Jewish Brigade

For other Jewish regiments, see Jewish Legion (disambiguation).

The Jewish Infantry Brigade Group,[1] more commonly known as the Jewish Brigade Group[2] or Jewish
Brigade,[3] was a military formation of the British Army
composed of Jews from the Yishuv in Mandatory Palestine commanded by British-Jewish ocers that served in
Europe during World War II. The brigade was formed in
late 1944,[1][2] and its personnel fought the Germans in
Italy. After the war, some of them assisted Holocaust
survivors to emigrate illegally to Mandatory Palestine as
part of Aliyah Bet.[4][5]

Brigadier Ernest Benjamin, commander of the Jewish Brigade,

inspects the 2nd Battalion in Palestine, October 1944.

Background

Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, famously declared: We will ght the White Paper as if there is no
war, and ght the war as if there is no White Paper.[7]
Chaim Weizmann, the President of the World Zionist Organization, oered the British government full cooperation of the Jewish community in Mandatory Palestine.
Weizmann sought to establish an identiably Jewish ghting formation (under a Jewish ag) under the auspices
of the British Army. His request for a separate formation was rejected, but many Jews in Mandatory Palestine
wanted to ght the Nazis and joined the British Army.
Some of these were formed into separate Jewish companies in their battalions. There was a Jewish battalion
Jewish Brigade headquarters under both Union Flag and Zionist attached to the British Armys East Kent Regiment stationed in Mandatory Palestine.[5]
ag
In all, fteen Palestinian Jewish battalions were formed
in the British Army in September 1940, and fought in the
Greek campaign of 1941.

After World War I, the British Empire and the French

empire replaced the Ottoman Empire as the pre-eminent
powers in the Middle East. This change brought closer
the Zionist movements goal of creating a Jewish state.
The Balfour Declaration of 1917 signied the rst ocial
approval of this proposal, and led to a surge of Jewish emigration in 19181921, known as the "Third Aliyah".[6]
The League of Nations incorporated the Declaration in
the British Mandate for Palestine in 1922. Jewish immigration continued through the 1920s and 1930s, and the
Jewish population expanded by over 400,000 before the
beginning of the Second World War.[6]

But there was no designated all-Jewish formation. Jewish

groups petitioned the British government to create such a
force, but the British refused.[8] At that time, the White
Paper was in eect, limiting Jewish immigration and land
purchases.[5]
Some British ocials opposed creating a Jewish ghting
force, fearing that it could become the basis for Jewish
rebellion against British rule.[5] In August 1944, Winston Churchill nally agreed to the formation of a Jewish
Brigade. According to Rafael Medo, Churchill consented because he was moved by the slaughter of Hungarian Jewry [and] was hoping to impress American public opinion.[8]

However, in the White Paper of 1939, the British government under Neville Chamberlain abandoned the idea
of establishing a Jewish Commonwealth. When the Second World War began in September 1939, David Ben1

3 WORLD WAR II

Formation of the Jewish Brigade

Men of the Jewish Brigade ride on a Churchill tank in North Italy,

14 March 1945
1st Battalion of the Jewish Brigade on parade

After early reports of the Nazi atrocities of the Holocaust

were made public by the Allied powers, the Prime Minister Winston Churchill sent a personal telegram to the
US President Franklin D. Roosevelt suggesting that the
Jews... of all races have the right to strike at the Germans
as a recognizable body. The president replied ve days
later saying: I perceive no objection...
After much hesitation, on July 3, 1944, the British
government consented to the establishment of a Jewish
Brigade with hand-picked Jewish and also non-Jewish senior ocers. On 20 September 1944 an ocial commu- Jewish Brigade soldiers in Tarvisio
nique by the War Oce announced the formation of the
Jewish Brigade Group of the British Army and the Jewish Brigade Group headquarters was established in Egypt
at the end of September 1944 (the formation was styled a
brigade group because of the inclusion under command of
an artillery regiment). The Zionist ag was ocially approved as its standard. It included more than 5,000 Jewish volunteers from Mandatory Palestine organized into
three infantry battalions of the Palestine Regiment and
several supporting units.
1st Battalion, Palestine Regiment
2nd Battalion, Palestine Regiment

Jewish Brigade troops on the Italian-Austrian border

3rd Battalion, Palestine Regiment

200th Field Regiment (Royal Artillery)

3 World War II

In October 1944, under the leadership of Brigadier Ernest

The contemporary newspapers dismissed it as a token F. Benjamin, the brigade group was shipped to Italy
(The New York Times on page 12) and ve years late and joined British Eighth Army in November which
(The Manchester Guardian).
was engaged in the Italian Campaign under 15th Army

4.1

Involvement in the Bricha

Group.[5][9]

