36th Waen Grenadier Division of the SS

The 36th Waen Grenadier Division of the SS, also

known as the SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger (1944),[1]
or simply the Dirlewanger Brigade, was a military unit
of the Waen-SS during World War II. Composed of
criminals expected to die ghting in the front-line, the
unit was led by Oskar Dirlewanger. Originally formed for
anti-partisan duties against the Polish resistance; the unit
eventually saw action in Slovakia, Hungary, and against
the Soviet Red Army near the end of the war. During
its operations it engaged in the rape, pillaging and mass
murder of civilians.
The unit participated in some of World War IIs most notorious campaigns of terror in the east. During the organizations time in Russia, Dirlewanger burned women
and children alive and let starved packs of dogs feed on
them.[2] He was known to hold large formations with
the sole purpose of injecting Jews with strychnine.[3]
Dirlewangers unit took part in the occupation of Belarus,
where it carved out a reputation within the Waen-SS as
an atrocious unit. Numerous Heer and SS commanders
attempted to remove Dirlewanger from the SS and disband the unit, although he had patrons within the Nazi
apparatus who intervened on his behalf. His unit was
most notably credited with the destruction of Warsaw,
and the massacre of ~100,000 of the citys population
during the Warsaw Uprising; and participating in the
brutal suppression of the Slovak National Uprising in
1944. Dirlewangers Division of the Waen SS generated fear throughout Waen-SS Organizations including
the SS-Fhrungshauptamt (SS Command Headquarters)
and earned the notoriety as the most criminal and heinous Oskar Dirlewanger, 1944
SS unit in Hitlers war machine.

him and later compelled him to reapply for membership.

After serving a two-year jail sentence, Dirlewanger was
released. Soon after, he was arrested again for sexual assault. He was interned in a concentration camp. Desperate, Dirlewanger contacted Gottlob Berger, an old Freikorps comrade who worked closely with Heinrich Himmler,
the Reichsfhrer-SS. Berger secured his friends release
where he travelled to Spain to enlist in the Spanish Foreign Legion and later transferred to the Legin Cndor, a
German volunteer unit which fought in the Spanish Civil
War (19361939) for Francos Falange Espaola.[5]

Oskar Dirlewanger

Main article: Oskar Dirlewanger

The history of the Dirlewanger Brigade is inextricably
linked to the life of its commander, Oskar Dirlewanger, a
known sadist, often called the most evil man in the SS.[4]
After receiving the Iron Cross rst and second class while
serving in the Imperial German Army during World War
I, Dirlewanger joined the Freikorps and took part in the
crushing of German Revolution of 191819. He joined
the Nazi Party in 1923. After graduation from Citizens
University, Dirlewanger worked at a bank and a knit-wear
factory. He became a violent alcoholic, and in 1934 was
convicted of the statutory rape of a 14-year-old girl and
stealing government property. The Nazi Party expelled

After returning to Germany in 1939, Dirlewanger enlisted with the Allgemeine SS (General-SS) with the rank
of SS-Untersturmfhrer. In mid-1940, following the
invasion of Poland Berger arranged for Dirlewanger to
train a partisan-hunting military unit under his own control, composed of men convicted of poaching.[4][5][6]
1

