1

Department of Psychology
Department of Arts and Sciences
San Beda College Manila

Social Networking Sites to Self-esteem in Students of San Beda

College

In partial fulfillment for the subject Methods of Research

De Jesus, Maricar B.
Joson, Miguel Sergei A.
Manalo, Rofe Anne P.
Sanidad, Mary Grace Joan S.
Santos, Nicole Yedah F.
3-APS

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank the students of San Beda as our

respondents, who participated whole heartedly in answering our
questionnaire truthfully.
We would also like to thank the group members who gave their
initiative, effort and cooperative in accomplishing each.
Most of all, we thank our God who gave us the wisdom and
encouragement to finish this research paper and to our dearest
professor Prof. Nieva, who appreciated our efforts and for guiding us
throughout this paper. For God used him as an instrument to teach us
and help us. That in all things, God may be glorified!

Abstract

Social Networking Site was very popular especially in gathering

information and communicating. Through this technology people were
able to share their personal information such as their education, data,
status and interest. They use these sites like Facebook or twitter to
vent out their emotions. There were different studies on how Social
Networking affects self-esteem through the way of sustaining an
individuals need to feel loved and to belong. (Feist&Feist, 2010) Using
the two methods in this study, descriptive method and correlation
method, we aimed to determine the effects of the usage of Social
Networking Site to their self-esteem as advantages or disadvantages to
the students of San Beda College. Descriptive method was used to
clarify whether the hypothesis was true or not and the correlation
method was used to determine the relationship between Social
Networking and self-esteem. Results showed that the participants selfesteem was rated as low and there is relationship between the two
variables. Researchers concluded that the use of Social Networking
Site can have an effect with the self-esteem of the user.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments
2
Abstract
3
Table

of

Contents
4

CHAPTER

I:

INTRODUCTION
6
Theoretical/Conceptual
Framework8
Statement

of

the

Problem(s)

12
Hypotheses
12

Significance

of

the

Study13
Limitations

of

the

Study14

CHAPTER

II:REVIEW

OF

LITERATURE15
Social

Networking

Site15
Self-esteem

17
Social

Networking

and

Self-esteem

17
Synthesis

18

CHAPTER

III:

METHOD
22
Design
22

Participants

and

Sampling23
Measures
24
Procedure
26
Data
Analysis
26

Chapter

IV:

Results

27
Level

of

Social

Networking

Site

use27
Level

of

Self-

esteem
28
Level

of

SNS

use

and

Self-esteem

28
Chapter

V:

Discussion
30

Social

Networking

Site

Use30
Selfesteem
30
SNS

use

and

Self-esteem

31

Chapter

VI:

Summary

and

Conclusion

33

References
35

CHAPTER 1
Introduction

This era is the modern era. Many innovations and inventions have
been put to use by different people who discovered it. Technology is a
product of innovation. It has many uses especially to do things easier
and to make life more comfortable for people to live. One of the
benefits of technology is an easier and faster way of communication.
Along with the fast pacing world, social networking sites were created
by developers.
Social network site is defined as a place where you create a
public or semi-public profile within a system with the privacy of your
choice. Profiles are unique pages where one can "type oneself into
being" (Sundn, 2003, p. 3) Its also of beneficial to communication
because through it, one can connect with others through technology.
Students do not only use SNS for personal gains but also of academic
gains. They do group works through SNS and share information
needed. Even professors use these to upload files that are used for

discussion purposes and to give students a better understanding of

their topics. Advertisers also use SNS to promote the products that
they sell. In relation to these benefits, one can also have personal
gains such as expressing oneself into it. Some do it by uploading
pictures of them, posting statements that they can relate to, sharing
files that are funny and etc. Through these things, SNS has become
popular and has already become a part of their lives. Without noticing
it, SNS can have connection with ones self-esteem especially with the
frequency of their use.
Self-esteem is used to describe a person's overall sense of selfworth or personal value. Self-esteem is often seen as a personality
trait, which means that it tends to be stable and enduring (Braden,
1969). Self-esteem is developed through the experiences that one
encounters. May it be negative or positive; the self-esteem of the
person depended on him/her in how he/she handled the said
experiences. Other factors such as the people surrounding the person
may increase or decrease the self-esteem but the person is the last to
decide if he/she has been affected negatively/positively. In relation to
other people, researchers found out that peers are related to a
persons healthy state of mind, such as self-esteem and satisfaction
with life (Bargh, McKenna, & Fitzsimons, 2002; Helliwell& Putnam,
2004).

