-I-

Njrpa czTg; ghJfhg;Gr; #oiktpy;

fhzp> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfspd;
clikAupikapd; nghWg;ghd MSif kPjhd
jd;dhu;t topfhl;Ljy;fs;

- II -

- III -

If;fpa ehLfspd; czT kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;G

cNuhk;> 2012
KjyhtJ gjpg;G xf;Nuhgu; 2012
,uz;lhtJ

gjpg;G Vg;uy; 2013

gad;gLj;jg;gl;l rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs; kw;Wk; ,j; jfty; cw;gj;jpg; gz;lj;jpd;
rku;g;gpg;ghdJ If;fpa ehLfs; czT kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;gpd; gq;fpy;>
vt;tifapYk; ve;j ehl;bdNjh my;yJ gpuhe;jpaj;jpdNjh my;yJ efuj;jpdNjh
my;yJ mjd; mjpfhug; gFjpapdNjh rl;luPjpahd mgptpUj;jp epiyfs;
rk;ge;jg;gl;litfs; Fwpj;Njh my;yJ mjd; Kd;duq;f epiyfs; my;yJ
vy;iyfspd; kPs;epu;zak; rk;ge;jg;gl;lit Fwpj;Njh vt;tifapYk; vf;fUj;jpidAk;
Fwpj;J vLj;jpak;gtpy;iy. tpNrbj; j fk; gdpfsJ my;yJ cw;g j;jp gz;lq;fspdJ
Fwpg;gpLifahdJ mit fhg;Gupik n g w g ; g l ; l i t N a h , y ; i y N a h m f ;
Fwpg;gpLifahdJ Fwpg;gplhj mijnahj;j ,ay;;Gila Vidaitfspy; ,Ue;J>
FAO My; mitfs; tpUk;gg;gLgitfshf cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfNth my;yJ
rpghu;R nra;ag;gl;ljhfNth Fwpj;Jr; Rl;ltpy;iy.
ISBN 978-955-8103-20-3 (mr;R)
FAO 2012
,e; j jfty; cw; g j; j p gz; l j; j pd; gad; g hl; b idNah kP s ; c w; g j; j piaNah
gug;GifiaNah FAO Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. jtpu Rl;bf;fhl;b ,Ug;gpd; FAO tpd; %y
fu;j;jhTk; gjpg;Gupik nfhz;bUg;gtUkhfpa FAO ,Ue;jhd cupa Vw;Wf;nfhs;if
toq;fg;gbd; mitfs; gpujp nra;ag;glNth gjptpwf;fk; nra;ag;glNth jdpg;gl;l
Ma;T> Muha;r;rp> fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fpw;fhf gpujp nra;ag;glNth my;yJ tu;j;jf
Nehf;f cw;gj;jp my;yJ Nritfis tu;j;jf Nehf;fkw;witfSf;F gad;gLj;jNth
KbAk;. vt;thwhapDk; FAO tpd; %y fu;j;jhTk; gjpg;Gupik nfhz;bUg;gtUkhfpa
FAO ,Ue;jhd cupa tifapyhd mwptpj;jy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cw;gj;jp
my;yJ Nritfspd; gad;gLj;Jgtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis FAO cWjpg;gLj;JtJ
ve;jtifapYk; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;glkhl;lhJ.
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Vida tu;j;j cupikfSf;fhd vy;yh Ntz;LNfhs;fSk; (www.org/publications)
vd;gJ Clhf nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
FAO tpd; jfty; cw;gj;jpfs; FAO tpd; (www.fao.org/publications) ,izaj;jsj;jpd; Clhf fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Ug;gJld; publications-sales@fao.org vd;gjd; Clhf nfhs;tdT nra;Jnfhs;sTk; KbAk;.
- IV -

-V-

cs;slf;fk;
Kd;Diu

1. GF Kfk;
1. Nehf;fq;fs;..............................................................................................................01
2. ,ay;Gk; tplaKk;

2. nghJ tplaq;fs;....................................................................................................... 03
3. nghWg;ghd clikAupik MSifapd; topfhl;ly; nfhs;iffs;
3A nghJthd nfhs;iffs;
3B mKy;gLj;jy; nfhs;iffs;
4. clikAupik njhlu;Gila cupikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;
5. clikAupik njhlu;Gila nfhs;if> rl;lk; kw;Wk; epWtd rl;lf

Ntiyfs;
6. Nritfs; toq;fy;

3. clikAupik cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfspd; rl;luPjpahd

mq;fPfhuKk; xJf;fPLfSk;........................................................................... 15

7. fhg;Gf;fs;
8. nghJf;fhzp;> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfs;
9. 
RNjr kf;fs; kw;Wk; kuG toik cilikAupikfSld;
njhlu;Gila

rdr%fq;fs;

10 Kiwrhuh clikAupik

4. clikAupik kw;Wk; flikfs; khw;WifSk; Vida

khw;wq;fSk; ................................................................................................. 25

11 re;ijfs;

12 KjyPLfs;
13 fhzp xUq;fpizj;jYk; Vida rupnra;if mZFKiwfSk;

14 fhzp kPl;nlLg;G
15 kPs;gq;fPl;L kWrPuikg;Gf;fs;

16 ifafg;gLj;jYk; el;l<Lk;

- VI -

5. clikAupikapd; epu;thfk; ........................................................................................39

17 clikAupikfspd; gjpTfs;

18 kjpg;gPL nra;jy;

19 tuptpjpj;jy;

20 xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l ,lk;rhu; jpl;lkply;

21 clikAupikfs; kPjhd gpzf;Ffspd; jPu;T

22 vy;iyfs; fle;j tplaq;fs;

6 fhyepiy khw;wk; kw;Wk; mtru epiyikfspw;fhd gjpyspg;Gf;fs;..........47

23 fhyepiykhw;wk;

24 ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;
25 fhzp> kPd;gpb> kw;Wk; fhLfspd; clikAupik njhlu;ghd
Kuz;ghLfs;

7 Cf;Ftpg;gpd; mKy;gLj;jy;> fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL..........................53

- VII -

Kd;Diu
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Nghjpa
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gof;fq;fspd; mbg;gilahfTk; cs;sd@ nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa
fhuzpahfTk; cs;sd.
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mitfisr; nrd;wiltJld; neUf;fkhfj; njhlu;Gnfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gijf;
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- VIII -

gad;gLj;j KbAk; vdj; jPu;khdpf;fpwJ. ,e;j Kiwikfshdit vOjg;gl;l

nfhs;iffs;> rl;lq;fs; mj;Jld; vOjg;glhj toikfs; kw;Wk; gof;fq;fisf;
nfhz;bUf;f KbAk;.
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fpilf;Fk; jd; i kiaf; Fiwg; g jdhYk; > cilikAupik KiwikahdJ
mjpfupj;jstpy; mOj;jj;ij vjpu;Nehf;FfpwJ. Nghjpajw;wJk; ghJfhg;gw;wJkhd
cilikAupikfshdit> jhf;fg;gLjd;ikiaAk; grpiaAk; tWikiaAk;
mjpfupg;gJld;> ,t; tsq;fs; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;fhf gad;gLj;JNthu;
rz;ilapl;L Nghl;bapLk; nghOJ> mJ Kuz;ghl;bw;Fk; juk; FiwjYf;Fk;
,l;Lr; nry;yf;$baJ.
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cupikfisAk; njhlu;Gila flikfisAk;; vt;thW Ml;fs;> rdr%fq;fs;>
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fLikahfg; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. Coy; kpf;f cilikAupik gof;fq;fshy; my;yJ
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kPjhd cilikAupikfis ,og;gpd; mtu;fs; gl;bdp> tWik epiwe;j tho;Tf;F
cs;shf Ntz;bNaw;gLk;. gytPdkhd cilikAupik MSiffs; td;Kiw
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gq;fhsu;fs; cilAupik MSifapd; nghWg;G
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topfhl;Ljy;fis ,k; Kidg;ghdJ fl;bnaOg;GtJld; Mjutspf;fpwJ.
- IX -

2010 xf;Nuhgupy; cyf czT ghJfhg; G kP j hd FO (CFS) mjDila

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,t; topfhl;Ljy;fshdit 2012 Nk 11 Mk; jpfjpad;W CFS ,d; 38tJ

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-X-

,yj;jpudpay; fye;jhNyhrpg;G Clhf ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kd;nkhopTfisAk;>

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mf;fUtpfis xOq;Ff;fpukkhf kPsha;T nra;a Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

- XI -

gFjp 1
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1.2

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1. f
 hzp kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;>
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cupikfSld; cl; g Lk; KiwikfSf; f hd>
ru;tNjr
uPjpahf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
gof;fq;fs;
kPjhd
topfhl;Ljy;fisAk;> jfty;fisAk; toq;Ftjhy; cilikAupik
MSifia Kd;Ndw;Wjy;
2. ,
 t; tsq;fs; kPJs;s cilikAupikfis xOq;FgLj;Jk; tplag;gug;gpy;
cs;s nfhs;ifs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; epWtd rl;lf Ntiyfspd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; tpUj;jpf;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;
3. ,
t; cilikAupik Kiwikfspd; njhopw;ghl;il Kd;Ndw;WtJk;>
ntspg;gilj; jd;ikia mjpfupj;jYk;
4. e
Pjpj;Jiw mjpfhupfs;> cs;Suhl;rp rigfs;> tptrhapfs; kw;Wk;; rpW
msT cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;> kPdtu;fs;> fhl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jgtu;fs;>
-1-

,ilaH> RNjr kf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida rdr%fq;fs;> rptpy; r%fk;>

jdpahu;Jiw> Gyikahsu;fs; kw;Wk; cilikAupik MSifapy;
mf;fiwAilNahu;
kw;Wk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
nraw;ghl;lhu;fspilNa
xj;Jiog;ig Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F mf;fiwAila vy;yh Ml;fspilNaAk;
,aYikfisAk; eltbf;iffisAk; gyg;gLj;Jjy;
5. 
$l;lhz;ikapd; #oikTf;Fs; fhzpf;fhd ru;tNjr tiutpyf;fzk;
xd;Wk; ,y;iy. nrhy;ypd; mu;j;jkhdJ Njrpa #oikTf;Fs;shf
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;glyhk;.

2.

,aw;ifAk; nraw;gug;Gk;;

2.1 ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fs;; jd;dhu;tkhdit

2.2 ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fshdit Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjrj;jpy; jw;NghJs;s
flg;ghLfSld; ,irthf nghUs;Nfhlg;glTk; gpuNahfpf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJld;> gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr fUtpfspd; fPohd
jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSf;Fupa kupahijiaAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. kdpj
cupikfspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk;> kw;Wk; fhzp kPd;gpb fhl;L cilikAupikfspd;
ghJfhg;ig toq;Fk;> kw;Wk; MSifia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F Kidg;Gf;
fhl;Lk;;> Njrpa> gpuhe;jpa> ru;tNjr Kidg;Gf;fSf;F Mjutspj;J mtw;iw
KOikahf;Fk;. ru;tNj rl;lj;jpd; fPo; xU muR cl;glf;$ba VJk; rl;luPjpahd
fl;Lg;ghLfis tiuaWg;gjhfNth my;yJ fPo;epiyg;gLj;JtjhfNth ,e;j
topfhl;Ljy;fspy; vJTk; thrpf;fg;glf;$lhJ.
2.3 ,t; topfhl; L jy; f shdit
muRfs; >
mKy; g Lj; J k;
Kftu; f s; >
ePjpj;Jiwapdu;> cs;Suhl;rprigfs;> tptrhapfs;> rpW msT cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;>
kPdtu;fs;>
fhl;ilg; gad;gLj;JNthupd; rq;fq;fs;> ,ilau;fs;> RNjr
kf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida r%fj;jpdu;> rptpy; r%fj;jpdu;> jdpahu;Jiw>
fy;tpahsu;fs;> kw;Wk; cilikAupik MSifia kjpg;gpLtJlDk;
mitfis Kd;Ndw;wp mtw;iwg; gpuNahfpg;gjpy; mf;fiwAila vy;yh
Ml;;fshYk; gad;gLj;jf;$bait.
2.4 ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fshdit nraw;gug;gpy; cyfshtpa uPjpapy; cs;sd. Njrpa
#oikitf; fUj;jpy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L mitfs; vy;yh ehLfspYk; vy;yhg;
gpuhe;jpaq;fspYk;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapd; vy;yhf; fl;lq;fspYk;> mur>
jdpahu;> ,d. $l;L> RNjrpa kw;Wk; kuGtop cl;gl;l cilikAupikfspd; vy;yh
tbtq;fspd; MSiff;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jf;$bad.
2.5 ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fshdit Njrpa rl;lKiwikfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; epWtdq;fspd; gpufhuk; nghUs;Nfhlg;gl;L gpuNahfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
-2-

gFjp 2
nghJ tplaq;fs;
,g;gFjpahdJ fhzp kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfspd; cilikAupikapd; MSifapd;
mk;rq;fshfpa> cupikfs; nghWg;Gzu;Tfs;> nfhs;if> rl;luPjpahdit> epWtd
rl;lf Ntiyfs; kw;Wk; Nrit toq;fy;fs; njhlu;ghdtw;Wld; <LgLfpwJ.
cilikAupikapd; MSifapd; #oiktpy;> gpuNahfpf;$ba ru;tNjr kdpj
cupikf; fUtpfspd; fPohd flg;ghLfisf; muRfs; nfhz;Ls;sd. gFjp 2
MdJ ge;jp 2.2 ,d; gpufhuk; thrpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

3. nghWg;Gs;s cilikAupik MSifapd; topfhl;Ljy; nfhs;iffs;

3A nghJf; nfhs;iffs;
3.1 muRf;fshdit

1. vy;yh rl;luPjpahd cilikAupikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gtu;fisAk;> mtu;fspd;

cupikfisAk;
mq; f P f upj; j Yk; >
kjpj;jYk;:
mit
rl;luPjpahd
cilikAupikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gtu;fisAk;> mtu;fspd; cupikfisAk;
,dk; fz;L> gjpT nra;J kjpg;gjw;fhd epahakhd Vw;ghLfis vLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Kiwrhu; uPjpahf gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUg;gpDk;> my;yJ gjpT
nra;ag;glhjpUg;gpDk;> VidNahupd; cilikAupikfis kPWtjpypUe;J
tpyfpapUf;fTk;> cilikAupikAld; njhlu;Gila flikfisg; G+u;j;jp
nra;aTk; epahakhd Vw;ghLfis mtu;fs; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2. mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; kPWiffSf;F vjpuhf rl;luPjpahd cilikAupikfisg;

ghJfhj;jy;:
cilikAupikiaf;
nfhz;bUg;Nghiu>
mtu;fspd;
cilikAupikfs; Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mtu;fSf;Fs;s
flg;ghLfSld; ,iaahj gyhj;fhu ntspNaw;wy;fs; cl;gl> mtu;fspd;
cilikAupikfspd; VNjr;rhjpfhukhd ,og;Gf;fSf;F vjpuhdtw;wpypUe;J
mtu;fisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.

3.
rl;luPjpahd
cilikAupikfspd;
mDgtpg;ig
Cf;Ftpj;jYk;
trjpg;gLj;jYk:;
cilikAupikfspd;
KOikahd
epiyehl;liy
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk; trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> Jbg;ghd Vw;ghLfis mtu;fs;
vLf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; mr;Nritfs; fpilf;fr; nra;tij
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mt; cupikfSld; eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. rl;luPjpahd cilikAupikfspd; kPWiffspy; <Lgl;L ePjpia miltjw;F
top nra;ag;gLk;: cilikAupik kPjhd ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhupfs; ClhfNth
my;yJ VjhtJ mZFKiwfs; ClhfNth gpzf;Ffisj;
jPu;g;gjw;F vy;NyhUf;Fk; tpidj;jpwd; tha;e;jJk; nrd;wilaf;$baJkhd
-3-

toptiffis mitfs; toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; tpisTfisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F KbAkhdJk; Kidg;ghdJkhd cl;gLj;Jifia toq;f
Ntz;Lk;. muRfshdit nghJNehf;fq;fSf;fhf cilikAupikfis
vLf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; el;l<l;Lf;fhd Kidg;Gf;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. cilikAupik gpzf;Ffs;> td;Kiw Kuz;ghLfs; kw;Wk; Coy;fisj;
jtpu;j;jy;: cilikAupik gpzf;Ffs; Vw;gLtjpypUe;Jk;> mitfs;
td;Kiw Kuz;ghLfshf mjpfupg;gjpy; ,Ue;Jk; jLg;gjw;F Jbg;ghd
Vw;ghLfis mtu;fs; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Coiy vy;yh tbtq;fspYk;>
vy;yhf; kl;lq;fspYk;> vy;yh fl;likTfspYk; jL;g;gjw;F vy;yh KO
Kaw;rpiaAk; mtu;fs; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3.2 

mury;yhj nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;> tpahghu njhopy;Kaw;rpahsu;fs; cl;gl

kdpj cupikfisAk; rl; l uP j pahd cilikAupikfisAk; kjpg; g jw; F
nghWg;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. tpahg hu njho p y ;K aw ;r p ahsu;fs >;
kdpj cupikfs; kw;Wk; rl;luPjpahd cilikAupikfis kP W tij
jtpu;g;gJ Fwpj;J cupa Cf;fj;Jld; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. kdpj cupikfs;
kw;Wk; rl;luPjpahd cilikAupikfs; kPJ Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd jhf;fj;ij
jLg;gjw;Fk;> jPu;g;gjw;Fkhd cupa ,lu;mgha Kfhikj;Jt Kiwfis
mtu;fs; cs;slf;f Ntz; L k; . tpahghu njhopy; K aw; r pahsu; f s; >
gupfhuk; toq;Ftjw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; mtu;fs; kdpj cupikfs;
kw; W k; rl; l uP j pahd c i l i k A u p i k f s ;
kPJ
ghjfkhd
jhf; f q; f is cz; L gz; z pd; > mjw;F gq;fspj;j nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy;
nray;tpisTs;s eltbf;if kl;l kdf;Fiw nghwpKiwfs; cl;gl gupfhuj;ij
toq;Ftjw;F ePjpj;Jiwaw;w nghwpKiwfis toq;fp xj;Jiof;f Ntz;Lk;.
tpahghu njhopy; K aw; r pahsu; f s; jhk; rk; g e; j g; g l; l kdpj cupikfs;
kw;Wk; rl;luPjpahd cilikAupikfs; kPjhd VJk; cz;ikahd my;yJ
,Uf;ff;$ba jhf;fq;fspid ,dq;fz;L kjpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. muRf;fSk;
jkJ ru;tNjr flg;ghLfspd; gpufhuk;> kdpj cupikfs; kw;Wk; rl;luPjpahd
cilikAupikfs;
kPjhd
njhopy;Kaw;rpahsu;fspd;
vjpu;kiwahd
jhf;fq;fSf;fhf tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f ePjpj;Jiw gupfhuq;fis milar; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. Njrpak; fle;j $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gLk; epiyapy;> mtw;wpd;
cs;muRfs;> ,f; $l;Lj;jhgdq;fSf;Fk; cgrupf;Fk; muRfSf;Fk;> tpahghu
epiyaq;fshtd> kdpj cupikfs; kw;Wk; rl;luPjpahd cilikAupikfis
J\;gpuNahfk; nra;tjpy; rk;ge;jg;glhjpUg;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cjTk;
tfpgq;Ffis Mw;w Ntz;Lk;. muRfshdit murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s
my;yJ muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd my;yJ mur Kftu;fsplkpUe;J fzprkhd
MjuT my;yJ Nritiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; njhopy;Kaw;rpfspdhy;>
kdpj cupikfs; kw;Wk; rl;luPjpahd njhopy;Kaw;rpfs; J\;gpuNahfk;
nra; a g; g Ltjw; F
vjpuhf
mjpypUe; J
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
Nkyjpf
gbepiyfis muRfs; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
-4-

3B mKy;gLj;jy; nfhs;iffs;
,f; nfhs; i ffspd; mKy; g Lj; j yhdJ fhzp> kP d ; g pb kw; W k; fhLfspd;
cilikAupikfspd; nghWg; g hd MSiff; F gq; f spg; G nra; t jw; F
mj;jpatrpakhf cs;sJ.
1. 
kdpj kfj;Jtk;: vy;yhj; jdpegu;fspdJk; ,ay;ghd kfj;Jtj;ijAk;
rkj;JtkhdJk; khw;wKbahjJkhd kdpj cupikfis mq;fPfupj;jy;
2.
ghugl; r kpd; i k vtiuAk; rl; l k; kw; W k;
nraw;ghl;bYk; ghugl;rj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jf;$lhJ

nfhs; i ffspd;

fP O k;

3. rkj; J tk; kw; W k; eP j p: jdpegu; f Sf; f pilNaahd rkj; J tk; vd;gJ

jdpegu;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tijAk;> vy;yhUkhfpa
Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;> ,isQu;fs;> jhf;fg;glf;$batu;fs;> kuGuPjpahf
xJf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; Nghd;w Njrpa #oikTf;Fs;shd vy;NyhUilNaAk;>
fhzp> kPd;gpb> fhLfSf;fhd rkijahd cilikAupikiaAk; mtw;iwr;
nrd;wiltijAk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Kfkhf tYT+l;Ljy; cl;gl;l rhjfkhd
eltbf;iffis vLg;gjw;F Ntz;bepw;gij czu;e;J nfhs;sy;.
4. ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtk;: KOikahd kdpj cupikia mDgtpg;gjw;F
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Mz; f spd; rkcupikia cWjpg; g Lj; J tJld; >
mNjNtisapy; ngz;fSf;Fk; Mz;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJld;>
Njitg;gLk;nghOJ
elg;gpd;gb
cz;ikahd
rkj;Jtj;ij mjpfupg;gjid ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l tpNrl Vw;ghLfis
vLj;jy;.
muRfshdit
ngz;fSk;
ngz;gps;isfSk;
rkkhd
cilikAupikfisf; nfhz;bUg;gijAk;> fhzp> kPd;gpb> fhLfSf;F
mtu;fsJ rptpy; kw;Wk; jpUkz epiyapy;> RahjPdj;Jld; nry;tjw;fhd
cupikfisf; nfhz;bUg;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