Composition

On 23 March 1940 a department in the Ministry of Justice received a telephone call from Himmlers headquarters informing them that Hitler had made a decision to
give suspended sentences to so-called honourable poachers and, depending on their behaviour at the front, pardon. A further conrmation of Hitlers order was sent
specifying that the poachers should insofar as possible be
Bavarian and Austrian, not be guilty of crimes involving
trap setting, and were to be enrolled in marksmens rie corps".[7] The men were to combine their knowledge
of hunting and woodcraft similar to traditional Jger elite
riemen with the courage and initiative of those who willingly broke the law. In late May 1940 Dirlewanger was
sent to Oranienburg to take charge of 80 selected men
convicted of poaching crimes who were temporarily released from their sentences. After two months training,
55 men were selected with the rest sent back to prison.
On 14 June 1940, the Wilddiebkommando Oranienburg
(Oranienburg Poachers Unit) was formed as part of the
Waen-SS.[5] Himmler made Dirlewanger its commander. The unit was sent to Poland where they were joined
by four Waen SS NCOs selected for their previous disciplinary records and twenty other recruits.
From the beginning the formation attracted criticism
from both the Nazi Party and the SS for the idea that convicted criminals who were forbidden to carry arms, therefore then exempt from conscription in the Wehrmacht
could be a part of the elite SS. A solution was found
where it was proclaimed that the formation was not part
of the SS, but under control of the SS.[8] As the war proceeded with a need for further manpower Germany recruited other Strafbattalions and penal military units.
Within a couple of years, the unit grew into a band of
common criminals. In contrast to those who served in the
German penal battalions for committing minor oences,
the recruits sent into Dirlewangers band were convicted
of major crimes such as premeditated murder, rape, arson and burglary. Dirlewanger provided them with an opportunity to commit atrocities on such a scale that even
the SS executioners complained.[5] Martin Windrow, the
British historian, described them as a terrifying rabble
of cut-throats, renegades, sadistic morons, and cashiered
rejects from other units.[9] Some Nazi ocials romanticized the unit, viewing the men as pure primitive German men who were resisting the law.[10]
By September 1940, the formation numbered over 300
men. Dirlewanger was appointed an SS-Obersturmfhrer
by Himmler. With the inux of criminals, the emphasis on poachers was now lost, though many of the
former poachers rose to NCO ranks to train the unit.
Those convicted of other more severe crimes, including the criminally insane, joined the unit.[10] Accordingly, the unit name was changed to Sonderkommando
Dirlewanger (Special Unit Dirlewanger). As the unit
strength grew, it was placed under the command of the

OPERATIONAL HISTORY

SS-Totenkopfverbnde (the formation responsible for the

administration of the concentration camps) and redesignated as the SS-Sonderbataillon Dirlewanger.[1] In January 1942, to rebuild its strength, the unit was authorised
to recruit Russian and Ukrainian volunteers. By February
1943 the number of men in the battalion doubled to 700
(half of them Volksdeutsche).[5] It became a Waen-SS
unit again in late 1944.

3 Operational history

Members of the SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger in a window

of a townhouse at 9 Focha Street in Warsaw, August 1944. In
the glass reection one can identify details of the tenement on the
opposite side of the street

3.1 Occupation of Poland

On 1 August 1940, the Dirlewanger was assigned to guard
duties in the region of Lublin (site of a Nazi-established
Jew reservation established under the Nisko Plan) in
the General Government territory of occupied Poland.[5]
According to journalist and author, Matthew Cooper,
wherever the Dirlewanger unit operated, corruption and
rape formed an every-day part of life and indiscriminate
slaughter, beatings and looting were rife.[11] The General
Governments Hherer SS- und Polizeifhrer (HSSPF)
Friedrich Wilhelm Krger was disturbed by the unlawful
behaviour of the Dirlewanger. His complaints resulted in
its transfer to Belarus in February 1942.[12]

3.2 Belarus
In Belarus (named the Reichskommissariat Ostland by the
Nazis), the unit came under the command of local HSSPF
Erich von dem Bach. The Dirlewanger resumed antipartisan activities in this area, working in cooperation
with the Kaminski Brigade, a militia of Russians under
the command of Bronislav Kaminski. Dirlewangers preferred method of operation was to gather civilians in a
barn, set it on re and shoot with machine guns anyone
who tried to escape; the victims of his unit numbered

