Matria para a 2

prova de PRO 720

Professor Davi das Chagas Neves

davi.ufop@gmail.com
www.cemdepro.blogspot.com.br
A bibliografia encontra-se no Google Drive, o link est no blog

Aula 1 Reviso de termodinmica:

Lei Zero, Conceito de temperatura, Conservao de energia, Primeira Lei,

Teorema da equipartio, Conceito de entropia, Conceito de Calor e Trabalho,
Segunda Lei, Equao da conduo de calor.
Bibliografia:
Incropera e Bergman Captulo 1
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/heacon.html#heacon
Exerccios:
01 The thermal conductivity of a sheet of rigid, extruded insulation is reported
to be k = 0.029 W/m*K. The measured temperature difference across a 20mm-thick sheet of the material is T1 - T2 = 10C.
(a) What is the heat flux through a 2 m X 2 m sheet of the insulation?
(b) What is the rate of heat transfer through the sheet of insulation?
02 The heat flux through a wood slab 50 mm thick, whose inner and outer
surface temperatures are 40 and 20C, respectively, has been determined to
be 40 W/m2. What is the thermal conductivity of the wood?
03 (a) Calculate the heat flux through a sheet of steel 10 mm (0.39 in.) thick
if the temperatures at the two faces are 300 and 100C (572 and 212 F);
assume steady-state heat flow. (b) What is the heat loss per hour if the
area of the sheet is 0.25 m2 (2.7 ft2)? (c) What will be the heat loss per hour
if sodalime glass instead of steel is used? (d) Calculate the heat loss per hour
if steel is used and the thickness is increased to 20 mm (0.79 in.).

Aula 2 Conduo de calor e matria:

Equao de conduo de calor, Difusividade, Conveco de calor, Radiao,
Conduo de matria, Primeira lei de Fick.
Bibliografia:
Incropera Captulo 1
Askeland Captulo 5
Exerccios:
04 An aluminum pan whose thermal conductivity is 237 W/mK has a flat
bottom with diameter 15 cm and thickness 0.4 cm. Heat is transferred steadily
to boiling water in the pan through its bottom at a rate of 1400 W. If the inner
surface of the bottom of the pan is at 105C, determine the temperature of the
outer surface of the bottom of the pan.

05 A transistor with a height of 0.4 cm and a diameter of 0.6 cm is mounted

on a circuit board. The transistor is cooled by air flowing over it with an
average heat transfer coefficient of 30 W/m2K. If the air temperature is 55C
and the transistor case temperature is not to exceed 70C, determine the
amount of power this transistor can dissipate safely. Disregard any heat
transfer from the transistor base.

06 Consider a person standing in a room maintained at 22C at all times. The

inner surfaces of the walls, floors, and the ceiling of the house are observed to
be at an average temperature of 10C in winter and 25C in summer.
Determine the rate of radiation heat transfer between this person and the
surrounding surfaces if the exposed surface area and the average outer surface
temperature of the person are 1.4 m2 and 30C, respectively.
07 Consider a person standing in a breezy room at 20C. Determine the total
rate of heat transfer from this person if the exposed surface area and the
average outer surface temperature of the person are 1.6 m 2 and 29C,
respectively, and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 6 W/m2K.

08 One step in manufacturing transistors, which function as electronic switches

in integrated circuits, involves diffusing impurity atoms into a semiconductor
material such as silicon (Si). Suppose a silicon wafer 0.1 cm thick, which
originally contains one phosphorus atom for every 10 million Si atoms, is
treated so that there are 400 phosphorus atoms for every 10 million Si atoms
at the surface. Calculate the concentration for every gradient (a) in atomic
percent/cm and (b) in atoms/cm.cm. The lattice parameter of silicon is
5.4307.

09 A 0.05 cm layer of magnesium oxide (MgO) is deposited between layers of

nickel (Ni) and tantalum (Ta) to provide a diffusion barrier that prevents
reactions between the two metals (Figure). At 1400C, nickel ions diffuse
through the MgO ceramic to the tantalum. Determine the number of nickel ions
that pass through the MgO per second. At the 1400C, the diffusion coefficient
of nickel ions in MgO is 9*10-12 cm/s, and the lattice parameter of nickel is
3.6*10-8 cm.