3
tials TTG, loosely translated as kiss [literally, lick] my
arse business) was the name of a group of Jewish
Brigade members formed immediately following the Second World War. Under the guise of British military activity, this group engaged in the assassination of Nazis,
facilitated the illegal immigration of Holocaust survivors
to Mandatory Palestine, and smuggled weaponry to the
Haganah.[5]
The Jewish Brigade also joined groups of Holocaust
survivors in forming assassination squads known as the
Nokmim for the purpose of tracking down and killing
former SS and Wehrmacht ocers who had participated
in atrocities against European Jews. Information regarding the whereabouts of these fugitives was gathered either
by torturing imprisoned Nazis or by way of military connections. The British uniforms, military documentation,
equipment, and vehicles used by Jewish Brigade veterans
greatly contributed to the success of the Nokmim. The
number of Nazis the Nokmim killed is unknown, but may
have been as high as 1,500.[12][13][14]

A Jewish Brigade soldier carries an artillery shell. The Hebrew

inscription on the shell translates as a gift to Hitler.

After assignment to the VIII Corps District of the British

Army of the Rhine (Schleswig-Holstein), the Jewish
[15]
The brigade group took part in the Spring Oensive Brigade was disbanded in the summer of 1946.
of 1945. It took positions on the front line in the Alfonsine sector, and was soon engaged in combat. On
March 1920, 1945, it initiated two attacks. The brigade 4.1 Involvement in the Bricha
then moved to the Senio River sector, where it fought
against the German 4th Parachute Division commanded Many members of the Jewish Brigade assisted and enby Generalleutnant Heinrich Trettner. On April 9, the couraged the implementation of the Bricha. In the vibrigade crossed the river and established a bridgehead, tal, chaotic months immediately before and after the Gerwidening it the following day.[10] In addition, they were man surrender, members of the Jewish Brigade supplied
represented among the liberating Allied units at a Pa- British Army uniforms and documents to Jewish civilians
pal audience. The Jewish Brigade was then stationed in who were facilitating the illegal immigration of Holocaust
Tarvisio, near the border triangle of Italy, Yugoslavia, and survivors to Mandatory Palestine. The most notable exAustria. They searched for Holocaust survivors, provided ample was Yehuda Arazi, code name Alon, who had
survivors with aid, and assisted in their immigration to been wanted for two years by the British authorities in
Palestine.[5] They played a key role in the Berihah's ef- Palestine for stealing ries from the British police and
forts to help Jews escape Europe for British Mandatory giving them to the Haganah. In 1945, Arazi and his partPalestine, a role many of its members were to continue ner Yitzhak Levy travelled from Mandatory Palestine to
after the Brigade disbanded. Among its projects was the Egypt by train, dressed as sergeants from the Royal Eneducation and care of the Selvino children. In July 1945, gineers. From Egypt, the pair travelled though North
Africa to Italy and, using false names, joined the Jewthe Brigade moved[9] to Belgium and the Netherlands.
ish Brigade, where Arazi secretly became responsible for
Overall, in the course of World War II, the Jewish
organising illegal immigration. This included purchasing
Brigades casualties were 83 killed in action or died of
boats, establishing hachsharot, supplying food and comwounds and 200 wounded. Another 78 of the brigades
piling lists of survivors.[16]
soldiers were mentioned in dispatches, and 20 received
military decorations (7 Military Medals, 7 Order of the When Arazi reached the Jewish Brigade in Tarvisio in
British Empire medals, 4 Military Crosses, and 2 US June 1945, he informed some of the Haganah members
serving in the Brigade that other units had made conawards).[11]
tact with Jewish survivors. Arazi impressed upon the
Brigade their importance in Europe and urged the soldiers to nd 5,000 Jewish survivors to bring to Manda4 Post-War
tory Palestine.[17] Jewish Brigade Ocer Aharon HoterYishai recalled that he doubted the existence of 5,000
Main article: Tilhas Tizig Gesheften
Jewish survivors; regardless, the Jewish Brigade accepted
Arazis challenge without question. For many Jewish solTilhas Tizig Gesheften (commonly known by its ini- diers, this new mission justied their previous service in