5.
KOikahdJk;
njhlu;r;rpahf
epiyj;jpUg;gJkhd
mZFKiw:
,aw;if tsq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gad;ghLfshtd xd;Wf;nfhd;W
njhlu;Gilad vd;gij mq;fPfupj;Jf;nfhz;L> mitfspd; epu;thfj;jpw;F
vd xd;wpizf;fg;gl;lJk; njhlu; r ; r pahf eP b j; J epiyg; g Jkhd
mZFKiwiaf; iff;nfhs;sy;.
6.
fye;jhNyhrpg;Gk; gq;Fgw;WifAk;: rl;luPjpahd cilikAupikfisf;
nfhz;Ls;NshUld; <LgLtJk ; mt u;fsp d ; M juit g ; ng Wt J k;
jPu;khdk; vLg;gjhy; ghjpg;gilaf; $bajhf ,Ug;gjhy;> jPu;khdk;
vLg;gjw;F Kd;ghfTk; mtu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gf;F gjpyspf;Fk;NghJk; NtWgl;l
jug;gpdUf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; mjpfhur; rkdpd;ikia guprPyidf;F
-5-

vLg;gJld; Jbg;ghd Rje;jpukhd tpidj;jpwdhd mu;j;jG\;bahd kw;Wk;

jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapy; ,ize;j jdpegu;fs; kw;Wk; FOf;fspd;
mwpaj;jug;gl;l gq;Fgw;WifAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

7. rl;lk; xOq;F: rkj;Jtkhf mKy;gLj;jg;gLtJk;> RahjPdkhf rupnra;ag;gl;lJk;>

vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdJk;> gpuNahfpf;f $ba nkhopfspy; gue;Jgl;l
mstpy; g f p u q ; f g ; g L j ; J t J k h d > r l ; l q ; f s ; C l h f x U r l ; l
mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiwiaf; iff;nfhs;Sjy;. mj;Jld; mitfs;
Njrpa ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd mtw;wpd; jw;NghJs;s flg;ghLfSld;
,iaGWtjhf ,Ug;gJld;> gpuNahfpf; f g; g lf; $ ba gpuhe; j pa kw; W k;
ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSf;F cupa kupahij
mspg;gdthfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

8.
ntspg;gilj;jd;ik:
gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba
nkhopfspy;
nfhs;iffs;
rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfis njspthd Kiwapy; tiutpyf;fzk;
nra;jYk;> gue;jstpy; gfpuq; f g; g Lj; J tJld; gpuNahfpf; f g; g lf; $ ba
nkhopfspy; jPuk
; hdq;fisg; gue;Jgl;l mstpy; vy;NyhUf;Fk; fpilf;ff;$ba
tbtikg;Gf;fspy; gfpuq;fg;gLj;jy;.
9.
nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik: rl;lk; xOq;fpd; nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;g jkJ
nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fSf;F nghWg;ghf ,Uf;ff;$ba gpufhuk;
nghWg;ghd jdpegu;fs;> murKftu;fs;> murrhu;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fisf;
nfhz;bUj;jy;.
10. njhlu;r;rpahd Kd;Ndw;wk;: rhd;Wfs; mbg;gilapyhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis
tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> ghJfhg;ghd njhlu;e;J nry;Yk; Kd;Ndw;wq;fisf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; KfkhfTk; > cilikAupikfspd; fz; f hzpg; g pw; F k; ;
gFg;gha;tpw;Fkhd nghwpKiwfis muR Kd;Ndw;w Ntz;Lk;.

4. cilikAupikAld; njhlu;Gila cupikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;

4.1 kdpj cupikfs; czTg;ghJfhg;G tWiknahopg;G ePbj;j njhlu;r;rpahd
tho; t hjhuq; f s; r%f ]; j puj; j d; i k> tP l ikg; G ghJfhg; G > fpuhkpa
mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; r%f nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp Nghd;wdtw;iw ,lk;ngwr;
nra;tjw;F fhzp> kPd;gpb> fhLfs; ikakhf ,Ug;gjdhy; muRfshdit
cilikAupikapd; nghWg;ghd Ml;rpia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F fbdkhf
ciof;f Ntz;Lk;
4.2 cilikAupik kw;Wk; mjd; MSif njhlu;ghd vy;yh nraw;ghLfSk;>
Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd mtw;wpd; jw;NghJs;s
flg;ghLfSf;F ,irthdit vd;gijAk;> gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa
kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;gpw;F cupa
kjpg;igf; nfhz;ld vdTk; muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
-6-

4.3 ve;j clikAupikAk; jdpahu; nrhe;j cupik cl;gl tuk;gw;wJ my;y

vd vy;yhj; jug;GfSk; mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh cilikAupikfSk;
VidNahupd;
cupikfshy;
tiuaiw
nra;ag;gLtJld;
nghJNehf;fq;fSf;F
mj;jpatrpakhf
muRfshy;
vLf;fg;gLk;
Vw;ghLfshYk; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t; Vw;ghLfshdit rl;lj;jhYk;
Rw;whly;
ghJfhg;G
cl;gl;l
nghJeyNdhk;gy;fis
Cf;Ftpf;Fk;
Nehf;fq;fspdhy; khj;jpuk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; murpd; kdpj
cupikf; flg;ghLfSld; ,irthfTk; Ntz;Lk;. cilikAupfshtd
flikfshy; rkepiyg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fhzp kPd;gpb fhLfspd; ePz;lfhyg;
ghJfhg;igAk; ePbj;j njhlu;r;rpahd gad;ghl;ilAk; kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4.4 Njrpa rl; l j; j pd; topapy; cilikAupikfs; kP j hd gupNrhjpg; i g
mbg;gilahff;
nfhz; L
muRfshdit
rl; l j; j hy;
jw; N ghJ
ghJfhf; f g; g lhj cilikAupikfis rl;lkhf;Ftjw;fhd rl;l mq;ff
P huj;ij
toq;f Ntz;Lk;. cilikAupikfis cWjpg;gLj;Jk; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;
rl;lq;fshdit ghugl;rkw;witahfTk; ghypay; $Uzu;TilajhfTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fspd; fye;jhNyhrpg;G kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy;
nfhs;iffSld; , i r t h f p > r l ; l u P j p a h d J v d f U j g ; g L k ;
cupikfspd;
gue; J gl; l gfpuq;fg;gLj;jg;gl;l xOq;Ftifg;ghLfs;
Clhf> muRfs; tiutpyf;fzk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh tbtq; f spyhd
cilikAupikfshdit vy;NyhUf;Fk; clikAupikg; ghJfhg;ghfpa
Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPo; muRf;F jw;NghJs;s flg;ghLfSld;
,irthf;fp> gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wg;gLtjw;F vjpuhf rl;lg;ghJfhg;ig
cj;juthjg;gLj;Jk; kw;Wk; njhe;juT kw;Wk; Vida mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F
vjpuhd cj;juthjj;ij jUk; clikAupikg; ghJfhg;G msit vy;yh
Ml;fSf;Fk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
4.5 muRfshdit rl;lG+u;tkhd cilikAupikfisg; ghJfhg;gJld; kf;fs;
VNjr;rhjpfhukhd Kiwapy; ntspNaw;wg;glhjpUg;gij cWjpg;gLj;JtJld;
mtu;fSila rl; l G+u; t khd cilikAupikfshdit vt;tifapYk;
kPwg;gLtijNah my;yJ mizf;fg;glhjpUg;gijNah cWjpg;gLj;jTk;
Ntz;Lk;.
4.6 cilikAupikAld; njhlu;Gila vy;yh tbtq;fspYkhd ghugl;rq;fs;>
jpUkz epiy khWtjpdhy; Vw;gLgitfs; cl;gl> rl;l ,aYikapd;ik>
nghUshjhu tsq;fis nrd;wila Kbahik vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;Gila
ghugl;rq;fspd; vy;yh tbtq;fisAk; murhq;fkhdJ ePf;fp jLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;ghf murhdJ Mz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; cilikAupikfis
kw;Wk; ,t; cupikfis tpUg;GWjp thapyhfTk; kw;Wk; kuGupikahfTk;
-7-

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mt;tz;zkhd murpd;

nraw;ghLfsthd Njrpa rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPOs;s
flg;ghLfSld; ,irTw;W ,Ug;gJld; gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba gpuhe;jpa
kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSf;F cupa
kjpg;igAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
4.7 kf;fs; jhkhfNt jkJ cilikAupikfis jk;ikj; njhlu;e;J jf;fitj;Jg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F> jk; nrhe;j eltbf;iffs; ClhfNth> mKy;gLj;jy;
Kftu;fs; %ykhd Nritfisg; ngWtjpd; %yNkh> ePjp mjpfhupfspd;
ClhfNth
my;yJ
mtu;fsJ
clikAupikfisg;
ghjpf;ff;$ba
nrad;Kiwfspy; gq;Fgw;WtjpdhNyh> jk; nrhe;j nraw;ghLfspd; Clhf
,ijg; ngwf;$ba tifapy;> kf;fSf;F muRfshdit ghugl;rkw;wJk;
ghy;epiyf; $Uzu;Tkpf;fJkhd cjtpia toq;Ftjw;F guprPypf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
4.8 kdpj cupikfs; Mdit gpupf; f Kbahjd xd; w pnyhd; W jq; f pAs; s d
xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu; G ilad vd;g jd; epkpj;jk;> fhzp kPd;g pb
kw; Wk; fhLfspd; cilikAupik MSifahdJ fhzp> kPd;gpb>
fhLfspd; gad;ghl;ilAk; mq;F nry;yf;$ba jd;ikiaAk; Neubahf
njhlu;GgLj;jhky;>
,Wjpahf
njhlu;GWk;
cupikfis
fzf;fpy;
vLf;ff;$lhJ. Mdhy; mJ vy; y h rptpy; > murpay; > nghUshjhu>
r%f> fyhrhu cupikfisf; fzf;fpy; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW
nra;tjpd; %yk; muRfshdit kdpj cupikfspd; ghJfhg;ghsu;fshfpa
rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfis kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; rhkhdpau;fs;.
RNjrpa kf;fs;> kPdtu;fs;> ,ilau;fs;;> fpuhkpa kf;fs; cl;gl;Nlhupd;
cupikfis kjpg;gJld; fhzp> kPd;gpb> fhLfspd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf nraw;gLk;
jdpegu;fSlDk; rq;fq;fSlDk; <LgLk;nghOJ jkJ kdpj cupikf;
flg;ghLfis ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
4.9 cilikAupikfs; kPjhd gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;g;gjw;F cupa Neuj;jpYk;
nghUshjhu uPjpahf ,ayf;$ba tifapYk;> tpidj;jpwd; tha;e;j
toptiffspYk; mg;gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd khw;W toptiffs;
cl;gl Nkd;KiwaPl;L cupik cl;gl cupa tifapyhd eLepiyahd
jFjptha;e;j ePjp kw;Wk; epu;thf mikg;Gf;fs; Clhf mZFtjw;F muRfs;
cjt Ntz;Lk;. mg; gupfhuq;fshtd cldbahf mKy;gLj;jg;gLtJld;
mitfSs; kPl;nlLj;jy;> el;l<L kw;Wk; nrg;gd; nra;jy; vd;gd
cs;slq;fyhk;. muRfshdit ge;jp 6.6 kw;Wk; 21.6 vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
mt; toptiffSf;F jhf; f g; g lf; $ ba kf; f s; > Xuq; f l; l g; g l; l Ml; f s;
nrd;wilaf;$bajhf cs;sij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F fLk; Kaw;rp vLf;f
-8-

Ntz;Lk;. cilikAupik #oiktpy; ve;j MspdJk; kdpj cupikfs;

kPwg;gLkhapd; gpzf;Fj; jPu;T kw;Wk; gupfhuq;fs; toptiffis mtHfs;
nrd;wiltij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
4.10 cilikAupik MSifapd; xU gq; F gw; W ifr; nrad; K iwapy;
KOikahf <LgLj;Jk; nghUl;L fhzp> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfisg;
gad;gLj;JNthupd; gq;Fgw;Wifia muRfs; tuNtw;W trjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. mtw;Wld; gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jp kPjhd jPu;khdq;fs;> rl;lq;fs;>
nfhs;iffspd; cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; mKy;gLj;jypy; murpd; kw;Wk;
murrhu;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspd; tfpgq;fpw;F cupajhfTk; Njrpa rl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; rl;lthf;fq;fspd; topapYk; mit ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

5. cilikAupikAld; njhlu;Gila nfhs;if rl;lk; kw;Wk; epWtd

rl;lfNtiyfs;
5.1 fhzp> kPd;gpb> fhLfspd; cilikAupikapd; nghWg;ghd MSifia
Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nfhs;if> rl;lk;> epWtd rl;lfNtiyfis muRf;fs;
toq;fpg; Ngz Ntz;Lk;. ,r; rl;lf Ntiyfshdit rhu;e;J epw;gjhf
cs;sJld; rl;l Kiwik muRr;Nrit kw;Wk; ePjp mjpfhupfspd; gue;Jgl;l
kWrPupikg;Gf;fspdhYk; Mjutspf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
5.2 cilikAupik MSiff;fhd nfhs;if> rl;lk;> epWtd rl;lfNtiyfs;
vd;gd muRfspd; Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd mtw;wpd;
jw;NghJs;s flg;ghLfSf;F ,ire;jpUg;gijAk;> kw;Wk; gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba
gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSf;F
cupa me;j];Jld; ,irTw;W ,Ug;gij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
5.3 c i l i k A u p i k M S i f f ; f h d n f h s ; i f > r l ; l k ; > e p W t d
rl;lfNtiyfshtd rl;luPjpahd cilikAupik> Njrpar; rl;lq;fs;
vd;gtw;wpd; gpufhuKk;> rl;luPjpahd toiktop clikAupikahfpa>
jw;NghJ
rl;lj;jhy;
ghJfhf;fg;glhjitfis>
clikAupikfSf;F
trjpg;gLj;jp Cf;Ftpj;J ghJfhg;gjw;F> cupa mq;fPfhukspj;J kjpg;G
nra;tij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. rl;lfNtiyfshdit fhzp>
kP d ; g pb f hLf spd ; Rw;whly; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; r%f> nghUshjhu>
fyhrhuj;ijAk; gpujpgypf;f Ntz;Lk;. muRfshdit ghugl;rkw;w> r%f
rkj;Jtj;ijAk; ghy;epiy rkj;Jtj;ij Cf;Ftpf;Fk; rl;lfNtiyfis
toq;f Ntz;Lk;. rl;lfNtiyfshdit fhzp> kPd;gpb fhLfs; kw;Wk;
mjid gad;gLj;Jdu;fSf;fpilapyhd xd;wpize;j cwTKiwiag;
gpujpgypg;gJld;>
mitfspd;
epu;thfj;jpw;fhd
xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l
mZFKiwiaAk; epWt Ntz;Lk;.
-9-

5.4 clikAupik kw;Wk; clikAupikfSld; njhlu;Ggl;ldtw;Wld; ngz;fs;

kw;Wk; ngz;gps;isfshy; vjpu;nfhs;sg;gLgitfis> Fwpg;ghf jilfis
muRfs; guprPypf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> ngz;fspdJ clikAupikfs;
mq;fPupf;fg;gl;L mKy;gLj;jg;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;glr; nra;Ak; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
ngz;fSf;F Nghjpa ghJfhg;ig toq;Fk; rl;l kw;Wk; nfhs;ifr; rl;lf Ntiyfis
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisAk; muRfs; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. muRfs;
ngz;fSf;F rkj;Jtkhd mbg;gil kPJ> cilikAupikfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
xg;ge;jq;fSf;Fs; rl;luPjpahf ngz;fs;; Eiotij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;JtJld;> ngz; f s; jkJ cilikAupik tpUg; G f; f is ghJfhg;gij
,ayr; nra;tjw;F rl;l NritfisAk; kw;Wk; Vida cjtpfisAk;
toq;Ftjw;F fbdg;gl;L ciof;f Ntz;Lk;.
5.5 nfhs;iffspd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;jp ghjpf;fg;gl;l vy;yhj; jug;gpdiuAk; <LgLj;Jk;
gq;Fgw;Wifr; nrad;Kiw Clhf cupa nfhs;iffs; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
nrad;Kiwfis muRfs; tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. nfhs;iffs; rl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfshtd mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,aYikiaf; fzf;fpy;
vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mitfs; ghy;epiyf; $Uzu;T mZFKiwfis cl;gLj;j
Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfspy; gue;Jgl;l ntspaPLfSld;
njspthf vLj;jpak;gTk; Ntz;Lk;.
5.6 kf;fSf;F Nritfis kpfTk; tpidj;jpwdhd Kiwapy; toq;ff;$ba
murhq;fj;jpd; NtWgl;l kl;lq;fspy;> muRfs; nghWg;Gf;fisf; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. fhzp> kPd;gpb fhLfspd; clikAupikAld; <LgLk; Kftu;fspd;
tfpgq;FfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; muRfs; njspthf tiutpyf;fzk;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. muRfshdit eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; Kftu;fs;> mj;Jld;
cs;Suhl;rp rigfs; kw;Wk; RNjr kf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida rdr%fq;fSld;>
kuGuPjpahd clikAupik KiwikfSld; mitfSf;fpilapyhd
xUq;fpizg;ig cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
5.7 muRfs; rptpy; r%fk;> jdpahu;Jiw> Gyikahsu; vd;NghUf;fhf nfhs;if
rl;lk; kw;Wk; cupa tifapyhd epWtd rl;lfNtiyfis tpUj;jp
nra;tjw;F> mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F> gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjw;F> re;ju;g;gq;fis
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;J gug;g Ntz;Lk;.
5.8 muRfSk; Vida jug; G f; f Sk; nfhs; i f rl; l k; kw; W k; epWtd
rl;lfNtiyfis> mtw;wpd; tpidj;jpwidg; NgZk; nghUl;L xOq;Ff;
- 10 -

fpukkhf kPsha;T nra;a Ntz; L k; . mKy; g Lj; J k; Kftu; f s; kw; W k;

ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhupfs;> rptpy; r%fk;> gadhsu; gpujpepjpfs; kw;Wk; gue;jstpy;
nghJkf;fSld; ntspg;gilahd nrad;Kiw kw;Wk; jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;
Clhf> Coiyj; jLg;gjw;F NritfisAk; Kaw;rpfisAk; Kd;Ndw;Wtjpy;
<Lgl Ntz;Lk;. khw;wq;fs; mtw;wpd; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;
Fwpj;j jfty; f shtd njspthf gpuNahfpf; f Ntz; b a nkhopfspy;
gue;Jgl;lstpy; gug;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
5.9 cilikAupik kPjhd nfhs;iffs; rl;lq;fshtd gue;Jgl;l murpay;>
rl;l> r%f> fyhrhu> rka> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Rw;whly; #oikTfspy;
nraw;gLfpwJ vd;gij muRfs; mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;Lk;. vq;Nf gue;j
#oikT khw;wq;fs; cs;sNjh mq;Nf cilikAupikfspd; kWrPuikg;Gk;
Njitg;gLfpwJ. muRfs; cj;Njr kWrPuikg;Gf;fs; kPjhd Njrpa ,zf;fj;ij
tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F ehb epw;f Ntz;Lk;.