10

Previous research about social networking sites was correlated to a

different variable like the social capital wherein it focuses on the
connection within and between the social networks (Steinfield et
al.,2008). From the previous studies, researchers have also sought that
the use of Social Networking Site affects various forms of social capital
and self-esteem of the user. This study focused onto the effect of Social
Networking Site on general self-esteem in which has not been explored
yet. Theories are found to be linked to this study like the Objective Selfawareness and Hyperpersonal Model which can be applied in
conducting this research. (Gonzales&Hancock, 2011) Although these
theories were related to the study, there were found gaps for which
was one of the reason why researchers had conducted such study. This
study was conducted to find the effect of Social Networking Site to the
self-esteem with the help of the respondents which were the students
of San Beda College.

Theoretical Framework
There are different reasons why people frequently use Social
Networking Site. First, Social Networking Site can help them to
communicate with other people. Especially people with long distance
relationship or separated from their family. One example of this is the
OFW. It is expensive to communicate with people from the different

11

country using phones or letter. But with the use of SNS, it made their
communication faster, easier and less expensive. They are able to post
pictures, share comments, email and video chat in able to view,
monitor each other and maintain their connections (Beukeboom&Utz,
2011). According to Maslows theory, that it is important for an
individual to sustain his or her needs to feel love, be loved and the
sense of belonging (Feist&Feist, 2010). Second, Social Networking Site
gives additional information regarding a specific topic. Just like on
Facebook or twitter where people are able to share link and news for
them to become updated (Beukeboom&Utz, 2011). Third, Social
Networking Site gives an individual the opportunity to produce more
friends and connection. It gives them the opportunity to feel accepted
from the society which may boost or enhance their self-esteem as an
individual. Especially when they are receiving positive feedback,
comments and likes from other people. However, those people who do
not usually use SNS may feel the opposite way. Because as they
receive less information and updates, they tend to feel out dated and
not part of the society which may sometimes results to a negative
behavior or feeling (Beukeboom&Utz, 2011). Fourth, SNS gives an
opportunity for disabled people to strive and to become part of the
society. One example is a person who cannot walk but can talk and
write properly. With the use of SNS they can still communicate to other
people

without

getting

discriminated

on

how

they

look.

12

(Beukeboom&Utz, 2011) Fifth, Social Networking Site is one way to

express an individuals feelings and thoughts through posting your
status or whats in your mind. It provides your own profile where you
can post your pictures and personal information. But can also
customize or change its settings visibility depending on ones decision.
It is another way to show the real you (Gleason, Green & McKenna,
2002). According to another psychologist named Alfred Adler, social
influence plays an important role to an individual to become motivated
and to strive for success (Feist&Feist, 2010). Lastly, Social Networking
Site helps people to study online such as language tutorial and more,
by means of communicating and consulting online. Some school from
abroad offer those kinds of curriculum just like in our country which is
similar to a home study. Learning and gaining more knowledge is
another kind of achievement which leads to success. By this people are
able to respect and gain respect from other people as well. According
to Maslow, respect and achievement plays an important role to
develop ones confidence and self-esteem (Feist&Feist, 2010).

Conceptual Framework
SOCIAL

NETWORKING

SITE

SELF-ESTEEM

PARADIGM

The frequent use of participants in Social Networking Sites was

determined in order to know if it affected their self-esteem or vice

13

versa. This paradigm shows the relationship of SNS use to the selfesteem.

SELF-ESTEEM

FREQUENT USE OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITE

Figure 1

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the relationship of Social Networking
Site use and self-esteem of students in San Beda College.
Specifically it aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What was the level of Social Networking Site use of the participants
as measured by the frequency and percentage distribution?

