p

['J

-i

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CONJUGATE FRAME IFOR SHEAR AND/FLEXURE

By A. jAbdul-Shafi, 1 M.--ASGE

ABSTRACT: I A. method is described for extending the conjugate beam concept

to the solution of the combined effect of shear and flexure in frames and nonprismatic elements. A consistent sign convention is adopted. The method distinguishes between, and evaluates, the slope and cross-sectional plane rotation. These two different rotations usually occur under the influence of shear. In LJ
structural analysis these rotations have different considerations: the rotational/ f)
stiffness and rotational flexibility,; of an element^ are associated with the cross-!
/
sectional plane rotation; but deflection of the element is related to the slope oV^
the deflection curve. The method provides an efficient tool for frame analysis,
especially when evaluation of displacements is required at several locations in
the structure. - ""
INTRODUCTION

Application of the conjugate beam concept, with regard to shear and

flexural effects, has been briefly demonstrated in the case of beams (1,2).
The load on the conjugate beam, for flexural effect, is M/El. For shear
effect the load consists of the force loads, acting normal to the span of
real beam, multiplied by (j>, which is defined by Eq. 1, in which A =
cross-sectional area of beam; G = modulous of rigidity; and X = crosssectional form factor.
(1)

* = G^

Application of the conventional method to frames, with regard to flexural effect alone, is described very briefly in many textbooks but a relatively more detailed coverage is given by Kinney (3). Some engineers
and writers, however, seem to be dissatisfied with existing procedures
and they discourage using the method in frame analysis (4). This paper
extends the conjugate beam concept to the solution of the combined
effect of shear and flexure in frames, and it includes a simple and consistent sign convention. The case of nonprismatic members is also considered.
Although when applied to shear and flexural effects the conventional
conjugate beam method remains basically the same, additional consideration needs to be given to some details relevant to shear effect. Unlike
flexure, shear has two different rotational effects in structural elements:
one is rotation of the cross-sectional plane and the other is the slope of
the deflection curve. In the case of flexural effect alone, these two rotations are identical. In structural analysis, however, these rotations have
different considerations. In a general sense, especially when shear effect
is considered, the continuity of the frame is based on the cross-sectional
plane rotation and not on the slope of the frame. Thus the rotational
\A.ssoc. Prof, of Civ. Engrg., South Dakota State Univ., Brookings, S.D.
Note.Discussion open until August 1, 1985. To extend the closing date one
month, a written request must be filed with the ASCE Manager of Journals. The
manuscript for this paper was submitted for review and possible publication on
March 1, 1984. This paper is part of the Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.
Ill, No. 3, March, 1985. ASCE, ISSN 0733-9445/85/0003-0595/$01.00. Paper No.
19575.
595

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stiffness and rotational flexibility of an element are associated with the

cross-sectional plane rotation, but deflection of the element is related to
the slope of the deflection curve. Based on the concept of the conventional method, shear in the conjugate beam determines the slope of the
deflection curve; this, in the case of flexural effect, also determines the
cross-sectional plane rotation (since the latter equals the slope). In the
case of shear effect alone, shear in the conjugate beam determines only
the slope but not the cross-sectional plane rotation. Thus, this will also
be the case when shear and flexural effects are considered simultaneously (i.e., shear in the conjugate beam determines only the slope and
not the cross-sectional plane rotation). It will be subsequently shown
that, under shear effect alone, the cross-sectional plane rotation across
the beam span is determined by a pseudo shear diagram based on conjugate beam reactions alone.
ROTATION OF CROSS-SECTIONAL PLANE DUE TO SHEAR

Fiber stresses in structural elements are caused by flexure, and none

are created by shear effect alone. Thus, any cross-sectional plane rotation due to shear in a continuous segment of a given element (i.e., an
integral segment with no hinges located within it) must remain constant,
in both magnitude and sense, for all sections along the segment. This

& -

1
n

AX
R

k
RBI

(<0

(b)
R*,

RB&B

Ri
(c)