6 Nritfs; toq;fy;
6.1
tsq; f s;
fpilf; f f; $ bajhfTs; s
mstpw; F
nfhs; i ffisAk;
rl;lq;fisAk;> cupa Neuj; j pYk; ; > tpidj; j pwdhd KiwapYk; >
ghy;epiyf;$Uzu;T
KiwapYk;>
mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F
mKy;gLj;Jk;
Kftu;fisAk;> ePjpj;JiwapdiuAk; kdpj ngsjPf epjp kw;Wk; Vida
,aYik tbtq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
vy;yh epWtd kl; l q; f spYkhd gzpahl;nlhFjpapdu; njhlu;r;rpahd
gapw;rpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; Ml;Nru;g;ghdJ ghy;epiy
kw;Wk; r%f rkj;Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F cupa kjpg;Gf; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
6.2 clikAupik
kw;Wk;
mjd;
epu;thfj;Jld;
njhlu;Gila
Nrit
toq;Fjy;fshdit Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jw;NghJs;s
muRfspd; flg;ghLfSf;F ,irthf ,Ug;gijAk;> gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba
gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSf;F
cupa kjpg;gspg;gspg;gjhf ,Ug;gijAk; muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
6.3 clikAupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; mt; cupikfis mDgtpg;gij
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk;
trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
gpzf;Ffisj;
jPu;g;gjw;Fk;
muRfshdit
cldbahdJk;
fpilf;ff;$baJk;
ghugl;rkw;wJkhd
Nritfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;. muRf;fs; Njitapy;yhj rl;lk; kw;Wk;
Njitaw;w
nrad;Kiwj;
Njitg;ghLfis
,y;yhnjhopg;gJld;>
cilikAupikfs; njhlu;Gila jilfis ,y;yhJ nra;tjw;F fbdkhf
ciof;f Ntz;Lk;. muRf;fs; nraw;gLj;Jk; Kftu; f s; eP j pj; J iw
- 11 -

mjpfhupfspd; Nritfis kPsha;T nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; Njitg;gLk;

,lq;fspy; Kd;Ndw;wq;fis mwpKfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
6.4 mKy;gLj;Jk; Kftu;fs; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhupfs; KOr; rdj;njhiff;Fk;
Nrit nra;tijAk;> Nritfis vy;NyhUf;Fk; toq;FtijAk; J}u
,lq;fspy; cs;Nshu; cl;gl Nritfis vy;NyhUf;Fk; toq;FtijAk;
muR cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Nritfis cldbahfTk; tpidj;jpwdhfTk;
mile;Jnfhs;sf;$ba
jd;ikia
mjpfupg;gjw;fhf>
cs;SUf;F
nghUj;jkhd njhopy;El;gq;fis ghtpj;J tpidj;jpwdhfTk; cldbahfTk;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gzpahl;nlhFjpapdu; nfhs;iffisAk; rl;lq;fisAk;
ek;gj;jFe;j kw;Wk; ,irthd Kiwapy; mKy;gLj;jf;$bajhf cs;sf
topfhl;Ljy;fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. clikAupik ghJfhg;ig my;yJ
ePjpapd; juj;ij mr;RWj;jhj tifapy; nrad;Kiwfs; ,yFgLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. tpsf;fkspf;Fk; VLfshdit gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba nkhopfspy;
gpuRupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; gadhsu;fSf;F mtu;fsJ cupikfs;
nghWg;Gf;fs; mwptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
6.5 murhYk; mKy;gLj;Jk; Kftu;fshYk; RNjr kf;fshYk; Vida
rdr%fq;fs;> rptpy; rdr%fk; jdpahu;Jiw> Gyikahsu;fs;> nghJkf;fs;
Nghd;Nwhupdhy; cupa tifapy; ,lk; rhu;e;j kw;Wk; cilikAupik
kPjhd Vida jfty;fis tpidj;jpwDld; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
gfpu;e;Jnfhs;tij
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F
nfhs;iffisAk;
rl;lq;fisAk;
muRfs; epWt Ntz;Lk;. gpuhe;jpa kw; W k; ru; t Njr epakq; f isf;
fzf; f py; vLj;J jfty;fspd; gfpu;Tg;ghtidf;fhd Njrpa epakq;fs;
tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
6.6 jhf;fg;glf;$ba kw;Wk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fshfpa> epu;thfk; kw;Wk;
ePjpj;Jiw Nritfis nrd;wil KbahNjhUf;F Mjutspg;gjw;F>
muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk; Nkyjpf Vw;ghLfisg; guprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j Vw;ghLfspNy nghUshjhu uPjpapy; ,ayf;$ba rl;l cjtp kw;Wk;
Jiz rl;lKiwfs; Jiz epy msitahsu;fspd; Nritfspd; Vw;ghL
kw;Wk; RNjrpa kf;fSf;Fk; J}uthOk; rdr%fq;fSf;Fkhd elkhLk;
Nritfs; vd;gd cs;slq;Fk;. ,t; Vw;ghLfs; ,jpNy cs;slf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
6.7 muRfs; mKy;gLj;Jk; Kftu;fisAk; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhupfisAk;>
Nrit kw;Wk; mwnewp elj;ijapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU
fyhrhuj;ij tsu;g;gjw;F J}z;l Ntz;Lk;. Kftu;fSk; ePjpj;Jiw
mjpfhupfSk; fUj;Jf;fzpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; ftdf;FOf;fs; Nghd;wd
Clhf> vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> Gjpa Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp
nra;tjw;Fkhf> Nrit toq;Fjy;fis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fk; epakq;fis
- 12 -

cau;j;Jtjw;Fk; xOq;Ff; fpukkhd gpd;D}l;ly;fis ehb epw; f Ntz; Lk; .

mtu; f s; tpisTfs; kPjhd nrayhw;Wif epakq;fis gpuRupg;gJld;>
xOq;Ff;fpukkhf mwpf;ifapl Ntz;Lk;. gadhsu;fs; eput
; hf kPsg
; hu;it
Nghd;w mKy;gLj;jy; Kftu;fSf;Fs;shfNth md;Nwy; ntspg; Gw uP j papy;
xU RahjP d khd kPs;ghu;it xd;whNyh my;yJ xU FiwNfl;Fk; mjpfhup
xUtu; %ykhfNth Kiwg;ghLfis jpUj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd toptiffisf;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
6.8 cilikAupikfs; NritfSf;fhd cupa njhopy;thz;ik rq;fq;fs;
tpUj;jp
nra;J
gug;gg;gLtJld;>
mwnewp
elj;ijapd;
cau;kl;l
mKy;gLj;jy;fs; fz;fhzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiwj;
jug;Gf;fs; gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba mwnewp epakq;fis xl;bnahOFtJld;>
kPWiffspd;nghOJ xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iff;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
mt;thwhd rq;fq;fs; ,y;yhj ,lq;fspy; muRfs; mtw;wpd; epWTiff;fhd
cfe;j #oikit cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
6.9 cilikAupikfs; njhlu; g hd Coy; f isj; jLg; g jw; F muR kw; W k;
murrhu;gw;w n raw;gh ll;lh su ;fs; ng UK aw ;rp nr a;a N t z;L k;.
fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;Wif> rl;lk; xOq;F> ntspg;gilj;jd;ik>
nghWg;Gf;$wy; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf Fwpg;ghf muRfs; ,jidr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
muRf;fs; Coy; vjpu;g;G Vw;ghLfis iff;nfhz;L mKy;gLj;JtJld;>
FWf;fpL flg;ghLfis gpuNahfpj;jy; cl;gl> mjpfhuj;jpd; VNjr;rhjpfhukhd
gad;ghl;il tiuaWg;gJld;> tpUg;G Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;J itg;gJld;>
njspthd
rl;lq;fisAk;
xOq;FfisAk;
iff;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
muRf;fshdit mKy;gLj;Jk; Kftu;fspd; jPu;khdq;fspid epu;thf kw;Wk;
/ my;yJ epjpj;Jiw kPs;ghu;itf;fhf toq;f Ntz;Lk;. cilikAupik
epu;thfj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; gzpahl;nlhFjpapdH> jkJ nraw;ghLfSf;F
nghWg;Gf;$w i t f ; f g ; g l N t z ; L k ; . m t u ; f s ; j k J flikfis
tpidj;jpwdhd Kiwapy; elhj;Jtjw;fhd toptiffs; toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; jkJ flikfspy; mtu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,ilaPLfSf;F
vjpuhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gLtJld; Coy; nraw;ghLfis mwpf;ifapLtjd;
vjpu;tpidfspy; ,Ue;Jk; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

- 13 -

- 14 -

gFjp 3
cilikAupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfspd; rl;l mq;fPfhuKk; xJf;fPLfSk;;
,g;gFjpahdJ RNjr kf;fs; kw;Wk; kuG toikahd clikAupik
KiwikfSld; $ba Vida rdr%fq;fspd>; clikAupikapd; rl;l mq;ff
P huj;Jld; njhlu;Gila fhzp kPdg
; pb fhLfspd; cilikAupik MSifAld; <LgLfpwJ
mj;Jld; Kiwrhuh cilikAupik> mj; J ld; fhzp kP d ; g pb> fhLfshfpa
nghJj;Jiwapduhy; nrhe; j k; nfhz; l hlg; g Lfpd; w my; y J fl; L g; g hl; b y;
itj;jpUf;fg; gLfpd;witfSf;fhd clikAupikfspd; Muk;g xJf;fPLfSlDk;
<LgLfpwJ

7. fhg;Gf;fs;
7.1 m u R f ; f s ; f h z p k P d ; g p b f h L f S f ; f h d c l i k A u p i k f i s
m q ; f P f u p f ; F k ; n g h O J my;yJ xJf;Fk;nghOJ> mitfs; Njrpa
rl;lq;fspd; gpufhuk; epWtg;gLtJld; VidNahupd; clikAupikfis kPWtijNah my;yJ Kbj;J tpLtijNah jtpu;g;gjw;F> fhg;Gf;fisAk; epWt
Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; jw;nghOJ rl;lj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;glhj clikAupikfis
rl;lkhf;Fjy; vd;gd cl;gl> Fwpgg
; hf ,f;fhg;Gf;fshdit clikAupikfspd;
Jizahfpa cupikfis Nrfupj;J nfhs;tJ Nghd;tw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;s>
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; jhf;fg;glf;$bNahiug; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
7.2 clikAupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfspd; rl;luPjpahd xJf;fPL kw;Wk; njhlu;ghd
vy;yh nraw;ghLfSk;> Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd mtu;fspd;
jw;NghJs;s flg;ghLfNshL ,irthdjhfTk;> gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa
kw;Wk; ru; t Njrf; fUtpfspd; fP o hd jd; d hu; t mu; g ; g zpg; G f; f Sf; F
kjpg;gspg;gjhfTk; ,Ug;gij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
7.3 muRf; f s; clikAupikfis mq; f P f upf; f Nth xJf; f P L nra; a Nth
vz;zpapUf;Fk; ,lj;jpy;> mitfs; Kjypy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;ldNth
my;yJ gjpT nra;ag;glhjdNth vt;thwhapUg;gpDk; Vw;fdNtAs;s vy;yh
clikAupikfisAk; mt;Tupikia nfhz;bUg;Nghu;fisAk; ,dq;fhz
Ntz;Lk;. RNjr kf;fs; kw;Wk; kuGtoik clikAupik KiwikAld;
njhlu;Gila Vida rdr%fq; f s; > rpW nrhe; j f; f huu; f s; kw; W k;
ghjpf;fg;gilaf;$ba NtW vtUk; ,Ug;gpd; mtu;fSk; fye;jhNyhrid
nrad;Kiwapy; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; ge;jp 3B.6 kw;Wk; 9.9
vd;gtw;Wld;; ,itfs; ,ire;jpUf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. jkJ clikAupikfs;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gltpy;iy vd kf;fs; ek;Gthu;fshdapd; ge;jp 4.9 f;F ,iaghf
ePjpiar; nrd;wila muRfs; toptFf;f Ntz;Lk;.
- 15 -

7.4 ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk; Gjpjhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l clikAupikfspy;> xj;j

cupikfis mDgtpg;gijAk;> mt; cupikfshtd gjpTfspy; gpujpgypf;fg;gLtijAk;> muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. KbAkhd nghOnjy;yhk;>
jdpegu;fs;> FLk;gq;fs;> rdr%fq;fspd; clikAupikfspd; rl;luPjpahd
mq;fPfupg;Gk; xJf;fPLfSk; Kiwik uPjpahf Njrpa Kd;DupikfSld;
twpNahu;> jhf; f g; glf; $ batu; f s; > jkJ clikAupikapd; rl;lG+u;t khd m q ; f P f h u j ; i j g ; n g w ; W f ; n f h s ; t j w ; f h d c s ; S u ;
re;ju;g;gq;fSld;> Njrpa Kd;DupikAld; ,lk; ,lkhf Kd; N dwp>
Kiwik uPjpahf nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. rl;l cjtpahdJ twpNahUf;Fk;
jhf;fg;glf;$batu;fSf;Fk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. cs;Supy; nghUj;jkhd
mZFKiwfshtd> clikAupikfspd; gjpTfs; Muk;gj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gLk;nghOJ clikAupikfspd; cUkhw;wq;fs; cl;gl ntspg;gilj;jd;ikia mjpfupg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
7.5 jkJ clikAupikfs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLk; my;yJ Gjpa clikAupikfs;
xJf;fPL nra;ag;gLk; kf; f s; jkJ clikAupikfs; jkJ flikfs;
Fwpj;J KO mwpitf; nfhz;bUg;gij muRfs; cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mk;
kf;fSf;F mtu;fs; clikAupikfis mDgtpf;fTk; jkJ flikfisg;
G+u;j;jp nra;aTk; muRfs; MjuT toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
7.6; clikAupikapy; rl;luPjpahd mq;ff
P huj;ij toq;Ftjw;F KbahjnghOJ>
muRfs; Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpd; fPohf mtu;fSf;Fs;s flg;ghLfSld; ,irahjJk;> kw;Wk; topfhl;Ljy; nfhs;iffspd; gpufhukhdJkhd> gyte;jkhd ntspNaw;Wifia muR jLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

8. murfhzpfs; kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfs;

8.1 muRfs; fhzpfisNah> kP d ; g pbiaNah> fhLfisNah nrhe; j khff;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;nghOJ my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUf;Fk;nghOJ mitfs;
r%f ng hUsh jh u Rw;wh ly; vd;w g ue;j , y f;F fsp d ; xspapy;
,t;tsq;fis gad;gLj;jTk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; jPu;khdpf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;.
vy;yh nraw;ghLfSk; Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohf mtw;Wf;Fs;s flg;ghLfSld; ,ire;jpUg;gijAk;> gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa
kw;Wk; ru;tNjr fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSf;F cupa
kupahij mspg;gjhf ,Ug;gijAk; mitfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
8.2 fhzpfs;> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfspid muRfs; nrhe;jkhf itj;jpUf;Fk;nghOJ
my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUf;Fk;nghOJ> jdpegu;fs;> rdr%fq;fs;> kw;Wk;
kuGtoik clikAupik KiwikfSld; gpuNahfpf;fg;g l cl;gl;Nlhupd;>
- 16 -

rl;luPjpahd clikAupikahdJ> Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd

mtu;fSf;Fs;s flg;ghLfSf;F ,irthfTk>; gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba
gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSf;F
cupa kjpgG
; lDk; mq;ff
P upff
; g;gl;L kjpff
; g;gl;L ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,ij
Nehf;fp rl;luPjpahd clikAupikfspd; tifg;ghLfshtd njspthf
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gLtJld; xU ntspg;gilahd nrad;Kiw kw;Wk;
Njrpaj; rl;lq;fspd; gpufhuk; gug;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
8.3 nghJthf nrhe;jkhd fhzpfs;> kPd;gpb> fhLfs; Mfpa $l;lhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLgitfs; ,Ug;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L>
(rpy Njrpa #oikTfspy; nghJthditfs; vd vLj;jhsg;gLfpwJ)
muRfs; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; mt;tz;zkhd nrhe;jkhd fhzpfs;>
kPd;gpb> fhLfisAk; mtw; w pd; njhlu; G ila $l; L g; g ad; g hL kw; W k;
Kfhikj;Jt KiwfisAk; muRfshy; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gLk; nrad;Kiw
cl;gl;ltw;iwAk; mq;fPfupj;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
8.4 muRfshdit jkf;F nrhe;jkhd jk; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUf;fg;gLk;
fhzp> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfs; kPjhd clikAupikj; jfty;fis>
xU mZff;$ba tpalg;gl;baiy cUthf;fpg; NgZtjw;F> xU
,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l clikAupik jftiy epWTtjw;F fbdg;gl;L
ciof;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;tz;zkhd tplag;gl;bay;fshtd epu;thfj;jpw;F
nghWg;ghf cs;s Kftu;fs;> mj;Jld; R N j r k f ; f s ; > k w ; W k ; V i d a
k u G t o f ; f cilikAupik KiwikfisAilNahH> kw;Wk; jdpahu;
Jiwapduhy;> itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; ve;j rl;luPjpahd clikAupikfs; Fwpj;Jk;>
gjpT nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. KbAkhd ,lq;fspy; muRfshdit
nghJthf itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; clikAupikfshtd> RNjr kf;fspd;
clikAupikfSlDk;> kw;Wk; kuG toik clikAupikfSldhd Vida
rdr%fq;fSlDk;> xd;whfg; gjpag;gLtijAk;> jdpahu; J iwapduhdJ
xU jdpj; j gjpT Kiwiaf; nfhz;bUg;gijAk;> my;yJ nghJthd
rl;lfNtiyahy; mtw;Wld; ,izf;fg;gLtijAk;> muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
8.5 muRfs; jhk; nrhe;jlkhf itj;jpUf;Fk; my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUf;Fk;
fhzp> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfspd; vit jk;khy; itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; my;yJ
xU nghJj;Jiwapdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gijAk; ,itfspy; vitfs;
VidNahuhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhf vd;d epge;jidfspd; fPo; xJf;fg;gLk;
vd;gtw;iwAk; muRfs; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
- 17 -

8.6 muRfshdit nghJj;Jiwahy; itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; fhzp kPd;gpb> fhLfspd;

gad;ghL kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfis cl;gLj;Jk; nfhs;iffis tpUj;jp
nra;J gug;GtJld;> muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fhzp kPd;gpb> fhLfspypUe;jhd
ed; i kfis rkijahf gq; f P L nra; t ij Cf; F tpf; F k; nfhs;iffis
tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; fbdg;gl;L ciof;f Ntz;Lk;. nfhs;iffs; VidNahupd;
clikAupikfisf; fzf;fpy; vLf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba
vtUk; ,t; topfhl; L jy; f spd; fye; j hNyhrpg; G kw; W k; gq;Fgw;wy;
nfhs; i ffSld; ,irAk; fye; j hNyhrpg; G nrad;Kiwapy; cs;slf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
,t;
tsq;fSld;
njhlu;Ggl;l
nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fspd;
epu;thfkhdJ> nghJf;nfhs;iffis G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; xU
tpidj;jpwdhd ntspg;gilahd nghWg;Gf;$WifAld; nghWg;ngLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. VidNahupd; clikAupikfis xJf;fPL nra;tij cl;gLj;Jk;
nfhs;iffis muRfs; tpUj;jp nra;J gug;g Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> cupa
,lq;fspy; clikAupik MSiff;fhd nghWg;Gf;fSk; gpupj;Jf;nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. clikAupikfspd;
xJf;fPl;Lf;fhd
nfhs;iffshdit
gue;Jgl;l r%f nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Rw;whly; ,yf;FfSld; ,irtdthf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. cilikAupikfspd; kPs; xJf;fPl;bNy fhzp kPd;gpb
fhLfis kuGuPjpahfg; gad;gLj;jpa cs;Su; rdr%fq;fs; cupa guprPypg;ig
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. VidNahupd; clikAupikfis nfhs;iffs;
fzf;fpy; vLg;gJld;> ghjpf;fg;glf;$batu;fs; vtUk; fye;jhNyhrpg;G>
gq;Fgw;Wif kw;Wk; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nrad;Kiwfspy; cs;slf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. clikAupikfspd; xJf;fPlhdJ ,t; tsq;fis nrd;wiltjw;F
jkJ rl;luPjpahd cupikiaf; nfhz;bUe;jtu;fis jLg;gjpdhy; mtu;fspd;
tho;thjhuk; mr; R Wj; j Yf; F cs; s hfj tifapy; ,f; nfhs;iffs;
,Ug;gij cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
8.8 muRfshdit cilikAupikia tiuaWj; j ghtidapy; ,Ue; J
KOr; nrhe; j cupik vd NtWgl; l tbtq; f spy; xJf; f P L nra; a
mjpfhuj; i jf;
nfhz; L s; s d. nfhs; i ffshdit clikAupikapd;
tPr;irAk; cupikiaf; n f h z ; b U g ; g t u ; f i s A k ; m q ; f P f u p f ; f p w J .
nfhs;iffshdit cu pi kf spd;
xJ f;fP L fsp d ;
t o p t iffis
tpNrbj;Jiuf;f
Ntz; L k; .
mt;
xJf; f P L fspd;
toptiffis
Fwpj;Jiuf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njitg;gLk;nghOJ clikAupik xJf;fPL
nra;ag;gl;l Ml;fs; mtu;fs; jkJ cupikfis mDgtpf;Fk;nghUl;L
MjuT toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fhzp> kPd;gpb> fhLfs; kPJ VJk; tbtj;jpyhd
fl;Lg;ghl;il itj;jpUf;f Ntz;LNkh vdj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

- 18 -

8.9 muRfs; ntspg;gilahdJk;> gq;Fgw;WifAld; $ba toptifspy;

njspthdJk;>
nrd;wilaf;$baJk;>
vy;NyhUf;Fk;
Gupaf;$baJk;>
tpNrlkhf RNjrpa kf;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; Vida kuGtof;F clikAupik
KiwikfSld;
$ba
Vida
kf;fSf;Fk;
Gupe;Jnfhs;sf;$ba>
njspthd vspa nrad; K iwfisg; gad; g Lj; j p> clikAupikfis
xJf; f P L nra;tJld;> cilikAupik MSiffis gpupj;Jf;nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba nkhopfspyhd jfty; f shdit vy; y h
,aYikAila
gq;Fgw;Wdu;fSf;Fk;>
ghy;epiyf;$Uzu;T
cila
nra;jpfs; Clhf cl;gl toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. KbAkhd nghOnjy;yhk;
Gjpjhf
xJf;fPL
nra;ag;gl;l
clikAupikfs;
Mtd
Vida
clikAupikfSld; xU jdpj;j gjpT KiwikapNyh my; y J xU
nghJthd rl; l f NtiyapNyh ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtij muRfs;
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. clikAupikfis xJf; F tjpy; > Coy; f isj;
jLg; g jw; F > muRfSk; murrhu;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSk; NkYk; fLk;
Kaw;rpAld; ciof;f Ntz;Lk;.
8.10 tsq;fs; fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk; msTf;F> muRfshdit fhzp>
kPd;gpb kw; W k; fhLfSf; F nghWg; g hf cs; s jifiktha; e ; j
mikg;Gf;fshtd> kdpj ngsjPf kw;Wk; Vida ,aYik tbtq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;gij cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz; Lk;. clikAupik MSiff;fhd
nghWg;Gf;fs; gpupj;J nfhLf; f g; g l; L s; s ,lq; f spy; > gad; n gWdu; f s;
gapw;rpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJld; mg; nghWg;Gf;fisj; jhNk nra;af;$ba
tifapyhd MjuitAk;; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;;.
8.11 muRfshdit xJf;fPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspdJk;> czTg;ghJfhg;G kPjhd
ghy;epiy NtWgLj;jg;gl;l jhf;fq;fs; cl;gl> tWiknahopg;G mj;Jld;
r%f nghUshjhu Rw;whly; ,yf;Ffs; kPjhd mtw;wpd; jhf;fk; vd;gd
cl;gl;ltw;iwf; f z ; f h z p g ; g J l d ;
Njitg;gLk;thwhf
jpUj;j
Vw;ghLfisAk; mwpKfk; nra;a Ntz;;Lk;.

