Wgrav = -m g Dy (work done by gravity)

Physics 2425 - Formula List

W = x f F HxL x (variable force in 1D)

i

1D Kinematics
General 1D Motion: x as a function of t
v = Dx .
Dt

v = x ,
t

a = Dv .
Dt

Springs: Hooke's Law and Work

F = -k x (Hooke's Law), W = - 1 k Jx2f - xi2 N

a = v
t

Work-Energy Theorem

Constant Vel.: xHtL = x0 + v t D x = v t

Wnet = DK

Wnet (net work). K = 1 m v2 (kinetic energy)

Constant Acc.: vHtL = v0 + a t and xHtL = x0 + v0 t + 1 a t2

v = v0 + a t

D x = 1 Hv0 + vL t

F is conservative 0 = F r
conservative forces DU = -W (U is potential energy)

D x = v0 t + 1 a t2

v2 - v20 = 2 a D x

Gravity: U = m g y

Spring: U = 1 k x2
2

Free Fall : x y Hy is upL and a = -g

Wnc is work of all nonconservative forces.

General Vectors A = Ax x` +Ay y` = YAx , Ay ]

E = Emech = Ktot + Utot Ei +Wnc = E f , Wnc= 0 Ei = E f

Mag. & Dir. angle Components Ax = A cos q and Ay = A sin q .

Wnc = 0 , one mass, gravity is only cons. force

Ebottom = Etop v2bottom = v2top + 2 g h

Components Mag. & Dir. angle

tan-1 K
A2x + A2y and q =

A=

Ay
Ax

Power:
= W = F v

for Ax > 0

Ay
180 + tan-1 K O for Ax < 0
Ax

Potential Energy Force

r as a function of t

General 2D Kinematics

D r r
v=
, v=
, a = D v , a = v , Ave. Speed = Total Distance
Dt

Dt

Total Time

Constant Acc.: vHtL = v0 + a t and rHtL = r0 + v0 t + 1 a t2

2

Projectiles
Horizontal: ax = 0 vx is const.

R=

3D: Fx = - U , Fy = - U , Fz = - U
x

Momentum and Impulse-Momentum Theorem

tf

p = m v (mom.) I = ti F t (impulse)

F net Dt = I net = D p = m Iv f - vi M

Vertical: ay = -g

Center of Mass for a System of Particles

r = 1

Discrete :
M = i mi
i mi ri
cm

v0x = v0 cos q and v0y = v0 sin q.

v0 2

1D: F = - U,

r = 1 r m

cm

Continuous : M = m

sinH2 qL, (R = Dx when Dy = 0)

Second Law for a Particle and System

Relative Motion v = v + v0
Newton's Laws
First Law: v is const., unless net force.

particle :

Second Law: F net = m a

Third Law: F 12 = -F 21

ptot = m1 v1 +m2 v2 + ... = M vcm

F net = m a

system : F ext
net = M acm

F net = p

t
ext

F net =
p
t tot

Conservation of Momentum

Weight Mass: W = m g
Friction between surfaces fs ms N (static), fk = mk N (kinetic)
Circular Motion
2
2
Uniform Circular Motion: ac = v , Also v = 2 p r ac = J 2 p N r

F ext
net = 0 D ptot = 0 ptot,i = ptot, f
ext
Fnet,x = 0 Dptot,x = 0 ptot,i,x = ptot, f ,x
Collisions
ptot,i = ptot, f m1 v1i + m2 v2i = m1 v1 f + m2 v2 f

General Circular Motion: ac = v , at = v

r
t

Elastic Ktot,i = Ktot, f

Accelerated Frames gart = -a (artificial gravity)

accelerated frame false force opposite acc.

1D Elastic trick: Ktot,i = Ktot, f v1i +v1 f = v2i +v2 f

Totally Inelastic: v1 f = v2 f = v f m1 v1i + m2 v2i = Hm1 + m2 L v f

Dot or Scalar Product

A B = A B cos q where A =

General Rotations about fixed axis:

