ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives immense pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude to my revered guide Sri
B.AYODHYA REDDY B. Tech Area manager Reliance Communications Ltd for his able guidance
and unstinted support in bringing out this project. I am fortunate enough for his association
during our course of project.
I am thankful to Sri K BHASKAR REDDY B. Tech Ex-Area manager, for extending his
valuable guidance and sparing his valuable time at every stage during our Training period.
I am in debuted to the Head of the Department Sri HANUMANTH REDDY Sir for
providing Training facilities at Reliance communications; I express my sincere thanks for his
valuable advices.
I am gratefully acknowledged by Sri P.SHYAMSUNDER REDDY M.Tech, MISTE Principal Sir
for giving opportunity to undergo this training.
I take great pleasure in expressing our gratitude to all the persons for their encouragement
and co-operation extended with us.

CONTENTS:1. company introduction

2. Networks
3. Types of communication
3.1 Wireless communication
3.2 Wireline communication
4. Site layout
4.1. DG
4.2. AVR
4.3. ACDB
4.4. SMPS
4.5. DDF RACK
4.6 BTS types
4.6.1CDMA
4.6.2 GSM
4.7. Tower
4.8. PAC
5. Alarms
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography

1. RELIANCE COMMUNICATIONS:
MCN (Media convergence Node) acts as a media and it adds or drops the signals to the
desired level. Reliance MCN monitors the signal of the Reliance network. MCN is where most
of the Switches are kept and where "engineers" work (or so they would like to believe). All the
BTSs present in one district are controlled by the RF engineers and staff present in the MCN. All the back
end operations and maintenance is done at MCN.MCN Maintains all the sites, which are under its control.

Reliance MCN has following sections:

1. Utility
Ex: DG.
2. Transport
Ex: OME
3. RF
Ex: BTS.
Reliance Groups flagship company, Reliance Communications, is India's largest private
sector information and communications company, with over 150 million subscribers. It has
established a pan-India, high-capacity, integrated (wireless and wire line), convergent (voice,
data and video) digital network, to offer services spanning the entire infocomm value chain.

2. NETWORK:-

AUTHENTICATION CENTER:A database called the AUTHENTICATION CENTRE (auc) is connected to the HLR. The
function of the AUC is to provide the HLR with authentication parameters and ciphering keys.

BASE STATION:A mobile station communicates with the mobile system using a Radio channel to a Base
Station (BS). The base station is Responsible for communication, over the air, both to and from
the mobile station. The base station is made up of antennas, Transmitters, receivers and control
units.

BASE STATION CONTROLLER:The BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC) provides all the radio related Functions. It
is a high capacity switch that provides functions including handover, cell configuration data, and
channel assignment. A number of BSCs are served by a MSC.

BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION:-

The BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION (BTS) handles the radio interface to the mobile
station. The BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to serve each cell in
the network. A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC.

HOME LOCATION REGISTER:The HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR) database stores and manages all mobile
subscriptions belonging to a specific operator. The HLR is considered the most important
database because it stores permanent data about subscribers, including subscribers
supplementary services, location information, and authentication parameters.

MOBILE STATION:A Mobile Station (MS) is used by a mobile subscriber to communicate with the cellular
system. Several types of mobile stations exist, each allowing the subscriber to make and receive
calls. Manufacturers of mobile stations offer a variety of designs and features to meet the needs
of different markets. Module 5 provides more detail about mobile stations. The range or
coverage area of a mobile station depends on, for example, the output power of the mobile
station. Different types of mobile stations have different output power capabilities and therefore,
different ranges. For example, hand-held telephones have a lower output power, (resulting in a
shorter range), than a car installed phone with roof mounted antenna.

MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING CENTER:The Mobile services Switching Center (MSC) is responsible for all switching functions
related to call processing. The MSC has interfaces with the base station on one side and the
external networks on the other side. Each base station is connected to a MSC.

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CENTER:The Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC) is responsible for monitoring and
controlling the mobile network. The complex equipment provides monitoring staff with

information regarding alarm handling, trouble-shooting, routine maintenance and other

information.

VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER:The VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR) database contains information about all
mobile stations currently located in the MSC service area. VLR contains temporary subscriber
information needed by the MSC to provide service for visiting subscribers.

GATEWAY:A gateway is a node that interconnects two networks. If a person in the fixed network
(PSTN) wants to make a call to a mobile subscriber, the exchange in PSTN will connect the call
to a gateway. The gateway function is often carried out in a MSC known as the GATEWAY MSC
(GMSC). All MSCs in the Network can work as a gateway.

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM:Different frequency bands are used for GSM 900, GSM 1800 and GSM 1900. An
operator applies for the available frequencies or, as in the United States; the operator buys
frequency bands at an auction.

S.NO
1.
2.
3.

Type of GSM
GSM 900
GSM 1800
GSM 1900

Uplink
890-915 MHZ
1710-1785 MHZ
1850-1910 MHZ

3. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:-

Downlink
935-960 MHZ
1805-1880 MHZ
1930-1990 MHZ

Communication: - It is process of transferring information from one point to another

point through any media. There are two types of communications through which we can
transfer information. They are
3.1 Wire line communication
3.2 Wireless communication

3.1 Wire line communication:Wire line communication means communication through a wired media. The media may
be Twisted Pair, Co-axial cable, Fiber Optical Cable.
In Reliance, wire line communication is performed through Fiber Optical Cable.

3.1.1 Fiber-optic communication:

Main Motivation: To meet demand of increase in the telecommunication data transmission.
Cladding Physical Principle is INTERNAL LIGHT REFLECTION. Fiber-optic communication
is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light
through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to
carry information. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have
revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have played a major role in the advent of the
Information Age. Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have
largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the developed world.The
process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the
7

optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that
the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it
into an electrical signal .
OPTICAL FIBRE:

An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers. The optical
fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective
tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed. Optical fiber consists of a
core and a cladding layer, selected for total internal reflection due to the difference in the
refractive index between the two. In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with a layer
of acryl ate polymer or polyimide.

Fiber Color Chart (OFC color coding):

1
2
3
4
555
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Blue
Orange
Green
Brown
slate
White
Red
Black
Yellow
Violet
Rose
Aqua

Optical cables transfer data at the speed of light in glass (slower than vacuum). This is typically
around 180,000 to 200,000 km/s, resulting in 5.0 to 5.5 microseconds of latency per km. Signals
travel on Reliance Communications terabit OFC (Optical Fiber Cable) network. The
transmission speed varies between 4 mbps and 4.3 mbps.
The signals in the OFC are boosted at every 60-70kms. The signal boosting is carried out at
Intermediate stations(IS) and at MCN(Media Convergence Node).
There are different types of OFCs.
1. 12F
2. 24F
3. 48F etc.

24F, 48F are used for transmitting more signals.

The fiber network between BTS is in the form of ring topology. All the BTSs are
connected in the form of ring network.

If there is any break in OFC, the signal will be transmitted in other direction and
reaches the destination as it is a ring network. This ring network is used in OFC communication
to reduce the site downs. If there are two breaks in fiber cable at a time, Sites located in between
those two breaks will becomes down.
How Fiber-Optic Cable Works

10

The glass or plastic used in fiber-optic cable is manufactured to be pure and without any
imperfections so that the light signal can travel without hindrance over long distances, e.g. miles.
The fibers or threads are extremely thin strands; about as thick as human hair, coated with two
layers of highly reflective plastic that creates an internal mirror around the strand. The outer
sheath works as mirror causing an internal reflection that light cannot escape from and is thus
guided along bouncing off at shallow angles. This principle is known as total internal reflection.
At both ends of the fiber link there are photodiodes which must be in exact alignment in order to
prevent signal reflection. The means of placing the signal on the fiber can be carried out by Light
Emitting Diode (LED) or an Injection Laser Diode (ILD).
Single Mode (Mono Mode)

Single mode fiber has a thinner core than multimode and uses a single beam of light for
data transmission. The light pulses are generated by Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs).

