PTI), Assault Engineer (AE), military police (MP), sniper course, medical assistant, pilot, reconnaissance operator (RO), drill instructor, driver,
clerk, chef, signaller, combat intelligence, armourer, and
heavy weapons training. Royal Marines can also apply for
swimmer canoeist/Special Boat Service selection (SBS)
or any other branch of the UKSF.[52] All Royal Marines
will also conduct training exercises on diering military
skills on a regular basis including development in mountain, arctic, jungle, amphibious and desert warfare. They
can also be involved in exchange training programs with
other countries forces particularly the United States Marine Corps[3] and the Netherlands Marine Corps/Korps
Mariniers.[4]
10
11
5.1
Uniforms
Order of precedence
8 See also
Royal Marines selection and training
Royal Marines Reserve
Royal Marines Museum
Aliations
Achnacarry
Royal Marines Volunteer Cadet Corps
RM Turnchapel
Category:Royal Marines personnel and its subcategories, for people who have served in the corps
9 References
[1] Naval Personnel Hierarchy (PDF), BR3 Naval Personnel Management (Ministry of Defence), October 2012, retrieved 12 December 2012
[2] Royal Marines History and Traditional Facts (PDF).
Marine Society & Sea Cadet. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
[3] Royal Marines Train In Californian Desert, mod.uk
12
REFERENCES
[5] Thompson, p. 3
[30] Nicholas van der Bijl and Nick Bijl, The Royal Marines
193993, Osprey Publishing, 1995
[31] gov.uk MoD Royal Navy & Royal Marines quarterly
pocket brief, October 2014. See table 1.
[32] Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic
Defence and Security Review (PDF). HM Government.
19 October 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
[33] Royal Air Force Aircraft and Weapons page 44 (PDF).
Royal Air Force. 2013.
[34] Royal Air Force Aircraft and Weapons page 45 (PDF).
Royal Air Force. 2013.
[18] The RMLI move to, and deployment at, Gallipoli. The
Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
[39] Joint Committees On Transportation Holds Public Hearing Re: Trans 123 www.wisconsin-pinzgauers.org
[47] comukamphibfor
[24] "Obituary:Colonel Ronnie Hay. The Telegraph. 24 December 2001. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
13
Lenihan, Padraig. Consolidating Conquest, Ireland 1603-1727. Pearson Education. ISBN 9780582772175.
12 External links
Royal Marines website
Royal Marines Band Service website
10
[1]
Notes
English Empire (16641707)
British Empire (170719th century)
11
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14
13
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