Aula 3 Difuso atmica e molecular:

Energia de ativao, Primeira lei de Fick, Equao da continuidade, Segunda
lei de Fick, Fatores que afetam a difuso, Correlao entre equaes de
conduo, Difusividade dos slidos.
Bibliografia:
Askeland Captulo 5
Ohring Captulos 6 e 11
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/spht.html#c1

Exerccios:
10 The diffusion coefficient for Cr+3 in Cr2O3 is 6*10-15 cm/s at 727 C and 10-9
cm/s at 1400 C. Calculate:
(a) the activation energy and
(b) the constant Do.
11 The diffusion coefficient for O -2 in Cr2O3 is 4*10-15 cm/s at 1150 C and
6*10-11 cm/s at 1715 C. Calculate:
(a) the activation energy and
(b) the constant Do.
12 Consider doping of Si with gallium (Ga). Assume that the diffusion
coefficient of Ga at 1100 C is 7*10 -13 cm/s. Calculate the concentration of Ga
at a depth of 2.0 micrometer if the surface concentration is 1023 atoms/cm.
The diffusion times are 1, 2, and 3 hours.
13 A carburizing process is carried out on a 0.10% C steel by introducing
1.0% C at the surface at 980C, where the iron is FCC. Calculate the carbon
content at 0.01 cm, 0.05 cm, and 0.10 cm beneath the surface after 1 h.
Use a tabela 5.1 do Askeland.
14 We find that 10 h are required to successfully carburize a batch of 500 steel
gears at 900C, where the iron has the FCC structure. We find that it costs
$1000 per hour to operate the carburizing furnace at 900C and $1500 per
hour to operate the furnace at 1000C. Is it economical to increase the
carburizing temperature to 1000C? What other factors must be considered?
15 The surface of a 0.1% C steel gear is to be hardened by carburizing. In gas
carburizing, the steel gears are placed in an atmosphere that provides 1.2% C
at the surface of the steel at a high temperature. Carbon then diffuses from
the surface into the steel. For optimum properties, the steel must contain
0.45% C at a depth of 0.2 cm below the surface. Design a carburizing heat
treatment that will produce these optimum properties. Assume that the
temperature is high enough (at least 900C) so that the iron has the FCC
structure.

Aula 4 Fsica Estatstica:

Estatsticas de M-B, B-E e F-D, Calor especfico em gases e slidos, Modelo

de Dulong-Petit, Modelo de Bose-Einstein, Debye Theory.
Bibliografia:
Tipler Modern Physics Captulo de Fsica ou Mecnica Estatstica.
Alonso & Finn Captulo de Fsica ou Mecnica Estatstica.
Burns Modern Physics Captulo de Fsica ou Mecnica Estatstica.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/dulong.html#c1

Exerccios:
16 Consider a system of six particles being represented in a two-cel -space.
Enumerate the number of macrostates associated with this system and
calculate the number of microstates corresponding to each macrostate.
17 Find the most probable distribution for a system of N = 10 4 distinguishable
particles distributed among three degenerate cells having degeneracies:
g1 = 1, g2 = 2 and g3 = 3.
Assume the system is at a temperature such that:
e2 - e1 = e3 - e2 = kBT.
18 Find the most probable set of occupation numbers for a system of N = 10 5
distinguishable particles distributed among three cells having degeneracies:
g1 = 1, g2 = 2 and g3 = 3.
Assume the system is at a temperature such that:
e2 - e1 = 2/ and e3 - e2 = 1/.
19 Consider a solid to consist of regularly spaced atoms on a simple cubic
lattice connected by springs. Using the equipartition of energy principle, find
the molal specific thermal capacity of the solid.
20 Consider a system of N = 3 particles in a -space consisting of two energy
levels having degeneracies given by g 1 = 2 and g2 = 4. Determine the number
of microstates associated with each allowed macrostate for M-B, B-E, and F-D
statistics.
21 At 10 K the measured specific thermal capacity of copper is 0.860 J/kg.K,
find TD using the low temperature approximation given oby Equation:
cv =

12 R T
5
TD

( )

Aula 5 Conduo eletrnica:

Modelo de Drude, Modelo de Sommerfield, Modelo Quntico, Teoria de
Bandas.
Bibliografia:
Tippler Modern Physics - State Solid Physics Captulo 10.
Exerccios:
22 (a) Given a mean free path = 0.4 nm and a mean speed <v> = 1.17*10 5
m/s for the current flow in copper at a temperature of 300 K, calculate the
classical value for the resistivity of copper. (b) The classical model suggests
that the mean free path is temperature independent and that <v> depends on
temperature. From this model, what would the resistivity be at 100 K?