11

Single mode is faster and can work over longer distances than multimode and as such it is
suitable for use as backbones between buildings. Single mode has a 50% greater data carrying
capacity than multi mode cable with an acceptable transmission range is up to 3km.Even
although fiber is manufactured to a high quality there can still be imperfections that could led to
signal loss. To overcome this fiber cable is tested by a device called an optical loss meter and the
measurement that shows whether the cable is fit to use is referred to as the optical link loss
budget.

Multi-Mode Fiber

Multi-Mode uses a thicker core than single mode which allows more than one frequency
of light to be transmitted at the same time. This type of transmission works by using Wave
Division Multiplexing (WDM).Light signals on multimode cable are generated by Laser (Light
Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation).Generally, multimode cable is cheaper to
12

make and install than single mode fiber and as such is a popular choice for backbones within
buildings with an accepted range of up to 2km, however, it is not suitable for links between
buildings.
Fiber Connectors

There are many different connectors used with fiber-optic cable, however, two of the most
popular and recognizable are:
ST - Straight Tip
SC - Subscriber Connector/Standard Connector/Square Connector
The ST connector, created by AT & T, uses a twist attachment similar to that of Thinnet BNC
connectors. This mechanism provides for a quick and secure connection and makes it quick a
popular choice.
The SC connector is a latched connector where the latch clicks into place upon connection given
a very secure connection that can only be disconnected by pressing a button to release the latch.
Advantages:

It is immune to EFI and RFI

13

It can cover greater distances more reliably than wire

It can handle greater speeds, e.g. 1000Mbps and upwards

It cannot be compromised by signal tapping

Disadvantages:

It is not as robust as wire

It is more expensive to buy

It is more expensive to install

It should be installed by specialists

Main Applications

Telecommunications.

Sensors.

Fiber Lasers.

Bio-medical.

Automotive and many other industries.

a) OTDR:
An Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) is used in fiber optics to measure the
time and intensity of the light reflected on an optical fiber. More to the point, it is used as a
troubleshooting device to find faults, splices, and bends in fiber optic cables, with an eye toward
identifying light loss. Light loss is especially important in fiber optic cables because it can
interfere with the transmission of data. An OTDR can detect such light loss and pinpoint trouble

14

areas, making repairs easy. The more quickly trouble areas are identified and addressed, the less
your fiber optic network will suffer from data transfer problems.

The physical description of an OTDR most closely resembles a sort of handheld price
scanner with cables attached. The user connects the cables to an optical fiber, in the same way
that two drivers will connect vehicle batteries with jumper cables, and then reset the OTDR
settings for whatever parameters are being used in the specific test. A typical OTDR test can take
anywhere from ten seconds to three minutes.

ADVANTAGES:

An OTDR takes advantage of the scattering of light in the optic fiber to make its
measurements. The OTDR emits a high-power pulse that hits the fiber and bounces back.
What comes back is measured, factoring in time and distance, and the result is "trouble
spots," which radiate and can be targeted for repair. In general, the data take the form of a

wave, with trouble spots clearly visible as aberrations in the wave.

Some OTDR systems are equipped with PC-linking capabilities.

15

DRAWBACKS:

The OTDR is not perfect, of course. Critics charge that it can produce in accurate
results if two trouble spots are very close together or if the pulse has a long travel

length. Experts also urge training in order to interpret the data correctly.
Another factor is the relatively high price for a device that might be used only
sparingly. Proponents, however, counter that being able to pinpoint and address
light loss points is well worth the price, both for the OTDR device and for the
training needed to operate and properly understand the data that OTDR records.

b) SPLICING METHOD:
FUSION SPLICING:
The act of joining two optical fibers end-to-end using heat is called SPLICING. The goal
is to fuse the two fibers together in such a way that light passing through the fibers is not
scattered or reflected back by the splice, and so that the splice and the region surrounding it are
almost as strong as the virgin fiber itself. The source of heat is usually an electric arc, but can
also be a laser, or a gas flame, or a tungsten filament through which current is passed. The
process of fusion splicing involves using localized heat to melt or fuse the ends of two optical
fibers together. The splicing process begins by preparing each fiber end for fusion. Fusion
splicing requires that all protective coatings be removed from the ends of each fiber, a process
called stripping.
SPLICER:
The instrument used to connect the two broken fiber optics is called splicer. It has two electrodes,
which are opposite to each other. The instrument has LCD display to show the condition of OFC,
when the cable is going to be attached. This display is shown by the use of two lens placed under
the two electrodes. This instrument has heater to heat the sleaves and makes it attached to the
OFC, which has been spliced recently by the splicer.

16

CLEAVER:
It is an instrument used to cut the color coded OFC at exactly 900 before splicing.

CLEAVER

SLEAVER:
These sleaves are small plastic tubes, used for the protection of OFC where it is spliced.
The heater in the splicer makes the sleave hard to do not move from its place.
STRIPPER:
It is an instrument used to remove the color coding present on the fiber cable.

17

STRIPPER

ISOPROFILE ALCOHOL:
After removing the color coding on the cable, alcohol is rubbed on the cable by using a
tissue to remove the dust on the cable. Without rubbing alcohol, fibers cannot be spliced
correctly.
LUSE TUBE CUTTER:
Perfect cutting of fiber contained wire without damaging the fiber cables can be done by
using this instrument.

Luse Tube Cutter

CLOUSER:
Innovative design is an erect and horizontal type with one hinge in one side and open in
another side. Two pieces of insert plates and fixing bolts are used to fix and seal clouser. Clouser
is suitable for protecting fiber cable splices in straight-through and branching applications. It
effectively prevents products from aging caused by coldness, heat, oxygen and ultraviolet
radiation. The strong housing and main components provide fire resistant, waterproof, and
quakeproof while protecting splices during pulling, compressing, and impacting, bending,
tensioning, axial tensioning.
18

FIBER OPTIC SPLICE CLOUSER

TRAY:
It is a plastic material used to place the spliced OFC.
ROUTING:
The process of placing the spliced fiber cables properly on the tray is called Routing.
Note:
After the splicing, the OFC should not have loss of more than 0.03dB. If the loss is
0.00dB, we can assure that the splicing method has been done correctly.
Key Features

8 seconds splice time and 40 seconds tube-heat time

Both manual and automatic splicing modes
Detects the fiber end-face and adjusts parameters automatically
Simultaneous X and Y views
System auto test ensures the best operating conditions
User programmable
Auto calibrates parameters
Stores 8000 groups of splice results
Compact and light weight
Reversible monitor with control panel on each side
Max. wind velocity of 15 m/s
Large capacity internal battery
Multiple language options : English, Chinese, Korea, Russia

3.2 Wireless communication:

Wireless systems
19

Communication through Air as the media is called as Wireless Communication. Without

any Physical equipment, the information is passed from one point to another point.
Microwave Communication and Considerable Parameters
Microwaves describes the contemporary current signals between 300 MHz to 300
GHz frequency ranges, microwaves have a resultant wavelength among =C/F = 1m and =
1mm respectively. These are ideal for transmission of data from one place to other because
microwave power can infiltrate smog, rainfall, snow and clouds.
Principles of Microwave Transmission

Microwave transmission relies on three key elements:

Use of radio frequency to achieve the transmissions (operating between 1Ghz to 170Ghz)
Clear line-of-sight with no obstacles in the way
Regular relay stations required due to line of site and cost considerations

Microwave Communication Can Be Analog or Digital:

Microwave communication takes place both analog and digital formats. While digital is
the most advanced form of microwave communication, both analog and digital methods pose
certain benefits for users.

