Lecture 1

Data Communication and Media

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Concept and Model of Communications
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Analogy Signal and Digital n
Signal
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Signal Frequency, Spectrum
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System FrequencyE
Response and Bandwidth
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Transmissiono
Media and Types
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Transmission
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F & Serial Transmission
- Parallel
- Asynchronous & Synchronous Transmissions
- Simplex & Duplex Transmission

Communication Standards: RS/EIA-232 & Others

Lecture 1

Concept and Model of Communications

General Communications: face-to-face conversation, write a letter, etc.
Electronic Communications: telephone, wireless phone, TV, radar, etc.

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Our Focus Computer Communication
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General Communication Model in
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S(t)
T(t) Transmission
T (t)
S (t)
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Source
Transmitter
Receiver
Destination
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System
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Microphone
Telephone
Computer
Scanner

Transformer
Encoder
Compress
Modulator

Line/Cable
Fiber/Air
Satellite
Network

Transformer
Decoder
Uncompress
Demodulator

Speaker
Earphone
Computer
Printer

Basic Communication Criteria: Performance, Reliability, Security

Lecture 1

Analogy Signal and Digital Signal

Information must be converted into
electrical energy, called signal, before transmission.

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s(t) voltage

Text, voice
Video, etc

Converter
Encoder

Digital

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Text, voice
Video, etc

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Analog

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Input Signal s(t)

Signal Power: s (t)

Signal Energy:

s 2(t)dt

Component H()
Digital-to-Digital
Analogy-to-Digital
Digital-to-Analogy
Analogy-to-Analogy

Digital Signal

s(t) voltage

t
Analogy Signal

Output Signal o(t) =H[s(t)]

Lecture 1

Signal Frequency, Spectrum and Bandwidth

Signal in time domain
s(t)

cos2f1t

Transformation

Periodic

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period

s(t)

s(t)

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T=1/f1

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f: frequency

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S(f)

1,

Digital Signal

S(f)=s(t)e

-j2f

f1
A

Aperiodic

Analogy Signal

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S(f)

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s(t)=Acos2f t + Bcos2f t T=LCM(1/f
1/f )
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F t Fourier Transform
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Signal in frequency domain

Spectrum

df

f1

f2

S(f)

S(f)

Bandwidth

Bandwidth

Lecture 1

Time-Frequency Relation and Signal Bandwidth

General Relations:
Time Domain
Change Slow
Change Fast

Frequency Domain
Low Frequency
High Frequency

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Signal Bandwidth
small
large

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Frequency Unit: Hertz (Hz), Kilohertz (KHz), Megahertz (MHz), Gigahertz (GHz), Terahertz (THz)

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Earthquake wave: 0.01 ~ 10 Hz

Nuclear explosion signal: 0.01 ~ 10 Hz
Electrocardiogram (ECG): 0 ~ 100 Hz
Wind noise: 100 ~ 1000 Hz
Speech: 100 ~ 4000 Hz (4 KHz)
Audio: 20 ~ 20000 Hz (20 KHz)
NTSC TV: 6 MHz
HDTV: > 10 MHz

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Lecture 1

System Frequency Response & Bandwidth

Input Signal x(t)
Input Spectrum:
X(f)

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Output Signal y(t) =H[x(t)]

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Output
Spectrum: Y(f)
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System: H()

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System Frequency Response: H(f) = Y(f)/X(f)

H(f)

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Signal can pass

Signal cant pass

Lecture 1

Transmission Media

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A transmission medium: - a connection between a sender and a receiver

- a signal can pass but with attenuation/distortion
- a special system with a transmission bandwidth

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Guided (Wired) Media

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Unguided
(Wireless) Media
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(lines)
- Twisted pair (0~10MHz)
- Coaxial cable (100K~500MHz)
- Optical fiber (180~370THz)

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LF (30~300KHz, Navigation)
MF/HF (300~3000KHz, AM/SW radio)
VHF (30~300MHz, TV & FM radio)
UHF (0.3~3GHz, TV, mobile phone)
SHF (3~30GHz, satellite, microwave)
EHF (30~300GHz, experimental com.
Infrared (no frequency allocation)

Lecture 1

Frequency and Spectrum

ISM band

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902 928 Mhz

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2.4 2.4835 Ghz

LF
30kHz
10km

MF

VHF

HF

300kHz
1km

3MHz

30MHz

100m

10m

1 kHz

1 MHz

1m

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300MHz

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UHF

5.725 5.785 Ghz

SHF

3GHz

EHF

30GHz

300GHz

1cm

100mm

10cm

X rays
infrared visible UV
1 GHz

1 THz

1 PHz

Gamma rays
1 EHz

Propagation characteristics are different in each frequency band

Lecture 1

Parallel Transmission and Serial Transmission

011000110111010111
Segment the 0/1
stream into
N bits groups
N

Sender

Parallel Transmission

Sender

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Serial Transmission
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Receiver