A2x + A2y + A2z

A B = A x B x + A y B y + Az Bz
Work

W = F r

const. force: W = F Dx (1D) W = F D r (2D or 3D)

w = Dq ,
Dt

w = q ,
t

a = Dw ,
Dt

a = w
t

Constant Angular Accelation

w = w0 + a t

Dq = 1 Hw + w0 L t

Dq = w0 t + 1 a t2

w2 - w20 = 2 a Dq

 Rotational and Linear Quantities

v = r w u` t or vt = r w , vc = 0
a = r a u` +w2 r u` or a = r a , a = w2 r

mi m j
Two masses: U = -G M m , Several masses: U = -G i< j

a = 0 w = const = 2 p

Escape speed: vesc =

Moment of Inertia
I for a distribution - r is dist. from axis

2
Circular Orbits v2 = G M and T 2 = 4 p r3

Discrete: I = mi r2i ,

2
Simple Harmonic Motion 2x = -w2 x, w = 2 p f = 2 p
T
t
v
x HtL = A cos Hw t +fL = x0 cos w t + 0 sin w t
w

Gravitational Potential Energy

r

ri j

Continuous: I = r2 m

Perpendicular-axis Theorem: Planar object in xy-plane: Iz = Ix + Iy

Parallel-axis Theorem: I = Icm + M d2

GM

1
k A2
2
1
1
2
2
Energy E = m v + k x = :
(mass/spring)
1
2
2
m v2max
2

Moments for uniform bodies:

Thin rod about axis
thru. end: I = 1 M L2 , thru. center: I = 1 M L2
3

2GM
R

12

a b rectangular plate about axis thru. center: I = 1 M Ia2 + b2 M

12

Sphere about axis thru. center:

v = w

A2 - x2 and vmax = w A (in general)

Examples of Simple Harmonic Motion

thin shelled hollow: I = 2 M R2 ,

3

solid: I = 2 M R2
5
Hoop about axis thru. center: I = M R2

Mass/Spring: w =

(same as thin-shelled hollow cylinder)

Simple Pendulum: w =

Disk about axis thru. center: I = 1 M R2 (same as solid cylinder)

2

1D Wave Equation

Rotational Energy
K = 1 I w2 , U = M g ycm , Ktot = 1 Icm w2 + 1 M v2cm
2
2
2
`
Cross or Vector Product AB = u A B sin q , right hand rule fl u`
x` y` z`
A y Az
A x Az ` A x A y
-y`
+z
AB = Ax Ay Az = x`
B y Bz
B x Bz
Bx By
B x B y Bz

km

Physical Pendulum: w =

m g dI
gL
2
2
u = 12 2 u
v t
x2

General Solution: u Hx, tL = f Hx -v tL +g Hx +v tL

Sinusoidal Waves u Hx, tL = A cos Hk x w t +fL
l = 2p,
k

f = w ,
2p

v= fl= w
k

Waves on a String u Hx, tL fl yHx, tL

Speed: v =

T m where T = Tension, Power:
= 1 m v w2 A2

2

Torque

Temperature Scales

About Origin: t = r F, About Axis: t = r F = r F = r F sin q

Torque due to gravity: t gravity = rcm M g

TF = 9 TC +32, DT F = 9 DT C , TK = TC + 273

Angular Momentum of Particle

About Origin: L = r p, About Axis: L = r p = r p = r p sin q
General Rigid Body Dynamics
2nd Law: tnet = I a and tnet = L
t

Ltot
t ext
net =
t

Equilibrium F net = 0 and t net = 0

Newton's Law of Gravity
r12

ri
r`

Continuous Distribution: F = -G m 2 m
r
Sph. Shell: F = G M2m Hr > RL, F = 0 Hr < RL
r
g = G M2 (at surface of spherical planet)
R

Ideal Gas Law P V = N k T and P V = n R T

n = # of moles, N = NA n = # of molecules
Masses: mtot = n mmole = N mmolecule

Entropy

m m
Vector: F 21 = -G 12 2 r` 12

m
Discrete Distribution: F = -G m 2i r` i

Heat Q = Heat added to system

Q = m c DT (Temp. change), Q = m L (phase change)

First Law
D U = Q -W, U = dQ -dW, Hd is inexact differentialL

t ext
net = 0 D Ltot = 0 (Conservation)

m m
Magnitude: F = G 1 2 2 ,
r

Work W = P V = Area (done by system)

Constant P: W = P DV ,
Ideal gas at constant T: W = n R T ln HVf Vi L

Angular Momentum: L = I w
System of Particles

S =

Const. T: DS =

dQ
dQ
DS =
T
T

Q
, Changing T: DS = m c ln
T

Tf
Ti

Second Law For a thermally isolated system: DStot 0

Q
Heat Engines QH = QC + W, Efficiency: e = W = 1 - C
Q
Q
H

T
Max. Eff.: emax = 1 - C (Carnot Engine is H.E. of max. eff.)
TH