FIQ. 1.--Cross-Sectional Plain Rotation Due to Shear Effect: (a) Real Beam; (b)
Deformed Beam Due to Shear Effect Alone; (c) Conjugate Beam Loaded for Shear
Effect Alone

596
i
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type of rotation can be defined by considering the real beam in Fig. 1(a).
The deflected beam, due to shear effect alone, is shown in Fig. 1(b), in
which a is defined at A and B by Eq. 2a, in which y = average shear
strain across beam depth; 9 = cross-sectional plane rotation; R = reaction
of the real beam; and <>
j is as defined by Eq. 1.
ou =

7A

+ 6; aB = 7s - 9.

in w h i c h

yA = RA $AC;

(2a)

1B = RB 4>CB

(2b)

From Fig. 1(b) and Eq. 2a and 2b the deflection, Yc is defined by either
Eq. 3 or 4:
Vc = (RA<\>AC + 9)fl

and

(3)

Yc = (RB (|>CB - Q)b

(4)

The conjugate beam, loaded for shear effect alone, is shown in Fig.
1(c) in which R' = conjugate beam reaction; and P'c = conjugate beam
load at c' corresponding to the junction of real beam segments at C (exact definition of the value of this load is irrelevant at this stage). Starting
from either end of the conjugate beam and taking moment about c', Fig.
1(c), the deflection Yc is defined by either Eq. 5 or Eq. 6. Thus, by equating the right hand sides of Eqs. 5 and 6 to the corresponding sides of
Eqs. 3 and 4, respectively, the cross-sectional plane rotation is defined
by Eq. 7
Yc = (RA + RA<bAc)a

(5)

and

(6)

Yc = (RB + RB<$>CB)b

Q = R'A=-R'B

(7)

It is noted from Eq. 7 that the reactions of the conjugate beam are
equal and opposite in sign. Thus a pseudo rectangular shear diagram,
based on the reactions R'A and RB alone, can be drawn for the conjugate
beam. Such a diagram would describe the cross-sectional plane rotation,
due to shear, across the span of real beam. A positive shear indicates
clockwise rotation. Another useful relationship among the loads of the
conjugate beam, Fig. 1(c), can also be obtained. Since, as can be seen
from Eq. 7, the sum of the reactions R'A and R'B is equal to zero it follows
that the sum of the loads on the conjugate beam must also be equal to
zero (this follows from the equilibrium of the conjugate beam as a whole).
Thus
P'c + RA^AC + RB<f>Bc = 0

(8)

Example 1.Using the conjugate beam method, Fig. 2 describes real

beam behavior under the influence of shear. Fig. 2(a) shows the real
beam supported at A, C and D. The beam also has a hinge at B. The
conjugate beam, loaded for shear effect alone, is shown in Fig. 2(b). The
load consists of the force loads (including reactions) of the real beam
multiplied by the factor. These loads are applied in the same sense as
in the real beam. Slope and deflection of the real beam are determined
by the shear and moment diagrams, Figs. 2(c) and 2(d), respectively. A
positive shear and a positive moment indicate clockwise slope and
597

J. Struct. Eng. 1985.111:595-608.

2k/ft.
\ (29.186kN/m)

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16 k
(71.168 kN)
A

4'

4'

* a constant

(3S.584k%(^48;^^2j;^fekNr74.8^t;)

f(57824kN)

(a)
84
(35.584*)i

2 P* // t ft.
135*
r/
t. .
f(m68<fe)V^86^/m)

1e*
,(71163*)

1301
13<P
(578240)

_
1(^=7.5*

D'

JR. =10.5*

(3X36*)

*
"if- 3(13.344*)

(46.704*)

(b)
15.5*
(68.944 *)|

16*
(71.168.*)

CI
. . j 0 '
(-2.224*)

_n$

(-48.928*)

-16*
(- 71.168*)

9*
(-84.512*)
(C)

62*
(84.057*)

bO*
(81.345*)

