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BERKELEY

LIBRARY
university

ot

CALIFORNIA

NEW METHOD OF LEARNING THE

DANISH AND NORWEGIAN LANGUAGES

WORKS FOR THE STUDY OF THE

DANISH AND NORWEGIAN LANGUAGES.
s.

d.

and Easy Method of Learning

the Danish and Norwegian Languages. {New Edition,
corrected according to the New Danish and Norwegian

Lund,

New,

Orthography. )

Practical,

Including Rules for Pronunciation, Exercises,

Reading Lessons, Vocabularies of Useful Words, Dialogues,

Extracts from Danish Authors, etc. etc.
145 pages, Crown
8vo.

Cloth

30

'

This excellent work is one of the best introductions to the languages

spoken in Denmark and Norway.' The Timber Trades Journal.

Key to

the Exercises in

16

Same

Danish, Norwegian and English Idiomatic Phrases

and Dialogues. Including Vocabularies of Useful Words

and classified, Familiar and Practical ConIdioms, Proverbs, and a Table of Danish Coins

carefully selected

versations,

with English Equivalents,

Cloth

A New

etc.

etc.

136 pages, Small 8vo.

20

Pocket Dictionary of the English and Dano-

Norwegian Languages.

New

Ainsworth-Davis, B.A., F.C.P.

Echo of Spoken Danish.

Interest,

Edition revised by

i6mo.

Boards

J.
.

R.

.56

on Topics of
introducing numerous Colloquial Phrases and IdioPractical Conversations

matic Expressions in constant Use.

Systematically arranged

in short Chapters for

Reading Purposes, Viva-voce Exercises,
and Practice in Fluent Speaking.
104 pages, Crown 8vo.

Cloth

The

net

object of this book is to familiarise the learner with the spoken or

colloquial language by means of conversations such as they really occur.
The author has contrived not only to give the genuine idiom but also to
depict the life and manners of the people, thus providing much valuable
information likely to be needed whilst travelling, and for commercial
purposes.

o^^*7
A

NEW

PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD

OF LEARNING THE

DANISH AND NORWEGIAN

LANGUAGES
INCLUDING RULES FOR PRONUNCIATION, EXERCISES
READING LESSONS, VOCABULARIES OF USEFUL
WORDS, DIALOGUES, EXTRACTS FROM
DANISH AUTHORS, ETC. ETC.

BY
H.
EDITOR OF

'

DANISH, NORWEGIAN

LUND

AND ENGLISH IDIOMATIC PHRASES AND DIALOGUES

NEW EDITION
CORRECTED ACCORDING TO THE NEW DANISH AND
NORWEGIAN ORTHOGRAPHY

LONDON

HACHETTE AND COMPANY

18

King William Street, Charing Cross

1900
All rights reserved

'

PX>3

PEEFACE
The study of foreign languages having become general,
the methods of teaching them have altered and improved,
so as to unite the changes

with those which

the

which philology has suggested

comparison

of

languages

has

taught.

The present

Series of

Cheap and Popular Grammars

Study
European Languages has been published
with this aim in view. These Grammars combine Theory
for the

of

with Practice, and their method and arrangement have

been based upon the recommendations of eminent
authorities as to the clearest

and most rational method

of teaching languages.

Seidenstiicker was the first who introduced this new

method for the Latin, Greek, and French languages, and
to him belongs the merit of having devised a rational

system of tuition.
There was, however, one essential point omitted even
in these books, namely that the grammatical form should
precede the Exercises, so that the learner should at once

be made acquainted with the grammatical structure of

the foreign language, without which he could never
a thorough knowledge of it.
This defect has
been remedied in the present series, and the following
attain

PREFACE

VI

grammars have
this

all

been compiled in accordance with

new arrangement

For the Italian Language,

by Marchetti.

Spanish Language,

Salvo.

Portuguese Language,

Cabano.

Danish & Norwegian Language,

Swedish Language,

Dutch Language,

Icelandic Language,

and

the definitions

grammars
matter
interest

is

are clearly

LenstrOm.

Ahn.

Russian Language
Modern Greek Language,

All

Lund.

Alexandrow.
Vlachos.