9.

kuGtoik cilikAupikfSld; $ba RNjr kf;fSk; Vida

rdr%fq;fSk;

9.1 fhzp> kPd;gpb> kw;Wk; fhLfs; vd;gd> kuGtoik clikAupikfSld;

$ba RNjr kf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida rdr%fq;fSf;fhd r%f fyhrhu>
Md;kPf nghUshjhu Rw; w hly; kw; W k; murpay; ngWkhdq; f isf;
nfhz;Ls;sd vd; g ij muRk; murrhu; g w; w nraw; g hl; l hsu; f Sk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
- 19 -

9.2 fhzp> kPd;gpb> kw;Wk; fhLfspd; RaMSifia nraw;gLj;Jk; RNjr

kf;fSk; kuTtoik clikAupikAld; $ba Vida rdr%fq;fshtd>
ngz;fSf;fhd rkijahff; nrd;wilaf;$ba Vw;ghLfSf;F tpNrl
ftdk; nrYj;JtJld;> mt; tsq;fSf;fhd rkijahdJk;> ghJfhg;ghdJk;>
ePbj;J njhlu;tJkhd> cupikfis Cf;Ftpg;gJld; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
cs;Su; kw;Wk; ghuk;gupa epWtdq;fs; ClhfTk;> $l;L clikAupikfspd;
tplaq;fs; cl;gl mtu;fspd; clikAupik Kiwikfs; njhlu;ghd
jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;fspy; Mz;fs;> ngz; f s; > ,isQu; f shfpa vy; y h
cWg;gpdu;fsJk;
gq; F gw; W ifahdJ
Cf; F tpf; f g; g l
Ntz; L k; .
Njitg;gLk;nghOJ rdr%fq;fshdit jkJ cWg;gpdu;fs; KOikahd
jPu;khdk; vLg;gjpYk; jkJ clikAupik Kiwfspd; MSifapy;
gq;nfLg;gjw;fhd mtu;fspd; ,aYik mjpfupg;gjw;F cjtp nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
9.3 muRf;fshdit ru; tNjr rl; l q; f spd; fPo hd mtu;fsJ jw;NghJs;s
flg;ghLfSld; ,irTWtjhfTk;> gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk;
ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; fP o hd jd; d hu; t Ks; s mu; g ; g zpg; G f; f Sf; F upa
kupahijAld; $badthfTk; vy;yh nraw;ghLfSk; ,Ug;gij cWjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. RNjr kf;fspd; tplaj;jpy; muRfshdit RahjPd ehLfspy; RNjrpa
kf;fs; kw;Wk; Fykf;fs; njhlu;Gila ru;tNjr njhopyhsu; jhgdj;jpd;
rkthak; (,y 169) ,ypUe;jhd cupaitfs;> kw;Wk; RNjr kf;fspd;
cupik kPjhd If;fpaehLfs; gpufldk; kw;Wk; capupay; gy;tifj;jd;ik
kPjhd rkthaj;jpd; cupaitfs; cl;gl kdpj cupikfis ghJfhj;J
Cf;Ftpj;J mKy;gLj;JtjpYk;> cupa flg;ghLfisAk; jd;dhu;t
mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fisAk; muRfs; G+u;j;jp nra;aTk; Ntz;Lk;.
9.4 muRfshdit RNjrpa kf;fs; kw;Wk; kuGuPjpahd toikAlikAupikfSld;
$ba
V ida
rdr%fq;f i s
Nr u;e;Njhup d ;
r l ;l uP jp ahd
clikAupikfis Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpd; fPohd jw;NghJs;s
flg;ghLfSf;F ,irthfTk; gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf;
fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;Gf;Fupa kupahijAlDk; cupa
tifapy; mq;fPfupj;J ghJfhg;G toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;tz;zkhd
mq;fPfupg;ghdJ fhzp> kPd;gpb> kw;Wk; fhLfs; vd;w nghJ rdr%fj;jhYk;
mit
gfpug;gLgitapdhYk;
nghWg;Gzu;Ts;s
MSifapd;
nghJf;nfhs;iffspd; rhu;ghfTk; gpuj;jpNafkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtij
fzf;fpy; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;tz;zkhd ve;j mq;fPfupg;gpdJk; jftyhdJ
xU nrd;wilaf;$ba miktplj;jpy; gpuNahfpf; f f; $ ba nkhopfspy;
Gupe; J nfhs; s f; $ ba tbtj;jpy; cupa tifapy; gfpuq;fg;gLj;jp gug;gg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
- 20 -

9.5 RNjrpa kf;fSk; kuGuPjpahd toikAlikAupik KiwikfSld; $ba

Vida rdr%fq;fSk; jhk; thOk; jkJ topte;Njhupd; fhzpfspy;
rl;luPjpahd clikAupikiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; epiyfspy; muRfshdit
mitfis mq;fPfupj;J , t ; T u p i k f i s g ; g h J f h f ; f N t z ; L k ; .
RNjrpa kf;fs; kw;Wk; kuGuPjpahd toikAlikAupik KiwikfSld;
$ba Vida rdr%fq;fs; mt;thwhd topte;Njhupd; fhzpfspy; ,Ue;J
fl;lhakhf mfw;wg;glf;$lhJ.
9.6 muRfshdit RNjrpa kf;fs; kw;Wk; kuGuPjpahd toik cilikAupik
KiwfSld;
$ba
Vida
rdr%fj;jtu;fspd;
cilikAupik
Kiwikfis mq;fPfupg;gjw;F jkJ nfhs;iffs;> rl;lk;> kw;Wk;
epWtd uPjpahd rl;lfNtiyfis iff;nfhs;tijg; guprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;.
murpayikg;G my;yJ rl;l kWrPuikg;G> ngz;fspd; cupikfisg;
gyg;gLj;jp kw;Wk; mitfis kuGfSld; Kuzhd epiyapy; itf;Fk;
,lq;fspy;> Gjpa toik clikAupik Kiwikfspd; mk; khw;wq;fis
Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F vy;yhj; jug;Gf;fSf;Fk; xj;Jiog;G toq;fNtz;Lk;.
9.7 muRfs; clikAupikf; nfhs;iffs;> rl;lq;fis tiutjpy; RNjrpa
kf;fs; kw;Wk; kuGuPjpahd toikAlikAupik KiwikfSld; $ba
Vida rdr%fq;fspd; clikAupikfspd; fPo; cs;s fhzp> kPd;gpb>
kw;Wk; fhLfspd; r%f fyhrhu> Md; k P f > nghUshjhu> Rw; w hly;
ngWkhdq;fis fzf;fpy; vLf;f Ntz; L k; . RNjrpa kf; f s; kw; W k;
gioik toikAlikAupikfSld; $ba Vida rdr%fq; f spd;
cupikclikfSld; njhlu;Gila rl;lq;fs; nfhs;iffis tpUj;jp nra;Ak;
nghOJ jhf;fg;glf;$ba kw;Wk; Xuq;fl;lg;glf;$ba cWg;gpdu;fs; cl;gl
ghjpf;fg;gl;l rdr%fj;jpd; vy;yh cWg;gpdu;fspdJk; gpujpepjpfspdJk;
KOikahd my;yJ tpidj;jpwdhd gq;Fgw;Wif ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
9.8 RNjr kf;fs; kw;Wk; kuGuPjpahd toikAlikAupik KiwikfSld; $ba
Vida rdr%fq;fSf;F vjpuhf mjpfhukspf;fg;glhjtu;fshy; mtu;fsJ
fhzp> kPd;gpb> kw;Wk; fhLfs; vd;gd VidNahuhy; mjpfhukw;w topapy;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpuhf muRfs; mtu;fisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU
rdr%fk; vjpu;f;fhj tplj;J muRfshdit mr; rdr%fj;jhy; gad;gLj;jpf;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; fhzp> kPd;gpb> kw;Wk; fhLfspd; ,ay;G
kw;Wk; miktplk; kPjhd jfty;fis Kiwik uPjpahf Kiwrhu; uPjpahf
Mtzg;gLj;jp gug;Gtjw;F muRfs; cjt Ntz;Lk;. RNjrpa kf;fs;
kw;Wk; kuGuPjpahd toikAlikAupik Kiwikfisf; nfhz;l Vida
rdr%fq;fisr; Nru;e;Njhupd; clikAupik tplaj;jpy; mitfs; Kiwrhu;
uPjpahf Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Nghl;bapLk; cupik Nfhuy;fisj;
jtpu;g;gjw;fhf m i tf s; Vi da m ur jd p ahu; kw ;Wk; , d
clikcupikfSld; gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
- 21 -

9.9 VjhtJ fUj;jpl;lq;fis njhlf;f Kd;gjhfNth my;yJ rdr%fq;fSld;

cupikiaf; nfhz;Ls;s tsq;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; rl;lthf;f my;yJ epu;thf
Vw;ghLfisf; iff;nfhs;tjw;F my;yJ mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;ghfNth
muRfSk; Vida jug; G f; f Sk; RNjrpa kf; f Sld; ey; ek; g pf; i f
fye; J iuahly; f is elj; j Ntz; L k; . mf;fUj;jpl;lq;fshtd RNjr
kf;fspd; cupikfspd; If; f paehLfs; gpufldq;fspd; fPo ;> mtu;fspd;
Rje;jpukhdJk; Kd;djhfNt jfty; mspf;fg;gl;l ,zf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf> mtu;fsJ nrhe;jg; gpujpepjpfs; epWtdq;fs; Clhd
tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fJk; mu;j;jG\;bahd fye;Jiuahliy mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. jdpg;gl;l muRfspd;
Fwpj; j epiyfs; kw; Wk;
Gupe;Jzu;TfSf;Fk; cupa kjpg;G mspg;gJld; fye;JiuahlYk; jPu;khdk;
vLj;jy; nrad;KiwAk; mr;RWj;jy; vJTk; ,d;wp xOq;F nra;ag;gLtJld;
ek;gpf;ifahd xU #oiktpy; elhj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fye;jhNyhrpg;G kw;Wk;
gq;Fgw;Wiff; nfhs; ifahfpa 3B.6 ge;jpapy; Kd;itf;fg;g l;litfs;
,g;gpuptpy; tpgupf;fg;gLk; rdr%fq;fspd; tplaj;jpy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
9.10 muR kw; W k; murw; w nraw; g hl; l hsu; f s; Njitg; g Lk; ,lq; f spy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l r d r % f q ; f s p d ; > e p W t d q ; f s p d ; g p u j p e p j p f S l D k ; >
ghjpf;fg;gl;l rdr%fq;fSld; xj;Jiog;GlDk;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l rdr%fq;fs;
clikAupikf;
nfhs;iffs;>
rl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk;
fUj;jpl;lq;fspy;>
ghugl;rkw;w KiwapYk; ghy; e piyf; $ Uzu; T toptiffspYk; tpUj; j p
nra; J nfhs;tjpy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F> njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; rl;l cjtpfis
toq;Ftjw;F ,ize;J fbdg;gl;L ciof;f Ntz;Lk;.
9.11 muRf; f shdit RNjrpa kf; f shYk; kuGtoik clikAupik
KiwikfSld; $ba Vida rdr%fj;jtuhYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; toikg;
gpufhukhd mZFKiwfis> Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd
mtu;fSf;Fs;s flg;ghLfSld; ,irthfTk;> gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa
kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSf;F cupa
kjpg;gspj;Jk; rdr%fq;fSf;Fs;shd cilikAupik Kuz;ghLfisj;
jPu;g;gjw;F> mt;toikapd; gpufhuk; mt;; kuGtop mZFKiwfis kjpj;J
Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. xd;Wf;FNkw;gl;l rdr%fq;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
fhzp> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfspd; tplaj;jpy; rdr%fq;fSf;fpilapyhd
Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;f;Fk; toptiffs; gyg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
9.12 muR kw;Wk; murrhu;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSk;> RNjrpa kf;fs; kw;Wk;
kuGtop clikAupik Kiwikfisf; nfhz;l Vida rdr%fq;fspd;
clikAupikfs; njhlu;ghd Coy;fisj; jLg;gjw;F> fye;jhNyhrpj;jy;
kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy; topfshYk; rdr%fq;fis tYT+l;LtjhYk; Coy;fisj;
jLg;gjw;F ngU Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
- 22 -

10 Kiwrhuh clikAupik
10.1 fhzp> kP d ; g pb kw; W k; fhLfspd; Kiwrhuh clikAupik cs; s
epiyfspy; muRfshdit Njrpa rl; l q; f spd; fP o ; cs; s Kiwrhu;
cupikfis kjpg;gJld; xU topapy; epiyikfspd; ajhu;j;jj;ij mq;fPfupj;J
r%f> nghUshjhu> Rw;whlypd; eyNdhk;giy Cf;Ftpf;Fk; toptiffis
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd Kiwrhuh clikAupikfSf;F
mq;fPfhuj;ij toq; F tjw; F > muRfshdit
nfhs; i ffisAk;
rl;lq;fisAk; Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,f; nfhs;iffisAk; rl;lq;fisAk;
epWTk;
nrad;KiwahdJ
gq;Fgw;WifAld;
$bajhfTk;
ghy;epiyf;$Uzu;TilajhfTk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l
rdr%fq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpegu;fSf;F njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; rl;l MjuTf;fhd
Vw;ghLfis nra;tjw;F fbd Kaw;rp vLg;gjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;ghf muRfshdit ngUkstpyhd Gyk;ngau;TfspypUe;J cUthFk;
Kiwrhuh clikAupikfspd; mtruj; jd;ikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
10.2 Kiwrhuh cilikAupik njhlu;ghd vy;yh nraw;ghLfSk; Njrpa
kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpd; fPo; muRfSf;Fs;s flg;ghLfSld; ,irthf
,Ug;gJld;> Nghjpa tPlikg;G cupikf;F nghUj;jkhf ,Ug;gJ
cl;gl gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr fUtpfspd; jd;dhu;t
mu;g;gzpg;GfSf;F cupa kjpg;G mspg;gijAk; muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
10.3 Kiwrhuh cilikAupikfSf;F rl;luPjpahd mq;fPfhuj;ij muRfs;
toq;Fk;Nghnjy;yhk;> ,J gq;Fgw;WifAld; $ba ghy;epiyf; $Uzu;T
nrad;Kiw Clhf ,f; Fj;jiff;fhuu;fSf;F Fwpj;j kupahij mspj;Jr;
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nra;ifapy; muRfshdit tptrhapfs;
kw;Wk; rpW mstpyhd cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;F tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;. ,r; nrad;Kiwfshtd rl;lthf;f Nritfisr; nrd;wiltij
trjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; nrytpdq;fisAk; Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;.
murhdJ rdr%fq;fSf;Fk; gq;Fgw;Wdu;fSf;Fk; njhopy;El;g kw;Wk;
rl;l Mjuit toq;f fbdg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
10.4 fhzpg;ghtid kw;Wk; fhzp kPjhd mgptpUj;jpff
; hd mjPjkhd rpf;fyhd
rl;lq;fs; kw; W k; epu; t hfj; Njitg; g hLfspd; tpisit Vw; g Lj; J k;
Kiwrhuh clikAupikia tiuaWg;gjw;F cupa vy;yh Vw;ghLfisAk;
muR vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mgptpUj;jp Njitg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfshtd
xj;Jr; nraw;gLtjw;fhd Rikiaf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf njspthdjhfTk;
,yFthdjhfTk; nryTr;rpf;fdkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
- 23 -

10.5 muRfshdit Coiyj; jLg;gjw;F Fwpg;ghf ntspg;gilj; jd;ikia

jPu;khdpj;jy;> jPu;khdk; vLg;gtu;fis nghWg;Gr; nrhy;yr; nra;jy;>
eLepiyahd jPu;khdq;fs; cldbahf nra;ag;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;JtJ
vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf Coiyj; jLg;gjw;F ngUKaw;rp vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
106 Kiwrhuh clikAupikfSf; F rl; l uP j pahd mq; f P f huk;
mspf; f hj epiyfspy; muRfshdit Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpd;
fPohf mjw;Fs;s flg;ghLfis kPWk; kw;Wk; gpupT 16 ,d; fPohd cupa
Vw;ghLfSld; ,irthf cs;s gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;Wtij muRfs;
jLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

- 24 -

gFjp 4
clikAupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfspyhd khw;wq;fSk; Vida jpUj;jq;fSk;
jd;dhu;t kw;Wk; jd;dhu;tkw;w topfspy; re;ijfs;> KjyPLfspd; tpisthd
clikAupikfs;> fhzp xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; kPs;rPuhf;fy; mZFKiwfs;>
kPl;lspg;Gf;fs;>
kPs;gq;fPl;L
kWrPuikg;Gf;fs;
my;yJ
ifafg;gLj;jy;fs;
vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf jw;NghJs;s cupikfSk; kw;Wk; njhlu;Gila flikfs;
vd;gd khw;wg;gLk; Nghjhd my;yJ kPs xJf;fg;gLk;Nghjhd fhzp> kPd;gpb>
fhLfspd; cilikAupikapd; MSifia ,g;gFjp ftdpf;fpwJ.

11 re;ijfs;
11.1 nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; muRfshdit fhzp> kPd;gpb fhLfspd; gad;ghL
kw;Wk; nrhj;Jupikapd; cupikia khw;Wk; xU toptifahf ePjpahdJk;
ntspg;gilahdJkhd tpw; g idia my; y J Fj; j ifr; re; i jia
mq;fPfupj;J trjpg; g Lj; j Ntz; L k; . clikAupikfspy; re; i j
nraw;gLk;nghOJ muRfshdit vy;yh eltbf;iffSkhtd Njrpa
kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd mtw;Wf;Fs;s flg;ghLfSld;
,ire;jpUg;gijAk; gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd;
fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSf;F cupa kjpg;Gf; nfhLg;gijAk; muRfs;
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. fhzp> kPd;gpb fhLfspd; clikAupikfspd;
nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fshtd fhzpg;ghtidapd; Njrpa xOq;FtpjpfSld;
,zq;fpr; nry;tJld; Kf;fpa mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffis Mgj;jpy; ,lf;$lhJ.
11.2 muRfshdit Kuz;ghLfisAk; ];jpukpd;ikiaAk; Fiwf;Fk;@ fhzpfs;>
kPd;gpb fhLfspd; ePbj;j njhlu;r;rpahd ghtidia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; kw;Wk;
Rw;whliyg; ghJfhf;Fk;@ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; xg;ge;jq;fSld; ,irTWk;gb
fhzp kPd;gpb fhLfSld; njhlu;Gila kuG tsq;fspd; kpFjpahdJk;
rkijahdJkhd gad;ghl;il Cf;Ftpf;Fk;> nghUshjhu re;ju;g;gq;fis
tp];jupf;Fk;> Viofspd; gq;Fgw;Wifia mjpfupf;Fk;> cilikAupikfspd;
gu];gu
ed;ikf;fhd
khw;wq;fSf;fhd
rkepge;jidfs;
kw;Wk;
re;ju;g;gq;fspd; fPohd gq;Fgw;Wifia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F tpidj;jpwdhdJk;
ntspg;gilahdJkhd re;ijfspd; eltbf;iff;F muRfs; trjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. muRfshdit cs; S u; rdr%fq; f spilNaAk; RNjr
kf;fspilNaAk; FOf;fSf;Fk; Vw;glf;$ba fhzp> tUkhd Cfk;> kw;Wk;
fhzpf; ftdf;Ftpg;G> clikAupikapd; kuGtoik tbtq; f spd;
J\;gpuNahfq;fs; vd;gtw;why; ,r; r%fq;fs; kPJ Vw;glf;$ba tpUk;gj;jfhj
- 25 -

jhf;fq;fis jLg; g jw; F m u R f s ; V w ; g h L f i s v L f ; f N t z ; L k ; .

xOq;FgLj;jg;glhj re;ijfshy; r % f f y h r h u k w ; W k ; R w ; w h l y ;
tpOkpaq;fs; vg;nghOJk; ew;Nrtfk; nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy vd;gij muRfSk;
Vida j u g ; G f ; f S k ;
mq;fPfupf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
clikAupik
kP j hd nghUj;jkhd nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; rl;lq;fs; Clhf muRfshdit
r%fq;fspd; gue;Jgl;l ed;ikiag; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
11.3 ntspg; g ilj; j d; i kahdJk; tpidj; j pwd; tha; e ; j Jkhd re; i j
eltbf;iffis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> ghugl;rkw;w mZff;$ba jd;ikia
toq;Ftjw;Fk;> Nghl;baw;w gof;fq;fis jLg;gjw;Fk;> muRfshdit
nfhs;iffs;> rl; l q; f s; > xOq; F gLj; jy; Kftu;fis epWt Ntz;Lk;.
twpNahuJk; kpfTk; jhf;fg;glf;$bNahuJk; re;ijg; gq;Fgw;Wifapy; J}
z;lg;glhj;jd;ikia jtpu;g;gjw;F muRfshdit epu;thfr; nrad;Kiwfis ,yFthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
11.4 jdpg;gl;l jd;ik tiuaiwfSf;Fl;gl;L re;ij nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fs;>
re;ijg; ngWkhdk; kPjhd jfty;fs;
ntspg;gilj;jd;ikahdjhfTk;
gue;jstpy; gug;gg;gLtij muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk; cWjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. muRf;fs; ,j;jfty;fisf; fz;fhzpg;gJld; re;ijfs; ghjpg;ghd
jhf;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;> gue;Jgl;lJk; rkj;JtkhdJkhd re;ijg;
gq;Fgw;Wjiy mijupag;gLj;Jk; epiyfspy; eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
11.5 fhzpg;gjpTfs; Nghd;w gjpT nra;Ak; Kiwikfspy; clikAupikiaf;
nfhz;bUg;gtu;fshff;
fhl;lg;glhj
tho;f;ifj;Jizapdu;>
FLk;g
cWg;gpdu;fs;
kw;Wk;
VidNahupd;
rl;luPjpahd
clikAupikiag;
ghJfhg;gjw;F muRfs; fhg;G Kiwfis epWt Ntz;Lk;.
11.7 muRfSk; murw; w nraw; g hl; l hsu; f Sk; gpuNahfpf; f f; $ ba mwnewp
epakq;fSld; xl;bnahOf Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf nghJ ntspg;gLj;Jif
Clhf Coy; f isj; jLf; F k; Kfkhf re; i j eltbf; i ffspy; ,e;
epakq;fspd; mKy;gLj;jiy mitfs; gug;gp fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
11.8
Njrpa
czTg;ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;>
r%f
];jpuj;jd;ikf;Fkhd
rpwpa
czT cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L
muRfshdit
clikAupik
nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fspd;
re;ij
eltbf;iffis trjpg;gLj;Jifapy; rpwpastpyhd cw; g j; j pahsu; f spd;
clikAupikfisg; ghJfhg;gij mitfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