7 PARTIAL LIST OF NOTABLE VETERANS OF THE JEWISH BRIGADE

the British forces that had preceded the creation of the Independence. Many veterans would serve as highJewish Brigade.[18]
ranking ocers in the Israeli military, 35 becoming
[24][25]
Another Jewish Brigade soldier actively involved in the generals.
Berihah was Israel Carmi, who was discharged from
the Jewish Brigade in the autumn of 1945. After a
few months, the Secretariat of Kibbutz HaMeuchad approached Carmi about returning to Europe to assist with
the Berihah. Carmis previous experience working with
survivors made him an important asset for the Berihah
movement. He returned to Italy in 1946 and attended the
22nd Zionist Congress in Basel, where he gained insight
into how the Berihah operated throughout Europe. Carmi
proposed establishing a second Berihah route across Europe in the event that the existing route collapsed. In addition, he also proposed dividing the Berihah leadership
into parts: Mordechai Surkis, working from Paris, would
be responsible for the nancial workings; Ephraim Dekel
in Prague would run the administrative element, and oversee the Berihah in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Germany;
and Carmi, working from Prague, would oversee activities in Hungary, Yugoslavia and Romania.[19]

5 Legacy
The Jewish Brigade inspired numerous books[26] and
lms.[27] In 1998, lmmakers Chuck Olin (Director)
and Matthew Palm (Co-Producer) released their awardwinning documentary, In Our Own Hands. The lm aired
on PBS in the United States, and played in numerous lm
festivals around the world.

6 In Popular Culture

In Leon Uris novel Exodus, and the subsequent lm, protagonist Ari Ben Canaan of the Haganah succeeds in organising the movement of refugees to Palestine, through
his experience of action and use of procedures gained
Jewish Brigade soldiers, assisting with the Berihah, during the war as an ocer of the Jewish Brigade.
specically took advantage of the chaotic situation in
post-war Europe to move Holocaust survivors between
countries and across borders. Soldiers were intention7 Partial list of notable veterans of
ally placed by Merkaz Lagolah at transfer points and borthe Jewish Brigade
der crossings to assist the Jewish DPs (displaced persons).[20] For example, Judenberg, a sub-camp of the
Mauthausen concentration camp, acted as a Berihah point
British Jews
where Brigade soldiers and partisans worked together to
assist DPs. Similarly, in the city of Graz, a Berihah point
Ernest Benjamin
was centred in a hotel where a legendary Berihah gure,
Pinchas Zeitag, also known as Pini the Red or Gingi, or Bernard M. Casper
ganised transports westwards to Italy.[21] One of the Jew Edmund Leopold de Rothschild
ish Brigades greatest contributions to the Berihah was
the use of their British Army vehicles to transport survivors (up to a thousand people at a time) in truck conPalestinian Jews
voys to Pontebba, the brigades motor depot. These secret transports generally arrived at 2 or 3 a.m., and the
Yehuda Amichai
Brigade always ensured that DPs were greeted by a sol Meir Argov
dier or an ocer and welcomed into a dining hall with
food and tea. Everyone was given a medical examina Ted Arison
tion, a place to sleep, and clean clothing; and within a few
days the group was moved to hachsharot in Bari, Bologna
Hanoch Bartov
and Modena. After recuperating and completing their
Yehoshua Bar-Hillel
hachshara training, the DPs were taken to ports where
boats would illegally set sail for Mandatory Palestine.[22]
Haim Ben-Asher
Historians estimate that the Jewish Brigade assisted in
the transfer, between 1945 and 1948, of 15,000 - 22,000
Zvi Brenner
Jewish DPs as part of the Berihah and the illegal immigration movement.[23]
Reuven Dafni

4.2

Military Legacy

In 1948, after the Israeli Declaration of Independence,

many Jewish Brigade veterans served with distinction
in the Israel Defense Forces during the Israeli War of

Yehiel Duvdevani
Israel Carmi
Yohanan Peltz
Mordechai Gichon

5
Amir Gilboa
Elazar Granot
Dov Gruner
Hans Jonas
Shraga Har-Gil
Haim Laskov
Mordechai Maklef
Shimon Mazeh
Nissan Nativ

[1] Adler, Cyrus; Henrietta Szold (1946). American Jewish

Year Book, Volume 48. Page 69: American Jewish Committee. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
[2] Teaching About the Holocaust: A Resource Book for Educators. Page 27: DIANE Publishing. 1995. ISBN 14289-2637-2.
[3] Medo (2002), page 111
[4] Medo (2002), page 217
[5] Paraszczuk (2010)

Yitzhak Orpaz

[6] Goldstein, Joseph (1995).

Times, pp. 122-123

David Rubinger

[7] Blum, Howard. The Brigade. Page 5.

Gideon Schocken

[8] Medo, Rafael (2002). Militant Zionism in America: the

rise and impact of the Jabotinsky movement. Page 111.

Shlomo Shamir
Chaim Sheba
Mordechai Surkis

Jewish History in Modern

[9] Joslen, p. 453.

