CHAPTER

Reinforced Concrete Design

Fifth Edition

COLUMNS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Part I Concrete Design and Analysis

9b

FALL 2002

By

Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf

ENCE 355 - Introduction to Structural Design

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Analysis of Short Columns:

Small Eccentricity
Q

Slide No. 1
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

The analysis of short columns carrying

axial loads that have small eccentricities
involves:
Checking the maximum design axial load
strength, and
Checking the various details of the
reinforcing.

Slide No. 2

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Analysis of Short Columns:

Small Eccentricity
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Procedure for Analysis of Short

Columns with Small Eccentricities

1. Check g within acceptable limits as

stipulated by the ACI Code:

0.01 g 0.08

(1)

2. Check the number of bars within

acceptable limits for the clear space (see
Table 1, Table A-14, Text). The minimum
number is four for bars with rectangular
or circular ties and six for bars enclosed
by spirals.

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Analysis of Short Columns:

Small Eccentricity

Slide No. 3
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

3. Calculate the maximum design axial load

strength Pn(max).
4. Check the lateral reinforcing. For ties,
check size, spacing, and arrangement.
For spirals, check s, and clear distance.

Slide No. 4

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Analysis of Short Columns:

Small Eccentricity
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Example 1
Find the maximum design axial load
strength for the tied column of cross
section shown in the figure. Check the
ties. Assume a short column. The
materials strength specified are f c = 4000
psi and fy = 60,000 psi for both
longitudinally steel and ties.

Slide No. 5

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Analysis of Short Columns:

Small Eccentricity
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Example 1 (contd)
16
16

1
1 cover
2

#3 @ 16

8-#9 bars

Slide No. 6

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Analysis of Short Columns:

Small Eccentricity
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Example 1 (contd)

1. Check the steel ratio for longitudinal

steel:
g =

Ast 8.00
=
= 0.0313
Ag (16)2

0.01 < 0.0313 < 0.08

OK

2. From Table 1 (Table A-14, Text), using a

13-in. core (column size less cover on
each side), the maximum number of No.
9 bars is eight. This is OK.

Slide No. 7

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Analysis of Short Columns:

Table A-14, Textbook
Small Eccentricity

Table 1. Preferred Maximum Number of Column Bars in One Row

Table 1

Slide No. 8

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Analysis of Short Columns:

Small Eccentricity
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Example 1 (contd)

3. The maximum design axial load strength

may now be computed as follows:

Pn (max ) = 0.80 0.85 f (Ag Ast )c + f y Ast

= 0.80(0.70 )[0.85(4 )(256 8) + (60 )(8)]

= 741 kips

4. Check the ties. The size of No. 3 is OK

for longitudinal bar size up to No. 10. The
spacing of the ties must not exceed the
smaller of

Slide No. 9

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Analysis of Short Columns:

Small Eccentricity
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Example 1 (contd)

48 tie-bar diameter = 38 (3/8) = 18 in.

16 longitudinal-bar diameter = 16 (1.128) = 18 in.
Least column dimension = 16 in.

Therefore, the tie spacing is OK.

Check clear distance:
16 2(1.5) 2(3 / 8) 3(1.128)
2
= 4.4 in. < 6 in.
OK

clear distance =

Slide No. 10

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Analysis of Short Columns:

Small Eccentricity
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Example 2
A short circular spiral column having a
diameter of 18 in. is reinforced with eight
No. 9 bars. The cover is 1 in., and the
spiral is 3/8 in. in diameter spaced 2 in. o.c.
Find the maximum design axial load
strength and check the spiral. Use f c =
3000 psi and fy = 40,000 psi

Slide No. 11

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Analysis of Short Columns:

Small Eccentricity
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Example 2 (contd)
1. Check the steel ratio for longitudinal steel:
g =

Ast 8.00
=
= 0.0314
Ag (9)2

0.01 < 0.0314 < 0.08

OK

2. From Table 1 (Table A-14, Text), and for

circular column, the maximum number of #
9 bars is 10. This is OK

Slide No. 12

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Analysis of Short Columns:

Table A-14, Textbook
Small Eccentricity

Table 2. Preferred Maximum Number of Column Bars in One Row

Table 1

Slide No. 13

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Analysis of Short Columns:

Small Eccentricity D (18)

Example 2 (contd)

Ag =

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

= 254.5 in 2

3. The maximum design axial load strength may

now be computed as follows:

Pn (max ) = 0.80 0.85 f (Ag Ast )c + f y Ast

= 0.85(0.75)[0.85(3)(254.5 8) + (40 )(8)]

= 604.7 kips

4. Check spirals: 3/8 in. spiral

4A
4(0.11)
actual s = sp =
= 0.0147
Dc s
15(2)

Slide No. 14

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Analysis of Short Columns:

Small Eccentricity
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Example 2 (contd)

actual s =

AspDs

(D / 4)(s )

Dc

2
c

Spiral

Approximate:
actual s =

4 Asp
Dc s

Ds
Figure 1. Definition of Dc and Ds

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Analysis of Short Columns:

Small Eccentricity
Q

Slide No. 15
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Example 2 (contd)
Ag
f
254.5 3
= 0.0149
s (min ) = 0.45
1 c = 0.45
1
176.7 40
Ac
fy
s (min ) = 0.0149 0.0147 OK (slightly underreinforced)

Clear distance between spiral loops:

3
clear distance = 2 - = 1.63 in
8
1 < 1.63 < 3
Therefore, 3/8 in dia. spiral @ 2-in. is OK

Slide No. 16

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity
Q

The design of reinforced concrete

columns involves the following:
Proportioning of the steel and concrete
areas.
Selection of properly sized and spaced ties
or spirals.

Since the ratio of steel to concrete area

must fall within a given range:
0.01 g 0.08

Slide No. 17

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity

The main strength equation is modified

as follows to include this term:
For tied column:

Pn (max ) = 0.80 0.85 f (Ag Ast )c + f y Ast

g =

(2)

Ast
Ast = g Ag
Ag

(3)

Therefore,
Pn (max ) = 0.80 0.85 f (Ag Ag )c + f y g Ag

= 0.80Ag 0.85 f (1 )c + f y g

(4)

Slide No. 18

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity
Q

Since

Pu Pn (max )

(5)

an expression can be written for

required Ag in terms of the material
strength, Pu and g.

Slide No. 19

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity
Q

For Tied Columns:

required Ag =

Pu
0.80 0.85 f c(1 g ) + f y g

(6)

For Spiral Columns:

required Ag =

Pu
0.85 0.85 f c(1 g ) + f y g

(7)

10

Slide No. 20

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity
Q

Procedure for Design of Short

Columns with Small Eccentricities

1. Establish the material strengths.

Establish the desired g (if any).
2. Establish the factored axial load Pu.
3. Determine the required gross column
area Ag.
4. Select the column dimensions. Use fullinch increments.

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Slide No. 21
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity

5. Find the load carried by the concrete and

the load required to be carried by the
longitudinal steel. Determine the required
longitudinal steel area. Select the
longitudinal steel.
6. Design the lateral reinforcing (ties or
spiral).
7. Sketch the design.

11

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Slide No. 22
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity
Q

Example 3

Design a square-tied column to carry axial

service loads of 320 kips dead load and
190 kips live load. There is no identified
applied moment. Assume that the column
is short. Use g about 0.03, f c = 4000 psi,
and fy = 60,000 psi.

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Slide No. 23
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity
Q

Example 3 (contd)

1. Given values are as follows:

g =0.03, f c = 4000 psi, and fy = 60,000 psi
2. The factored axial load is
Pu = 1.4(320) + 1.7(190) = 771 kips
3. The required gross column area is (from Eq.
1)
Pu
required Ag =
0.80 [0.85 f c(1 g ) + f y g ]

12

Slide No. 24

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity
Q

Example 3 (contd)

required Ag =

771
= 270 in 2
0.80(0.70)[0.85(4 )(1 0.03) + (60)(0.03)]

4. The required size of a square column will

be

270 = 16.4 in.