Sender

0
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1
0
0
0
1

0110001

P/S converter

7 (N) bits are sent together

7 (N) lines are needed

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0100 0110 1110 1011

0
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1
0
0
0
1

Receiver

0
1
1
0 Receiver
0
0
1

S/P converter

7 (N) bits are sent one after another

Only 1 line is needed

Lecture 1

Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission

Timing or synchronization between a sender and a receiver is very important for data transmission

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Asynchronous transmission:
1)
2)
3)
4)

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A bit stream is segmented into small groups characters (5~8 bits)

Add a start bit (0) and a stop bit (1) at the beginning and end of each character
Frame= start_bit+character+stop_bit (7~10 bits), but 2/9~2/10 no real data
Arbitrary long gap between two characters or frames
Sender

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1 0110001 0

1 1001100 0

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1 0011101 0 1 1011100 0

Receiver

independent

Synchronous transmission:
1)
2)
3)
4)

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A bit stream is segmented into relative large groups/blocks many characters or bytes
Add control bits at the beginning and end of each block
Frame=H_control_bits+character+T_control_bits
No gap between two characters in a data block
Sender

Con_bits 0110001

...

0110001 1001100 0011101 1011100 Con_bits

synchronized

Receiver

Lecture 1

Simplex Transmission and Duplex Transmission

Simplex
Transmission

Half Duplex
Transmission

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Device A

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Device B

One can send and the other can receive

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Direction of data at time 1

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Device A

Device B

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Full Duplex
Transmission

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Direction of data

Direction of data at time 2

Both can send and receive but in different time

Direction of data all the time

Device A

Device B
Both can send and receive simultaneously

Lecture 1
Communication Standards and Related Organizations

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Communications need standards for inter-operations of different devices

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- ISO (International Standards Organization): ISO number
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- ITU (International Telecommunication
Union): V.num & X.num
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- EIA (Electronic Industries Association):
EIA-num
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- IEEE (Institute of Electronics
Engineers): IEEE.num
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- ANSI (American National
Standards Institute): ASCII, etc.
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- ATM Forum and ATM
Consortium
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- IETF (Internet
Society and Internet Engineering Task Force): RFC num
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F Wide Web Consortium): HTTP, HTML, XML,
- W3C (World

Standard Organizations:

- WAP Forum (Wireless Application Protocol): WAP-num

Lecture 1

Serial & Asynchronous Transmission Standards

Standards of transmission in short distance:
- EIA-232 or RS-232
- V.24
- ISO 2110
- EIA-449/RS-422/RS-423
- EIA-530
- X.21

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Their common
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- Serial
& asynchronous transmission
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Transmissions of ASCII code, byte, char

- Use twisted copper lines

- Low speed: several Kbits ~ Mbits per second
- Short distance: < several tens of meters

Lecture 1

EIA/RS-232 Standard
Waveform of +, 2B or 0101101

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Device A

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Device B

Transmit characters (7 or 8 bits)

0 +15v and 1 -15v in a sender
0 (+3v, +15v) and 1 (-3v, -15v), otherwise error
Start bit (0) and stop bit (1) for every character 9/10 bits in total
A sender never leaves wire at 0v; when idle, puts 15v, i.e., 1

Lecture 1

EIA/RS-232 Standard (cont.)

Agreement of transmission timing or rate (bps bits per second)
- 300bps, 2.4Kbps, 4.8Kbps, , 19.2Kbps, 33.6Kbps, 56Kbps
Setting bit rates of devices/hardware
- switch (manually), software, auto-detection
Either simplex or duplex

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T: Transmitter R: Receiver G: Ground

Lecture 1

EIA/RS-232 and Other Standards

EIA-232: rate<64Kbps; connection length< 15 meters; 25 pin connector
- pin 2: receive (RxD); pin 3: transmit (TxD); pin 7: groud
- other pins for transmission control
EIA-449: rate<10Mbps; connection length< 12 meters; 37/9 pin connector
EIA-530: same as the above; 25 pin connector
X.21: 64/192 Kbps (N-ISDN rate); 15/8 pin connector

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Exercise 1
1. Two signals are given in the following figures. Whose bandwidth is large? Why?
s(t)

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s(t)

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(b)

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2. Draw the RS-232 waveform diagrams of ASCII letters of R (1010010) and S (1110011).

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3. Give at least one example for each of the following transmission/communication modes:
parallel transmission, serial transmission, simplex transmission and duplex transmission.

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4. Suppose one sent 10000 7bit characters across an EIA-232 or RS-232 connection that
operated at 9600 bps. How long will the minimum transmission time be required?
(Hint: remember to add a start bit and a stop bit on each character.)