Kask.

rules

contained

and simply explained.

progressively arranged in a

and encourage the student.

class,

and which tend only

to bewilder

it

has

been

found

necessary

to

The

text

and

obsolete

Many

beginner, have been removed altogether.

these

calculated to

way

complicated rules so often found in other

in

works

of this

and weary the

Others, which
have

retain,

been

thoroughly revised and fully elucidated, so as to present

them in a more attractive manner.
Many of these

manuals have already gone through several

new issues being carefully revised from time

up to date.
The prevalent idea

editions, the

to time

and

hrought

in all these

volumes

is

that of

teaching the languages easily and pleasantly, of removing

all unnecessary difficulties, and, at the same time, of

imparting a sound grammatical and conversational knowledge of foreign tongues.

INDE X.
FIRST COURSE.
Pago

The Pronunciation

Exercises for the Pronunciation

The Norwegian

or Norsk Language

6
3

Part. I.
10

50

Introductory Exercises 1

Part. II.
Grammatical Exercises

26

On the Article
The Substantive

27

30

Feminine Nouns

33

Declension of Substantives

34

The Adjective
The Comparison of Adjectives
Numeral Adjectives
1.

2.

36

39
41

Numbers
Ordinal Numbers

Cardinal

41

43

3. Collective

and Proportional Numbers

43

4. Fractional

Numbers

44
45

Pronouns
1.

Personal Pronouns

2. Possessive

Pronouns

45
47

3.

Demonstrative Pronouns

4.

Relative Pronouns

51

5.

Interrogative Pronouns

53

6. Indefinite

Pronouns

49

54
57

Exercises for Reading

Collection of Word*

62

Easy dialogues

70

SECOND COUSRE.
Part HI.
Pnge
81

Verbs

The Auxiliary Verbs

81

Additional Auxiliary Verbs

87

Regular Verbs

89

First Conjugation

90

Second Conjugation

93
94

Third Conjugation
Deponent Verbs

The

95

Irregular Verbs

95

Reflective Verbs

99

Impersonal Verbs

100

Adverbs

100
1.

Adverbs of Place

100

2.

Adverbs of Time

101

3.

Adverbs of Number

4.

Adverbs of Manner and Kind

5.

Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation, etc.

Observation on the Adverbs of Place

6.

102
.

102
103

104

The Prepositions

104

Simple Prepositions

104

2. Compound Prepositions
Position of Prepositions

105

1.

Inseparable Prepositions

Conjunctions

105
.

106
106

Interjections

108

Extracts from Danish Authors

109

FIRST COURSE.

The Pronunciation.
The Alphabet.

The Danish Alphabet

is

letters:
I. English II. German
Characters. Characters, Pronounced.

composed of the 28 following

only in the words: een,

When
as:

Consonant

happy

lykkelig,

is

is

eet,

(one) and

(wise, wisely).
is

short,

like the a in father, generally long before

ad v; short before the other consonants, or
two consonants,
1.

long Sal, drawing room

Dag, day

brave, brave

Gade, street
2. short Aften, evening
takke, to thank
is

viist,

pronounced

b, d, g,

Aa

viis,

doubled the preceding vowel

at hygge, to build.

Magt, power
Barn, child.

a single vowel, not a diphthong; it is written in Swedish a.

has the sound of a in call, all, or a broad 6h as ou
in the English brought, as:
It

Skaal

ae

is

maatte,

mat

Haand, hand

blaat,

blue.

a in the English word care, or the

like

as:

a,

JEre, honour
Ai is

Aand, ghost

pronounced

German

hoab) hope

(pr.

Aar, year

before nd, dn, dd and

like a short o

Haab

health
Gaade, riddle

(pr. skoal)

pronounced

Nwse, nose.
army
English word lion, only

Hcer,

like i in the

little

broader, as:

wave.

vaie, to

Au sounds

ou

like

in loud, as:

Lang, guild.

B sounds

like the English b at the

bede, to

it

is

beg
however quite soft

beginning of

word, as:

bestemme, to fix
at the

end of

word:

as:

Haab, hope.
sounds like p, as:

Skib, ship

In short syllables it
Ribs, currant (fruit)

is

is

drcebt,

killed.

used only in foreign words and retains the foreign pronunciation.

pronounced

like the

English

Dal, valley

In the middle of a
the end

it

double dd

is
is

word

d,

as:

drage, to draw.
if

preceded by a vowel, and

at

quite soft, almost like the English th, the

pronounced in the same manner, as:

Fader, father

Gud, God
Fodder, feet

Moder, mother
sweet
Tid, time

bedre, better.

not pronounced and

It is
1.

sed,

after

and

w, in the

is

quite

same

2.

3.

(pr.