64*
(86.768*)

(d)
75*
(33.36*)
* 3 *

(-13.344*)

(e)
FIG. 2.Example 1: (a) Real Beam; (b) Conjugate Beam Loaded for Shear Effect;
(c) Beam Slope Due to Shear (= Shear in Conjugate Beam); (d) Beam Deflection
Due to Shear (= Moment in Conjugate Beam); (@) Cross-Sectional Plain Rotation
(= Pseudo Shear Diagram for Conjugate Beam, Based on Reactions R'A,R'B and
R'D)

downward deflection, respectively. The moment diagram, Fig. 2(d), is

drawn on the tension side of the conjugate beam, thus it describes the
real picture of the deflected beam. The cross-sectional plane rotation, 6,
is determined by the pseudo shear diagram [Fig. 2(e)] based on the reactions R'A, R'B and R'D alone [Fig. 2(b)]. It is noted that, 6, is constant
598

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for each one of the continuous segments of the real beam, Fig. 2(a). A
positive shear, Fig. 2(e), indicates clockwise rotation.
The previous example demonstrates the method's efficiency in giving
a comprehensive picture of beam behavior. It also indicates some versatility in distinguishing between, and evaluating the slope and crosssectional plane rotation across the beam span. It is also noted that the
difference between the reaction and shear at A', [Fig. 2(b)] is due to the
concentrated load, 8t}>. Thus, when shear and flexural effects are combined, the conjugate beam reaction is not generally equal to the shear
at the reaction point. Thus, the cross-sectional plane rotation at the reaction point is equal to the conjugate beam reaction; but the slope is
determined by the shear at that point. It can also be concluded that, at
a hinge in the real beam, the rotational discontinuity of the cross-sectional plane is determined by the conjugate beam reaction at the corresponding location. An upward reaction indicates a "V" shape rotational gap at the hinge ( i . c T ' ) , and a downward reaction indicates a
"A" shape rotation (i.e. Jt,). It should be noted, when solving for both
shear and flexural effects, that the loads for both effects are applied to
the conjugate beam simultaneously and the solution procedure remains
unchanged. The loads on the conjugate beam must also be consistent
with one another regarding orientation. Thus, for a positive moment in
the real beam (i.e., causing compression on the outside) the load on the
conjugate beam is down. This is consistent with applying shear effect
loads in the same sense as the force loads on the real beam. The crosssectional plane rotation, if considered, is usually required at ends or hinges
in the real beam. These are determined by conjugate beam reactions at
the corresponding locations, and no pseudo shear diagram is necessary.
It is also noted that an upward reaction acting on the left end of a conjugate beam indicates a clockwise rotation, but it indicates counterclockwise rotation when it acts on the right end. Ref. 2 has some examples
on combined effects in beams.
CONJUGATE FRAME

The solution of frames by the conjugate beam method requires no

change in the concept; only some modification is applied due to the two
dimensional nature of the structure.
Solution Procedure.The following is a brief description of the different steps:
1. The conjugate frame is geometrically the same as the real frame,
but it is laid on its side in a horizontal plane. The manner of support is
basically the same as in the conjugate beam, but it is influenced by the
geometry of the real frame. In Fig. 4(a), end B of the real frame has two
linear degrees of freedom parallel to the 1-2 coordinate system; it also
has one rotational degree of freedom. The conjugate frame, Fig. 4(b), is
shown laid on its side in a horizontal plane. The plane of the paper is
considered to be the horizontal plane; thus Fig. 4(b) shows the top view
of the frame when laid on its side. Corresponding to the two linear degrees of freedom at B [Fig. 4(a)], the support at B', Fig. 4(b), is fixed
along two directions parallel to the l ' - 2 ' coordinate system. It also has
599

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1/20
(1/6.096)

Tn

<

1/26
(1/6.096)

20'
(6.096 m)

EICD=2E!

