PHARMACOGNOSY PRACTICAL EXAM #3 GLYCOSIDES CRUDES

I. CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
PLANT

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

Digitalis

Digitalis purpurea

Scrophulariacea
e

Strophantus

Strophantus kombe

Apocynaceae

II. ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES

PLANT

SYNONYMS
Foxglove
Ladys Finger

PARTS USED
Dried leaf

Onaya
Ripe seed
Venero de las Flechas

PARTS USED

Digitoxin
Digoxin

Strophantidin

USES
For CHF
Atrial tachycardia

For CHF
Cardiotonic

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

Aloe

Aloe barbadensis
(A. vera)

Liliaceae

Cascara
sagrada

Rhamnus purshianus

Rhamnaceae

Sacred bark
Chittem bark

Dried bark

Cascaroside

Frangula

Rhamnus frangula

Rhamnaceae

Buckthorn bark
Alder bark

Dried bark

Frangulin A and B
Glucofrangulin A
and B

Senna
Alexandria

Cassia acutifolia

Fabaceae

Sennae folium
Khartoum
senna

Dried leaflets

Sennoside A and B

Cathartic

Senna
Tinnevelly

Cassia angustifolia

Fabaceae

Sennae folium

Dried leaflets

Sennoside A and B

Cathartic

Rhubarb

Rheum officinale
R. palmatum

Polygonaceae

Rheum

Dried rhizome
and root
deprived of
periderm

Chrysophanol
Emodin,
Rhein
Calcium oxalate

III. SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

SYNONYMS

CONSTITUENTS

Sabila
Dried latex of
Lily of the Desert leaves

CONSTITUENTS
Barbaloin

USES
Purgative

Cathartic
Stimulant laxative

Laxative

Cardiotonic
For jaundice, kidney
stones

PLANT

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

Condurango

Marsdenia
condurango
Gonolobus
condurango (wiki)