Before

sk,

syllable, as:

Aand

huld (pr. hooll) lovely

Mand

mute
ahnn) ghost

(pr.

man) man.
After r and a lengthened vowel, as:
Bdrd (pr. bor) table
Gaard, yard
Jord (pr. yore) earth.
st

and

t,

as:

sledsk (pr. slesk) flattering

4. Before

bedst (pr. best) best.

as:

s,

P/arfs (pr. plahss)

square
Trods (pr. tross) defiance.
5. If it stands between r and e, as:
Bordet (pr. boret) table
Gaarden, the yard.
6. If it stands between I and e, or n and e, it assimilates with I and n, as:
/tow (pr. eelln) the fire
sende (pr. sennay) to send.

Such
ss,

is

also the case with ds,

which

is

pronounced

like

as:

Spidsen (pr. spissen) the point

kradse (pr. krahssay) to scratch.

is

pronounced either long or short,

sounds like a in name, as:

if

long

it

evig,
if

short

it

sounds

eternal

alene, alone;

like e in met, as:

Ende t end.
efter, after
almost always short at the end of words, in the
final e of the infinitive, comparative, plurals and adjec-

It

is

tives,

as:

ligge (to lie), sederti (sweeter)

Breve

(letters),

The use of
Infinitive,

den god$

mute

Mand

after a

(the

vowel

good man).
the end of the

at

as in:

naae, to reach,
gaae, to go
obsolete; these words are now written: gaa, naa.
mute e now exists in the Danish language.
is

1*

No

sounds like ee only in the pronoun De (pr. dee) you

used in address, it answers to the German Sie and the
French Vous.

if

Ej

sounds
is

as: Sejer, victory.

like i in fire,

the English,

like

pronounced

the preposition

af sounds

like av.

is

is

If it

English g in the word good,

like the

pronounced
it

end of words, as:

soft at the

Dug, cloth
Sang, song
stands between two vowels it

Dag, day.
is

often quite mute, as:

sige (pr. seeay) to say.

Pige (pr. peeay) girl
Before n it is sounded like i, as:

Tegn, token.

regne, rain

In short syllables

Ryg
Eg and

Jeg

(pr.

eg,

loyn)

(pr.

is

pronounced

Ruk) back
often sound

or yey)

(pr. yi

Legn

it

like k,

as:

Slags (slahks) kind

like the

Omegnen

lie

English
(pr.

Snegl (pr. snile)

At the end of words or

and oy, as:

omine-en) environs
snail.

vowel follow, eg and eg

are pronounced with the regular g sound.
if a

meget, many.

Leg, play

Og and Ag, Aug and Oug

ou

like

Sogn (soun) parish

The words mig,

pronounced

The

are

sometimes pronounced

in house, as:

dig, sig,

like

my, dy

Vogn (voun) carriage

me, thee, himself, are commonly
9

sy.

correct pronunciation of g can only be learned from

a Dane.
II

sounds

like the

English h in house.

Before j and v

it

is

mute, as:
Hjerte (pr. yerteh) heart

Hvad, what
1

is

pronounced

hvordan,

Hvile (veeleh) rest

hvilken, which.

how

like e in the English

min, din, sin

word me,

my, thy,

as:

his.

Before two consonants

but

it

it is
always short, as:
finde (to find), ikke (not), tigge (beg)
is always long before b, d, g, r and v, as?

Skib (ship),

Tiderne (times), Krig (war), skfiv (write).

5
J

is

like

pronounced

word

in the

merly written after

g,

k,

A mute

yet.

before

sk,

kjende, to
Gjerrighed, avarice
skjosre, to cut;
Skjosg, beard

was

for-

or e, as:

ce,

e,

know

only in Danish names, as:

Kjebenhavn, Copenhagen.
Sj sounds like sh or the German sch, as:

this is retained

den

Sjcel (shal) soul

N are pronounced

K, L, 1,
is

sjette

(shettay) the

sixth

like the English.

the English word hope, as:

Fod, foot.

like o in

pronounced

In some words

it

sounds

like a

long

6h,

as:

(pr. b6hg) book

Krog (kr6hg) corner.
like
u
in
the
word
murder, or more correctly
pronounced

Bog

is

like the

German

j0j

is

oy

are pronounced like the English.

like oo in

pronounced

Uge,

is

sod, sweet.

Se, sea.

iu boy, as:

Sejle, column.
0je, eye
like
the
pronounced
English.

is

R, Sj

like

as:

here, to hear

Jede, jew

sounds

5,

like the

pronounced

Vei,
It is

mute

at the

word

the

week

English

sounds

end of words

f before

like

t,

after

and

r,

as:

Spurn, sparrow.
as:

grovt (groft) rude

X only occurs

as:

Yen, friend.

way

tolv (pr. tol) twelve

It

roof, as:

Hus, house,

in foreign words,

havt (haft) had.

and sounds

like ss; as:

Xylograf, wood-engraver.