14

2. What was the level of self-esteem of the participants as measured

by Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale?
3. Was there a significant relationship between Social Networking Site
use of the participants and their level of self-esteem?

Hypothesis
This study utilized 0.5 level of significance.
Ho: There was no significant relationship between SNS use and selfesteem.

Significance of the Study

The primary purpose of this research was to have a definite
understanding on how social networking sites affected the self-esteem
of a person who is active in the social net. Since the trend today is that
almost everyone is active in the social networking sites, most of us are
driven by the fact that using these sites provides us satisfaction and
entertainment to the point where our self-worth is greatly affected.
These social networking sites are the Facebook, used for making

15

friends, interaction, etc., Twitter, used for voicing out our emotions,
sharing facts, and Instagram, used for sharing moments through
videos and pictures.
Furthermore, this research served as a guide and a theoretical
model for future studies involving self-esteem and social networking
sites. Future researchers would benefit from this study, and it provided
them the facts needed to compare their study during their research.

Limitations of the Study

The study focused on the self- esteem and the frequent use of
Social Networking Site of the students of San Beda College. The study
was not conducted in any other schools. A questionnaire and
formulated questions were given to the respondents that determined
the scale of their self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-esteem scale) and the
frequent use of Social Networking Site. Respondents were only
students of San Beda College. Questionnaires given to the respondents
were of help in determining the necessary data for the study.

16

CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature

This chapter covered the review of related literature in which social

networking sites and self-esteem was discussed. It showed related
studies/researches that were of importance to the making of this new
study/investigation.

Social Networking sites (SNS)

17

Social networking sites (e.g., MySpace and Facebook) are popular

online communication forms among adolescents and emerging adults.
Social network site is defined as a place where you create a public or
semi-public profile within a system with the privacy of your choice.
Profiles are unique pages where one can "type oneself into being"
(Sundn, 2003, p. 3) Social Networking Site allows interaction between
two individuals. This can result in connections between individuals that
would not otherwise be made, but that is often not the goal, and these
meetings are frequently between "latent ties" (Haythornthwaite, 2005)
Share different kinds of medium and information to other users whom
you've agreed to share it with. View a list of information that others
have made public. Social Networking Site has been actively used by
people today. Social network sites (SNSs) have become some of the
most popular online destinations in recent years (comScore, 2007a,
2007b). Social Networking Site has become part of everyday life for
many people. Research has mainly focused on self-presentation,
privacy settings, or the consequences of SNS use for bridging and
bonding capital (Buffardi et al., 2008). Although the use of SNS is
emerging, there are still questions about what do people do on this
sites, who do they interact with, and how they use social network to
their other online and offline activities. It is important to study the
nature of their online social networks in order to get an understanding
of

how

such

online

communication

relates

to

young

people's

18

development. The goals of the present study were to explore emerging

adults' use of social networking sites for communication and examined
the relation between their online and offline networks.

Self-esteem
Self-esteem is used to describe a person's overall sense of selfworth or personal value. Self-esteem is often seen as a personality
trait, which means that it tends to be stable and enduring. Self-esteem
can involve a variety of beliefs about the self, such as the appraisal of
one's own appearance, beliefs, emotions and behaviors. According to
one definition (Braden, 1969) there are three key components of selfesteem: Self-esteem is an essential human need that is vital for
survival

and

automatically

normal,
from

healthy

within

development;

based

upon

Self-esteem

person's

arises

beliefs

and

consciousness; Self-esteem occurs in conjunction with a person's

thoughts, behaviors, feelings and actions. Researchers found out that
peers are related to a persons healthy state of mind, such as selfesteem and satisfaction with life (Bargh et al., 2004)

19

Social networking sites related to self-esteem

However, most research examined the connections between selfesteem, measures of well-being, and social capital emphasized the
importance of family, intimate relationships, and close friends (Bishop
et al., 1995). Constant, Sproull, and Kiesler (1996) argued for such a
linkage in their research documenting how people show gains in selfesteem when they provided technical advice to strangers over the
Internet. Social media users gain more self-esteem by gaining likes and
having positive comments from friends. Previous work has addressed
the role of Facebook and the ability to socialize, and the role that
socializing online plays in supporting self-esteem and various forms of
social capital. For example, one study found that getting the attention
from others with the medium you posted can enhance your social selfesteem.