Apocynaceae

Gogo Bark

Entada scandens

Quillaja

SYNONYMS

PARTS USED

CONSTITUENTS

USES

Condor vine
Eagle vine

Dried bark

Congdurangin

Astringent

Fabaceae

Gugo

Dried bark

Saponin

Shampoo, emetic

Quillaja saponaria

Rosaceae

Soapbark Murillo

Dried inner bark

Quillaja saponins
Quillaja sapotoxin

Detergent
Emulsifying agent

Sarsaparilla
Honduras

Smilax regelii

Liliaceae

Sarsaparilla
Honduras

Dried Root

Sarsaponin
Smiliagen

For syphilis, rheumatism,

urinary problems

Sarsaparilla
Mexican

Smilax aristochiafolia

Liliaceae

Sarsaparilla
Mexican

Dried Root

Sarsaponin
Smiliagen

For syphilis, rheumatism,

urinary problems

Senega

Polygala senega

Polygonaceae

Senega
snakeroot
Rattlesnake root

Dried root

Senegin
Polygalitol

Stimulating expectorant

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

SYNONYMS

Prunus virginiana
P. serotina

Rosaceae

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

IV. CYANOPHORE GLYCOSIDES

PLANT
Wild cherry

V. ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES
PLANT

PARTS USED

Wild black
Carefully dried
cherry
stem bark
Rum/whiskey bark

SYNONYMS

PARTS USED

CONSTITUENTS
Prunasin

CONSTITUENTS

USES
Vehicle for cough
preparations
Sedative, expectorant

USES

Black Mustard

Brassica nigra

Brassicaceae

Brown mustard
Dried, ripe seed
Chinese mustard

Sinigrin

Local irritant
Rubefacient
Condiment

White
Mustard

Brassica alba

Brassicaceae

Yellow mustard
English mustard

Sinalbin

Local irritant
Rubefacient
Condiment

VI. FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES

PLANT

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

Rue

Ruta graveolens

Rutaceae

Herb of Grace

Bitter Orange

Citrus aurantium

Rutaceae

Chinese Bitter Orange

Fruit
Seville orange
Bigarade orange
Marmalade orange

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

Aspidosperma

Aspidosperma
quebracho-blanco

Apocynaceae

Quebracho

Dried bark

Aspidospermine

For dyspnoea
Respiratory stimulant

Hamamelis

Hamamelis virginiana

Hamamelidac
eae

Witch hazel leaf

Dried leaf

Hamamelitannin

Astringent
For tonsillitis,
hemmorhoids

Mezereum

Daphne mezereum

Thymelaeacea
e

Paradise plant

Dried twigs

Daphin
Daphnetoxin

Appetite stimulant
Poison

Poplar Bud

Populus candicans
Populus tacamahacca

Salicaceae

Balm of Gilead
Buds
Willow buds
Quaking aspen

Air-dried closed
winter leaf buds

Volatile oils
Salicin

Stimulating expectorant
For sluggish sores
Induces micturation in
BPH

Viburnum
prunifolium

Viburnum prunifolium

Caprifoliaceae

Black haw
Sherry bush

Dried bark of
roots and stems

Uterine sedative/ relaxant

Astringent, diuretic

Xanthoxyllum

Zanthoxylum clavaherculis
Z. americanum

Rutaceae

Prickly ash
Hercules club

Dried bark

Salicin
Viburnum
Scopoletin
Xanthoxylin

VII. ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES

PLANT

SYNONYMS

Dried seeds

SYNONYMS

PARTS USED
Leaves

PARTS USED

CONSTITUENTS

USES

Rutin
Quercetin

Treatment of capillary
fragility
Uterine stimulant

Tyramine
metabolites Nmethyltyramine
Octopamine
Synephrine

Appetite suppressant

CONSTITUENTS

USES

Carminative
Mucus membrane
stimulant

VIII. ALDEHYDE GLYCOSIDES

PLANT

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

SYNONYMS

Vanilla planifolia
V. fragrans
V. tahitensis

Orchidaceae

Mexican/
bourbon vanilla
Tahiti vanilla

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

SYNONYMS

Cantharides
(Russian)

Cantharis vesicatora

Meloidae

Spanish/ Russian
fly
Cantaridas

Santonica

Artemisia cinae

Asteraceae

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

Arctostaphylos uvaursi var. coactylis

Ericaceae

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

Gentian

Gentiana lutea

Quassia

Vanilla

IX. LACTONE GLYCOSIDES

PLANT

X. PHENOL GLYCOSIDES
PLANT
Uva Ursi

XI. BITTER GLYCOSIDES

PLANT

XII. SWEET GLYCOSIDES

PLANT
Licorice
(Russian)

PARTS USED
Cured, full
grown unripe
fruit

Bearberry
Rockberry

Vanillin
Glucovanillin
Glucovanillic
alcohol

USES
Flavorant
Fragrance for perfume

PARTS USED

CONSTITUENTS

Dried insects

Cantharidin

Irritant, vesicant
Wart remover

-santonin
Artemisin

Antihelminthic no effect
on Taenia

Aleppo
Dried
Alexandria wormseed
unexpanded
flower heads

SYNONYMS

CONSTITUENTS

PARTS USED
Dried leaf

CONSTITUENTS
Arbutin
Ericolin

USES
Urinary antiseptic, diuretic
For urethritis and cystitis

SYNONYMS

PARTS USED

Gentianaceae

Yellow gentian
root
Bitter root

Dried
fermented root
and rhizomes

Gentiopicrin
Xanthon

Bitter tonic
Appetite stimulant

Quassia amara
Picrasma excelsia

Simarubaceae

Bitterwood
Corrales

Heart wood

Quassin
Scopoletin

Bitter tonic
For threadworms
Insecticide

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

Glycyrrhiza glabra
var. glandulifera

Fabaceae

SYNONYMS
Liquorice root
Glycyrrhiza

PARTS USED
Dried rhizome
and roots

CONSTITUENTS

USES

CONSTITUENTS
Glycyrrhin
Glycyrretic acid

USES

USES
Flavorant
Demulcent
Expectorant

Licorice
(Spanish)

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Fabaceae

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

Cochineal

Dactylopius coccus

Hemiptera
(order)

Cocculus

Anamirta cocculus

Menispermace
ae

Crocus

Crocus sativus

Hematoxylon

XIII. COLORING GLYCOSIDES

PLANT

Liquorice root
Glycyrrhiza

SYNONYMS

Dried rhizome
and roots

PARTS USED

Glycyrrhin
Glycyrretic acid

Flavorant
Demulcent
Expectorant

CONSTITUENTS

USES

Cochinella
Coccus

Dried female
insect

Carminic acid

Colorant
Indicator

Ligtang
Cocculus indicus

Dried fruits

Picrotoxin

Fish poison
Antidote to barbiturate/
narcotic poisoning

Iridaceae

Saffron

Dried stigma
and tops of
styles

Crocin
Picrocrocin

Colorant
Flavorant

Haematoxylon
campechianum

Fabaceae

Log wood

Heartwood

Hematoxylin
Hematein

Astringent
Volumetric indicator
Microbial stain

Kasubha

Carthamus tinctorius

Asteraceae

Safflower

Dried flowers

Carthamin

Colorant

Red Saunders

Pterocarpus
santalinus

Fabaceae

Red sandalwood

Heartwood

Santalin
Santalic acid

Coloring for cabinets

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

SYNONYMS

Arnica

Arnica montana

Asteraceae

Calamus

Acorus calamus

Araceae

XIV. VOLATILE OIL GLYCOSIDES

PLANT

Mountain
tobacco
Talpica
Sweet flag
Lubigan

PARTS USED

CONSTITUENTS

Dried flower
heads

Arnicin
Ussilagin

Dried peeled
rhizome

Ascarone
Volatile oils

USES
Antirheumatic,
antiarthritic
Antihyperlipidemic
Caminative, aromatic
bitter
Tonic, for dysentery