3.3

Return to Poland

about 30,000.[10] According to Timothy Snyder, a Yale 3.3

historian,

Return to Poland

As it inicted its rst fteen thousand

mortal casualties, the Special Commando
Dirlewanger lost only ninety-two men many
of them, no doubt, to friendly re and alcoholic accidents. A ratio such as that was
possible only when the victims were unarmed
civilians.[10]
In September 1942, the unit murdered 8,350 Jews in
Baranovichi ghetto and then a further 389 people labeled
bandits and 1,274 bandit suspects.[10] According to
the British-Canadian historian, Martin Kitchen, the unit,
committed such shocking atrocities in
the Soviet Union, in the pursuit of partisans,
that even an SS court was called upon to
investigate.[13]
On 17 August 1942, the expansion of the Dirlewanger to
regimental size was authorized. Recruits were to come
from criminals, Eastern volunteers (Osttruppen) and military delinquents. The second battalion was established
in February 1943 when the regiments strength reached
700 men, of whom 300 were anti-communists from Soviet territory; and the unit was redesignated as the SSSonderregiment Dirlewanger. In May 1943, the eligibility
to volunteer for service in the regiment was extended to
all criminals and as a result 500 men convicted of the most
severe crimes were absorbed into the regiment. May and
June saw the unit taking part in Operation Cottbus, an
anti-partisan operation. In August 1943, the creation of
a third battalion was authorised. With its expansion, the
Dirlewanger was allowed to display rank insignia and a
unique collar patch (at rst crossed ries, later crossed
stick grenades). During this period, the regiment saw
heavy ghting; Dirlewanger himself led many assaults.
In November 1943, the regiment was committed to frontline action with Army Group Centre in an attempt to halt
the Soviet advance, and suered extreme casualties due
to ineptitude. Dirlewanger received the German Gold
Cross on 5 December 1943 in recognition of his earnestness, but by 30 December 1943, the unit consisted of only
259 men. Large numbers of amnestied criminals were
sent to rebuild the regiment and by late February 1944,
the regiment was back up to full strength. It was decided
that Eastern volunteers would no longer be admitted to
the unit, as the Russians had proved to be particularly unreliable in combat. Anti-partisan operations continued
until June 1944, when the Soviets launched Operation
Bagration, which was aimed at the destruction of Army
Group Centre. The Dirlewanger was caught up in the retreat and began falling back to Poland. The regiment sustained heavy casualties during several rearguard actions
but reached Poland.

Polish civilians murdered in the Wola massacre. Warsaw, August

1944

When the Armia Krajowa began the Warsaw Uprising on 1 August 1944, Dirlewanger was sent into action as part of the Kampfgruppe formation led by SSGruppenfhrer Heinz Reinefarth; once again serving
alongside Kaminskis militia (now named Waen-SturmBrigade RONA).[14] Acting on orders that came directly
from Reichfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler, Kaminskis and
Dirlewangers men were given a free hand to rape,
loot, torture and butcher.[15] Over the following days,
the troops indiscriminately massacred Polish combatants
along with civilian men, women and children in the Wola
District of Warsaw. The Dirlewanger's ght against the
insurgents in Warsaw saw it suer extremely high losses.
Although the regiment arrived in the city numbering only
865 soldiers and 16 ocers it soon received reinforcements of 2,500 men,[16] including 1,900 German convicts
from the SS military camp at Danzig-Matzkau. During
the course of the two-month urban warfare Dirlewanger
lost 2,733 men. Thus, total casualties numbered 315% of
the units initial strength.[1] While some of the regiments
actions were criticized by von dem Bach (who after the
war described them as a herd of pigs)[17] and the sector commander, Generalmajor Gnter Rohr; Dirlewanger
was recommended by Reinefarth for the Knights Cross
of the Iron Cross and promotion to SS-Oberfhrer der Reserve.
Thanks to Mathias Schenck from Belgium, many previously unknown episodes of the carnage have been revealed. The brutal murder of 500 small children was
committed by Dirlewanger during the 1944 Wola massacre. Schenck testied,
After the door of the building was blown
o we saw a daycare-full of small children,
around 500; all with small hands in the air.
Even Dirlewanger's own people called him a
butcher; he ordered to kill them all. The shots
were red, but he requested his men to save
the ammo and nish them o by rie-butts and

4
bayonets. Blood and brain matter owed in
streams down the stairs.