Synthesis
The effect of Social Networking Site on general self-esteem has not
been explored on previous studies. Social Networking Site had the
potential

to

affect

temporary

states

of

self-esteem

with

the

likes/dislike and the positive and negative comments to the shared

information. This information affected the persons perspective of
his/her

shortcomings

and

limitations.

There

were

theories

like

20

Objective Self Awareness (OSA) and Hyperpersonal Model (Gonzales et

al., 2011 p.1) that can compare SNSs operation to self-esteem with the
operation of non-digital information. OSA theory assumed that a
person has the capacity to experience himself as both the subject and
object at the same time. (e.g. the daily routine of a human being.) The
person is an active participant in life and is not self-conscious. They
become their own object of consciousness when they focus attention
on what theyre doing. According to the OSA theory, viewing of ones
particular profile lowered the self-esteem. Hyperpersonal model, on the
other hand, stated that SNS allowed users to present themselves to
others. People tend to carefully share aspects of what they would like
to emphasize. Self-presentation affected ones perspective to his self.
This phenomenon was known as identity shift. It demonstrated a
persons self-presentation in online space that can impact other users.
Facebook profiles provided sufficiently positively biased stimuli to
counter the traditional effects of objective self-awareness, and instead
prompt a positive change in self-esteem. Objective Self-Awareness
(OSA) from social psychology and the Hyperpersonal Model from
computer-mediated communication were used to argue that Facebook
would either diminish or enhance self-esteem respectively. The results
revealed that, in contrast to previous work on OSA, becoming selfaware by viewing ones own Facebook profile enhanced self-esteem
rather than diminish it. (Gonzales et al., 2011 p.2) Thus, ones own

21

Social media profile increased the self-esteem of an individual due to

selective self-presentation and how frequently a person uses it which
correlates with changes in self-esteem.
Based on our observation, we would like to note the gaps or
weaknesses of the journal articles we used for this research. The first
gap or problem as stated in the articles was that people who use the
internet have an increase of self-esteem but it was not mentioned how
frequently it was used by the people. Second problem was that it was
stated in the articles the effects of SNS with the users though it was
not the social acceptance when it comes to the self-esteem of the
people in question. Lastly, the articles mentioned that having
connections with other people develops self-esteem but not how much
or how frequent communication is needed for a person.
Identifying the gaps was a big help because it was a way in
determining what and where this study focused on. This served as to
what difference there was when it comes to this study and the previous
studies regarding the topic. In the first gap, SNS used by the
participants in regards to self-esteem was not that clarified. It may be
because it wasnt the focus of the research. The frequent use of the
participants was used to relate it to other variables than self-esteem;
therefore it was not that clear. In this study, the frequent use of SNS
was one of the variables. In the second gap, social acceptance was
only related to the romantic relationship. It wasnt stated that social

22

acceptance was one of the reasons why self-esteem may boost or not.
In the third gap, it was mentioned that building relationships with other
people may boost self-esteem or not, but it was not directly stated that
it was because of the use of SNS. Because of that, this study focused
on finding out whether SNS use of participants is related to their selfesteem. It aimed to know whether theyre positively or negatively
correlated.

CHAPTER 3
Methodology

This chapter covered the methodology that the researchers did. It

included the research design, description of the participants and
sampling, measures used, research procedure itself and the data
analysis.

23

This research aimed to know whether Social Networking Site was

related to self-esteem of individuals. It did not focus on SNS in general
but on the frequent use of the participants. This study gave further
statements on how SNS may be positively or negatively correlated to
the self-esteem of individuals. Social Networking Sites and self-esteem
were the variables in this study. The relationship of these variables
were determined using the descriptive method and correlational
method.
Descriptive method of research focuses on the present situation in
which data and information gathered. Based on the information
gathered, descriptive method of research helped in clarifying whether
the hypothesis was stated to be true or not (Creswell, 1994). This
method was practical because it did not require a huge amount of
money. The correlation method was used in this research in order to
determine the relationship between SNS use of the participants and
their level of self-esteem. This method was used in order to know the
relationship of two variables. Because one variable is already known,
this method permitted to make predictions of the other variable based
on the first variable. This will be possible if one looked at present
existing conditions and think of how the two variables are connected
with each other (Lanthier, 2002).