- 26 -

12.KjyPLfs;
12.1 czTg; ghJg;ig Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F nghWg;Gs;s mur kw;Wk; jdpahu;
KjyPLfs; mtrpakhdJ vd;gij muRk; murrhu;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. fhzp> kPd;gpb> fhLfspd; cilikAupikapd;
nghWg;Gs;s M S i f a h d J , t ; t s q ; f s p N y n g h W g ; G s ; s
KjyPLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F clikAupikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gtu;fis
J}z;b> njhlu;r;rpahf ePbf;Fk; tptrha cw;gj;jpfis mjpfupj;J cau;
tUkhdq;fisAk; cUthf;fpwJ. gy;NtWgl;l gz;iz Kiwikfs; xd;wpd;
fPo; gue;j r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Rw;whly; ,yf;FfSf;F Mjutspf;Fk;
fhzp> kPd;gpb> kw;Wk; fhLfspy; nghWg;Gzu;thd KjyPLfis muRfs;
Cf;fkspj;J Mjutspf;f Ntz;Lk;. muRfshdit vy;yhr; nraw;ghLfSk;
Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpd; fPohd mtw;Wf;Fs;s flg;ghLfSld;
,ire;jpUg;gijAk;> gpuNahfpf; f f; $ ba gpuhe; j pa kw; W k; ru; t Njrf;
fUtpfspd; fPohd jd; d hu; t mu; g ; g zpg; G fSf; F cupa kupahij
mspg;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
12.2 mgptpUj; j pailAk; ehLfspYs; s rpW msT cw; g jjpahsu; f Sk;
mtu;fspd; epWtdq;fSNk czTg;ghJfhg;G> Nghrhf;F> tWiknahopg;G
kw;Wk; Rw;whly; vjpu;j;jhf;fk; vd;gtw;Wf;F fzprkhd gq;fspg;ig
nra;J tptrha KjyP L fspd; ngUk;g q;if toq;Ffpd;wd vd;g ijg;
guprpypj;Jf;nfhz;L>
muRfshdit
rpwpastpyhd
nrhe;jf;fhuu;fsJ
KjyPLfSf;Fk; mj;Jld; mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; rpW mstpyhd
cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; $Uzu;T KjyPLfSf;Fk; Mjutspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
12.3 fhzp> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfs; kPjhd KjyPLfspd; tpisthd clikAupikfs;
kPjhd nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fspd; vy;yh tbtq;fSk; cupa Njrpa Jiw
uPjpahd nfhs;iffspd; gbAk; r%f nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp ,yf;Ff;fSld;
,irAk; tz; z Kk; rpwpastpyhd nrhe; j f; f huu; f spd; eP b j; j kdpj
mgptpUj;jpapy; ftdk; nrYj;JtjhfTk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikAld; nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
12.4 nghWg;Gzu;thd KjyPLfshdit jPq;fpiof;fhjpUg;gJld; rl;luPjpahd
clikAupikiaf;
nfhz;bUg;gtu;fsJ
clikg;
gwpg;gpypUe;J
ghJfhg;gjhfTk; kw;Wk; Rw;whly; Nrjq;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;gjhfTk;>
kdpj cupikfis kjpg;gjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;tz;zkhd
KjyPLfshdit murhq;fj;jpd; cupa kl;lq;fspy; gq;fhz;ikAld;
Ntiy nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> fhzp> kPd;gpb> fhLfSf;fhd
clikAupikfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; cs;Sutu;fs; kl;byhd mtu;fspd;
- 27 -

rl;luPjpahd
clikAupikfis
kjpf;fr;
nra;ag;glTk;
Ntz;Lk;.
tWiknahopg;G@ czTg;ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fhzp> kPd;gpb> fhLfspd; ePbj;j
njhlu;r;rpahd ghtid@ cs;Su; rdr%fq;fSf;fhd MjuT> fpuhkpa
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd gq;fspg;G> cs;Su; czT cw;gj;jp Kiwikfisg;
ghJfhj;jy;@ r%f nghUshjhu njhlu;e;J ePbj;j mgptpUj;jpiag; ghJfhj;jy;@
Ntiytha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;Fjy;@ tho;thjhuq;fis gy;tifg;gLj;jy;>
ehl;Lf;Fk; mjd; kf;fSf;Fk; twpNahu; kw;Wk; jhf;fg;glf;$bNahUf;F
ed;ikfis toq;Fjy;@ ru;tNjr njhopyhsu; ];jhgdj;jpd; epakq;fSld;
njhlu;Gila gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba flg;ghLfspd;nghOJk; Njrpa rl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; ru;tNjr njhopy;epakq;fSld; ,ire;jpUj;jy; Nghd;w nfhs;is
,yf;FfSf;F NkYk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;a fbdkhf ciof;f Ntz;Lk;.
12.5 clikAupikfspy; mDkjpf;fg;gL;k; nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fspd; msT> tPr;R
kw;Wk; ,ay;G kPjhd ntspg;gilahd tpjpfis murhdJ toq;FtJld;
cupa fye;jhNyhrpg;G kw;Wk; gq; F gw; W ifiaAk; toq; f Ntz; L k; .
mj;Jld; mjd; Njrpa #oiktpy; clikAupikfspd; ngUkstpyhd
nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fis cUthf;Fgtw;iw mJ tiutpyf;fzk; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
12.6 murhdJ rl;lu P jpah d cli kA up ikfs;> kd p j cup ikfs ;>
tho;thjhuq;fs;> czTg;ghJfhg;Gf;fhd fhg;;Gf;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJld;>
clikAupikfspd;
ngUkstpyhd
nfhLf; f y;
thq;fy;fspypUe;J vof;$ba ,lu;fspypUe;Jk; #oiyg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mt;tz;zkhd fhg;Gf;fspy; mDkjpf;fg;gLk; fhzpf; nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fs;
kPjhd vy;iyfis mwpKfk; nra;jy;> Fwpj;j msitj; jhz;Lk;;
nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fs; vt;thW mq;fPfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd ghuhSkd;w
mq;fPfhuq;fs; Nghd;wdtw;why; xOq;FgLj;Jjy; vd;gd ,f;fhg;gPLfspy;
cs;slq;f KbAk;. clikAupikfspd; ngupastpyhd khw;wq;fspy;
Vw;glhj cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; KjyPl;L khjpupfspd; xU tPr;rpy; KjyPl;lhsu;fis
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F muR guprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; clikAupikahsu;fspd;
gq;fhz;ikfisAk; Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
12.7 RNjrpa kf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida rdr%fq;fs; njhlu;gpy; muRfshdit
Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd jw;NghJs;s mtu;fSf;fhd
flg;ghLfSld;
vy;yh
nraw;ghLfSk;
,ire;jpUg;gijAk;>
gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t
mu;g;gzpg;GfSf;F vy;yh nraw;ghLfSk; cupa kupahij mspg;gijAk;
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. RahjPd ehLfspy; RNjr kw;Wk; kf;fspy; mf;fiw
nra;Ak; ru;tNjr n j h o p y h s u ; j h g d k f h e h L ( 1 6 9 ) k w ; W k ;
- 28 -

R N j r kf;fspd; cupikfs; kPjhd If;fpaehLfs; gpufldk; vd;gtw;wpy;

nghUj;jkhf ,Ug;gitfs; cl;gl. rdr%fq;fs; cupik nfhz;bUf;Fk;
tsq;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; ve;j KjyPl;Lf; fUj;jpl;lj;ijAk; njhlf;Ftjw;F
Kd;ghf Njrpa kf;fSld; ey;ek;gpf;if fye;Jiuahly;fis muRfSk;
Vida jug;Gf;fSk; elhj;j Ntz;Lk;. ge;jp 9.9 ,y; tpgupf;fg;gl;lthwhf
mf;
fUj;jpl;lq;fshdit
RNjr
kf;fspd;
cWg;gpdu;fSldhd
tpidj;jpwdhdJk; mu;j;jG\;bahdJkhd fye;Jiuahliyf; nfhz;L
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. topfhl;Ljy;fspd; fye;jhNyhrpg;G kw;Wk;
gq;Fgw;Wifapd; nfhs;iffshdit Vida rdr%fq;fspd; tsq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jk; KjyPLfSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
12.8 nghWg;ghd KjyPl;il Cf;Ftpf;Fk;> kdpj cupikfis kjpf;Fk;;> kw;Wk;
czTg; ghJfhg;igAk; #oypd; njhlu;r;rpahd ePbj;j ghtidiaAk;>
kw;Wk;
gpd;G tpUj;jp nra;Ak; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffisAk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk;
rl;lq;fisAk; gug; G k; epge; j idfisAk; > ,t; topfhl; L jy; f spd;
fye;jhNyhrpg;G kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;Wifapd; nfhs;iffSld; ,irAk;
vy;yhg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;Gf;fSlDk;> muRfs; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xg;ge;jj;jpw;fhd vy;yhj; jug;Gf;fspdJk;; cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfisj;
njspthf tiutpyf;fzk; nra;tjw;F> KjyPl;bw;fhd xg;ge;jq;fs; Ntz;b
epw;f Ntz;Lk;. KjyPl;bw;fhd xg;ge;jq;fshdit Njrpa rl;;lf Ntiyfs;
kw;Wk; KjyPl;Lf; NfhitfSld; ,irTw;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
12.9 clikAupikapd;
nfhLf; f y; thq; f y;fspd;
vy;yh
tbtq;fisAk;
<LgLj;jpAk;>
,t;
topfhl; L jy; f spy;
fye; j hNyhrpj; j y;
kw; W k;
gq; F gw; w y;
nfhs;iffSld;
,irthFk;gb
Rtpfupg;Gf;fs;
kw;Wk;
gq;fhz;ik xg;ge;jq;fs; cl;gl a h U i l a c l i k A u p i k f s ; k h d p a
cupikfs;
cl;gl
ghjpf;fg;gLNkh mtw;Wld; KjyPLfSf;fhd
Vw;ghLfis> muRfSk; Vida njhlu;Gila jug;gpdUk;> jdpegu;fs;>
FLk;gq;fs;> rdr%fq;fSf;F mtu;fspd; clikAupikfs; Fwpj;J mwptpf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;>
Njitg;gLk;thwhf mtu;fSf;F njhopy;thz;ik
cjtpfis toq;Fjy; cl;gl fye;jhNyhrpg;G kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;Wifapy;
mtu;fspd; ,aYikia tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; cjt Ntz;Lk;.
12.10 clikAupikfspd; ngUkstpyhd nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fis <LgLj;Jk;
Rtpfupg;G kw;Wk; gq; f hz; i k xg; g e; j k; cl; g l; l
KjyP L fs;
guprPypf;Fk;nghOJ> clikAupikfs;> czTg;ghJfhg;G> Nghjpa czTf;fhd
cupikapd; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd epiyehl;Lif> tho;thjhuq;fs;> #oy; vd;gd
kPJ me; KjyPLfs; Vw;gLj;jf;$ba rhjf kw;Wk; ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fs;
kPjhd xU Kd;djhd RahjPd kjpgg
; l
P i
; l NtWgl;l jug;Gf;fs; elhj;Jtjw;F
- 29 -

Vw;ghLfisr; nra; t jw; F muRfs; fbdg; g l; L ciof; f Ntz; L k; .

rl;luPjpahd clikAupikfs;> cupikNfhuy;fs;> kuGtoikahditfSk;
Kiwrhuh clikAupikfs; cl;gl;lit KiwikuPjpahfTk; eLepiy
uPjpahfTk; ,dq;fhzg;gLtij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. rpwpastpyhd
cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; Nghd;w VidNahhpd; chpikfSk; tho; t hjhuKk;
KjyPLfshy; ghjpg;gilfpwJ. ,r; nrad;KiwahdJ ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fspd;
fye;jhNyhrpg;G
kw;Wk;
gq;Fgw;wy;
nfhs;iffSld;>
ghjpf;fg;gl;l
jug;Gfspd; M N y h r i d C l h f e l h j ; j g ; g l N t z ; L k ; . j w ; N g h J s ; s
cilikAhpikfs; mt;tz;zkhd KjyP L fSf; f hf tpl; L f; nfhLf; f
Kbahjd.
12.11 vy;yh njhlu;Gila Ml;fSk; ,t; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapy; <LgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdu;>
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F xg;ge;jk; nra;Ak;
jug;GfSf;F KOikahd jfty;fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l vy;NyhuhYk; mitfs; Gupe;Jnfhs;sg;gLtJld; xg;ge;jq;fs;
Mtzg;gLj;jiyAk; ehb epw;f Ntz;Lk;. vy;yhg; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij
nrad;KiwfSk; ghugl;rkw;wjhfTk; ghy;epiyf; $Uzu;Ts;sjhfTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
12.12 ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;lthwhf murnraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;fhd
nghJthd nfhs;iffspd; topapy;> KjyPl;lhsu;fs; Njrpa rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
rl;lthf;fj;ij kjpg;gjw;Fk; rl;lk; xOq;F> VidNahupd; clikAupikfs;
vd;gtw;iw kjpj;J mq;fPfupf;Fk; nghWg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. czTg;
ghJfhg;gpd;ik kw;Wk; Rw;whly; jukpog;G vd;gtw;Wf;F KjyPLfs; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;af; $lhJ.
12.13 muRfSf;F Nritfis toq;Fk; gq;fhz;ikahsu;fs;> KjyPl;lhsu;fs;>
fhzp> kPd;gpb fhLfSf; f hd clikAupikia nfhz; b Ug; g tu; f s;
Nghd;Nwhu;
mtu;fsJ
Nritfs;
tpNrlj;Jtkhf
Ntz;LNfhs;
tpLf;fg;gl;lhNyh md;NwNyh jkJ Nritfis toq;Fk;nghOJ jkJ
cau;e;jgl;r jpwikf;F Ntz;ba fbd ciog;Gld; nghWg;ngLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
12.14 muRfSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;Gf;fSk; clikAupikfspd; ngUkstpyhd
nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fspd; jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
RtPfupg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; gq;fhz;ik xg;ge;jq;fs; cl;gl;ltw;wpd; mKy;gLj;jypd;
jhf;fkhd fz;fhzpg;gpw;F jkJ gq;fspg;igr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. muRfshdit
Njitahd ,lq;fspy; xg;ge;jq;fis mKy;gLj;jTk;> clikAupikfs;
kw;Wk; Vida cupikfis ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;> rupg;gLj;Jif eltbf;iffis
vLf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; mt;thwhd eltbf;iffis Jd;GWk; jug;Gf;fs;
Nfl;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; mjw;fhd nghwpKiwfisAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
- 30 -

12.15 muRf;fs; ntspehLfspy; KjyPL nra;Ak; nghOJ my;yJ KjyPLfis

Nkw;nfhs;Sk;nghOJ me; e lj; i jfshdit rl; l uP j pahd clikAupikfis ghJfhg; g Jld; ,irTw; W ,Ug; g ijAk; czTg; g hJfhg; i g
Cf;Ftpg;gijAk; Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohf mtu;fSf;Fs;s
flg;ghLfSld; ,irTw;W ,Ug;gijAk;> gpuNahfp;f;fg;gLk; gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk;
ru;tNjr fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;GfSf;F cupa kjpg;G
mspg;gjhf ,Ug;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

13.fhzp xUq;fpizg;Gf;fSk; Vida kPsr; rPuhf;fy; mZFKiwfSk;

13.1 czTg;ghJfhg;igAk;> fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpiaAk; njhlu;e;J ePbf;Fk;
tifapy; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf cl;gl> nrhe;jf;fhuu;fSk; gad;gLj;Jgtu;fSk;
jkJ epy mikg;Gf;fis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fk; jkJ epy clikfis
my;yJ epyj;Jz;lq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjpy; cjTtjw;fhf epy clikfs;
my;yJ epyj;Jz;lq;fspd; kPs; rupnra;iff;fhd fhzp xUq;fpizg;Gf;fs;>
gupkhw;wq;fs; my;yJ Vida jd;dhu;t mZFKiwfis nghUj;jkhd
,lq;fspy; muRfs; guprPypf;f KbAk;. muRfshdit mtu;fsJ vy;yh
nraw;ghLfSk; Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd mtu;fsJ
flg;ghLfSld; xj;J ,Ug;gijAk;> gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk;
ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;GfSf;F cupa kjpg;G
mspg;gdthfTk; ,Ug; g ij cWjpg; g Lj; J tJld; > Kd; i daJld;
xg;gpLk;nghOJ ,j;jpl;lq;fSf;F gq;Fgw;Wdu;fs; Mff; Fiwe;jJ
ed;whf ,Ug;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;. gy nrhe;jf;fhuu;fs; kw;Wk;
gad;gLj;Jdu;fspd; tpUg;Gf;fis xU jdpj;j rl;luPjpahd kPs;rPuhf;fj;jpNyNa
xUq;fpizg;gjw;F ,e;j mZFKiwfs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
13.2 fhzp xUq;fpizg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU ghfkhf muRfshdit
fhzpj;Jz;lq;fis mitfs; gadhspfSf;F xJf;fg;g Lk; tiuapy;
Rtpfupj;J jw;fhypfkhf itj;jpUg;gjw;fhf fhzp> tq;fpfis epWTtJ
Fwpj;J guprPypf;f KbAk;.
13.3 Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;Gf; fUj;jpl;lq;fspy; mg;nghJf;
fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhf jdpahu; fhzpfis Rtpfupg;ig trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;>
ghjpf;fg;gl;l nrhe;jf;fhu;fs;> tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; rpW mstpyhd czT
cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;F mtu; f s; njhlu; e ; J nra; t jw; F k; ; cw; g j; j pia
mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; mDkjpf;Fk;> el;l<lhd fhzpia toq;Ftjw;Fk;> Gjpa
,lj;jpy; muRfshdit fhzp xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; fhzp tq;fpia
Cf;Ftpg;gijAk; trjpg;gLj;JtijAk; guprPypf;fyhk;.
- 31 -

13.4 rpW nrhe;jf;fhuf; FLk;g gz;izfspd; epyj;Jz;lhf;fj;jpd;nghOJ gy

rpg;g epyj;Jz;lq;fshtjhdJ cw;gj;jpr; nrytpdj;ij mjpfupf;fpwJ.
mt;tz;zkhd gz;izfs;> fhLfspd; fl;likg;ig Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F
fhzp xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; fhzp tq;fpapid muRfs; guprPypf;f
KbAk;. fhzpj;Jz;lhf;fkhdJ mghaNeu;Tf; FiwT my;yJ gapu;
gy;tifj;jd;ikahd ed;ikfis mspf; F k; ,lq; f spy; muRfshdit
epy xUq;fpizg;ig gad;gLj;jtjpypUe;J tpyfpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. gz;izfs;
kPs; fl;likg;gjw;fhd fhzp xUq;fpizg;Gf; fUj;jpl;lq;fshdit
ePu;g;ghrd Kiwikfs; kw;Wk; cs;Su; tPjpfspd; Gdu;epu;khzk; Nghd;w
tptrhapfSf;F MjuT epfo;;rpj;jpl;lq;fSld; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l
rpg;g
epyj;Jz;Lfspd;
vjpu;fhy
cggpupTfis
tiuaWg;gjdhy; fhzp xUq;fpizg;gpd; KjyPl;ilg; ghJfhg;gjw;F
Vw;ghLfs; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
13.5 Fwpj;j cs;Su; Njitg;ghLfSf;F nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk; kPs;rPuhf;f
mZFKiwfSf;fhd
je;jpNuhghaq;fis
muRfs;
epWtpf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. mj; je; j pNuhghaq; f shdit r%f> nghUshjhu> Rw;whly;
uPjpapy; njhlu;e;J ePbg;gitahfTk; ghy;epiyf;$Uzu;Ts;sitahfTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. je;jpNuhghaq;fshdit kPs; rPuhf;f mZFKiwikfspd;
nfhs;iffisAk;; ,yf;FfisAk; ,dq;fhz Ntz;Lk;@ gadhsu;fs;@
nghJj;Jiwapy; ,aYik kw;Wk; mwpit tpUj;jp nra;jy;@ tptrhapfs;>
rpwpastpyhd cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;> kPd;gpbg;Nghu; fhl;ilg; gad;gLj;JNthu;>
epWtdq;fs;> Gyikahsu; epyclikfs; my;yJ epy rpg;gj;Jz;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; ghtidfis kPs xUq;F nra;tjw;fhf njspthdJk;
nryT Fiwe;jJkhd nrad;Kiwfis rl;lq;fs; epWtpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
13.6 muRfs; fUj;jpl;lq;fspy; kPs;rPuhf;fy; mZFKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp cupa
fhg;Gf;fis epWtpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gltpUf;Fk;
ve;jjdpegNuh>

rdr%fNkh

gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba

my;yJ

nkhopapy;

Ml;fNsh
Nghjpa

njhlu;G
jfty;fs;

nfhs;sg;gl;L
toq;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; rl;l MjuT toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. RNjr

kf;fspd;

cupikfisf;

ftdj;jpy;

nfhz;L

gq;Fgw;Wif

kw;Wk;

ghy;epiyf;$Uzu;T mZFKiwfs; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. juq;Fiwtij

jLf;Fk; my;yJ Fiwf;Fk; kw;Wk; gy;tif capupdj;jd;ikia ,of;fr;
nra;tijj; jLf;Fk; Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G epWtg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; ey;y
fhzp Kfhikj;Jtj;ijAk; mjw;fhd rpwe;j gof;f tof;fq;fisAk; epyr;
rPuhf;fj;ijAk; tsu;f;Fk; khw;wq;fSf;F gjpYgfhuk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
- 32 -