20

3.2.1 Microwave Communication

Microwave communication broadcast signals through radio using a progression of
microwave towers. Microwave is a form of line of sight communication, because it
requires the obstruction less transmission between the receiving and transmitting Towers
for signals to be communicated properly at both ends. With the continuous growth in
cellular and satellite technologies, now microwave is less broadly used in telecom era.
Data communication through microwave occurs in both analog and digital formats.
Whereas, digital format is the most advance type of microwave data communication.
3.2.2 Microwave Antenna
Any conductor that can intercept an RF field can be an antenna. The Basic Principle Of
Microwave antennas are similar to those of antenna used at lower frequencies Basically an
antenna converts RF power into Electromagnetic radiation. More Briefly an antenna is
transducer which is specially designed to transmit and receive Electromagnetic wave. A good
transmitting antenna is often a good receiving Antenna. For designing wireless systems,
engineers must select an antenna that Fulfils the system's requirements to firmly close the link
between the remote points Of the communications system
3.2.3 The Isotropic Antenna
Isotropic Antenna means is an antenna that transmits equally in all directions. It is
hard to achieve isotropic antenna in real life. Actually isotropic antennas are used as a standards
by which can determine how directional some other real life antennas are and what their antenna
gain might be. All antennas are therefore compared to the theoretical workings of an isotropic
antenna.
3.2.4Microwave radio system
Microwave, in general, denotes the technology of transmitting information by the use of
the radio waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in small Numbers of centimeters.
Microwave refers to terrestrial Point-to-point digital radio communications1, usually employing
highly directional antennas in clear line-of-sight (LOS) and operating in licensed frequency
bands from 6 GHz to 38 GHz.

21

A microwave radio system is a system of radio equipment used for microwave Data
transmission. A modern microwave radio, based on a split-mount model, consists of three basic
components:

The indoor unit (IDU) which performs all digital processing operations, containing the
baseband and digital modem circuitry and optionally, a network processing unit that

provides advanced networking capabilities such as routing and load balancing

The outdoor unit (ODU) which houses all the radio frequency (RF) modules for

converting a carrier signal from the modem to a microwave signal

the antenna used to transmit and receive the signal into/from free space, which is
typically located at the top of a communication tower. Antennas used in microwave links
are highly directional, which means they tightly focus the transmitted and received
energy mainly into/from one specific direction. To avoid waveguide losses, the antenna is
directly attached to the ODU which, in turn, is connected to the IDU by means of a single
coaxial cable.

The distance between the indoor and outdoor equipment can sometimes be up to 300 meters.
Two microwave radios are required to establish a microwave link (usually operating in duplex
mode3) between two locations that can be several kilometers apart. It should be noted that a
single IDU can support multiple ODUs in a same site and, thus, multiple microwave links
between different locations.

22

In a microwave radio system, communication starts with an information source that can
be audio, video, or data in many forms. The IDU accesses a service signal, Prompting baseband
processing, multiplexing and intermediate frequency (IF) Modulation. The signal is then sent to
the ODU via coaxial cable for RF processing, before being finally transmitted. The energy
radiated by the RF transmitter is amplified by the transmitting antenna before propagating in the
form of radio waves in the directions determined by the design and orientation of the antenna.
As a radio wave travels through the atmosphere, it experiences different propagation phenomena
e.g., free-space loss, reflection, diffraction, and scattering which negatively impact the
perceived energy at the receiving antenna.
Besides the transmitted signal, the electromagnetic fields from the interference and noise
Sources are also converted to power at the RF receiver, likely leading to imprecise interpretation
of the transmitted signal. Finally, the RF receiver processes this power in an effort to recover
exactly the source information that was originally transmitted.

3.2.5 Line-of-sight microwave links

A line-of-sight microwave link uses highly directional transmitter and receiver antennas
to communicate via a narrowly focused radio beam. The transmission path of a line-of-sight
microwave link can be established between two land-based antennas, between a land-based
antenna and a satellite-based antenna, or between two satellite antennas. Broadband line-of-sight
links operate at frequencies between 1 and 25 gigahertz (the centimeter wavelength band) and
23

can have transmission bandwidths approaching 600 megahertz. A typical long-distance, highcapacity digital microwave radio relay system links two points 2,500 km apart by using a
combination of nine terrestrial and satellite repeaters. Each repeater operates at 4 gigahertz,
transmitting seven 80-megahertz-bandwidth channels at 200 megabits per second per channel.
The maximum range of land-based line-of-sight systems is limited by the curvature of the Earth.
For this reason, a microwave radio repeater with transmitter and receiver dishes mounted on 30metre (100-foot) towers has a maximum range of approximately 50 km (30 miles), whereas the
maximum range will increase to approximately 80 km (50 miles) if the towers are raised to 90
meters (300 feet). Line-of-sight microwave links are subject to severe fading, owing to refraction
of the transmitted beam along the propagation path. Under normal conditions the refractive index
of the atmosphere decreases with increasing altitude. This means that upper portions of the beam
propagate faster, so that the beam is slightly bent toward the Earth, producing transmission
ranges that go beyond the geometric horizon. However, temporary atmospheric disturbances can
change the refractive index profile, causing the beam to bend differently and, in severe cases, to
miss the receiver antenna entirely. For example, a strong negative vapor gradient over a body of
water, with vapor concentration increasing closer to the surface, can cause a bending of the beam
toward the Earth that is much sharper than the Earths curvaturea phenomenon called ducting.

MICROWAVE DISH ANTENNA

To install a microwave link, it is important to install IDU and ODU.

IDU: It is the indoor unit of microwave link which serves as the interface between outdoor unit
and the customers internet ready device (IRD) such as PC. IRD interface is used when the
24

Ethernet cable is connected to NIC card. All-indoor systems consist of a radio, interfaces and a
modem in a rack which is usually installed inside an environmentally controlled building with
the antenna mounted outside. A transmission line, generally a waveguide connects this
microwave radio to the antenna which provides an ease to access to all the system electronics
without requiring tower climbs and also minimizing the length of cabling from the radio
interfaces to Installation & Commissioning of Multiplexers in MSC, BSC and Cell Sites.
3.2.6 Microwave link:
A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in the microwave
frequency range to transmit video, audio, or data between two locations, which can be from just
a few feet or meters to several miles or kilometers apart. Microwave links are commonly used by
television broadcasters to transmit programmes across a country, for instance, or from an outside
broadcast back to a studio.
Properties of microwave links:

Involve line of sight (LOS) communication technology

Affected greatly by environmental constraints, including rain fade

Have very limited penetration capabilities through obstacles such as hills, buildings and trees

Sensitive to high pollen count

Signals can be degraded during Solar proton events

Uses of microwave links:

In communications between satellites and base stations

As backbone carriers for cellular systems

In short range indoor communications

25

Telecommunications, in linking remote and regional telephone exchanges to larger (main)

exchanges without the need for copper/optical fibre lines.

Microwave Advantages over cable/fiber based Transmission:1. Rapid Deployment

2. Reliability
3. No Right-of-Way Issues
4. Flexibility
5. Operator Owned Infrastructure
6. Required negligible operational costs.
7. Microwave radio can be repaired easily
8. No cables needed
9. Multiple channels available
10. Wide bandwidth
Microwave Disadvantages:1. Microwave engages huge capital investment in start if there is no vendor
to finance it.
2. Microwave networks required maintenance
3. Microwave faces trouble like signals loss.
4. Microwave subject to Radio Interference from different environmental factors
Such as:
Thermal Inversion a setback of the normal reduction of air
Temperature above sea level
Passing Airplanes, birds and rain
Stellar Flare and Sunspots.
5. Microwave required a line-of-sight because signals travel in straight lines.
6. Microwave equipments are very expensive.
Uses:

26

One-way (e.g. television broadcasting) and two-way telecommunication using

communications satellite
Terrestrial microwave radio broadcasting relay links in telecommunications networks
including e.g. backbone or backhaul carriers in cellular networks linking BTS-BSC

and BSC-MSC.
OME is transport equipment, which depends on microwave technology.