0CD = 0

(i)

-Q.
UJ(S
II II

10'
(3.048m)

a a
jo m

-a.
UJCS

20'
(6.096 m)

o o
/7777

A
77777

(a)

0/20
(0/6.096)

10'
(3.048m)
20'
(6.096 m)

$#77

FIG. 3.Example 2: (a) Real Frame; {b) Conjugate Frame

a vertical reaction RB (assumed to act u p w a r d normal to plane of conjugate frame, a n d it is s h o w n as a solid small circle); this is consistent
with the rotational degree of freedom at B, Fig. 4(a). It should also be
noted that the coordinate systems 1-2, Fig. 4(), a n d l ' - 2 ' , Fig. 4(b), are
identical regarding their orientation relative to the frames in the respective figures. For only one linear degree of freedom, as in the case of
600

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ikip/fl.
(14.59 kN/m)|
20k
(88.96 kN)

20 K
(88.96 kN)

20
(6.096 m)
1 kip/ft.
(14,59,3 kN/m)

20"

EI C D=2EI

-a

tucs
II II

a a
mu
20"
(6.096 m)

10"
(3.048 m)

uucs

*2
20k
(88.96 kN)

777777

(a)

20(4
(88.96(4)
100/EI ,
2O0/ElA 3 5 - 5 7 5 / E , :
(271.15/El)
40 0
\
C

10'
(3.048m)

40(6
(177.92(6)

600/EI
(813.45/EI)

FIG. 4.~Example 3: (a) Real Frame; (6) Conjugate Frame

point B, Fig. 3(a) the support at the corresponding point B', Fig. 3(b),
is fixed along only one direction parallel to the l'-axis.
2. Loads on the conjugate frame are applied normal to the plane of
the frame (this will be explained with regard to figures in Examples 2
and 3). Loads representing different effects are also consistent with one
another regarding orientation: (a) flexural load is applied downward if
601

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the moment in real structure causes compression on the outside (the

case, where the outside and the inside of the structure is not physically
obvious, will be considered in step 4 following); (b) shear load is determined by first drawing a free body diagram for each member of the real
frame, showing force loads (or components of force loads) acting normal
to the span of the member. These loads, multiplied by the corresponding (j) value, are then applied at the corresponding locations on the conjugate frame. They are applied downward if, in the real frame, they
point towards the inside of the frame.
3. Shear and moment in the conjugate frame determine slope and deflection, respectively, in the real structure. By considering any point on
the inside of the conjugate frame {such as point O', [Fig. 3(b)]} as an
observation center and scanning the frame in a clockwise manner (i.e.,
from A' to B', thus the left and right sides are determined for each member in the frame), a positive shear indicates a clockwise slope in the real
frame. The deflection in any direction, assumed parallel to the 1-axis
[Fig. 3(a)] at any point like D, is determined by finding the moment
about a line parallel to the l'-axis at point D', Fig. 3(b). Such moment
can be determined by considering loads on either side of D'. If the moment is obtained by considering loads on the right side of D' (i.e., loads
starting at B' and ending at D'), the sense of deflection is determined
by the right hand rule: the thumb of the right hand is held in the positive direction of the l'-axis [Fig. 3(b)], thus the fore fingers indicate the
positive sense of the moment. A positive net moment at D' indicates a
deflection, in the positive direction of the 1-axis, at D [Fig. 3(a)]. If the
moment at D' is determined by considering loads on the left side of D'
(i.e. loads starting at A' and ending at D'), the left hand is used and
the sense of deflection determined as in the case of the right hand. A
similar procedure can be followed for finding deflection along any direction at any point.
4. In the case where the inside and the outside of the frame is not
physically obvious [such as in the case of Fig. 5(a)], one side of the frame
is arbitrarily considered to be the inside and a point of observation is
considered on the corresponding side in the conjugate frame. Thus, if
the left side of Fig. 5(a) is chosen to be the inside, a point of observation,
O', is considered on the corresponding side [Fig. 5(b)]. This automatically determines the left and right of each member of the conjugate frame,