24

Participants and Sampling

This study had a total of 50 respondents who took the questionnaire
with regards to the use of SNS correlated to their self-esteem.
Respondents were limited only to the students of San Beda College.
They had knowledge on the matter and so they understood it well. The
data acquired in the questionnaire determined the effects of SNS to the
self-esteem of the students of San Beda College.
Researchers used convenience sampling method in which
questionnaires were distributed to people who were available at that
moment. Convenience Sampling was the method used, to select a
naturally-occurring group of people within the population who were
available at that time. Since acquiring of respondents occurred in a
specific

location, researchers

scouted

out to

determine if

the

respondents had these qualifications: a) a San Beda College student;

b) has an account in any SNS (facebook, twitter, instagram, etc.); and
lastly c) active in using SNS.

Measures
Rosenberg self-esteem scale
This questionnaire is a Likert type of scale in which it contains ten
items that deals with general feelings of people. It was developed by

25

Dr. Morris in the year 1965. This test gives four options for the
participants namely: strongly agree, agree, disagree and strongly
disagree. Five of the items have positively worded statements while
the other five have negatively worded statements. Scoring the items is
done by reversing the scores obtained in the five out of ten statements
in the questionnaire. After reversing, the scores will all be summed.
The scale ranges from 0-30 and 30 as the highest score possible. The
higher value a participant will get, the higher his/her self-esteem is.
The scale generally has high reliability: test-retest correlations are
typically in the range of .82 to .88, and Cronbach's alpha for various
samples are in the range of .77 to .88
Formulated questions (Additional)
In order to know the Social Networking Site use of the participants,
we added some questions that would clarify as to how SNS use was
related to them. Before answering the Rosenberg self-esteem scale,
the participants filled up the needed information like age, course, and
gender. Questions regarding SNS use were as follows: Do you have a
social network account? Specify if any and How long do you use the
said accounts per week?. Choices were given as to estimate where
their answers are. It was in the form of hours. Highest possible
score/answer was 40 and above. The questions were formulated
because there was no specific instrument that determined the level of

26

SNS use of participants. It was also added in order for the two variables
to be correlated easily.

Procedure
The researchers searched for an instrument that was appropriate
for their study. They then sought the approval of the instrument
through their thesis professor.
The researchers obtained data and information through the
Rosenberg self-esteem scale. They gave the questionnaire to 50
students of San Beda College through convenience method. When they
had

already

collected

the

questionnaires,

they

computed

the

necessary data. The result gained from the questionnaires determined

the relationship of social networking sites use to the self-esteem of the
users.

Data Analysis
To determine the level of users in social networking sites among the
50 respondents, frequency and percentage were used.

27

To determine the level of self-esteem of the respondents, median

was used.
To determine the correlation of social networking sites to selfesteem, Spearman Rho formula was used.
Chapter 4
Results

This chapter answered the questions through the use of the data
gathered by the researchers. The main purpose of this chapter was to
show whether there was a significant relationship between SNS use of
participants and their self-esteem through statistical analysis used.

Problem 1: What is the level of Social Networking Site use of the

participants?
Table 1: Frequency of Internet Usage
No. of hours per week
5 and below

Frequency

Percentage
11

22%

6-10

10%

11-15

16%

16-20

10%

21-25

8%

26-30

8%

31-35

6%

28

36-40

6%

Above 40

14%

50

100%

Problem 2: What is the level of self-esteem of the participants as

measured by Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale?
Table 2: Median of Self-esteem

Self-esteem

Median
14

Interpretation
Low

The first variable is in ordinal form and so the second variable was
converted into ordinal too. Because of this kind of data, the median
was used instead of the mean. The median is the number that divides
the distribution of scores exactly in half. It was computed by getting
the average of the middle two. The self-esteem of participants is
interpreted low because according to the scoring of the questionnaire,
scores below 15 is low self-esteem.