E1 CARRIER:

Level

E1

The E-carrier standards form part of the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
where groups of E1 circuits may be bundled onto higher capacity links between
telephone exchanges. This allows a Network Operators to provide TDM circuit
between customers. This ensures permanent quality because the transmission arrives
with the same delay (latency) and bandwidth at all times. This is the essence of timedivision multiplexing (TDM) technology.
E1 circuits have been used widely in telephony (ISDN, GSM), datacom (leased lined,
Frame Relay) and synchronization of SDH and Mobile Network.

Standard

Rate

Size

G.704/732 2.048 Mbits/s50 ppm 256 bits

27

Frame/s Code Amplitude

8,000

HDB3 2.37-3.00V

Attenuation

6 dB

Optical Multiservice Edge 6500

The 6500 Packet-Optical Platform (formerly called the Optical Multiservice Edge 6500
or OME 6500) in telecommunication, computer networking and optical communications is a
Multi-port

multi-protocol

system

designed

TDM/WDM/GigE/10G/40G and 100G ports.

28

by

Nortel

(now

Ciena)

that

supports

The system supports high bandwidth demands from applications like IPTV, Internet Video, HD
programming, and mobile video by increasing the speeds over existing fiber. Normally
increasing the speeds from 10G to 40G to 100G typically entails trade-offs such as shortening the
distance of each network segment or increasing optical dispersion because the weakening of
optical signals as they travel. To prevent this signal loss would normally requires amplifiers or
repeaters, or in some cases new better quality fiber would need to be installed. Nortel prevents
this by using a signal modulation technology called dual-polarization quadrature phase shift
keying (DPQPSK).
Any problem in OME can be solved by logging into OME software. It can be remotely
operated. By logging into the OME software, we can know the errors of IDU, ODU and some
other equipment.
SDH AND PDH:
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is an international standard for high speed
telecommunication over optical/electrical networks which can transport digital signals in
variable capacities. It is a synchronous system which intends to provide a more flexible, yet
simple network infrastructure.

SDH (and its American variant- SONET) emerged from standard bodies somewhere
around 1990.These two standards create a revolution in the communication networks based on

29

optical fibers, in their cost and performance. In the early 80's digital systems became more and
more complex. The demand was mainly to high order multiplexing through a hierarchy of
increasing bit rates up to 140 Mbps or 565 Mbps in Europe. The problem was the high cost of
bandwidth and digital devices. The solution that was created then , was a multiplexing
technique , allowed for the combining of slightly non synchronous rates, referred to as
plesiochronous, which lead to the term plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH). plesiochronous "almost synchronous , because bits are stuffed into the frames as padding and the calls location
varies slightly - jitters - from frame to frame".
SDH has a lot of advantages:

First world standard in digital format.

First optical Interfaces.

Transversal compatibility reduces networking cost. Multivendor environment drives price

down

Flexible synchronous multiplexing structure.

Easy and cost-efficient traffic add-and-drop and cross connect capability.

Reduced number of back-to-back interfaces improves network reliability and

serviceability.

Powerful management capability.

New network architecture. Highly flexible and survivable self healing rings available.

Backward and forward compatibility: Backward compatibility to existing PDH

Forward compatibility to future B-ISDN, etc.

SDH is based on byte interleaving and not bit interleaving, as PDH was based on. The bit rate
increased from 64 Kbps in PDH to 1.5 - 2 Mbps in SDH.
30

SDH Management:
SDH has enhanced management capabilities:

Alarm/Event Management

Configuration Management

Performance Management Access and Security Management

Depicted above
is

Management
Station
connected to a
SDH

ring

through site 1
which contains
the

gateway

element. The Gateway element receives the status of all the other elements in the net
through the special fields that exists in the SDH protocol (in band).

PDH:
Based on the E1 signal, the ITU-T defined a hierarchy of plesiochronous signals that
enables signals to be transported at rates of up to 140 Mbit/s. This section describes the
characteristics of this hierarchy and the mechanism for dealing with fluctuations in respect to the
nominal values of these rates, which are produced as a consequence of the tolerances of the
system.
31

The PDH contains 4 basic bit rates:

E1 - 2.048 Mbit/Sec
E2 - 8.448 Mbit/Sec

E3 - 34.368 Mbit/Sec

E4 - 139.264 Mbit/Sec

There are two common ways to connect between two PDH sites. The first is by Radio
Frequency (RF) and the other is by Electrical Signal over copper cable. Since we cant afford too
many cables or frequencies usually E3 or E4 is used. In order to transmit E1 (a very common
data rate) we need 2 or 3 levels of multiplexing, this means that in a full E4 constellation
1+4+16=25 multiplexers are needed. Furthermore there is no inband management in the PDH
protocol if we need to know the status of 1 of the multiplexers, or if we need to change the route
of 1 of the trails we have to go to the site or build an outside network that allows us to manage
the PDH network.
The SDH contains the following bit rates:

STM1 - 155 Mbit/Sec

STM4 - 622 Mbit/Sec

STM16 - 2.5 Gbit/Sec

STM64 - 10 Gbit/Sec

32

4. Site layout:

Description of Base Station Equipments:

Base Station consists of the following equipments:
4.1. DG
4.2. AVR
4.3. ACDB
4.4. SMPS
4.5. Battery Bank
4.6. DDF rack
4.7. BTS
4.8. OME
These equipment are explained briefly below
Power requirements for base transceiver stations (BTS) vary widely depending on a
number of factors: In light of these variables, it is unrealistic to create one load profile for all cell
tower power system configurations. Regional variations for most generator set system
requirements as you can see, the load consists mainly of microwave radio equipment and other
housekeeping loads such as lighting and air conditioning units. The actual BTS load used on the
cell tower is powered via the SMPS, which is the direct current (DC) power plant. In some
regions, such as India and East Asia, the SMPS is typically part of a more complex power
interface unit (PIU), which includes the transfer switch and a static line conditioner to maintain
the critical operation power input between the utility and generator(s).The PIU also protects the
Equipment from input power supply surges due to lightning, monitors the health of the battery
and controls the charging rate of the battery banks. The rectifiers and inverters in the SMPS and
33

PIU systems have minimal power losses, and run at efficiencies as high as 9598% with a power
factor close to unity. Minimal harmonic distortion some harmonic distortion in the power system
is to be expected when operating non-linear and rectifier based loads such as those used in the
SMPS. It is worth noting, however, that many telecom operators regard the power supply voltage
output distortion as minimal, because of the fast switching frequency of the transistors used in
the rectifiers. Voltage output distortion is also mitigated by the oversized alternators supplied on
most generator sets to meet the locked rotor current requirements of the air conditioning Motors.
These oversized alternators help to reduce the total system impedance reactance). Consequently,
there is no further need to oversize the alternators as one would with other applications that use
similar loads. If such configurations are used, a battery management system should always be
specified to continuously Monitor the batteries voltage and command the battery charger to
provide the appropriate trickle charge to keep the batteries floated. Typically, the generator is not
Used to float the batteries, but rather to provide the high current needed for the battery charging
or to supply the load directly if the batteries fail. Such hybrid systems that combine batteries with
one or more generator sets may be fuel-efficient, but the batteries maintenance costs and the
added complexity need to be considered when analyzing the TCO; they may not be economical
for typical stand by applications.
4.1 DG (Diesel Generator):Diesel generators are primarily used for backup in case of a power outage. If the business has
to suspend operations, this can be extremely costly in terms of both lost production and pay for
idled employees. Diesel generators can enable the manufacturer to continue production. They
provide power and cooling for large data equipment. 33kw dg is used in telecom towers.

34

Introduction
Diesel Generator set is used to generate electricity for meeting the electricity requirement of
small establishments such as commercial buildings, Hotels, in telecom towers etc. when there is a
power supply failure from the State Electricity Board or other power supply undertakings.