(b)

()

FIG. 5.Frame with Mo Physically Distinguishable Inside and Outside: (a)

Frame; (b) Conjugate Frame
602

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-//hen the frame is scanned in a clockwise direction (i.e., the scanning

would be from D' toward A'). The solution procedure of the conjugate
frame can then be followed as in steps 2 and 3 described previously. It
should be noted that if the right side, Fig. 5(a), were chosen to be the
inside, this would reverse the orientation of loads on the conjugate frame.
It would also reverse the right and left of each member of the conjugate
frame [since the structure will be scanned from A' to D', Fig. 5(b)], and
final results would be the same.
Example 2.In Fig. 3(a), a solution is obtained for the flexibility coefficients at points B and C, due to a unit moment at the hinge C. Shear
and flexural effects are considered in the solution. Assumed relative values for El and <$> are indicated for different members, Fig. 3(a). The positive sense of displacements are defined by the coordinate system 1, 2
and 3. The figure also shows a diagram indicating force loads acting
normal to the span of member CD. Other members have no such forces
thus they are not shown. The force load diagrams are utilized in determining shear effect loads on the conjugate frame, Fig. 3(b). Loads, representing both shear and flexural effects, are applied according to step
2 of the solution procedure described previously. The loads act normal
to the plane of the conjugate frame (i.e., normal to the plane of paper),
but they are shown in the plane of paper for clarity purpose. Corresponding to the type of support at B [Fig. 3(a)], a support, R'B (assumed
to act upward normal to plane of paper, and it is indicated by a solid
small circle), is applied at B' [Fig. 3(b)], and a moment restraint, MBV,
is applied along a line parallel to the l'-axis. This moment is assumed
to act clockwise (when looking in the positive direction of l'-axis). A
normal support R'c, assumed acting upwards, is also indicated at C
corresponding to the hinge at C [Fig. 3(a)]. The flexibility coefficients are
determined by considering the equilibrium of the conjugate frame and
solving for its reactions. Thus, by summing moments about a line at B'
parallel to the 2'-axis [Fig. 3(b)] and equating to zero, the reaction,
R'c, is determined. This will also equal the flexibility coefficient at hinge
C (i.e., cross-sectional plane rotational discontinuity at C due to the unit
moment at C), which is defined by Eq. 9. It should be noted that a positive value for Re indicates a "V" shape cross-sectional rotational gap at
C, Fig. 3(a) (i.eir).
Ua = R'c =

70

<>
|
+

(9)

Similarly, by applying other equilibrium equations, the flexibility coefficient at B, giving cross-sectional plane rotation at B due to a unit moment at C, is equal to the reaction R'B and is defined by Eq. 10. It should
be noted [Fig. 3(b)] that since B' is at the right end of member D'B',
based on scanning the frame from A' to B', a positive value for R'B (i.e.
acting upward) indicates counter-clockwise rotation at B [Fig. 3(a)],

/---Ki = -(iii:55)

(10)

The flexibility coefficient giving linear displacement at B, parallel to

603

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12"
2k/ft
6k
\(29.186kN/m)26.69Mp-376kN>

6' _ j ' (44-48

k kN)

(1.829 m)

fIa,896kN)
-10"
(_44^8kN>

(b)
180/E1
(244.04/El)
,120/EI v
06Z69/EI)

60/EI

'"

S/EI)

-36/EI .
(-4831/El)
, -36/ik
(-48.81/El)
, -108/EI (-I46.42/EI)
,200
|(88.960)

4O0ir40/ft.
1(6.'
(177.920^58,3730/m)f

RB = 321.5/EI+1.3330
(132.87/EI + 5 . 9 2 9 0 )

A r 389.5/ El - 1.3330
(160.973/El -5.929 0 )