23 Find (a) the current density and (b) the drift velocity if there is a current of
1 mA in a copper wire. (The diameter of wire, which is often used in household
wiring, is 0.064 in = 0.163 cm.)
24 A measure of the density of the free-electron gas in a metal is the distance
rs , which is defined as the radius of the sphere whose volume equals the
volume per conduction electron. (a) Show that r s = (3/4)**na, where na is the
free-electron number density. (b) Calculate rs for copper in nanometers.
25 Calculate the number density of free electrons in (a) Ag ( = 10.5 g/cm)
and (b) Au ( = 19.3 g/cm), assuming one free electron per atom, and
compare your results with the values:

26 Find the average energy of the electrons at T = 0K in (a) copper (E F = 7.06

eV) and (b) Li (EF = 4.77 eV).
27 Calculate the Fermi energy for magnesium in a long, very thin wire.
28 What is the Fermi speed, i.e., the speed of a conduction electron whose
energy is equal to the Fermi energy EF , for (a) Na, (b) Au, and (c) Sn?
29 The resistivities of Na, Au, and Sn at T = 273 K are 4.2 .cm, 2.04
.cm and 10.6 .cm, respectively. Use these values and the Fermi speeds
calculated in the last exercise (28) to find the mean free paths for the
conduction electrons in these elements.

Aula 6 Teoria de Bandas:

Teoria de Bandas, Propriedades eltricas, Condutores, Isolantes

Semicondutores Transistores.
Bibliografia:
Tippler - Modern Physics - State Solid Physics Captulo 10.
Askeland Captulo 19.
Ohring Captulo 11.

Exerccios:
30 (a) The energy gap between the valence band and the conduction band in
silicon is 1.14 eV at room temperature. What is the wavelength of a photon
that will excite an electron from the top of the valence band to the bottom of
the conduction band? Do the same calculation for (b) germanium, for which
the energy gap is 0.72 eV, and (c) for diamond, for which the energy gap is 7.0
eV.
31 (a) The energy band gap in germanium is 0.72 eV. What wavelength range
of visible light will be transmitted by a germanium crystal? (Think about it
carefully!) (b) Now consider a crystal of an insulator whose energy band gap is
3.6 eV. What wavelength range of visible light will this crystal transmit? (c)
Justify each of your answers to (a) and (b).
32 A current density of 5000 A/cm is applied to a magnesium wire. If half of
the valence electrons serve as charge carriers, calculate the average drift
velocity of the electrons.
33 We apply 10 V to an aluminum wire 2 mm in diameter and 20 m long. If
10% of the valence electrons carry the electrical of charge, calculate the
average drift velocity of the electrons in km/h.
34 Calculate the electrical conductivity of platinum at -200C.
35 Calculate the electrical conductivity of nickel at -50C and at +500C.

Aula 7 Propriedades Magnticas e pticas

Propriedades magnticas, Susceptibilidade magntica, Supercondutores,

Spintrnica, Permeabilidade ptica e Laseres.
Bibliografia:
Askeland Captulos 20 e 21.
Exerccios:
36 Estimate the magnetization that might be produced in an alloy containing
nickel and 70 at% copper, assuming that no interaction occurs.
37 An Fe-80% Ni alloy has a maximum permeability of 300000 when an
inductance of 3500 gauss is obtained. The alloy is placed in a 20-turn coil that
is 2 cm in length. What current must flow through the conductor coil to obtain
this field?
38 Using next figure, determine the following properties of the magnetic
material: remanance, saturation magnetization, coercive field, initial
permeability, maximum permeability, and power (maximum BH product).

39 Calcium tungstate (CaWO4) has a relaxation time of 4x10 -6 s. Determine

the time required for the intensity of this phosphorescent material to decrease
to 1% of the original intensity after the stimulus is removed.
40 The intensity of radiation from a phosphorescent material is reduced to
90% of its original intensity after 1.95x10 -7 s. Determine the time required for
the intensity to decrease to 1% of its original intensity.
41 A phosphor material with a bandgap of 3.5 eV with appropriate doping will
be used to produce blue (475 nm) and green (510 nm) colors. Determine the
energy level of the donor traps with respect to the conduction band in each
case.
Bons Estudos!