The numeral
\

is

pronounced

sexten, sixteen, is
like the

German

By, town
Z sounds like

s,

ii,

pronounced

dyr, dear.

as:
Zenit, zenith

saysten.

or the French u; as:

Zone, zone.

Orthography.

The Danes

the

like

Germans write every

Noun

with a

capital letter, as:

en Tale, a speech
en Btir, a barrow

at tale,

to

jeg bdr,

Tro, faith

tro,

en
et

weathercock
Onske, a wish
Fltij,

fid],

speak

must

faithful

flew

at onske, to wish.

Adjectives are written in small letters.

Exercise for the Pronunciation.

The first line is the Danish

The second line the pronunciation
The third line the literal translation
The fourth line the English translation.
Ulven og Hunden
Odlven ogg hodnnen
Wolf the and dog the
The wolf and the dog.

En
En
A

Ulv,

den dummeste

oolv,

denn doommestay av seen

sldkt,

wolf, the

most stupid of

his

tribe,

wolf, the

most stupid of

his

tribe,

udenfor

Ulven
Oolven

Skoven.
oodenforr skdhven.
outside

wood

outside a wood.

af sin

the.

Slsegt,

vilde

villday

engang en Hund
trahff engdhng en hoonn
a dog
met once
a dog
once met
traf

til

till

Wolf the would to

The wolf was just on

denne

at

slaebe

ahtt

sldbay dennay

to

carry

the point

this

of carrying

Hunden

at
den
var
forestillede
ham,
hoonnen fdhraystillayday hahmm, ahtt denn vahrr
that he
was
him,
away, when dog the represented
that he
him off when the dog represented
to him
was

bort,

bortt,

da
dah

too

lean.

Hunden til den

Du ser u sagde
jeg
Boo sayr sahggday hdonnen till denn yahee
Thou seest said
dog the to him: I am

too

lean

Thou

altfor

mager.
dhltforr mdhger.

seest

said

the

dog to

him:

/ am

er
err

kun Skind og Ben;

kunn skinn ogg baynn;
and bone;
and bone ;

skin

only
only

vent,
ventt

skin

wait

until I

until

Min Herres

eneste

dynestay ddhtter

master's

till

wait

Me en herres
My masters's

My

bliver
federe.
jeg
yahee bleever fdydayre.

til

become

fatter.

become

fatter,

Datter

skal giftes imorgen,

skahll geeftez ehmdhrgen,
daughter shall marry to-morrow,
daughter will marry to-morrow,

only
only

og
egg
and
and

da jeg
skal
dah yahee skahll

til

Brylluppet,

som

vil

vare

otte

till

brullooppet,

somm

vill

vahray

ee

ohtay

as

shall

to

wedding

which

will last

as

shall

be

at the wedding which will last

Du

kan

Dage,

let

the,

at

indse,

lett
ahtt
ddhgay, kahnn doo
innzay
canst
thou easily into see, that
days,
thou
canst easily perceive
that
days,

undlade

at

blive

Ulven
Oolven

fed.

oonnlahday ahtt bleevay fed.

fail

to

become

fail

to

become

lod
lod
let
let

den
denn

him
him

gaa
goh
go
go

Ulven
for
Oolven
forr
wolf the for
came
wolf

sin

jeg

ikke
eckay

not

will

shall

not

troede

troh-ayday

fat.

Wolf the believed

fat.

The wolf believed

Nogle
Noglay

Dage
Ddhgay

his

way.
way.

Some
Some

days
days

at

se,

om

ahtt

szay,

omm

his

eight

yahee

Vej.
vahee.

seen

in eight

vil

vill

den
denn

og

him
him

and
and

ogg

effter

kom
komm

after

came

after

the

efter

Hunden
Hoonnen

nu

var
vahrr

noo

to

see,

if

dog the

now

was

to

see,

if

the

was

now

dog

tilstraekkelig fed;

men

denne

var

hide

hos

sin

tillstrdkaylig fayd;

menn

dennay

vahrr

eennay

hos

seen

but

this

at

his

he

was
was

within

but

fat

enough
fat

enough;

Herre.
hdyrray.
master.
master.