FIG. 6.Example 4: (a) Real Beam; (b) Shear Diagram of Real Beam; (c) Conjugate Beam Loaded for Shear and Flexural Effects; (d) Beam Slope (= Shear in
Conjugate Beam); (e) Beam Deflection (= Moment in Conjugate Beam)

the 1-axis [Fig. 3(A)], is determined by moment equilibrium about a line

parallel to the l'-axis at B' [Fig. 3(b)]; thus it is defined by Eq. 11. It
should be noted that the support moment, MBV, is applied at B' from
the theoretical right of B' (based on scanning the frame from A' to B'),
and the sense of deflection is determined as defined in step 3 of solution
procedure (i.e., by the right hand rule).
/BM

Bnr

550 4>
3E1 -2

(11)

Example 3.In Fig. 4(A) the solution is obtained for the displacements
604

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389.5/Ei + 38.667*
(160.97/EI + 171.991*)
101.5/El + 14.6670
(41.948/61 + 65.239$)
29/ El + 0.667$
(-11.985/EI + 2.967$)
141.5/EI - 11.333*
(-58.479/ El - 50.409*)
101.5/El + 0.667*
(41.948/EI + 2.967*)
-29/EI - 11-333*
(-11.985/EI - 50.409*)
^321.5/EI - 21.333*
(-132.87/El - 94.89*)

-141.5/EI - 21.333*
(-58.479/El . 94.89*)

(d)

1569/EI + 1 2 8 *
(197.643/El + 173.536*)

1725/11 + 1 6 0 *
(217.294/El + 216.92*)

1836/EI + 162*
(231.276/EI + 219.632*)

[)
FIG. 6.Continued

at the free end B of the frame. The supports at B' [Fig. 4(b)] are applied
as described in step 1 in the solution procedure and they are consistent
with the free end B [Fig. 4(a)]. The support moments, MBV and MB2- [Fig.
4(b)], are assumed clockwise when looking in the positive direction of
the axis V and 2', respectively. It is also noted in Fig. 4(b) that the total
concentrated load at C' consists of the sum of the two loads at C , for
members A ' C and C D ' ; thus the net load at C is 20(J> acting downward.
Application of the equilibrium equations to the conjugate frame gives
the displacements at B in the directions of the coordinates 1, 2 and 3
[Fig. 4(a)]. They are defined by Eqs. 12, 13 and 14, respectively
20,000
D m = MBV = + 800<f,
ofcl
/170,000 2 0

(12)
\

D B2 = M B2 . = " I ^ + 4>]

(13)

26,000
D

-^

(14)

1FJ-

NONPRISMATIC MEMBERS

Solution of nonprismatic members by the conventional conjugate beam

method (i.e. for flexural effect alone) is already known, and it presents
605

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no new problem. The purpose here is to include shear effect in the solution process; this involves mainly the determination of the corresponding load on the conjugate member. The following is a brief description:
1. As a general rule, shear effect load on the conjugate member consists of each force load (or component of force load) acting normal to
the span of real member multiplied by the corresponding (j> value. This
applies to all loads acting on real member except for any concentrated
loads that act at junction points between segments of different 4> values.
2. In addition to the loads described previously, concentrated loads
are applied to the conjugate member at all points corresponding to junction points between different segments in the real member. Such loads
are applied regardless whether the real member has concentrated loads
or not at the junction points. For this purpose a shear diagram is first
drawn for the real member, and the load at any junction point, i', in
the conjugate member is determined by Eq. 15, in which P/ = concentrated load at point V, in conjugate member, corresponding to any junction point i in real member; V\, V' shear values (obtained from shear
diagram of real member) at the theoretical left and right, respectively,
of junction point i; and \, \ = values for segments on the immediate
left and right, respectively, of junction point, i, in real member. A positive value for P,! (Eq. 15), indicates a downward load at V in conjugate
member.
Pi = V\ +| - V? <K

(15)