Operation/change over from mains supply to Generator set supply etc. Generator sets of higher
rating have to be started with battery starters. Diesel Generator sets of smaller rating can be
started by cranking.
There will be a control panel to control the on/off of DG. This controlling device is called GCU
(generator control unit).GCU provides complete monitoring, alarm and control facilities for
single generator.
DG is operated in manual mode, bypass mode. A diesel generator is the combination of a diesel
engine with an electrical generator (often an alternator) to generate electrical energy. Diesel
generating sets are used in places without connection to the power grid, as emergency powersupply if the grid fails, as well as for more complex applications such as peak-lopping, grid
support and export to the power grid. Sizing of diesel generators is critical to avoid low-load or a
shortage of power and is complicated by modern electronics, specifically non-linear loads.
Major advantages
Diesel engines have several advantages over other internal combustion engines:

They burn less fuel than a petrol engine performing the same work, due to the engine's
higher temperature of combustion and greater expansion ratio Gasoline engines are
typically 30% efficient while diesel engines can convert over 45% of the fuel energy into
mechanical energy.

They have no high voltage electrical ignition system, resulting in high reliability and easy
adaptation to damp environments. The absence of coils, spark plug wires, etc., also
eliminates a source of radio frequency emissions which can interfere with navigation and
communication equipment, which is especially important in marine and aircraft
applications.
35

The life of a diesel engine is generally about twice as long as that of petrol engine due to
the increased strength of parts used. Diesel fuel has better lubrication properties than
petrol as well.

Biodiesel is an easily synthesized, non-petroleum-based fuel (through transesterification)

which can run directly in many diesel engines, while gasoline engines either need
adaptation to run synthetic fuels or else use them as an additive to gasoline.

Diesel Generator Set General Preventative Maintenance Programs..

Technicians who do preventative maintenance must be qualified to make all the
electrical and mechanical checks that a maintenance schedule calls for, using the
required testing and measuring equipment for each task. A top quality distributor will
have technicians on staff that is qualified to perform all tests that are needed to keep

customers equipment in line with manufacturers recommendations.

Always turn battery chargers off, disconnect negative battery cables and be sure that
the Auto-Manual-Off switch on a systemss control panel is in the Off position
before doing any maintenance work. Afterward, run the generator set at its rated load
for atleast two hours.

4.2 AVR:

Static Voltage Regulator

The SVR units are designed to work with very wide input range at the input. The SVR uses
solid state SCRs for regulating the input voltage & provide a constant regulated output voltage.
SVR units are built with an isolation transformer on the input with multiple secondary winding
on the output side. The input is sensed with a high speed micro controller & the respective SCRs
Key features:

High speed RMS voltage sensing

Solid state switching, no moving parts, increased reliability

6KV isolation between input & output

36

Auto turn ON for fault

Electronic low & high voltage protection

Torroidal isolation transformer compact size & increased efficiency

Manual bypass

Manual/Auto phase selection for best phase selection

PFC for alarm/automation

Auto Mains Failure Panel

AMF panels find their application in Automation of Diesel generators. These panels are used to
control the DG sets with respect to the mains condition. These panels are fitted with controller
which senses the mains voltage & single phasing. Once mains failure is sensed, the DG start is
provided & DG is started. Once DG is running, the loads are automatically transferred to the
DG. Same way, when the mains supply becomes alright, DG is stopped & loads are
automatically transferred to mains.
Key features:

Fully automatic operation

37

Option of manual start & transfer of load on DG

Electro-mechanical interlock for DG & Mains contactor

Suitable for 1 Phase & 3 Phase mains & DG

Complete engine safety

Protection for high/low voltage protection on DG & mains

Overload protection on DG

PFC for alarm monitoring

Industry standard controllers

4.3 ACDB:

a) Introduction
TZ series AC distribution box is the AC power equipment specially designed for base station, classified
38

into non-intelligent, intelligent and high intelligent types.

Controller and electronic meter is fitted insid

to realize the display and remote monitoring of AC voltage, AC current, power consumption capacity and

switching status. For high intelligent box, besides the above functions, it can make power quality analys
through measurement of grid power factor and input of harmonic current. The product is economic,
practical and reliable.
b)Main Features
1)

Protective switches is fitted for the power system, air conditioning, heat

exchanger, lighting

facilities inside the base station, single and three phase spare switches are provided, to meet the AC
distribution and protection
2)

requirements of the whole base station.

Double AC input mechanical interlocked switches is connected with three phase AC power supply,

when the civil electricity is cut, the diesel generator may be connected conveniently.
3)

Class B lighting protection proposal.

4)

All the electric components are from famous suppliers, all with CCC certification, to ensure the sa

and reliable electricity use.

5) DC power supply is used for monitoring circuit, even at power failure, the power grid capacity and
status of all switches can be read in the monitoring center.
6) For high intelligent distribution box, it also has functions of energy conservation.
7) Measurement and electric energy analysis.
c) Technical Data

No.

Technical

Item

Data

39

-10

Operating temperature

Storage temperature

Relative humidity

95% RH

Rated insulated voltage

660V

Rated operating voltage

220V/380V

Rated operating frequency

50(60)HZ

+40

-40
55

Rated operating current of main

7

80/100A
bus-bar

Rated

short-time

withstand

current (ls) of main bus-bar

4.5kA

Civil electricity/oil generator

9

Yes
mechanical interlock

10

Degree of Protection

4.4 SMPS:

40

IP40

A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an

electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power
efficiently. Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a source, like mains
power, to a load, such as a personal computer, while converting voltage and current
characteristics. An SMPS is usually employed to efficiently provide a regulated output voltage,
typically at a level different from the input voltage

48V and -48V current:

Although other voltages are possible, most radio transceiver loads used in telecom base stations
run on a -48V DC bus. This practice originated in the early days of telephony, hence 48V DC
was found to be suitably high for long telephone lines but low enough to
prevent serious injury from touching the telephone wires. Consequently, most electrical safety
regulations consider DC voltage lower than 50V to be a safe low-voltage circuit. It is also
practical, because this voltage is easily supplied from standard valve regulated lead acid (VRLA)
batteries by connecting four 12V batteries (like those used in cars) in series, making it a simple
system. The positive grounded or -48V system is another survivor from earlier industry practice.
Negative voltage on the line was found to be superior to positive voltage in preventing
electrochemical reactions from destroying copper cables if they happen to get wet. Negative
voltage also protects against sulphation on battery terminals. Sulphation, the buildup of crystals
of lead sulphate, is the leading cause of early battery failure.
Advantages of Switch Mode Power Supply

41

1. Change the output to a different voltage level then the input ( step-up or step-down).
2. Isolate the output from the input.
3. Provide the user with a means to vary the output
4. Can get constant output at variable input.
5. Stabilize the output against the influence of:a. Source changes (source effect)
b. Load changes (load effect)
c. Temperature changes (temp. Effect)
d. The passage of time ( time effect or drift)
6. Output short circuit protected.

4.5 DDF RACK:

Configuration & installation of a base transceiver station (BTS):
Base transreceiver station otherwise regarded as cell is the smallest unit of the base station system structure. Its the
area of radio coverage of a BTS. The elements of the bts are: mast/tower,sectorial antennas, pdh & sdh microwave,
waveguide cables, rectifier, generator, radio base station, duplexers, data distribution frame rack, transceiver unit
(tru), trunking, tx cabinet& shelter.components of the base transceiver station shelter: this is the housing in which all
installations, hardware configuration & termination is done. It usually is 10*10 ft kiosks with provision for two aircondition unit & a feeder window.mast/tower: the importance of the tower on the BTS is to have a clear line of sight
for the pdh/sdh radio & give room for easy radiation of radio signals by the sectorial antenna. The height of the
tower is dependent on the topography of the land in focus but the standard recommended height is between 35-40m
approximately.sectorial antennas: its a broadband antenna capable of multiplexing dual frequency bands
for transmission. In Nigeria for example where telecommunication is fast becoming a good substitute for economic
backbone, dual band frequency operation is used (i.e. GSM 900 & GSM1800) inorder to curb the menace of both
capacity & coverage building. This antenna radiates at an angle of 120. For a total coverage, three sectorial
42