Schenck (a sapper serving in the Wehrmacht) testied

seeing a Dirlewanger man raping a girl while wielding
a knife, and then cutting her wide open along the entire
length of her torso after ejaculation. Up to 40,000 civilians were murdered in Wola in less than two weeks of
August, including all hospital patients and sta.[18][19]
By 3 October 1944, the Poles had surrendered and the
depleted regiment spent the next month guarding the line
along the Vistula. During this time, the regiment was
upgraded to brigade status, and named SS-Sonderbrigade
Dirlewanger (SS Special Brigade Dirlewanger). In early
October, it was decided to upgrade the Dirlewanger
again, this time to a Waen-SS combat brigade. Accordingly, it was redesignated as the 2. SS-Sturmbrigade
Dirlewanger in December 1944,[1] and soon reached its
complement of 4,000 men.

GENERAL STRUCTURE

When the nal Soviet oensive began on 16 April 1945,

the division was pushed back to the northeast. The next
day, Oskar Dirlewanger was seriously wounded in combat for the twelfth time. He was sent to the rear and
Schmedes immediately assumed command; Dirlewanger
would not return to the division. Desertion became more
and more common; when Schmedes attempted to reorganize his division on April 25, he found it had virtually ceased to exist. The situation was highly uid, with
men of the 73rd Waen Grenadier Regiment of the SS
lynching their commanding ocer Ewald Ehlers (a former commandant of Dachau concentration camp who
had been convicted of corruption). On 1 May 1945, the
Soviets wiped out all that was left of the 36. WaenGrenadier-Division in the Halbe Pocket. The small remnant of the division that managed to escape attempted to
reach the U.S. Army lines on the Elbe river. Schmedes
and his sta managed to reach the Americans and surrendered on 3 May.

Only about 700 men of the division survived the war. In

June 1945, Dirlewanger was captured by the Free French
3.4 Slovakia and Hungary
forces in Germany and allegedly killed by Polish soldiers
in Altshausen.[21] In 2009, Polish authorities claimed to
When the Slovak National Uprising began in late August have identied three surviving members of Dirlewanger
1944, the newly formed brigade was committed to ac- living in Germany and announced the intent to prosecute
tion. The conduct of the brigade played a large part in them.[22]
putting down the rebellion, and by 30 October the uprising was put down. With the outcome of the war no longer
in doubt, large numbers of communist and socialist polit- 4 General structure
ical prisoners began applying to join the Dirlewanger in
the hope of defecting to the Soviets.[20] SS-Brigadefhrer SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger (August 1944)
Fritz Schmedes, disgraced former commander of the 4th
SS Polizei Division, was assigned to the Dirlewanger by
Brigade Stab
Himmler as punishment for refusing to carry out orders.
SS-Regiment 1
With his extensive combat experience, Schmedes became
the unocial advisor to Dirlewanger on front line com SS Regiment 2
bat.
Artillerie-Abteilung
In December, the brigade was sent to the front in Hun Fsilier-Kompanie
gary. While several newly formed battalions made up
of communist and socialist volunteers fell apart, several
Pioneer-Kompanie
other battalions fought well. During a months ghting,
Nachrichten-Kompanie
the brigade suered heavy casualties and was pulled back
to Slovakia to ret and reorganize.
36.Waen-Grenadier-Division der SS (March 1945)

3.5

Germany

In February 1945, orders were given to expand the

brigade to a division; however, before this could begin
it was sent north to the Oder-Neisse line in an attempt
to halt the Soviet advance. On 14 February 1945, the
brigade was redesignated as the 36. Waen-GrenadierDivision der SS.[1] With its expansion to a division of
4,000 men, the Dirlewanger had regular Heer units attached to the formation: a Grenadier regiment, a Pionier
brigade and a Panzerjger battalion. Individual Sturmpionier demolition engineers had already been attached to
the force during the ghting in Warsaw.