Problem 3: Is there a significant relationship between the SNS use of

the participants and their level of self-esteem?
Table 3: P value

29

Spearman rho df Sig

Decision Interpretation
(2-tailed) for Ho
SNS & SE 0.360816327 48 0.279
Reject With significant
relationship
In order to get the relationship between the two variables,
Spearman Rho was used because the data is in ordinal form. It is
a nonparametric measure

of statistical

dependence between

two variables. It measures how well the relationship between two

variables can be described. Based on the results, SNS use of
participants and self-esteem has a significant relationship. This means
that one variable causes the other; its just that it cant be determined.
It has a positive direction which means that if the rate of SNS use
increases, the self-esteem also increases and vice versa. But because
their self-esteem is interpreted as low, then it means that their use of
SNS is not that frequent.

30

Chapter 5
Discussion

In this chapter results were interpreted and evaluated. The

comparison between the results of the previous studies and that of this
study was shown.

Self-esteem
The participants self-esteem was rated as low. People with low
self-esteem are often disturbed by their fear of failing and they tend to
be negative through exaggerating events and things. Most of the times
they are the ones who experience social anxiety and low levels of
interpersonal confidence. Because of this, they tend to isolate
themselves instead of interacting with other people. Some of them
may be labelled as introverts. They tend to be shy and inexpressive of
what they really feel. They think negative things about the people
around them or the society itself because they sometimes feel that
they are being judged and somewhat indifferent. They are also afraid
of going out of their comfort zone because they think that taking risk
will be of danger to them because they will just fail. They dont have
enough trust in themselves which also make them dependent.

31

SNS use and self-esteem

Previous study showed that self-esteem and social capital have a
relationship. They have stated that the use of social networking sites
interact with self-esteem to bridge social capital. This meant that
people were able to maintain relationships either far or near when they
use social networking sites. However, it was not proven that selfesteem and the use of social networking sites were positively
correlated. Another study said that the high visibility of ones Facebook
profile further adds to a sense of objective self-awareness. This meant
that Facebook did not have a direct relationship with self-esteem but of
a persons awareness of himself and of others. Also, those social
networking sites provide tools that implement how one may present
himself. In contrast with this study, the results showed that there was a
significant difference between the SNS use of participants and their
self-esteem. This meant that the frequency of use of the participants in
social networking sites affect the self-esteem and even vice versa. If
most of the participants did not use SNS in a longer time, then their
self-esteem may not be that high. Its because of the fact that they
were not that into being active on sites. They may be doing other
important things. However if they use SNS more frequently, theres a
big chance that they may increase their self-esteem. Its because
theyll be exposed to people and able to have greater connections.

32

Also, ones self-image may develop especially when using tools that
could promote their image to others.

Chapter 6
Summary and Conclusion

33

In this chapter, the study has been summarized and has included
the conclusion of the researchers based from the results and
discussion in the previous chapter.
The researchers correlated the use of social networking sites to selfesteem of the students in San Beda College. It has been said in chapter
one of this paper that SNS has the ability to affect the self-esteem of
the person. For example, one study found that getting the attention of
others with the medium you posted can enhance your social selfesteem. It has been proven that there is a significant relationship
between the two variables. Those participants who frequently use SNS
show higher self-esteem than those who do not frequently use SNS.
Researchers have determined the results through the help of methods
that were used such as the descriptive method of research wherein the
researchers have gathered the necessary information and data. With
the participants, given them the questionnaires to answer related to
the study was the key to be able to get the answers of the main focus
of the study. Furthermore, the researchers have calculated the
difference of the variables in which they have used Spearman Rho to
solve it. With SNS, it can be correlated with other variables for future
researchers other than the self- esteem in which they can find out to
what variable can be affected in using SNS in their lives. Researchers
concluded that the use of Social Networking Site can have an effect
with the self-esteem of the user and vice versa.

34

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