antennas are used on a tower to cover 360 circumference. It also has a radiation distance of about 35km if
concentrating on capacity building for urban areas & 121km when emphasizing on coverage. A clear edge it has
over Omni directional antenna is that it eliminates the issue of drop calls while roaming.pdh/sdh microwave: plesio
synchronous digital hierarchy (pdh) & synchronous digital hierarchy (sdh) are microwaves commonly used on the
base station system. Point to point (p2 & point to multipoint transmission e.g. root/hub station to other BTS sites is
facilitated by these radios via line of sight. The pdh microwave has a capacity of 16e1 making it the mostly used
for BTS transmission since it gives room for upgrade and it is very efficient in terms of radio transmission to the
BSC on the abis interface. SDH on the other hand has a capacity of 75 e1.itsused basically on the hub stations for
transmission to the BSC on the ater interface i.e. if you have the BSC & transcoder controller (trc) on a single node.
It has a transmission length of about 50km.waveguides: as a result of skin effect, waveguides were invented to
eliminate or minimize loss of electro-magnetic signals passing through cables in the course of transmission. This
black armored like cables have connectors at their tips to fit into the duplexers via feeder window on the shelter.
They come in various sizes and have several connecting tips e.g. bnc. Some still refers to it as a jumper cable.

43

4.6. BTS
Base transceiver station
The base transceiver station, or BTS, contains the equipment for transmitting and
receiving radio signals (transceivers), antennas, and equipment for encrypting and decrypting
communications with the base station controller (BSC). Typically a BTS for anything other than
a picocell will have several transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different
frequencies and different sectors of the cell. A BTS is controlled by a parent base station
controller (BSC) via "base station control function"" (BCF). The BCF is implemented as a
discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The BCF provides an
operations and maintenance (O&M) connection to the network management system (NMS), and
manages operational states of each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection.
The functions of a BTS vary depending on the cellular technology used and the cellular
telephone provider.
The BTSs are equipped with radios that are able to modulate layer 1 of interface Um; for GSM
2G+ the modulation type is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), while for EDGE-enabled
networks it is GMSK and 8-PSK.This modulation is a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift
keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian
low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the
interference to neighboring channels (adjacent-channel interference).
A BTS has three sectors namely, Alpha sector, Beta sector and Gamma sector.
Antenna combiners are implemented to use the same antenna for several TRXs (carriers), the
more TRXs are combined the greater the combiner loss will be. Up to 8:1 combiners are found in
micro and pico cells only.

44

Frequency hopping is often used to increase overall BTS performance; this involves the rapid
switching of voice traffic between TRXs in a sector. A hopping sequence is followed by the
TRXs and handsets using the sector.
A TRX transmits and receives according to the standards. This makes use of a channel known as
the Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH).
There are two types of BTS depending on the type of cell used. They are
5.6.1. CDMA
5.6.2. GSM

Cell types
Introduction
The nearest base-station is found, and the call is set up through the MTSO and the base-station.
The wireless link from a base-station to the Mobile users is interchangeably called the downlink
or the forward channel, and the link from the users to a base-station is called the uplink or a
reverse Channel. There are usually many users connected to a single base-station, and thus, for
the downlink channel, the base-station must multiplex together the signals to the various
connected users and then broadcast one waveform from which each user can extract its own
signal. For the uplink channel, each user connected to a given base-station transmits its own
waveform, and the base-station receives the sum of the waveforms from the various users plus
noise. The base-station must then separate out the signals from each user and Forward these
signals to the MTSO.Older cellular systems, such as the AMPS (advanced mobile phone service)
system developed in the USA in the eighties, are analog. That is, a voice Waveform is modulated
on a carrier and transmitted without being transformedInto a digital stream. Different users in the
same cell are assigned different modulation frequencies, and adjacent cells use different sets of
frequencies. Cells sufficiently far away from each other can reuse the same setoff frequencies
with little danger of interference.

45

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA) are two competing standards in cellular service. They both have derivatives for use
with 3G phones known as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and
CDMA2000, respectively. The major difference between the two technologies is how they turn
voice data into radio waves and how the carrier connects to the phone. Other differences include
the coverage area, the data transfer speeds, and the type of hardware used.

4.6.1CDMA
Example for CDMA BTS is C4400.
Introduction
The Lucent CDMA Base Station 4400 is designed for low cost 3G Deployments that
require low carrier density, and for whole coverage, hot spots and rural area.

The Lucent CDMA Base Station 4400 Products provide Cellular service for 48V DC
indoor environmental condition initially. Extended configuration such As +24V DC and
outdoor environmental may be phased in based on market Needs.

46

RF section:
TTSM (Tower Top Support Module):
The Tower Top Support Module (TTSM) is an optional asset for CDMA Base
Station 4400 that is necessary to support antenna test (TX and Rx).
DLM (Dual LNA Module):
The Dual LNA Module (DLM) contains the two Low Noise Amplifiers (LNAs)
and couplers that could be used for optional Rx path Antenna testing in
Conjunction with MCR.
Filter Module:
The filter modules provide TX filter and Rx filter of the CDMA Base Station
4400.
One Dual Duplex filter is equipped for each sector.
Amplifier Shelf:
The power amplifier module amplifies the CDMA Transmit signal. This power amplifier
increases the RF output power from the MCR to the output power called by the cell site
specifications.

47

DIGITAL SECTION:
IOU (Input-Output Unit):
Input Output unit provides the digital section external interface and alarm
Signal.
URC (Universal Radio Controller):
The Universal Radio Controller is responsible for the Lucent CDMA Base
Station 4400 interface to up to 4T1/E1 lines, the data transport between the
T1/E1 lines and the control of other units in the base station.
CMU (CDMA Modem Unit):
The Lucent CDMA Base Station 4400 has 4 active channel card slots. They
Can accommodate 3G1X Channel Cards (CMU-II, CMU-III, CMU-IV),
UCR (Universal CDMA Radio):
The CDMA Radio provides needed compensation for transfer characteristics
Of the amplifier, in addition to the basic modulation and demodulation of the
CDMA signal.
PDC (Power Distribution Conversion):

The Power Distribution and Conversion (PDC) unit accepts the -48V DC

Base station supply and uses this to generate all the internal voltages
Required by the Base Station 4400 assets.

Unregulated, but protected -48V supplies are provided for the RF amplifiers

and the thermal management fans.

CTU II (Common Timing Unit):

The CTU has a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to provide CDMA
Network synchronization signals derived from the GPS satellite network

48

Advantages of CDMA Cellular:

Higher capacity
Improves voice quality (new coder)
Soft-handoffs
Less power consumption (6-7 mW)
Choice for 3G systems
Increased cellular communications security.

Simultaneous conversations.

Increased efficiency, meaning that the carrier can serve more subscribers.

Smaller phones.

Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination needed by operators.

49

Extended reach - beneficial to rural users situated far from cells.

Disadvantages of CDMA include:

Due to its proprietary nature, all of CDMA's flaws are not known to the engineering
community.

CDMA is relatively new, and the network is not as mature as GSM.

CDMA cannot offer international roaming, a large GSM advantage

Drawbacks of CDMA Cellular:

Self-jamming arriving transmissions from

Multiple users not aligned on chip boundaries
Unless users are perfectly synchronized
Near-far problem signals closer to the receiver
are received with less attenuation than signals
Air-interface is the most complex

4.6.2 GSM:
The GSM system uses TDMA to split a frequency into time slots.

Probably the most useful thing to know about the Global System for Mobile communications
(GSM) is that it is an international standard. Originally, the acronym GSM stood for Group
Spcial Mobile, a group formed by the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) in
50

1982 to research the merits of a European standard for mobile telecommunications. Commercial
service using the GSM system did not actually start until 1991. Instead of using analog service,
GSM was developed as a digital system using TDMA technology.
Using TDMA, a narrow band that is 30 kHz wide and 6.7 milliseconds long is split time-wise
into three time slots. Narrow band means channels in the traditional sense. Each conversation
gets the radio for one-third of the time. This is possible because voice data that has been
converted to digital information is compressed so that it takes up significantly less transmission
space. Therefore, TDMA has three times the capacity of an analog system using the same
number of channels.

Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure

Data networking

Group III facsimile services

Short Message Service (SMS) for text messages and paging

Call forwarding

Caller ID

Call waiting

Multi-party conferencing

Example for GSM BTS is 3012 BTS.

51

Features and Functions:

1. Support GSM 800M, 900M, 1800M, 1900M.
2. Support networking topology includes star, tree, chain, ring.
3. Support GPRS and EDGE.
4. Support dynamic and static power control.
5. Supports the HUB BTS function.
6. Supports various transmission modes.
7. Supports optimized Abis transmission.
8. Supports rapid switchover of the ring topology.
Functions of DDPU:

52

The number of DDPU is one atleast and three at most. Without the DCOM there can be at

most six DDPUs.

The function of DDPU is sending multi RF signals from the transceiver in the DTRU to

the antenna through the duplexer.

Sending signals from the antenna after amplifying and quartering them to the transceiver

in the DTRU.
Detecting standing wave alarms in the antenna feeder system.
Receiving the gain control of the low noise amplifier.

Functions of DCOM:

The DCOM is placed in the DAFU sub rack with the DDPU.
The DCOM is optional and there are a maximum three DCOMs. The DTRU combines
two carriers into one channel. The DCOM is required when the DTRUs are insufficient.

Functions of DTRU:

It is a part in RF section which filters and amplifies.

It divides and modulates the RF signals on the two Txs. Supports transmit receive and RF

frequency hopping.
Baseband processing part. Processes signals. Supports coding and decoding, interleaving
and de-interleaving, modulation and demodulation. Supports voice fax services. Supports
data services GPRS and EDGE services. Amplifies the output power.

Functions of DTMU:

Providing the external GPS input, the bits synchronized clock input
Controlling, maintaining and operating the BTS.
Providing fault management, configuration management, Performance management and
security management.

Functions of DEMU:

The DEMU is an option module. There is maximum one DEMU under full configuration.
Monitoring variations in the smoke, water, temperature, humidity, infrared and access
control, handling alarms.

Functions of DCSU:
53

The combined cabinet signal connection unit for DTRU BTS(DCSU) is placed in slot 5
of the common sub rack which is located in the lower part of the cabinet. There is only

one DCSU and it mandatory.

The DCSU transfers signals for the combined cabinet and cabinet group between the
common sub rack and the cabinet top sub rack.

Functions of DCCU:

The DCCU is placed in slot 6 of the common sub rack. There is only one DCCU and it is

mandatory.
Converting the input and output signals of the common sub rack.
Inputting the power of the common sub rack.
Providing EMI filtering.

Functions of DATU:

Transmitting the remote electrical tilt unit (RET) control signals.

Feeding the TMA.
Communicating with the DTMU for control and alarm report.

Advantages of GSM:
GSM is already used worldwide with over 450 million subscribers.

International roaming permits subscribers to use one phone throughout Western Europe.

GSM is mature. This maturity means a more stable network with robust features. CDMA
is still building its network.

GSM's maturity means engineers cut their teeth on the technology, creating an
unconscious preference.

The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules, which are smart cards that provide
secure data encryption give GSM m-commerce advantages.

Disadvantages of GSM:
54

Lack of access to burgeoning American market.

4.7. TOWER:
The backhaul part of the network consists of the intermediate links between the core of the
network and the various sub-networks.
Key components include:
- Spectrum (radio frequency)
- Base tower station
- Microwave radio equipment
- Switches
- Antennas
- Transceivers for signal processing and transmission, etc.
4.7.1. Types of Towers
Telecom towers are broadly classified on the basis of their placement as Ground-based
and Roof-top.
(i) Ground-Based Tower: Erected on the ground, ground-based towers (GBTs) are taller
(typically 200 to 400 feet) and are mostly used in rural and semi-urban areas because of the easy
availability of real-estate space there. GBTs involve a capital expenditure in the range of Rs. 2.4
to 2.8 million, depending on the height of the tower.
(ii) Roof-Top Tower (RTT): Roof-top towers (RTTs), which are generally placed on the roofs of
high-rise buildings, are shorter (than GBTs) and more common in urban and highly populated
areas, where there is paucity of real-estate space. Typically, these involve a capital expenditure of
Rs. 1.5 to 2 million.
It is the height of a telecom tower that determines the number of antennas that can be
accommodated, which in turn determines the capacity of the towers, apart from factors such as
location and geographical conditions (wind speeds, type of terrain, etc.). Hence, typically, while
GBTs can accommodate up to six tenants, RTTs can accomadate two to three tenants.

55

ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS

Antenna: one of the most critical elements in a RF communications system.

Antenna used for receiving and transmitting: 1 dB gain = 2 dB gain for the system (1 dB

in each way).
Cannot transmit more power than received (in each direction), Can concentrate energy in
a specific direction and thus, shows a gain.

RADIATION PATTERNS:

The radiation pattern: polar diagram:

Horizontal plane: azimuth radiations (i.e., according to the direction N-E-S-W)

Vertical plane: radiations according to the height (i.e., up, down and horizontally).
Antennas can be compared through their diagram

Radiation Pattern of Antenna

HORIZANTAL PLANE

56

VERTICAL PLANE:

Radiation Pattern of a Cell Tower Antenna

Antenna orientation:
Changing the angle of antenna from left to right or right to left to set the coverage area is
called antenna orientation.

Antenna Up tilt and down tilt:

57

Changing the angle of antenna from top to bottom or bottom to top to set the coverage area is
called antenna up tilt and down tilt.
Antenna up tilt is done to provide long coverage area but the signal strength gets decreased.
Antenna Down tilt is done to provide short coverage area where the signal is high. Usually down
tilt is done in high traffic areas.

TMA (Tower Mount Amplifier):

A TMA (Tower Mounted Amplifier) amplifies signals from the antenna reducing the noise figure
of a base transceiver station (BTS) which leads to an improved overall sensitivity of the BTS.
The TMA consists of a low noise amplifier (LNA) and a filter which protects the LNA from high
power signals. The TMA is mounted as close as possible to the antenna of BTS. The TMA
separates the RF uplink (Rx) and downlink (Tx) signals through RF filters. In the uplink path the
signal is amplified by redundant low noise amplifiers. If a malfunction occurs, the auto-bypass
function is activated and an alarm is reported, ensuring system reliability at all times.

Feeder Cable:
58

The feeder cable carries the signals form RF antennas to BTS and BTS to RF
antenna. The feeder cable has two paths for transmitting and receiving
inside the cable. Sometimes cable can be damaged by rain, fog and
atmospheric conditions, this result in cable loss. The cable loss can be
reduced by connectration process.

BTS to aerials connection includes:

A jumper between the output of the BTS and the feeder connector.
A jumper between the feeder connector and the antenna connector.
The connectors to avoid important losses:
Minimize the BTS to antennas distance. Maximum acceptable value: 3dB.
Curvature radius cables indicated by the vendor must be respected to avoid an increase in

The value of the SWR (Stationary Wave Ratio).