Division Stab
72.Waen-Grenadier-Regiment der SS
73.Waen-Grenadier-Regiment der SS
Panzer-Abteilung Stansdorf I
Artillerie Abteilung 36
Fsilier Kompanie 36
1244. Volks-Grenadier-Regiment
687.(Heer) Pioneer-Brigade
681.(Heer) Schwere-Panzerjger-Abteilung

See also
999th Light Afrika Division

Notes

[1] Gordon Williamson, Stephen Andrew (Mar 20, 2012),

The Waen-SS: 24. to 38. Divisions, & Volunteer Legions
Osprey Publishing 2004, pp. 16, 36. ISBN 1-78096-577X.
[2] Timothy Snyder. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and
Stalin. p. 246. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
[3] Grunberger, Richard. The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany, 19331945. Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 1971; p. 104.
[4] Chris Bishop, Michael Williams, SS: Hell on the Western
Front. Zenith Imprint, 2003, p. 92. ISBN 0-7603-14020.
[5] Stein, George H. (1984). The Waen SS. Cornell University Press, pp. 266268. ISBN 0-8014-9275-0.

[18] Wodzimierz Nowak, Angelika Kuniak (2004-08-23).

Mjwarszawski sza. Druga strona Powstania (My Warsaw madness. The other side of the Uprising)" (PDF le,
direct download 171 KB). Gazeta.pl. pp. 5 of 8. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
[19] Andrzej Dryszel (2011). Masakra Woli (The Wola
Massacre)". Issue 31/2011. Archiwum. Tygodnik
PRZEGLD weekly. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
[20] (German) Klausch, Hans-Peter - Antifaschisten in SSUniform: Schicksal und Widerstand der deutschen politischen KZ-Haftlinge, Zuchthaus- und Wehrmachtstrafgefangenen in der SS-Sonderformation Dirlewanger
[21] Walter Stanoski Winter, Walter Winter, Struan Robertson: Winter Time: Memoirs of a German Sinto who Survived Auschwitz. 2004. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-902806-389.
[22] Notorious SS unit 'traced', The Daily Telegraph, 17 Apr
2009

7 References

[6] Wistrich, Robert S. (2001). Whos Who of Nazi Germany:

Dirlewanger, Oskar. Routledge, p. 44. ISBN 0-41526038-8.

(German) Michaelis,
Rolf - Das SSSonderkommando Dirlewanger:
Ein Beispiel
deutscher Besatzungspolitik in Weirussland

[7] pp 9899 Ingrao, Christian The SS Dirlewanger Brigade The History of the Black Hunters 2011 Skyhorse Publishing

A witness account of a German Sturmpionier soldier

from the Warsaw Uprising.com.

[8] Weale, Adrian The SS: A New History Hachette UK, 26

Aug 2010
[9] Martin Windrow, Francis K. Mason, The Worlds Greatest
Military Leaders, p. 117
[10] Timothy Snyder (Oct 2, 2012). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Basic Books. pp. 241242, 304.
ISBN 0-465-03147-1. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
[11] Matthew Cooper, The Nazi War Against Soviet Partisans,
19411944, p. 88
[12] French L. MacLean, The Cruel Hunters: SS-SonderKommando Dirlewanger. Google Books search. See excerpt at: The Fifth Field. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
[13] Martin Kitchen, The Third Reich: Charisma and Community, p. 267
[14] Marcus Wendel (December 24, 2010), 29. WaenGrenadier-Division der SS (russische Nr. 1) Axis History.
Retrieved June 30, 2013.
[15] The Ukrainian Quarterly Volumes 21-22. Ukrainian
Congress Committee of America.
[16] Mats Olson, Chris Webb, & Carmelo Lisciotto, Oskar
Dirlewanger Holocaust Education & Archive Research
Team. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
[17] Andrew Borowiec, Destroy Warsaw!: Hitlers Punishment,
Stalins Revenge, p. 101

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

36th Waen Grenadier Division of the SS Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS?oldid=