[10] Jewish Brigade Group

Israel Tal

[11] Morris Beckman, The Jewish Brigade, p. 161

Adin Talbar

[12] Morris Beckman, The Jewish Brigade, p. 213

Moshe Tavor

[13] Ian Black and Benny Morris: Israels Secret Wars: A History of Israels Intelligence Services, p. 188

Yehoshafat Harkabi
Aharon Hoter-Yishai
Yigal Hurvitz
Danny Matt
Gideon Ben-Yisrael
Meir Zorea
Amram Zur
Shalom Zysman

9 References

See also
Jewish Legion
Special Interrogation Group (SIG)

[14] Beckham, Morris (1999). The Jewish Brigade: An Army

With Two Masters, 1944-45. Sarpedon Publishers. ISBN
1-885119-56-9.
[15] Watson, Graham E., Rinaldi, Richard A., The British
Army in Germany (BOAR and after): An organizational
history 1947-2004, Tiger Lily Publications, 2005, p.7
[16] Carmi, Israel (1960). In the Footsteps of Fighters (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Marachot. p. 165.
[17] Bauer, Yehuda (1970). Flight and Rescue: Brichah. New
York: Random House. pp. 6466.
[18] Hebrew University Oral History Archive (January 5,
1964). Interview with Aharon Hoter-Yishai (in Hebrew).
Jerusalem, Israel. pp. (4), 22.
[19] Carmi, Israel (1960). In the Footsteps of Fighters (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Marachot. pp. 248255.
[20] Dan, Haim (1972). From the Egyptian Desert to Munich:
Diary of a Jewish Brigade Soldier (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv:
Am Oved. p. 84.

The Sixth Battalion a documentary about Jewish

soldiers forced to ght for the Nazis in the Slovak
[21] For more information on specic involvement of Jewish
Republic during the Second World War.
Jewish Parachutists of Mandate Palestine
Tilhas Tizig Gesheften, a paramilitary sister eort
undertaken by many members of the brigade

Brigade soldiers in Berihah missions, see Israel Ben Dor,

Book of the First Battalion of Jewish Brigade Fighters,
(in Hebrew), (Macabim: Melzer, 2000): 260, 264 and
Gabriel Sheer, Moshe Sharett: Biography of a Political
Moderate (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996): 752-755.

11

[22] Gelber, Yoav (1983). Jewish Palestinians Volunteering in

the British Army during the Second World War: The Standard Bearers - The Mission of the Volunteers to the Jewish
People, Vol. III (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak BenZvi. p. 441.

EXTERNAL LINKS

11 External links
Combat and Resistance: Jewish Soldiers in the Allied Armies on the Yad Vashem website

[23] Haganah Archive (February 13, 1968). Oral Testimony of

Liev Garfunkel, (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv, Israel. pp. 93.28.

Jewish Brigade Group (the United States Holocaust

Memorial Museum)

[24] Morris Beckman, The Jewish Brigade, p. 140

The Jewish Brigade (Israeli MFA)

[25] http://www.independent.co.uk/news/
jewish-brigade-shot-nazi-prisoners-in-revenge-1191139.
html
[26] Amazon (2010)
[27] Olin Associates (2010)

10

Sources

Adler, Cyrus; Szold, Henrietta (1946). American

Jewish Year Book, Volume 48. American Jewish
Committee.
Beckham, Morris (1999). The Jewish Brigade: An
Army With Two Masters, 1944-45. Sarpedon Publishers. ISBN 1-885119-56-9.
Blum, Howard (2002). The Brigade. An Epic Story
of Vengeance, Salvation, and WWII. New York:
HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-019486-3.
Casper, Bernard M (1947). With the Jewish Brigade.
London: Edward Goldston. Contains a foreword by
Brig. E F Benjamin, CBE, former commander of
the Jewish Brigade. Casper was Senior Chaplain to
the Brigade.
Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1st Pub. HMSO 1960]. Orders
of battle : Second World War, 1939-1945. Uckeld:
Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84342-474-6.
Medo, Rafel (2002). Militant Zionism in America: The Rise and Impact of the Jabotinsky Movement
in the United States. University of Alabama Press.
ISBN 978-0-8173-1071-4.
Paraszczuk, Joanna (March 3, 2010). We Proved
to the World That we can Fight; Veterans Attend a
Special Showing in Tel Aviv of Chuck Olins Awardwinning Documentary About the Outstanding allJewish Brigade that Helped Defeat Hitler. The
Jerusalem Post.
In Our Own Hands: The Hidden Story of the Jewish Brigade in World War II (DVD). Film resource
center. 1998.
Rocca, Sam M (2013). The Jewish Brigade Group
and the Jewish units in the British army in world war
II. Italy: Soldiershop Publishing..

Chaim Weizmann on the Jewish Brigade, 1944

Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Jewish Brigade Group (JVL)
Chuck Olin Digital Film Archive (University of Illinois Library) (Digital video interviews from members of the Jewish Brigade)

12
12.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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