3. With shear loads determined as described previously, they are applied to the conjugate member in combination with flexural effect load.
The solution is then obtained as in the usual procedure for conjugate
beams.
Example 4.The simply supported nonprismatic beam, Fig. 6(a), is
analyzed for slope and deflection. Assumed relative values of El and 4>,
for the different segments of the beam, are indicated in the figure. The
conjugate beam, Fig. 6(c), is loaded for both shear and flexural effects.
The flexural effect load is shown separately by parts and it is self explanatory. For shear effect loading the concentrated load at D' and the
uniform load are determined directly from real beam diagram [Fig. 6(a)].
The concentrated loads at junction points C and E' are determined from
the shear diagram [Fig. 6(b)] and Eq. 15. It is noted, based on Eq. 8,
that the total sum of shear effect loads on the conjugate beam has to be
zero; this criterion can be used, if desired, for checking the accuracy of
shear load computation. The slope and deflection of real beam are obtained from conjugate beam shear and moment diagrams in Figs. 6(d)
and 6(e), respectively. The cross-sectional plane rotation at A, Fig. 6(a),
is determined by the conjugate beam reaction at A' [Fig. 6(c)]. Similarly,
the reaction at B' gives the cross-sectional plane rotation at B. The crosssectional plane rotation at any interior point, if desired, is determined
by replacing the shear effect term in the slope function [Fig. 6(d)] by the
shear effect term of the reaction at the right end of the conjugate beam
[Fig. 6(c)],
606

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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This paper extends the conjugate beam concept to the solution of shear
and flexural effects in frames a n d nonprismatic elements. A systematic
procedure is followed for application of loads to conjugate frame, a n d
a consistent sign convention is adopted. The m e t h o d distinguishes between, and evaluates, the slope a n d cross-sectional plane rotation in
frames. Frames can be efficiently analyzed, especially w h e n evaluation
of displacements is desired at several locations in the structure. It is also
obvious that temperature gradient effect, being similar to flexure in nature, can be dealt with in frames as in the case of beams (2).
APPENDIX I.REFERENCES

1. Abdul-Shafi, A., "Generalized Conjugate Beam Method," presented at the

May 26-28, 1976, First ASCE-EMD Specialty Conference, held at Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada.
2. Abdul-Shafi, A., "Solutions Using Conjugate Elements," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 106, No. ST11, Proc. Paper 15792, Nov., 1980, pp.
2339-2345.
3. Kinney, J. Sterling, Indeterminate Structural Analysis, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1957, pp. 143-162.
4. McCormac, Jack C , "Structural Analysis, Fourth Edition, Harper & Row,
Publishers, New York, 1984, pp. 346-348.
APPENDIX II.NOTATION

The following symbols are used in this paper:

A
Da, Di2

=
=

Di3 =
E =
fn-j3 rfii-j3 -

fi3p

MBr

G =
I =
,MBr
O'
P
P'i

R
R'
V',Vj

=
=
=

cross-sectional area;
linear displacement at any point i, in direction of coordinates 1 a n d 2, respectively;
rotational displacement at any point, i;
modulous of elasticity;
linear displacement at any point i, in direction of coordinates 1 and 2, respectively, d u e to unit m o m e n t at any
point, ;;
rotation displacement at a n y point, i, d u e to unit m o m e n t
at any point, /;
modulous of rigidity;
m o m e n t of inertia of cross-sectional area;
conjugate frame fixed support m o m e n t s , about lines parallel to axes 1' and 2', respectively, at B ' ;
point of observation on inside of conjugate frame;
concentrated load on real structure;
concentrated load at point i' on conjugate member, corresponding to any point, i (at junction of two different
segments), in real member;
real structure reaction;
conjugate structure reaction;
shear values at theoretical left a n d right respectively, of
any junction point, i, in real n u m b e r ;
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W
Y
a.
7
8
\
$
<j>\,\

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

distributed load intensity;

vertical deflection in beam;
beam slope;
average shear strain across depth of beam section;
cross-section plane rotation;
cross-sectional form factor;
k/GA; and
value, for segments on immediate left and right, respectively, of any junction point, i, in real member.

608

J. Struct. Eng. 1985.111:595-608.