719216800 Contributors: Bobby D. Bryant, Carlossuarez46, Robbot, Angilbas, Mzajac, Sam Hocevar, Klemen Kocjancic, Bender235,
Chairboy, Jpgordon, Cmdrjameson, Wendell, Vlad Cletus, PatrickFisher, Computerjoe, JALockhart, Myrtlegroggins, Commander Keane,
Xurich, Martinoza, Palica, BD2412, Monk, Amire80, Ansbachdragoner, TheDJ, Malhonen, DybrarH, Volunteer Marek, Bgwhite, Roboto
de Ajvol, YurikBot, Noclador, Midgley, Bullzeye, Capt Jim, ViperSnake151, Nick-D, Attilios, Crystallina, SmackBot, John Lunney, TestPilot, Tchernobog, Kintetsubualo, Geo B, Yopie, Chris the speller, Robth, Tswold@msn.com, Cplakidas, OrphanBot, TechPurism,
DMacks, Bejnar, RASAM, Calvados~enwiki, Piercetp, Mr Stephen, OnBeyondZebrax, Geeman, CmdrObot, Poeticbent, Usurpsynapse,
EqualRights, Thijs!bot, Ning-ning, Apotaaaym, PaulVIF, HanzoHattori, JAnDbot, Hydro, Mcourneyea, Dodo19~enwiki, Dekimasu,
Delta107~enwiki, Faizhaider, Edward321, Semper-Fi 2006, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Hodja Nasreddin, Skullketon, LordAnubisBOT,
MisterBee1966, Remember the dot, AndreasJSbot, Airbornelawyer, Zulfugar, Killing sparrows, Calliopejen1, Caltas, Germina, Pjessen,
MoritzB, ImageRemovalBot, YSSYguy, Azizbekov, L'omo del batocio, Drmies, Foofbun, Boing! said Zebedee, Arjayay, Mtsmallwood,
Eik Corell, Clayty, Jim Sweeney, Addbot, Shakescene, Blue Square Thing, Captain Obvious and his crime-ghting dog, Aheadnovel55,
Yobot, Brandsea, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Guderian2000, Auntieruth55, Kierzek, Winterst, Degen Earthfast, Chumchum7, Ostateczny
Krach Systemu Korporacji, DocYako, MutantPlatypus, TobeBot, Aaron S. Kurland, MyMoloboaccount, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Faceless
Enemy, Solarra, , Dreamcatcher25, Serverten, WorldWarTwoEditor, Sveltica, Frietjes, BG19bot, Harizotoh9, Peacemaker67, A2-33,
SNAAAAKE!!, 23 editor, Editfromwithout, DA - DP, Ryanman7, Doctor Papa Jones, COD T 3, E-960, K.e.coman, KasparBot and
Anonymous: 78

8.2

Images

File:36divss.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/36divss.gif License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from it.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Resigua at Italian Wikipedia
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-97906,_Warschauer_Aufstand,_Straenkampf.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/9/95/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-97906%2C_Warschauer_Aufstand%2C_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de
Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a
cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Schremmer
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73495,_Oskar_Dirlewanger.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/
Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73495%2C_Oskar_Dirlewanger.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to
Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal
Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals
as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Ahrens, Anton
File:Bundeswehr_Kreuz_Black.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Bundeswehr_Kreuz_Black.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Online-Redaktion Heer (16.12.10). Das Eiserne Kreuz. Bundeswehr. Retrieved on 19 January 2012.
Original artist: See source
File:Flag_Schutzstaffel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Flag_Schutzstaffel.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Flag Schutzstael.gif: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_Schutzstaffel.gif' class='image'><img
alt='Flag
Schutzstael.gif'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_Schutzstaffel.gif/18px-Flag_
Schutzstaffel.gif' width='18' height='12' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_Schutzstaffel.gif/
27px-Flag_Schutzstaffel.gif 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_Schutzstaffel.gif/36px-Flag_
Schutzstaffel.gif 2x' data-le-width='324' data-le-height='216' /></a> Original artist: NielsF
File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(19351945).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_German_
Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fornax
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Heinkel_
He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This is photograph MH6547 from the collections of the Imperial War Museums (collection no. 4700-05) Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Victims_of_Wola_Massacre.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Victims_of_Wola_
Original artist: UnMassacre.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Miasto Nieujarzmione, Warszawa: Iskry, 1957.
known<a
href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'
data-le-height='590' /></a>

8.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0