Advantages:
High usage and limited spectrum availability: India has one of the highest MoUs in the world,
which increases the number of base tower stations (BTS) required to handle the same subscriber
base. Thus while on an average, a GSM BTS can handle around 1,100 subscribers, in the case of
high usage areas the figure can be as low as 600-700 subscribers, which means a larger number
of cell sites would be required for the same area. Moreover, the country has the problem of
spectrum scarcity, which increases the requirement of towers to maintain a reasonable level of
service quality.
Quality of service: In the past, domestic telecom operators competed largely on the pricing plan.
However, as mobile tariffs in India are currently one of the lowest in the world, the scope for
further tariff reduction is low. Given this fact, going forward, quality of service (Quos) would
become the prime distinguishing factor among the competing companies. Moreover, a rapidly
increasing subscriber base and spectrum crunch would further add to the problem of telecom
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operators having to maintain the minimum level of Quos. Besides, with the likely introduction of
mobile number portability, Quos will become more important as customers will then have a
broader range of options available with limited switching costs. Thus to retain existing
subscribers by preventing subscriber churn, operators will require additional infrastructure in
their existing areas of operation to be able to offer better Quos.
Enhancement of profitability: Tower sharing helps operators lower their operating costs and
capital expenditure and thereby earn better margins and higher Return on Capital Employed (RoCE); the
overall impact on Profit and Loss is also positive. Analysis suggests that there would be net annual cost
savings for mobile operators if they opt to lease towers from a tower company rather than own them.

Shorter rollout time, a key necessity: As the domestic telecom industry is highly competitive,
doing business may not be easy for the new entrants. Moreover, given that the incumbents
already have the competitive advantages of widespread distribution networks, established brand
names and strong subscriber base, shorter network-rollout time would be a critical success factor
for the new entrants; a longer rollout time could mean loss of substantial market share to other
operators. Tower companies allow players to start operations in a particular region just by
installing their electronics on the ready-to-use towers, thereby significantly shortening the rollout
time.
New technologies to further stimulate demand: 3G services are expected to be launched in the
country in 2009-10. Moreover, in order to augment their services, various operators plan to
launch Wi-Max services as soon as they receive additional spectrum from Government. This
would further increase the demand for sharing of passive infrastructure.

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1. GSM 3G Antenna-Multiport
2. Weather Proofing Kit
3. Feeder Clamp
4. Grounding Kit
5. Jumper Cable
6. Cable Trays
7. Lightning Arrestors
8. Wall Entry Plates
9. Electrical Site Products/Services
10. SMPS
11. Battery Bank
12. AMFES/ ACPDB/PMU
13. Shelter
14. Generator
15. Civil Services
16. Tower Supply & Errection
BTS to aerials connection includes:
A jumper between the output of the BTS and the feeder connector.
a feeder.
A jumper between the feeder connector and the antenna connector.
the connectors.
To avoid important losses:
Minimize the BTS to antennas distance. Maximum acceptable value: 3 dB.
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Curvature radius cables indicated by the vendor must be respected to avoid an increase in the
value of the SWR (Stationary Wave Ratio).

GPS:There are three ways smart phones and tablets can determine location.

GPS - Global Positioning System - Accurate to 10-50 ft.

Wi-Fi signal triangulation.

Cell-tower (triangulation).
By measuring signal strength, the round-trip signal time and sector location (see diagram below) you can be
located in a pie shaped wedge from the tower. Doing this for 2 or more towers the phone can determine where
you are in relation to the towers.

The antennas on a cell

tower
are
always
arranged in a triangle.
Each of the three antenna
arrays covers a 120
sector with the tower at
its focus, and these
sectors, by convention,
are referred to as alpha,
beta, and gamma - , , .
a cell tower can tell from
which of the three
antenna arrays it is
receiving a signal.

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Global Positioning System satellites transmit signals to equipment on the ground. GPS receivers
passively receive satellite signals; they do not transmit. GPS receivers require an unobstructed
view of the sky, so they are used only outdoors and they often do not perform well within forested
areas or near tall buildings. GPS operations depend on a very accurate time reference, which is
provided by atomic clocks at the U.S. Naval Observatory. Each GPS satellite has atomic clocks
on board.

Each GPS satellite transmits data that

indicates its location and the current time. All
GPS satellites synchronize operations so that
these repeating signals are transmitted at the
same instant. The signals, moving at the speed
of light, arrive at a GPS receiver at slightly
different times because some satellites are
farther away than others. The distance to the
GPS satellites can be determined by
estimating the amount of time it takes for their
signals to reach the receiver. When the
receiver estimates the distance to at least four
GPS satellites, it can calculate its position in
three dimensions.
There are at least 24 operational GPS satellites at all times. The satellites, operated by the U.S.
Air Force, orbit with a period of 12 hours. Ground stations are used to precisely track each
satellite's orbit.

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Determining Position
A GPS receiver "knows" the location of the
satellites, because that information is included in
satellite transmissions. By estimating how far
away a satellite is, the receiver also "knows" it is
located somewhere on the surface of an
imaginary sphere centered at the satellite. It then
determines the sizes of several spheres, one for
each satellite. The receiver is located where
these spheres intersect.

GPS Accuracy
The accuracy of a position determined with GPS depends on the type of receiver. Most hand-held
GPS units have about 10-20 meter accuracy. Other types of receivers use a method called
Differential GPS (DGPS) to obtain much higher accuracy. DGPS requires an additional receiver
fixed at a known location nearby. Observations made by the stationary receiver are used to
correct positions recorded by the roving units, producing an accuracy greater than 1 meter.
When the system was created, timing errors were inserted into GPS transmissions to limit the
accuracy of non-military GPS receivers to about 100 meters. This part of GPS operations, called
Selective Availability, was eliminated in May 2000.

4.8 PAC:
The systems used in BTS runs continuously, due to this continous running of
systems, generates lot of heat. This results in increase of temperature of
systems. If temperature exceeds the maximum range, the systems will
destroy or hangs.
To reduce the temperature in the BTS shelter, we are using PAC. It is an air
conditioning device to control the temperature in the shelter.

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5. ALARMS:In our day to day life, generally the mobile users will be observing some network problems in
their mobile phones. This network problem (loss of signal) is due to some errors/problems
occurred in the Base station equipments. Generally in terms of Telecom sector, this errors are
Known as ALARMS. These Alarms are monitored in MCN of corresponding network.
S. No

Name of the Alarm

Reason for the occurrence

1.

Battery on Load

When there is power failure, if BTS depends

on battery bank. When the load falls on
battery bank, BOL alarm occurs.
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2.

DG on Load (DGOL)

When seb fails, if load falls on Diesel

3.
4.

DG common Fault
LAPD

Generator. Then DGOL alarm occurs.

Errors In DG shows DGCF alarm.
This alarm informs that the site is down i.e.,
it neither transmits or receives the signals.
This is caused when DG and Battery bank
both works at a time.
Error in Rectifiers shows this alarm.
Voltage If Voltage in SMPS falls below the expected

5.
6.

Rectifier fail
Battery
Low

7.

Detection(BLVD)
Low fuel rate detected

level.
This alarm intimates that low fuel rate is

LVLD
LLBD
PAC alert

detected in DG.
This alarm occurs in SMPS.
This alarm occurs in SMPS.
This is an intimation Alarm, which predicts

8.
9.
10.

us that some errors are going to occur in the

11.

PAC Faulty

functioning of PAC.
This alarm occurs when the functioning of
PAC predicts some faults in it.

There are shutdown alarms and warning alarms on the generator set. The shutdown alarms
include over speed, overvoltage, over current, under voltage, high engine temperature, over
crank, low oil pressure, and circuit breaker trip. The warning alarms notify the operator of the
following:
Loss of fuel pressure and fuel level (important because of vandalism and theft concerns in many
remote locations).

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6. Conclusion:

Telecommunication sector has become very crucial now-a-days. Communication became

very precious and mandatory for everyone these days. Though there are different sources for
communication, telecommunication is the quickest and efficient networks in telecommunications
now-a-days.
The process of transferring signals (communication signals) from source to destination is
monitored in MCN (media conversion Node). The information signal is transferred to base
station first then it reaches to BSC and then to MSC and it again reaches to the base station of the
corresponding network of the destination. The Reliance signal processing in base station is
monitored in Reliance MCN.
All the backhaul operations are carried in the base station. During the signal processing
some obstacles occur, these obstacles are considered as ALARMS in Telecom field. These can be
prevented by proper maintenance of the Base Station equipments.

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7. Bibliography:

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) by Marconi.

Cell types by R.R. Kenner.

Cell tower applications by Wissam Balshe

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