Use a 16-in.-square column. This choice
will require that the actual g be slightly in
excess of 0.03
2
actual Ag = (16 ) = 256 in 2

Slide No. 25

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity
Q

Example 3 (contd)

5. The load on the concrete is

load on concrete = 0.80 (0.85 f c)Ag (1 g )

= 0.80(0.70 )(0.85)(4 )(256)(1 0.03)

= 473 kips

Therefore, the load to be carried by the

steel is
load by steel = 771 473 = 298 kips

13

Slide No. 26

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity

Example 3 (contd)

The required steel area can be calculated

from
required Ag =

298
= 8.87 in 2
0.80(0.70)(60 )

Use eight No. 10 bars (Ast =10.16 in2), see

Table 1.
Table 2 (Table A-14, Text) indicates a
maximum of eight No. 10 bars for a 13-in.
core.
OK

Slide No. 27

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity
Table 1. Areas of Multiple of Reinforcing Bars (in2)
Number
of bars
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

#3
0.11
0.22
0.33
0.44
0.55
0.66
0.77
0.88
0.99
1.10

#4
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00

$5
0.31
0.62
0.93
1.24
1.55
1.86
2.17
2.48
2.79
3.10

#6
0.44
0.88
1.32
1.76
2.20
2.64
3.08
3.52
3.96
4.40

Bar number
#7
#8
0.60
0.79
1.20
1.58
1.80
2.37
2.40
3.16
3.00
3.95
3.60
4.74
4.20
5.53
4.80
6.32
5.40
7.11
6.00
7.90

#9
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00

#10
1.27
2.54
3.81
5.08
6.35
7.62
8.89
10.16
11.43
12.70

#11
1.56
3.12
4.68
6.24
7.80
9.36
10.92
12.48
14.04
15.60

Table A-2 Textbook

14

Slide No. 28

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Table A-14, Textbook
Eccentricity

Table 2. Preferred Maximum Number of Column Bars in One Row

Table 1

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

Slide No. 29
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity
Q

Example 3 (contd)

6. Design the ties. From Table 1 (Table A14, Textbook), select a No. 3 tie. The
spacing must be greater than the smaller
of
48 tie - bar diameter = 48(3/8) = 18 in.
16 longitudinal - bar diamater = 16(1.27 ) = 20.3 in.
least column dimension = 16 in.
Controls

15

Slide No. 30

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity
Q

Example 3 (contd)
Use No. 3 ties spaced 16 in. o.c. Check
the arrangement with reference to the
figure. The clear space between
adjacent bars in the same face is

2 (1.5 in.) Cover

2 dia. of No. 3 tie

16 3 0.75 3(1.27 )
= 4.22 in. < 6.0 in.
2
dia. of No. 10 bar

Therefore, no additional ties are required

by the ACI Code.

Slide No. 31

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity
Q

Example 3 (contd)

Table 3. Reinforced Steel Properties

Bar number
Unit weight
per foot (lb)
Diameter (in.)
2

Area (in )

Table A-1 Textbook

3
0.376

4
0.668

5
1.043

6
1.502

7
2.044

8
2.670

9
3.400

10
4.303

11
5.313

14
7.650

18
13.60

0.375

0.500

0.625

0.750

0.875

1.000

1.128

1.270

1.410

1.693

2.257

0.11

0.20

0.31

0.44

0.60

0.79

1.00

1.27

1.56

2.25

4.00

16

Slide No. 32

CHAPTER 9b. COLUMNS

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Design of Short Columns: Small

Eccentricity
Q

Example 3 (contd)

7. The design sketch is as follows:

16
16

1
1 cover
2

#3 ties @ 16 o.c.

8-#10 bars

17