14 fhzp kPl;lspj;jy;
14.1 Njrpa #oikTfisf; fUj;jpy;nfhz;L cupa ,lq;fspy; fhzp> kPd;gpb
kw;Wk; fhLfSf;fhd rl;luPjpahd clikAupik ,og;Gf;fhf kPl;lspg;Gf;fis
toq;Ftij muRfs; guprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;. muRf;fshdit mjd; vy;yh
nraw;ghLfSk; Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd mjw;Fs;s
flg;ghLfSld; ,ire;jpUg;gijAk; gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk;
ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; jd;dhu;t mu;gg; zpgG; f;F cupa kupahij mspg;gijAk;
muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
14.2 %y

epy

clikfs;

my;yJ

epyj;Jz;L

rpg;gq;fshdit

,og;ig

mDgtpj;jtu;fSf;F my;yJ mtu;fsJ jhaj;jhu;fSf;F jifikAila

Njrpa mq;fPfhuj;jpd; jPu;khdj;jpd; %yk; jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
%ykhd epy clikf; fhzpfisNah my;yJ rpg;gf; fhzpj; Jz;lq;fisNah
jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;f Kbahj Ntisfspy; murhdJ vy;yhg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
kf;fSf;Fk; gzk; kw;Wk; / my;yJ khw;wPlhd fhzpr; rpg;gj;Jz;lq;fs; my;yJ
epyclikf; fhzpfis tbtj;jpy; vy;yhg; ghjpff
; g;gl;l kf;fSf;Fk; rkijahd
elj;ijia cWjpg;gLj;j cldbahdJk; el;l<l;lhdJkhditfis muR
toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
14.3 xU RNjrpa kf;fspd; kP;l;lspg;G mf;fiw njhlu;ghf cupa tifapy; Njrpa
#oiktpYk; Njrpa rl;lk; kw;Wk; rl;lthf;fj;jpd; gpufhuKk; mZfg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
14.4 kPl;lspg;Gf;fhd

njspthdJk;

ntspg;gilahdJkhd

nrad;Kiwia

toq;Fk; ghy;epiyf; $Uzu;Tf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; rl;lq;fis muRfs;

tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. kPl;lspg;G nrad;Kiwfs; kPjhd jfty;fshdit
gpuNahfpf;ff; $ ba nkhopfspy; gutyhfg; gug;g g;g l Ntz;Lk;. cupik
NfhUgtu;fSf;F rl;luPjpahd kw;Wk; Jiz rl;luPjpahd cjtpfs; nrad;Kiw
G+uhfTk; Nghjpa cjtpAld; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kPl;lspg;G cupikNfhuy;fs;
cldbahf nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLtij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Njitahd

,lq;fspy;

clikAupikfis

ntw;wpfukhd

mDgtpf;fTk;

cupikNfhUdu;fSf;F

flikfis

epiwNtw;wTk;

mtu;fs;
Nrit

trjpfs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mKy;gLj;jypd; Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ gue;jstpy;

gug;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
- 33 -

15 kPs;gq;fPl;L kWrPuikg;Gf;fs;
15.1 kPs;gq;fPl;L kWrPuikg;Gf;fs; Mtd fhzp kw;Wk; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp
cl;gl;ltw;Wf;Fk;
gue;jstpYk;>
rkijahd
mstpYk;
mZfpr;
nry;tij trjpg;gLj;jf; $baJ. ,J njhlu;ghf Njrpa #oiktpd; fPo;
nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; muRfshdit nghJNehf;fj;jpw;fhf nghJf;
fhzpfspd; xJf;fPl;il> jd; d hu; t kw; W k; re; i j mbg; g ilapyhd
nghwpKiwfisAk; > mj;Jld; jdpahu; fhzpfs;> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfspd;
jd;dfg;gLj;JifiaAk; muRfs; guprPypf;f KbAk;.
15.2 kPs;gq;fPl;L kWrPuikg;Gf;fis mKy;gLj;Jk; #oiktpy; xU nfhs;ifj;
njupthf fhzp cr;rtuk;ig muRfs; guprPypf;f KbAk;.
15.3 Njrpa #oiktpy; Njrpa rl;lk; kw;Wk; rl;lthf;fj;jpd; gpufhuk; kPsg
; q;fl
P L
;
kWrPuikg;Gf;fshtd r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Rw;whly; fhuzpfSf;fhf>
mtw;Wld; Vidaitfshf nrhj;Jlikr; nrwpthdJ cau;kl;lj;jpy;
,Uf;f fhzp> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfSf; F nry; y Kbahikf;
fhuzj; j pdhyhd fpuhkpa tWikapd; fzprkhd kl;lj;Jld; $bajhf
,Ug;gJld; gpupT 15 ,d; Vw;ghLfSld; ,ize;jpUg;gJld; rl;luPjpahd
vy;yh clikAupikahsu;fspdJk; cupikfSk;
kWrP u ikg; G f; f s;
kWrP u ikf; f g; g l KbAk; . kPs;gq;fPl;L kWrPuikg;Gf;fshtd Mz;fsJk;
ngz;fsJ fhzp> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfisr; rkijahf mZFtij
cj;juthjg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
15.4 muRf;fs; kPs; gq;fPl;L kWrPuikg;Gf;fis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F njupT
nra;ag;gLk; gl;rj;jpy;> ,k; kWrPuikg;Gf;fshtd Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNj
rl;lq;fspd;
fPohd
mtw;wpd;
flg;ghLfSld;
,ire;jpUg;gJld;>
gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t
mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSf;F
,ire; j pUg; g ijAk;
cWjpg; g Lj; j pf; n fhs; s
Ntz; L k; .
kWrPuikg;Gf;fshtd
rl;lk;
xOq;if
gpd;gw;WtJld;
Njrparl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk;
nrad;Kiwfspd;
gpufhuk;
mKy;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. muRfshdit ,t; topfhl;Ljy; nfhs;iffs;> kPs;gq;fPL vy;yhj;
jug;gpdupd; Njitfis rkepiyg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba
mZFKiwfs; kPjhd nfhs;iffSld; ,irthd fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fspd;
tpUj;jpfis trjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. muRfs;> rdr%fq;fs;@ rptpy;
r%fq;fs;@ jdpahu;Jiw> tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; rpwpastpyhd czT
cw;gj;jpahsu;@ kPd;gpbapdu;> fhl;Lg;gad;ghl;lhsu;fs; kw;Wk; VidNahupd;
rq;fq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd gq;fhz;ikfs; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;. gq;fhz;ikahsu;fsplkpUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; epjp kw;Wk;
Vida gq;fspg;Gf;fs; epahakhdsthf ,Ug;gJld; Kfhikj;Jtk;
nra;ag;gl Kbahj fld; RikfSld; mtu;fis tpl;Ltplf;$lhJ. fhzp>
kPd;gpb> fhLfSf;fhd jkJ clikAupikfisf; iftpLNthu; fhuzkw;w
jhkjkpd; w p rkijahd nfhLg; g dTfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
- 34 -

15.5 muRfs; kPs; gq;fPl;L kWrPuikg;Gf;fis mKy;gLj;j njupT nra;Ak;

,lq;fspy; mitfs; kWrPuikg;G epfo;;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; ,yf;Ffisj;
njspthf tiutpyf;fzk; nra;tJld; mt;tz;zkhd kPs;gq;fPl;bypUe;J
jtpu;f;fg;gLk; fhzpfis Rl;bf;fhl;lTk; Ntz;Lk;. cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;s
gad;ngWdu;fs; tPl;Lj;Njhl;lq;fis ehb epw;Fk; FLk;gq;fs; cl;gl
ngz;fs;> Kiwrhuh FbNaw;w tjpthsu; f s; > ,ilau; f s; > tuyhw; W
uPjpahf gadilahj FOf;fs;> Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fs;> ,isQu;fs;>
RNjrpa kf;fs; xd;W $batu;fSk;> rpwpa mstpyhd cw;gj;jpahsu;fSk;
Nghd;Nwhu; njspthf tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
15.6 kPs;gq;fPl;L kWrPuikg;Gf;fis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F muRfs; njupT nra;Ak;
,lq;fspy;> mtu; f s; gq; F gw; W if nrad; K iw Clhf mitfis
ePbj;j njhlu;r;rpahdjhf;Ftjw;fhf> gq;Fgw;Wifr; nrad;Kiw Clhf
nfhs;iffisAk; rl;lq;fisAk; tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. nfhs;iffSk;
rl;lq;fSkhdit gad;ngWdu;fSf;F mtu;fs; fhzp> kPd;gpb> fhL
Mfpa jhk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;gitfspy; ,Ue;J Nghjpa tho;f;ifjuk; xd;iw
<l;bf;nfhs;tjw;fhf> rdr%fq;fs;> FLk;gq;fs; my;yJ jdpegu;fshfpa
gadhspfSf;F ,r; rl; l q; f s; kw; W k; nfhs; i ffs; cjTtijAk; >
kPs;gq;fPl;L kWrP u ikg; G f; f spy; Mz; f s; > ngz; f s; rk elj; J ifia
cWjpg;gLj;JtijAk;> muRfs; cWjpg; g Lj; j Ntz; L k; . muRfshdit
kPs;gq;fPl;L
kWrPuikg;Gf;fspd;
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l
tpisTfspd;
rhjpg;Gf;fisAk;
njhlu;r;rpahd
ePbj;J
epiyg;igAk;
jLf;ff;$ba
nfhs;iffis kPs; jpUj;jpaikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
15.7
kPs;gq;fPl;L
kWrPuikg;Gf;fs;
guprPypf;fg;gL;k;nghOJ>
muRfshdit
mitfs; kpfTk; tpUk;gg;gbd; clikAupikfs;> czTg;ghJfhg;G. kw;Wk;
Nghjpa czTf; f hd cupikia epiyehl;LtjpYs;s Kd;Ndw;wk;>
tho;thjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;whlypy; mit Vw;gLj;jf;$ba rhjf ghjf
jhf;fq;fs; kPjhd xU kjpg;gPl;il elhj;jyhk;. ,e;j kjpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;KiwahdJ ,t; topfhl; L jy; f spd; fye; j hNyhrpg; G kw; W k; gq; F gw; W if
nfhs;iffSld; ,irtjhf elhj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPLfshdit
gadhsu;fSf;F Mjutspg;gjw;F Njitahd Vw;ghLfis jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhd
xU mbg;gilahfTk;> kPs;gq;fPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd
xU mbg;gilahfTk; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
15.8 kP s ; g q; f P l ; L fhzp kWrP u ikg; G epfo; r ; r pj; j pl; l q; f shdit fld;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> gapu; f ; fhg; G Wjp> cs; s P L fs; > re; i jfs; > fpuhkpa
tp];jupg;gpy; njhopy;El;g cjtp> gz;iz tp];jupg;G kw;Wk; tPlikj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; gadhspfshy; N t z ; l g ; g L k ; M j u t p d ; k P s ; g q ; f P l ; L
- 35 -

kWrPuikg;Gf;fs; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; KO mstpy; toq;Ftij muRfs;

cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j MjuTr; Nritfs; Vw;ghLfshdJ>
gadhsu;fspd; fhzp kPjhd ,af;fj;Jld; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fhzp kWrPuikg;Gf;fhd KOr; nrytpdk; MjuTr; Nritr; nrytpdq;fs;
cl;gl Kd;djhfNt ,dq;fhzg;gl;L cupa tuTnryTj; jpl;lq;fspy;
mlf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
15.9 muRfshdit> kPs;gq;fPl;L kWrPuikg;Gf;fis> ntspg;gilj;jd;ik gq;Fgw;Wif kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$wy; mZFKiwfSlDk; nrad;KiwfSlDk;
mKy;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. vy;yhg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;Gf;fSk; Njrpa rl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; gpupT 16 ,d; Vw;ghLfspd; gpufhukhd> cupa nrad;Kiw kw;Wk;
el;l<L toq;fg;glf;$batwhf cs;sdu;. vy;yhg; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba jug;Gf;fSk; gad;ngwhj FOf;fs; cl;gl kWrPuikg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghf KO
mstpyhdJk; njspthdJkhd jfty; f is ghy; e piy ,yf; F itg; G
nra;jpfs; Clhf ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gadhsu;fs; rpwe;j nrad;Kiw
Clhf njupT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; gfpuq;fkhfg; gjpT nra;ag;gLk;
ghJfhg;ghd clikAupikfis mtu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd toptiffis nrd;wiltjhdJ> Njrpa rl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. muRf;fshdit kPs;gq;fPl;L kWrPuikg;G
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy; Coiyj; jLg;gjw;F> Fwpg;ghf ngUkstpyhd ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;Wif Clhf Coiyj; jLg;gjw;F ngUKaw;rp vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
15.10 muRfshdit rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;Gf;fspd; gq;Fgw;WifNahL kPs;gq;fPl;L
kWrPuikg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; 15.8 ge;jpapy; epuy;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
,ize;j MjuTf; nfhs;iffs; cl;gl;ltw;wpd; tpisTfis fz;fhzpj;J
kjpg;gpl Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; czTg;ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
fhzpfis nrd;wiltJ kPjhd mtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; kjpg;gpLtJld; Njitg; g Lk; ,lj; j py; muRfshdit jpUj; j Vw; g hLfisAk;
mwpKfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

16

ifafg;gLj;jYk; el;l<Lk;

16.1 Njrpar; rl; l k; kw; W k; rl; l thf; f j; j pw; F cl; g l; L Njrpa #oiktpd;
gpufhuk; muRfshdit fhzp kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfs; xU nghJNehf;Ff;fhf
Njitg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; khj;jpuk; ,itfs; kPjhd cupikfis ifafg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. muRfshdit rl;lj;jpy; nghJNehf;fj;jpd; vz;zf;fUit
ePjpj;Jiw kPsha;T nra;a mDkjpf;Fk; nghUl;L njspthf tiutpyf;fzk;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. muRfshdit vy;yh nraw;ghLfSk; jkJ Njrpa kw;Wk;
- 36 -

ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd mtw;wpd; jw;NghJs;s flg;ghLfSlDk;

,ire;jpUg;gijAk;> gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;f gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd;
fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSf;F cupa kjpg;gspg;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
rl;luPjpahd
clikAupikiaf;
nfhz;bUg;gtu;fSf;F
tpNrlkhf ghjpf;fg;glf;$batu;fSf;Fk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOtpduplkpUe;Jk;
Njitahd kpff; Fiwe;jgl;r tsq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJld;> Njrpa
rl;lq;fspd; gpufhuk; el;l<l;il cldbahf toq;fp vy;yh rl;luPjpahd
clikAupikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gtu;fisAk; mtu;fs; kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
16.2 ifafg;gLj;jy;fs; ntspg;gilahdjhfTk; gq;Fgw;WjYld; $bajhfTk;
,Ug;gjw;fhd jpl;lkpliyAk; nrad;KiwfisAk; muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;glf;$bNahH Nghd;W Njhd;Wgtu;fs; ,dk; fhzg;gl;L>
cupaKiwapy; mwptpf;fg;gl;L> vy;yhf; fl;lq;fspYk; MNyhrpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,t; topfhl;Ljy; nfhs;ifSld; ,irthd fye;jhNyhridfshtd
nghJNehf;fj;ij rhjpg;gjw;fhd rhjfkhd kw;Wk; khw;wPlhd mZFKiwfs;
njhlu;ghd jfty;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> tho;thjhuq;fs;
kPjhd FOg;gj;ij Fiwg;gpg;gjw;fhd je;jpNuhghaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. cj;Njr ifafg;gLj;jypy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ,lq;fshdit Fwpj;j
fyhrhu> rka> my;yJ Rw;whly; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; my;yJ gpur;rpidapYs;s
fhzp> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfs; Vio my;yJ jhf;fg;glf;$ba kf;fspd;
tho;thjhuj;jpw;F Fwpg;ghf Kf;fpakhf cs;s epiyapYs;s tplaq;fspy;
muRfs; $Uzu;Tld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
16.3 Njrpa rl;lq;fspd; gpufhuk; ePjpahd kjpg;gPL ,lk;ngw;W cldbahd el;l<L
toq;Ftij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. el;l<lhdJ fhrhfNth
my;yJ Vida khw;W ,l cupikahfNth ,uz;Lk; ,ize;jjhfNth
VJk; xU tbtq;fspy; ,Uf;f KbAk;.
16.4 tsq;fs; fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk; tifapy; muRfshdit mKy;gLj;jy;
Kftu;fs; kdpj> ngsjPf> epjp kw;Wk; Vida ,aYik tbtq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;gij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
16.5 jpl; l q; f spd; khw; w q; f spd; epkpj; j khf fhzp> kP d ; g pb> fhLfs;
Njitg;glhj ,lq;fspy; ,t;tsq;fis kPsg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
Kjw; re;ju;g;gj;ij %y cupik cilikahsu;fSf;F muRfs; toq;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,r; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; kPsr; Rtpfupg;ghdJ ifafg;gLj;jYf;F
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l el;l<l;bd; njhifia guprpypg;Gf;F vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
- 37 -

16.6 vy;yhj; jug;Gf;fisAk; Coiyj; jLg;gjw;Fk;> Fwpg;ghf Nehf;fj;NjhL kjpg;gPL

nra;j ngWkjpfspd; gad;ghL> ntspg;gilahdJk; gutyhf;fg;gl;lJkhd
nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf;fhd cupikfs;
vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf Coiyj; jLg;gjw;F vy;yhj; jug;Gf;fSk; KO Kaw;rp
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
16.7 fhzp> kPd; gpb> fh Lfspd; i f af g ;g L j;jy p d ; t p ist hd J > xU
nghJNehf;fj;jpw;fhf
ntspNaw;Wjy;fs;
epahag;gLj;jg;gLgitfshf
guprPypf;Fk;nghOJ> muRfshdit ntspNaw;Wiffis> vy;yhg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug; g pdujk; kdpj cupikfisg; G+u; j ; j p nra; j y; mtu; f is
kjpj;jy;> kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy; njhlu;ghf mtw;wpd; flg;ghLfSld; cld;gLk; Kiwapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;Gf;fis midj;ijAk;
elj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;.
16.8 jhk; cw;gj;jp Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tsq;fis nrd;wiltjpypUe;J> jdpegu;fis
my;yJ rdr%fq;fspd>; jLg;ig Vw;gLj;jf;$ba mtu;fis ntspNaw;Wjy;
my;yJ fhzpg;ghtidia khw;Wjy; vd;gtw;Wf;F Kd;ghf> muRfshdit
ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhd
Njitiaf;
Fiwg;gjw;F
my;yJ
jtpu;f;Fk;
Nehf;Fld; ,t;topfhl;Ljy;fspd; nfhs;iffSld; ,ire;J> ghjpf;fg;gl;l
jug;Gf;fSld; rhj;jpakhd khw;Wtopfis fye;Jiuahbf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F
muRfs; Njb Muha Ntz;Lk;.
16.9 ntspNaw;WiffSk; ,lkhw;WiffSk; jdpegu;fis tPlw;wtu;fshf;Ftjw;Nfh
my;yJ
kdpjcupik
kPwy;fSf;F
cs;shf;fg;gLtijNah
tpistpf;ff;$lhJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; jkf;Fj;jhNk ,tw;iw toq;f
Kbahj fl;lq;fspy; muRfshdit tsq;fs; cs;s tifapy; Nghjpa
khw;W tPlikg;Gf;fisNah? FbapUg;Gf;fisNah my;yJ cw;gj;jp fhzp>
kPd;gpb> fhLfSf;F mtu;fSf;Fj; NjitahdthW nry;Ytjw;;fhd cupa
Vw;ghLfis vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

- 38 -

gFjp 5
cilikAupikapd; epu;thfk;
,g;gFjpahdJ fhzp> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfspd; clikAupikapd; epu;thfj;jpd;
MSifapy; cilikAupikfspd; gjpTfs; njhlu;ghditfs;> kjpg;gpLjy;>
tuptpjpj;jy;> xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l ,lk;rhu;e;j jpl;lkply;> cilikAupikfs; kPjhd
gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;j;jy; kw;Wk; vy;iyfs; Clhd tpguq;fs; Fwpj;J Muha;fpwJ.
17

cilikAupikfisg; gjpT nra;jy;

17.1 muRfshdit (gjpT nra;J tuptpjpj;jy; kw;Wk; cupkk; mspj;jy; Nghd;w

Kiwikfs;) cilikAupikfspd; ghJfhg;ig Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F murhy;
kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiwahy; jdpahu;Jiwahy; RNjrpa kf;fshy; kuGuPjpahd
toik
clikAupikfisf;
nfhz;Ls;s
Vida
rdr%fq;fshy;
kw;Wk; cs;Su; rdr%fq;fs; kw;Wk; re;ijfspd; njhopw;ghLfshy;
nfhz;Ls;s
jdpg;gl;l kw; Wk; $l;L cilikAupikfis gjpT
nra; tjw; F ,k; Kiwikfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,k; Kiwikfshdit
cilikAupikfisAk;
flikfisAk;
nfhz;bUg;Nghu;
cl;gl
,t; clikfSlDk; flikfSlDk; njhlu; G gLk;
fhzpfspd;
epyclikfs; my; y J rpg;gj;Jz;lq;fs; my;yJ kPd;gpbfs; my;yJ
fhLfs; vd;gdtw;wpd; gjpT nra;J Ngzp gfpuq;fg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
17.2 muRf;fshdit Fwpj; j #oikTf; F g; nghUj; j khd gjpT nra; j y;
KiwikfisAk; fpilf;ff;$ba kdpj kw;Wk; epjptsq;fs; cl;gl;ltw;iwAk;
gjpT nra;Ak; KiwikiaAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. RNjrpa kf;fspdJk;> kuGrhu;
toikAlikiaf; nfhz;l Vida rdr%fq;fspdJk; cupikfisg;
gjpT nra;Ak; r%f> fyhrhu nghUj;jkhd toptiffs; cUthf;fg;gl;L
gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,lk;rhu; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; Vida Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
Vida jfty; %yq; f Sld; nghUj; j jd; i kia mjpfupg;gjw;Fk;
kw;Wk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikia cau;j;Jtjw;Fkhf jw;NghJs;s gjpT
KiwikfisAk; Vida ,lk; rhu;e;j jfty; KiwikfisAk;
cs;slf;Fk; xU xd;wpize;j rl;lf Ntiyia cUthf;Ftjw;F muRfs;
fbdg;gl;L ciof;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU ePjpj;JiwfspYk; muR kw;Wk;
nghJj;Jiw> jdpahu;Jiw> RNjrpa kf;fs; kuGrhu; tsik clikAupik
KiwikfSld; $ba Vdia rdr%fj;jpdupd; clikAupikfisg;
gjpT nra;tjw;F xt;nthU ePjpj;JiwapYk; ,tu;fspd; clikAupikfspd;
gjpTfs; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l gjpT Kiwikf;Fs; itj;jpUf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
RNjrpa kf;fspdJk; kw;Wk; kuGuP j pahd toik clikcupikiaf;
- 39 -

nfhz;Ls;s Vida rdr%fj;juJk; my;yJ Kiwrhuh FbapUg;Gf;fspy;

tjpgtu;fsJk; clikAupikfisf; gjpTnra;tjw;F Kbahj epiyfspy;
,e;jg; gFjpfspy; Nghl;bapLk; cupikfis gjptijj; jLg;gjw;F Fwpj;j
ftdk; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
17.3 midtUk; jkJ clikAupikfisg; gjpT nra;J nfhs;tijAk;
ve;j
mbg;gilapYk;
vJtpj
ghugl;rKk;
,d;wpj;
jfty;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpidAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F muRfs; fbdg;gl;L ciof;f
Ntz;Lk;. fhzpg;gjptfq;fs; Nghd;w mKy;gLj;Jk; Kftu;fs;> cupa
,lq;fspy; Nrit epiyaq;fis my;yJ elkhLk; mYtyfq;fis
ngz;fs;> kw;Wk; twpNahu;> jhf;fg;glf;$ba FOtpdu; Nghd;Nwhu; nrd;wilAk;
Kfkhf epWt Ntz;Lk;. muRfshdit rl; l j; j uzpfs; > nehj; j hupRfs; >
epymsitahsu; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhdpfs; Nghd;w cs;Su; mbg;gilapyhd
njhopy;thz;ikahsu;fis gad;gLj;jp nghJkf;fSf;F clikAupikfs;
kPjhd jfty;fis toq;Ftij muRfs; guprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;.
17.4 mKy;gLj;Jk; Kftu;fs; ,r;Nritfis toq;Ftjw;F Njitg;gLk;
nrytpdq;fs; kw; W k; Neuj; i jf; Fiwg; g jw; F ,yFgLj; j g; g l; l
nrad;KiwfisAk; cs;SUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;El;gq;fisAk;
iff;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. fhzpr; rpg;gj; Jz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida
,lmyFfSf;fhd ,lr; nrt;itj;jd;ikfs; cldbahf Njitg;gLk;
gl;rj;jpy; mjpfupj;j ,lk;rhu; nrt;itj;jd;ikfs; toq;fg;gLtJld;
cs;Su;j;Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;F mtw;wpd; milahsj;Jtk;
Nghjpajhf
,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
clikAupikfspd;
gjpTfisg;
gad;gLj;Jtij trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F mKy;gLj;Jk; Kftu;fs; mt; cupikfs;
kPjhd jfty;fisAk; mt; cupikfisf; nfhz;bUg;gtu;fisAk; mt;
cupikfSld; njhlu;Gila ,lk;rhu; myFfisAk; mKy;gLj;Jk;
Kftu;fisAk; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,l myFfs; kw;Wk; mijf;;
nfhz;bUg;gtu;fs; uPjpahf Nghl;bapLk; my;yJ xd;Wf;FNky; xd;W tUk;
cupikfis ,dq;fhzr; nra;tjw;fhf gjpTfs; Rl;Lif nra; a g; g l
Ntz; L k; . gue; J gl; l nghJkf; f s; juTg; gfpu;jypd; xU ghfkhf mur
Kftu;fSk;> cs;Suhl;rpfSk; jkJ Nritfis Kd;Ndw;Wk; nghUl;L
mtu;fSf;F clikAupikfspd; gjpTfs; fpilf;fr; nra;ag;gl Ntz; L k; .
jfty; f shdit
Njrpa
epakq; f spd;
gpufhuk;
gfpug;gLtJld;
clikAupikfs; kPjhd gyjug;G jfty;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
17.5 clikAupikfs; kPjhd jfty;fs; midtUf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l tiuaiwfSf;F
cl;gl;L Rygkhf fpilf;fr; nra;tij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,t;
tiuaiwfshdit Coy; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpwF
; khwhd nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fis
- 40 -

,dq;fhZtjw;fhd nghJkf;fs; Ez;zha;it Njitaw;w Kiwapy;

jLf;ff;$lhJ. nrad; K iwfs; > Njitg; g hLfs; > fl; l zq; f s; kw; W k;
tpjptpyf;Ffs; mj;Jld; Nrit Ntz;LNfhs;fSf;fhd gjpy;fSf;fhd
fhyf;NfLfs; njhlu;ghditfisg; gue;Jgl;l mstpy; gfpuq;fg;gL;j;Jtjpd;
%yk; clikAupikfs; kPjhd gjpTfspy; Coy;fisj; jLg;gjw;F muRfSk;
murrhu;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSk; NkYk; Kaw;rp vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

18 kjpg;gpLjy;
18.1 KjyPLfs;> ifafg;gLj;jy;fs;> kw;Wk; tuptpjpg;Gf;fspd; tpisthd re;ij
eltbf;iffs;> fld; f Sf; f hd ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; cilikAupikfspd;
nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fs; Nghd;w tpNrbj;j Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf clikAupikspd;
ePjpahdJk; cupa Neuj;jpYkhd kjpg;gPl;bw;fhf muRfshdit cupa
tifapyhd Kiwikfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,k;
Kiwikfshdit gue;Jgl;l r%f> nghUsjhu> Rw;whly; kw;Wk; njhlu;e;J
ePbj;j mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffis Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
18.2 nghUj;jkhd ,lq; f spy; r%f> fyhrhu> kj> Md;kPf kw;Wk;
Rw; whly; ; Nghd;w re;ijj; njhlu;gw;w tpOkpaq;fshtd nghUj;jkhd
,lq;fspy; kjpg;gPL Kiwikf;Fs; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F kjpg;gPL njhlu;Gila nfhs;ifSk; rl;lq;fSk; Kaw;rp
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
18.3 clikAupikfis kjpg;gpLtjpy; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikiaj; J}z;Lk; kw;Wk;
Ntz;bepw;Fk; nfhs;iffisAk; rl;lq;fisAk; muRf;fs; tpUj;jp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. ngWkjpfspdJk; rupahdJk; ek;gj;jFe;jJkhd kjpg;gPLfSf;F
xU mbg;gilia toq;Fk; nghUl;L tpw;gid tpiyfSk; VidaTk;
gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;L fpilf;fr; nra;af;$bajhf nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
18.4 murhq;f kw; W k; tu; j ; j f kw; W k; Vida Nehf; f q; f Sf; f hf Njrpa
kjpg;gPl;L epkaq;fis muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk; tpUj;jp nra;J
gug;g Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa epakq;fshdit cupa ru;tNjr epakq;fNshL
,irthdjhf
,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
gzpahl;nlhFjpapdu;
gapw;rpapNy
Kiwikapay;fs; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr epakq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
18.5 Njrpa epakq;fspd; gpufhuk; mKy;gLj;Jk; Kftu;fs; jkJ kjpg;gPl;L
jfty;fisAk; gFg;gha;TfisAk; nghJkf;fSf;F fpilf;ff;$bajhfr;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mur tsq;fs; epu;thfk; kw;Wk; el;l<L toq;fy; kw;Wk;
fk;gdp fzf;fpy; fld; toq;fy; vd;gtw;wpy; jfty;fspd; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik
kw;Wk; Kiwikapay;fs; Clhf kjpg;gPl;by; Coiyj; jLg;gjw;F muRf;fs;
KO Kaw;rp vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
- 41 -

19 tuptpjpj;jy;
19.1 muRf;fshdit jkJ gue;j r%f nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Rw;whly; ,yf;Ffspd;
rhjpg; G fSf; F
gq; f spg; G r;
nra; A k;
Kfkhf
clikAupikfs;
njhlu;Gilatw;wpy; tuptpjpj;jy; Clhf tUkhdj;ij <l;bf;nfhs;tjw;F
mjpfhuj;ijf;
nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
Vida
clikAupikfs;
my;yJ
nrhj;Jlikfspd; tzpf Cfpg;G my;yJ ftdf; Ftpg;gpy; ,Ue;J
vof;$baitfspd;
tpUk;gj;jfhj
jhf;fq;fisj;
jLj;jy;
my;yJ
KjyPLfis Cf;Ftpj;jy; vd;gtw;iw ,t; ,yf;Ffs; cs;slf;fp
,Uf;ff;$Lk;. nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fisg; gjpjy; my;yJ KO tpw;gidg;
ngWkjpia gpufldk; nra;jy; Nghd;w r%f> nghUshjhu kw; W k;
Rw; w hly; uP j pahf tpUk; g j; j F elj;ijfis tupfs; Cf;Ftpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
19.2 clikAupikfs; kPjhd tuptpjpg;Gf;fs njhlu;Gila vy;yh mk;rq;fisAk;
njhlu;GgLj;Jtjw;fhf muRfshdit nfhs;iffisAk; rl;lq;fisAk;
epWtdr; rl;lfNtiyfisAk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F ciof;f Ntz;Lk;.
murhq;fj;jpd; gutyhf; f g; g l; l kl; l q; f Sf; f hd tpidj; j pwd; kpf; f
epjpapliyAk; Nritfs; kw; W k; cl; f l; l ikg; G f; f spd; cs; S u;
Vw;ghLfisAk; toq;Ftjw;F nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; tupf;nfhs;iffSk;
rl;lq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
19.3 muRf;fshdit tupfis tpidj;jpwdhfTk; ntspg;gilahfTk; epu;tfpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mKy;gLj;Jk; Kftu;fspd; gzpahl;nlhFjpapdu; Kiwikapay;fs;
cl;gl;ltw;wpy; gapw;rpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cupa ngWkjpfspid
tupfs; mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; b Uf; f Ntz; L k; . ngWkjp kjpg;gPLfs;
kw;Wk; tup tpjpf;ff;$ba njhiffs; vd;gd gfpuq;fg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
muRf;fshdit ngWkjp kjpg;gPl;Lf;F vjpuhf Nkd;KiwaPL nra;Ak;
cupikia tup ,Wg;ghsu;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;. cz;ikahf kjpg;gplg;gl;l
ngWkjpfis gad; g Lj; J tjpy; ntspg; g ilj; j d; i kia mjpfupg;gjd;
Clhf tup tpjpg;G epu;thfj;jpy; Coiyj; jLg;gjw;F muRf;fs; KO Kaw;rp
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

20 xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l ,lk;rhu; jpl;lkply;

20.1 xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l ,lk;rhu; jpl;lkply;fs; mtw;wpd; gad;ghl;by; rl;luPjpahf
tiuaWg;gjdhy; clikAupikfisg; ghjpf;fpd;wd. ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fspd;
,yf;Ffis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; xU topapy; rkijahdJk; njhlu;e;J ePbg;gJkhd
gpuNjr gpuhe; j pa tpUj; j p cl; g l ,j; j pl; l q; f Sld; ,ire; J Nghtijf;
- 42 -

muRfs; fz;fhzpj;J mKy;gLj;JtJld; mitfs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l

,lk;rhu; jpl;lkply;fisAk; elj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,J njhlu;ghf fhzp>
kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfspd; gad;ghLfspd; NtWgl;l ,yf;Ffis ,lk;rhu;
jpl;lkply;fs; ,zf;fk; fz;L xUikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
20.2 xOq; F gLj; j g; g l; l ,lk; r hu; jpl; l kply; f spy; ghy; e piyf; $Uzu; T f;
nfhs;iffisAk; rl;lq;fisAk; gfpuq;fg;gLj;jy;> fye;jhNyhrpj;jy;
kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy; C l h f m u R f s ; t p U j ; j p n r a ; a N t z ; L k ; .
n g h U j ; j k h d ,lq;fspy; R N j r p a k f ; f s h Y k ; k u G t o i k
clikAupikAld; $ba Vida rdr%fq; f shYk; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk;
jpl;lkply; Kiwfs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jp Kiwikfs; mr;
rdr%fq;fSf;fhd jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nrad;KiwfisAk; nghUj;jkhd
,lq;fspy; Kiwrhu; jpl;lkply; Kiwik guprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;.
20.3 xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l ,lk;rhu; jpl;lkply;fshdit fhzp> kPd;gpb kw;Wk;
fhLfs; kw;Wk; mjd; gad;ghLfSf;F ,ilapyhd xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l
cwTKiwfis mq;fPfupf;Fk;. mj;Jld; mtw;wpd; gad;ghLfspd; ghy;epiy
uPjpahd mk;rq;fis cs;slq;fyhf mtw;iw mq;fPfupf;Fk; xU Kiwapy;
elhj;jg;gLtij
muRfs;
cWjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;;Lk;.
muRf;fshdit
kPspzf;fj;ij Nehf;fpAk; nghJkf;fs; Kd;Dupikaspg;gijAk; rdr%fk;
kw;Wk;; jdpahu;
tpUg;Gf;fisA muR> nghJkf;fs; kw;Wk; jdpahu;
tpUg;Gf;fSf;F
Kd;Dupikaspg;gijAk;
mj;Jld;fpuhkpa
tptrha
kw;Wk; ehNlhb efu kw;Wk; Rw;whly; gy; N tWgl; l gad; g hLfSf; f hf
Njitfis Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;tijAk; Nehf;fp muRfs; fbdkhf Kaw;rpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,lk;rhu; jpl;lkply;fshdit vy;yh cilikAupikfisAk;
xd;W kw;iwaJld; nghJthf tUjy; kw;Wk; fhyj;jpw;F fhykhd
cupikfs; cl;gl;ltw;iwAk; guprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,lk;rhu; jpl;lkplYf;fhd
mz;zsthd mghaNeu;T kjpg;gPLfs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa
gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; cs;Su; ,lk;rhu; jpl;lkply;fs; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
20.4 rdr%fq;fspd; Kd;Dupikfs; kw;Wk; tpUg;Gf;fis cWjpg;gLj;jTk;>
RNjrpa kf;fs; kw; W k; czT cw; g j; j p nra; A k; rdr%fq; f spd;
tpUg;Gf;fs; gpujpgypf; f g; gLtijAk; cWjpg;g Lj;Jtjw;F jpl;lkply;
Kd;nkhopTfspd; tpUj;jpapYk; ,lk;rhu; tiuGfspd; kPs;ghu;itapYk; gue;j
nghJkf;fs; gq;fspg;ig muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Njitg;gLk;
,lq;fspy; rdr%fq;fSf;F jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiwapd;nghOJ MjuT
toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
,Wjpahd
,lk;rhu;
jpl;lq;fspy;
gq;Fgw;WifapypUe;jhd> nghJkf;fspd; gq;Fgw;WifapypUe;jhd> mtu;fspd;
cs;sPLfs; vt;thW gpujpgypf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij mKy;gLj;Jk; Kftu;fs;
- 43 -

ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,lk;rhu; jpl;lkply; mjpfhuq;fspd; cupaKiwaw;w

gad;ghLfSf;F vjpuhd fhg;Gf;fis epWTtjd; %yKk; Fwpg;ghf
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l gad;ghl;bw;fhd khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; Coy;fisj;
jLg;gjw;F muRfs; KO Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,ire;jpUg;gijf;
fz;fhzpg;gjpd; tpisTfis KbTfs; kPjhd mwpf;ifia mKy;gLj;Jk;
Kftu;fs; mwpf;ifapl Ntz;Lk;.
20.5 fhzp> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfspd; gy;tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l njhlu;e;J ePbf;Fk;
Kfhikj;Jtj;ij Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd NjitiaAk; fhyepiy khw;wk;>
czTg;ghJfhg;gpd; rthy; f is G+u; j ; j p nra; j y; > kw; W k; tptrha
Rw;whly;
mZFKiwfs;
kw;Wk;
njhlu;e;J
ePbj;J
epiyj;jiy
Jupjg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gd cl;gl;ltw;wpd; NjitfSf;Fk; cupa ftdj;ij
,lk;rhu; jpl;lkply;fs; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

21 clikAupik kPjhd gpzf;Fj; jPu;Tfs;

21.1 eLepiyahdJk; jifik tha;e;j ePjp kw;Wk; epu;thf mikg;Gf;fSld;
cupa Neuj;jpy; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; ,aYkhd Kiwapy; clikAupikfs;
kPjhd gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;f;Fk; jhf;ftpisTila topfspd; Clhf
mt;tz;zkhd gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;f;Fk; khw;Wtopfs; cl;gl mtw;Wf;fhd
tpidj;jpwdhd
gupfhuq;fis
toq;Fjy;
kw;Wk;
Nkd;KiwaPL
nra;Ak; cupik vd;gdtw;iw muRfs; milar; nra;a
Ntz; L k; .
mt; t z; z khd gupfhuq;fs; cldbahf mKy;gLj;jg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.
muRfshdit vof;$ba gpzf;Ffis Muk;g fl;lj;jpNyNa mKy;gLj;Jk;
KftUf;Fs;NsNah my;yJ ntspNaNah jP u ; j ; J itg; g jw; N fh my; y J
jLg; g jw; f hd nghwpKiwfis vy;NyhUf;Fk; fpilf;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
miktplk;> nkhop> nrad;Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf Mz;fs;> ngz;fs; vd
vy;NyhUf;Fk; gpzf;Fj; jPu;Tr; Nritfs; mile;Jnfhs;sg;glf;$bajhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
21.2 clikAupikAld; njhlu;Gila gpzf;FfSld; khj;jpuNk <LgLk;
tpNrbj;j epaharigfs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fis mwpKfk; nra;tjw;F
muRfs; guprPypf;fyhk;. mj;Jld; njhopy;El;gkhd tplaq;fspy; <LgLtjw;F
ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhupfSf;Fs;NsNa epGzj;Jt epiyfisAk; cUthf;f
guprPypf;fyhk;. xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l ,lk;rhu; jpl;lkply;> epymsit nra;jy;
kw;Wk; ngWkjp kjpj;jy; kPjhd gpzf;FfSld; <LgLtjw;F tpNrbj;j
epaharigfis muRfs; guprPypf;f KbAk;.

- 44 -

21.3 muRfshdit gpzf;Fj; jPu;Tf;fhd khw;Wtbtq;fis tpNrlkhf cs;Su;

kl;lj;jpy; gyg;gLj;JtJld; tpUj;jp nra;aTk; Ntz;Lk;. gpzf;Fj; jPuT
; f;fhd
kuGtoik my; y J epWtg; gl; l tpk; gq;fs; cs;s ,lq;fspy; mitfs;
ePjpahdJk; ek;gj;jFe;jJk; nrd; w ilaf; $ baJkhd clikAupikfs;
kPjhd gpzf;Ffis cldbahfj; jPu;f;Fk; ghugl;rkw;w topfisAk;>
mtw;iw nrd;wilaf;$ba jd;ikiaAk; ePjpiaAk; ek;gfj;jd;ikiaAk;
toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
21.4 Njrpa
#oikTf;Fs;Ns
jdpg;gl;l
fhzpfs;>
fhzpr;
rpWJz;Lr;
rpg;gq;fSf;fpilapyhd vy;iyg; gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;g;gjw;F> msit
nra;jYf;F
nghWg;ghdtu;fs;
Nghd;w
mtu;fspd;
njhopy;El;g
epGzj;Jtj;jpw;Fs; gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;g;gjw;F muRfshdit mKy;gLj;jy;
Kftu;fis
gad;gLj;j
guprPypf;f
KbAk;.
jPu;khdq;fs;
vOj;jpy;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> mitfs; cz;ikahd fhuzg;gLj;jiyf;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; eP j pj; J iw mjpfhupfsplk;
Nkd; K iwaP L nra; A k; cupikiaAk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
21.5 gpzf;Fj; jPu;Tr; nrad;Kiwapy; Coiyj; jLg;gjw;F muRfs; KO Kaw;rp
vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
21.6 gpzf;Fj; jPu;T nghwpKiw jP u ; T fis toq; F tjpy; muRfshdit
jhf;fg;glf;$ba> Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l Ml;fSf;F ghugl;rk; ,d;wp ghJfhg;ghd
ePjpiar; nrd;wiltij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> rl;lcjtp toq;Ftjw;F
muRfs; ngUKaw;rp vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhupfSk; kw;iwa
mikg;Gf;fSk; Nritfis toq;Ftjw;F jkJ gzpahl;nlhFjpapdu;
Njitahd jpwd;fisAk; jifikfisAk; nfhz;bUg;gij cWjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.

22 vy;iyfSf;fpilapyhd tplaq;fs;
22.1 Njrpa vy;iyfSf;F FWf;Nf nry;Yk; fhzpfs;> kPd;gpb> fhLfs;
njhlu;Gila clikAupikfis ftdpf;Fk; tplaj;jpy ghjpf;fg;gl;l
jug;gpdupd; gq;Fgw;WifAld; nghUj;jkhd nghwpKiwr; rl;lfNtiyapy;
muRfs; xj;Jiof;f Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh nraw;ghLfSk; Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr
rl;lq;fspd; fPohd jw;Nghija flg;ghLfSf;F ,irthf ,Ug;gijAk;>
gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t
mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSf;F cupa kjpg;G mspg;gjhf ,Ug;gijAk; muRfs;
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. clikAupikfs; njhlu;Gila vy;iyfSf;F Clhd
tplaq;fs; cs;s muRfspy; jug;Gf;fshdit> mt; clikAupikfis>
- 45 -

tho;thjhuq;fis kw;Wk; mtu;fs; jkJ cupa gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk;nghOJ

Gyk;ngau; rdj;njhifapdupd; czTg;ghJfhg;G vd;gtw;iw ghJfhg;gjw;F
jug;Gf;fs; xd;wpize;J gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;.
22.2 ru;tNjr vy;iyfSf;F FWf;Nf cs;s ngU epyntspfs; my;yJ
,ilau;fspd; gUtfhy Gyk; n gau; T topg;g hijfs; kw;Wk; rpwpastpyhd
kPd;gpbg;NghUf;fhd kP d ; g pbg; g Fjpfs; Nghd; w > vy; i yfSf; f pilapy;
mikAk; c l i k A u p i k f s p d h y ;
rdr%fq;fisg;
ghjpf;Fk;
vy;iyfSf;fpilapyhd clikAupikfspd; tplaq;fis Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F
muRfSk; Vida jug;gpdUk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
22.3 Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd flg;ghLfspd; gpufhuKk;>
gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe; j pa kw; W k; ru; t Njr fUtpfspd; fP o hd jd; d hu; t
mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSf;F cupa kjpg;GlDk;> clikAupik ey;yhl;rpapd;
rl;luPjpahd epakq;fis cupa ,lq;fspy; muRfs; xUikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; ,itfs; cupa gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fSlDk;>
ghjpf;fg;gl; jug;gpdUlDk; xUq;fpizg;Gr; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. muRfshdit
cupa tifapy; ghjpf; f g; gl; l jug; G f;fspd; gq;Fgw;WifAld; ru;tNjr
vy;iyfSf;fpilNa mike;Js;s cilikAupikfis epu;tfpg;gjw;F
jw;NghJs;s ru;tNjr Vw;ghLfis tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
gyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; mitfs; cupa gpuhe;jpa
mikg;Gf;fSld; xUq;fpizg;Gr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ghjpff
; g;gl;l vy;NyhupdJk;
cupikfs; ge;jp 4.8 ,d;gpufhukhd tho;thjhuq;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ,J
tpNrlkhf nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

- 46 -

gFjp 6
fhyepiy khw;wk; kw;Wk; mtru epiyikfSf;fhd gjpyspg;Gf;fs;
fhyepiy khw;wk; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; kw;Wk; Kuz;ghLfspd; #oiktpy;
fhzp> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfspd; clikAupikfspd; MSif Fwpj;J ,g;gFjp
Muha;fpwJ.

23 fhyepiy khw;wk;
23.1 vy;yhj; jdpegu;fsJk; rdr%fq;fspdJk; my;yJ ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba
kf;fsJk; tptrhapfs; rpW mstpyhd czT cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;>
jhf;fg;glf;$batu;fs;>
Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l
kf;fs;
vd;NghUf;F
tpNrl
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J> vy;yhj; jdpegu; f sJk; fhzp> kP d ; g pbfs;
kw; W k; fhLfs; kPjhd rl;luPjpahd clikAupikia cupa fhyepiy
khw;w rl;lfNtiy xg;ge;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba tifapy;> jkJ
cupa flg;ghLfSf;F ,irthf fhyepiy khw;wq;fspd; jhf;fq;fis
jLj;J gjpw;nraw;ghL fhl;Lk; ,yf; F ld; muRfshdit rl; l q; f shYk;
nfhs; i ffshYk;
je;jpNuhghaq;fshYk;
nraw;ghLfshYk;
kjpj;J
ghJfhg;gij cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
23.2 nghUj;j khd ,lq; f spy; muRfshdit fhyepiy khw;wq;fspdhy;
,lk;ngau;e;JNghd vy; y h Ml; f s; > ngz; f s; > kw; W k; Mz; f spd;
gq;Fgw;WifAlDk;
fye;JiuahlYlDk;
je;jpNuhghaq;fisAk;
eltbf;iffisAk;
jahupj; J
mKy;g Lj;Jtjw;F
Kaw;rp
vLf;f
Ntz; Lk; . ,lk;ngau;e;j Ml;fSf;fhd khw;Wf;fhzpfs;> kPd;gpbfs;> fhLfs;
kw;Wk; tho;thjhuq;fis toq;FtjhdJ ve;j tpjj;jpYk; VidNahupd;
tho;thjhuq;fis Mgj;jpy; tplf;$lhJ. muRfshdit rpwpa jPTfs;
kw;Wk; Vida mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; muRfSf;F tpNrl cjtpfs;
toq;Ftij guprPypf;f KbAk;.
23.3 muRf;fshdit jzpj;jy; kw;Wk; iff;nfhs;sy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd;
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs;
kw;Wk;
mKy;gLj;jy;fspy;>
rl;luPjpahd
clikAupikAila vy;yhj; jdpegu;fs;> rdr%fq;fs;> my;yJ kf;fs;>
tptrhapfs;> rpwpastpyhd czT cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;> jhf;fg;glf;$batu;fs;
kw;Wk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kf;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;J ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fspd;
fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;Wjy; nfhs;iff;F ,irthfp vy;yhj;
jdpegu;fsJ gq;Fgw;Wiff;Fk; muRfs; trjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
- 47 -

24 ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;
24.1 ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fis jLf;Fk;NghJk; mtw;Wf;fhf jahu;g;gLj;Jk;NghJk;
kw;Wk; mtw; Wf; f hd gjpw; n raw; ghLfspd;nghOJk; fhzp> kPd;g pbfs;>
fhLfspd;

clikAupik

jug;Gf;fSk;

mk;rq;fis

cWjpg;gLj;j

ftdpj;Jf;

Ntz;Lk;.

nfhs;tij

clikAupikf;fhd

vy;yh
vy;yh

xOq;FgLj;Jif rl;lf Ntiyfs; > ,lk; r hu; cl; g Lj; J if cl; g l

,aw; i f mdu;j;jq;fspy; Vw;glf;$ba jhf;fq;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;F my;yJ
Fiwg;gjw;F vd mit tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
24.2 vy;yh nraw;ghLfSk; Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd jw;NghJs;s
mtu;fspd; flg;ghLfSld; ,ire;jpUg;gijAk;> gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa
kw;Wk;
cupa

ru;tNjrf;
kjpg;G

fUtpfspd;

mspg;gijAk;

fPohd

muRfs;

jd;dhu;t
cWjpg;gLj;j

mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSf;F
Ntz;Lk;.

vy;yhj;

jug;Gf;fSk; cupa ru;tNjrf; nfhs;iffis> mfjpfSf;Fk; ,lk;ngau;e;j

Ml;fSf;Fkhd tPlikg;G kw;Wk; nrhj;J kPl;lspg;G kPjhd If;fpa ehLfs;
nfhs;ifs; cl;gl (pinheiro nfhs;iffs;) kw;Wk; kdpjNea rhrdk;
mdu;j;j gjpw;nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r epakq;fs; cl;gl;l cupa
ru;tNjrf; nfhs;iffisf; fUj;jpy; vLj;J vy;yhj; jug;Gf;fSk; nraw;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
24.3 muRfshdit mdu;j;j jLg;G mdu;j;j jahu;epiy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy;
clikAupikapidf; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j topfhl;bapd; fye;jhNyhrpg;G
kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;Wiff; nfhs;iffSf;F ,irthd> xU nrad;Kiw Clhf
ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba ,lq;fSf;fhd rl;luPjpahd cilikAupikfs; kPjhd
jfty;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rl;luPjpahd cilikAupikfisg; gjpT
nra;tjw;fhd Kiwikfshdit> gjpTfis itf;Fk; J}u ,l fsQ;rpak; cl;gl>
cupik nfhz;bUg;gtu;fs; jkJ clikAupikia ep&gpff
; mDkjpf;fTk;> jkJ
,lj;Jz;lq;fisAk;

,lk;rhu;e;j

myFfisAk;

,lk;khw;Wtjw;fhfTk;>

gjpTfspd; J}u ,l fsQ;rpak; cl;gl ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fSf;F Vw;g

khWk;

jd;ikAilajhf

,lk;ngauf;$ba

,Uf;f

Ml;fspd;

Ntz;Lk;.

jw;fhypf

,aw;if

mdu;j;jq;fshy;

kPs;Fbaw;wj;jpw;fhd

,lq;fis

,dq; f hzTk; > muRfs; Kaw; r pf; f Ntz; L nkd; g Jld; mt;tplq;fspy;
cilikupik ghJfhg;Gf;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd xOq;FfisAk; epWt
Ntz;Lk;.
- 48 -

24.4 mtrufhy gjpw;nraw;ghl;L fl;lj;jpNy muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk;

clikAupikiaf; ftdpf; f Ntz; L k; . ,lk; n gau; e ; j Ml; f Sf; f hd
khw;Wf;fhzp> kPd;gpb> fhL tho;thjhuq;fSf;fhd ve;j Vw;ghLfSk;
VidNahupd; tho; t hjhuq; f isNah cupikfisNah ghjpf; f f; $ lhJ.
,lk;ngau;e;j Ml;fspd; rl;luPjpahd clikAupikfSk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L
kjpf;fg;gl;L
ghJfhf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
clikAupik
kw;Wk;
mjpfhukspf;fg;glhj ghtid vd;gJ kPjhd jfty;fs; vy;yhg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
Ml;fSf;Fk; gug;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
24.5 muRfSk; Vida jug; G f; f Sk; kP s ; f l; L khd fl; l j; j pd; n ghOJ
cilikAupikfisf; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jw;fhypfkhf ,lk;ngau;e;j
Ml;fs; jd;dhu;tkhf ghJfhg;ghf kfj;Jtj;Jld; jkJ nrhe;j ,lq;fSf;F
jpUk;gptu cjtpaspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. clikAupikfs; kPjhd gpzf;Ffisj;
jPu;g;gjw;fhd toptiffs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. epyf; fhzpr; rpW Jz;lq;fspd;
vy;iyfs; kw;Wk; ,lk;rhu; myFfs; kPs epWtg;;gl Ntz;ba gl;;rj;jpy;>
,J topfhl;Ljy;fspd; fye;jhNyhrpg;G kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy; nfhs;iffSf;F
,irthf nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. kf;fs; jk;Kila nrhe;j ,lq;fSf;F
jpUk;gptu Kbahj epiyikfspy; mtu;fs; NtW ,lq;fspy; epue;jukhf
kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mt; kPs;FbNaw;wq;fshdit> ,lk;ngau;e;j
Ml;fSf;F khw;Wf;fhzp> kPd;gpbfs;> fhLfs; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuq;fs; vd;gd
VidNahupd; cupikfisAk; tho;thjhuq;fisAk; Mgj;jp;y; ,lhj tifapy;
,Uf;FkhW ghJfhg;ghf mtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ug;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F mt;tplj;jpy; Vw;fdNt cs;s rdr%fq;fSld;
mt;thwhd kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fs; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
25

fhzp> kPd;gpbfs;
Kuz;ghLfs;

kw;Wk;

fhLfs;

kPjhd

cilikAupik

njhlu;ghd

25.1 fhzp> kPd;gpbfs; kw;Wk; fhLfspd; clikAupikfs; tplaq;fshtd

Kuz;ghl;Lf;fhd fhuzq;fshf tUtijj; jLf;fTk; ,y;yhnjhopf;fTk;
vy;yhg; gbepiyfis vy;yhj; jug;Gf;fSk; vLg;gJld; clikAupikfspd;
mk;rq;fshdit
cld;ghl;Lf;F
Kd;du;>
cld;ghl;bd;nghOJ>
cld;ghl;bd; gpd;du; fz;fhzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij vy;yhj; jug;Gk;
cWjpg;gLj;JtJld;> mj;Jld; ,t;thW fhzg;gLk; epiyikfspy;
jug;Gf;fshdit gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba kdpjNear; rl;lq;fspd; gpufhuk;
nraw;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.
25.2 vy;yh
cs;s
kw;Wk;
kw;Wk;

nraw;ghLfSk; Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd Vw;fdNt

flg;ghLfSld; ,irthf ,Ug;gijAk;> gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpuhe;jpa
ru;tNjrf; fUtpfspd; fPohd jd;dhu;t mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;
mfjpfspd; epiy njhlu;ghd rkthak; kw;Wk; mjd; xg;ge;jq;fSld;
- 49 -

njhlu;Gilaitfs; kw;Wk; mfjpfs; kw;Wk; ,lk;ngau;e;j Ml;fSf;fhd

tPlikg;G kw;Wk; nrhj;J kPjhd If;fpaehLfs; nfhs;iffs; (pinheiro
nfhs;iffs;) vd;gdtw;wpd; gpufhuk; vy;yh eltbf;iffis vLg;gij
muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Kuz;ghLfspd; nghOJk; Kuz;ghLfspd;
gpd;Gk; muRfshdit rl;luPjpahd clikAupikfSld; njhlu;Gila
gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba ru;tNjr kdpjNear; rl;lq;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
25.3 clikAupik gpur;rpidfs; Kuz;ghl;Lf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yhj tifapy;
vy;yhj; jug;Gf;fSk; mg; gpur;rpidfis rkhjhd topfspd; Clhf jPu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F gbepiyfs; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. muRfs;; ghugl;rj;ijAk;
Vida Kuz;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jf;$baJkhd fhuzpfisAk; ,y;yhky;
nra;tjw;Fkhd cupa nfhs;iffisAk; xOq;FfisAk; kPsikf;f
Ntz;Lk;. cupa ,lq;fspy; muRfshdit fhzp> kPd;gpb> kw;Wk; fhLfs;
kPjhd
cilikAupikfs; kPjhd gpzf;Ffis
cldbahfj; jPu;f;Fk;
ePjpahdJk; ek;gj;jFe;jJk; ghy;epiyf; $Uzu;Ts;sJk; fpilf;ff;$baJk;
ghugl;rkw;wJkhd topfis toq;Fk; tsikapd; gpufhukhd Vida
cs;Su; nghwpKiwfis gad;gLj;Jtjw;F muRfs; guprPypf;f KbAk;.
25.4 Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk; Vw;fdNt cs;s
rl;luPjpahd clikAupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;>
Vida jug;Gf;fshy; ,itfs; mizf;fg;glhky; ,Ug;gij cj;juthjk;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. cupa Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPohd
Vw;fdNt cs;s flg;ghLfSf;F mikthf muRfshdit gyhj;fhu
kw;Wk; / my;yJ td;Kiw tiffs; Clhf gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fs;Ns
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fhzp> kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfSf;fhd clikAupikfis
mq;fPfupf;ff;$lhJ. Kuz;ghLfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSk; mfjpfSk;
,lk;ngau;e;j Ml;fSk; mtu;fSf;F top tpLk; rdr%fq; f spd;
clikAupikfis ghJfhf;Fk; epiyikapy; FbNaw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
td;Kiwfshtd Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; gpd;G
gupfhuk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. clikAupikfs; kPjhd td;Kiwfshtd
Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; gpd;G mitfs; gupfhuk;
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU clikAupikfspd; kPjhd cj;jpNahfG+u;t
gjpTfshdit mopT kw;Wk; fsT NghtjpypUe;J td; K iwfis
jP u ; g ; g jw; f hd gpw; g l; l fhy nrad;KiwfSf;F rhd;W toq;Fk; nghUl;Lk;
rhj;jpakhd jpUj;Jif nraw;ghLfis ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;
mt;thwhd gjpTfs; ,y;yhj ,lq;fspy; ,Uf;ff;$ba clikAupikfs;
$LkhdsT
ghy;epiyf;$Uzu;T cs;s Kiwapy; ,aYkhdtiuf;Fk;
tha;top tuyhWfs; rhl;rpaq;fs; cl;gl;ltw;why; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mfjpfs; kw;Wk; ,lk;ngau;e;j Ml;fspd; rl;luPjpahd clikAupikfshdit
- 50 -

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L kjpf;fg;gl;L ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kdpjcupikfs;

njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; clikAupikfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhukw;w ghtidfs;
njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; vy;yhg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;Fk; gug;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
25.5
KbAkhdtiuf;Fk;
Kuz;ghl;L
rkaq;fspYk;
my;yJ
Kuz;ghL
Kbe;j gpd;Gk; muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd;
ePbj;j jPu;Tf;F Mjutspg;gjw;Fk;> ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;jpw;F gq;fspg;G
nra;tJkhd topfspy; clikAupik gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;T fhz;gij
muRfSk; Vida jug;Gf;fSk; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. nrhj;J kPl;lspg;G
KbAkhdjhfTk; nghUj;jkhfTk; cs;s ,lq;fspy; UNHCR kw;Wk; Vida
cupa Kftu;fspd; cjtpAld; mfjpfs; kw;Wk; ,lk;ngau;e;j Ml;fs;
ghJfhg;GlDk; kfj;Jtj;JlDk; gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba ru;tNjr epakq;fspd;
topapy;> jkJ nrhe;j ,lq;fSf;F jpUk;gpr; nry;y cjtg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
nrhj;J kPl;lspg;G> Gdu;epu;khzk;> el;l<L vd;gtw;Wf;fhd nrad;Kiwfs;
ghugl;rkw;wjhfTk; ghy;epiyf;$Uzu;T cs;sjhfTk; gue;Jgl;lstpy;
gfpuq;fg;gLj;jg;gLtjhfTk;
,Ug;gJld;
nrhj;J
kPsspg;Gf;fhd
cupikNfhuy;fs; cldbahf nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. RNjr
kf;fs; kw;Wk; kuGuPjpahd toikAilAupik KiwikfSld; $ba Vida
rdr%fq;fspd; clikAupikfis kPsspg;gjw;fhd nrad;Kiwfshtd
kuGuPjpahd jfty; %yq;fspd; gad;gLj;jYf;fhf toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
25.6 nrhj;J kPl;lspg;G Kbahj re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mfjpfs; kw;Wk; ,lk;ngau;e;j
Ml;fSf;fhd khw;Wf;fhzp kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhLfs; tho;thjhuq;fis
ghJfhg;ghfr; nrd;wiltjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; Gjpa ,lq;fspy; thOk;
rdr%fq;fSlDk;
kw;Wk;
Vida
njhlu;Gila
jug;Gf;fSlDk;;
kPs;FbNaw;wkhdJ VidNahupd; tho;thjhuq;fis ghjpahJ ,Ug;gjw;fhf
mtu;fSld; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. tpjitfs;> mehijfs;
cl;gl;l jhf;fg;glf;$batu;fSf;F kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fhzp> kPd;gpb fhLfSf;F
ghJfhg;ghf nry;tjw;F KbAkhd ,lq;fspy; tpNrl Vw;ghLfs; toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
25.7
Kd;gpUe;j
ghugl;rq;fisAk;
mj;Jld;
Kuz;ghl;bd;nghOJ
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ghugl;rq;fisAk; ftdpf;Fk;nghUl;L chpa ,lq;fspy;
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; rl;lq;fs; kPsikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghWg;ghd
clikAupik MSiff;F Njitahd Nritfis toq;Ftjw;F cupa
,lq;fspy; my;yJ Njitahd ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd Kftu;fs; kPs
epWtg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

- 51 -

- 52 -

gFjp 7
26 Cf;Ftpj;jy;> mKy;gLj;jy;> fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gpLjy;;
26.1 topfhl;Ljypd; jd;dhu;t ,ay;gpd; gpufhuk; muRfshdit
mKy;gLj;jy;> fz;fhzpj;jYf;fhd nghWg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

mtw;wpd;

26.2 muRfshdit xU gy;gq;fhz;ikahsu; NkiliaAk; rl;lfNtiyiaAk;

cs;Su; Njrpa kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa kl;lq;fspy; mikg;gjw;Fk;> my;yJ Vw;fdNt
cs;sthwhd rl;lfNtiyfisAk; NkilfisAk; ,t;topfhl;Ljy;fis
gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghf $l;Liog;gjw;F gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> jkJ
ePjp Ml;rpapy; fz;fhzpj;J kjpg;gpLtjw;Fk;> fhzp> kPd;gpb> fhLfspd;
clikAupikapd;
Kd;Ndw;wfukhd
MSif
kPjhd
jhf;fj;ij
kjpg;gpLtjw;Fk;> czTg;ghJfhg;gpd; Njrpa #oiktpy; Njrpa czTf;fhd
nfhs;if cupikapd; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd epiyehl;Liff;Fk;> muRfs; J}
z;lg;gLfpwd. ,r; nrad;KiwahdJ midj;ijAk; cs;slf;ff;$bajhfTk;
gq;Fgw;WifAld;
$bajhfTk;
ghypay;
$Uzu;TilajhfTk;>
mKy;gLj;jf;$bajhfTk;> nryT Fiwe;jjhfTk; njhlu;r;rpahf ePbj;J
epiyf;ff;$bajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t; gzpfis Mw;Wtjpy;
muRfshdit gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fsplkpUe;J njhopy;El;g
Mjuit ehl KbAk;.
26.3 If;fpaehLfspd; mgptpUj;jpg; gq;fshu;fSk; tpNrbj;j Kftu;fSk;
kw;Wk; Vida gpuhe;jpa epWtdq;fSk; muRfs; ,t;topfhl;Ljy;fis
mKy;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; njw;F njw;F xj;Jiog;G Clhf cl;gl muRfspd;
jd;dhu;t Kaw;rpfSf;F Mjutspf;Fk;gb J}z;lg;gLfpwhu;fs;. mt;thwhd
MjuTfspy; njhopy;El;g xj;Jiog;G> epjp cjtp> epWtd ,aYik
mgptpUj;jp> mwpT gfpuy;> mDgt gupkhw;wk; Njrpa clikAupikf;
nfhs;iffis tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; cjtp> kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gq;fis
khw;wpf;nfhs;sy; vd;gd cs;slq;Fk;.
26.4 cyf czT kPjhd FOthdJ xU cyfshtpa rigahf ,Ug;gJld;
mq;Nf
vy;yhj;
njhlu;Gila
nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSk;
xt;nthUtupd;
mDgtq;fSld; ,Ue;J fw;Wf;nfhs;tJld; ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fspd;
mKy;gLj;jiy Nehf;fpa Kd;Ndw;wk; mtw;wpd; njhlu;Gj;jd;ik tpidj;jpwd;
kw;Wk; jhf;fk; Fwpj;J kjpg;gpLfpwJ. MfNt cyf czTg; ghJfhg;gpd;
nrayfkhdJ kjpAiuf;FOtpd; $l;Liog;Gld; ,t; topfhl;Ljy;fspd;
mKy;gLj;jypd;
Kd;Ndw;wk;
Fwpj;Jk;
clikAupik
MSifapd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd mtu;fspd; gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; jhf;fj;jpd; kjpg;gPL vd;gd
- 53 -

Fwpj;Jk; cyf czT ghJfhg;G kPjhd FOTf;F mwpf;ifapl Ntz;Lk;.

,t;tz;zkhd mwpf;iffshdit cyfshtpajhdjhf ,Ug;gJld; mJ
mtw;Wld; gpuhe;jpa mDgtq;fisAk; rpwe;j gof;fq;fisAk; fw;Wf;nfhz;l
ghlq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;.
27.5 vy;yhj; jug;Gf;fSk; rptpy; r%f epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpahu;Jiw
cl;gl Njrpa Kd;Dupikfs; kw;Wk; Njrpa #oiktpd; gpufhuk; ,t;
topfhl;Ljy;fis Cf;Ftpj;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhd $l;LKaw;rpfis
gad;gLj;Jk;gb J}z;lg;gLfpd;wdu;. gof;fq;fis Kd;Ndw;Wk; Kfkhf
nghWg;Gzu;tpy; cs;s clikAupik kPjhd jfty;fis gug;Gk;gb vy;yhj;
jug;gpdUk; Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.

- 54 -