Den raabte
Denn rohptay
He
called
He
called

til

till

to
to

with

Ulven
gennem
Oolven
gdynnemm
wolf the through
the wolf through

his
et

Gitter:

ett

geetter

grating

grating

8
Vent,
vdntt,

Wait,

Wait

min
meen

my
my

Portneren

Ven,
vaynn,

jeg
yahee

skal

straps

skahll

strahks

friend,

shall

at,

friend,

will

Huset

og

jeg

komme
kommay

ud,
ood,

once come
out,
come out immediately,

om

skulle

et Ojeblik

ogg yahee skoollay omm et Oiaybleek

Portnayren ee Hooset
shall
in
a moment
porter the in house the and I
the porter
will
be with thee
of the house and I

Ulven
Oolven

hos
Dig."
Deeg."
vdhray hos
with
be
thee."
in a
moment.
vsere

anede

imidlertid

dhnayday imeedlertid
Wolf the perceived meanwhile
But the wolf perceived the

Listen
listen

trick the
trick

af
at
lobe
til
alle
Kraefter.
gav sig
till ahtt lobay
gahv seeg
ahff ahllay kraffter.
off all
and gave himself to to run
might.
and ran away with all his might.

og

ogg

The Norwegian or Norsk Language.

The Norwegian Language

is

the

same

in its

grammatical

structure as the Danish, indeed the Danish may be called the

pure language, whilst the Norwegian is a Mixture of dialects
the pronunciation of which varies in every district of Norway,
from Christiansand and Christiania in the South, to HammerThe principal feature of the dialects of all
fest in the North.

languages is, that certain words and letters are pronounced

not according to their spelling, but as the habits and use of
the people themselves have established; hence it is most difficult to bring these deviations under any rule.
Rask says The only real language of Norway*) is the Old
Norsk, commonly called Icelandic."

Norway words

are rarely pronounced

are pronounced altogether differently;
or left out, or slurred over, or joined.

In the provinces of
as they are written,
letters are

many

changed,

principal characteristic in the pronunciation consists howThese letters deviate

ever in the letters G,
and Sk.

The

from the original Danish and make it not a little difficult for
the traveller to understand the natives, but as the rules of the
Grammar and the structure of the dialects are the same as
in Danish, it is advisable that the English student should
learn the pure language, and adapt himself during his travels
to the various dialects he may meet.

The Norwegian Grammars published in Christiania, do not

give any specimens of the variation of Dialects of the country,
they are Danish Grammars with Norwegian titles.
Below is given a few of the deviations the traveller will
find in all parts of

The

is

Norway.

pronounced

like ch,

when

it

precedes

j,

or

y; as:
Kjed, meat, pronounced chyM.
usual in Norway to insert the y sound, and write
time
/, after k and g before e, i, y, ce, 0, and at the same
to soften the consonants.
It is

Sk before e, i, y, (before ce and 6 is written

nounced like the English sh or German sch.
Examples
igjen (pr.

Ske

(pr.

gj

as y)

Shay)

pro-

eyenn)

gik (pr. yik)

gjtire (pr.

skj) is

again

Skib (pr. Sheep)

went

Sky

make, do
spoon

SkjOrt (pr. Shurt)

ship

cloud
Shu)
Skjoeg (pr. Shegg) beard
(pr.

petticoat.

These few observations will give the traveller the key

the variations of the Norsk pronunciation.

to

P A E T

I.

Introductory Exercises,
l.

en (Masc.

Fader, father

Moder, mother
Barn, child
Moderen.

Faderen.

Note. The

&

Fem.),

et

(Neuter)

the.

definite article is

Barnet.

added

(suffixed) at the

end

of the word.
2.

Broder, brother

og,

and

Sester, sister

Faderen og Moderen. Sosteren og Broderen. Moderen

og Barnet. Faderen og Broderen. Sosteren og Moderen.
3.

god, good (after the end of a sentence) neut.: godt

gode, good (after the definite article)
er,

is

den, masc.

den,
det,

fem
neutr.

the.

(Article of the Adjective.)

Faderen er god. Moderen er god. Barnet er godt. Den

gode Fader. Den gode Moder. Det gode Barn. Broderen
er god. Den gode Broder. Sosteren er god. Den gode Soster.
Note. The indefinite article stands before the word.
4.

mm

mas.

fem. 1 my.
{mas.
mit
lit neutr.

Plural,

mine.

11

Min Soster.
Min Broder.
Min Moder.
Min Fader er god. Min Soster er god, og min
Moder er god. Min Moder og min Fader. Min Soster og
min Moder. Min Fader og min Broder.

Min

Fader.

Mit Barn.

5.

ew, masc.l
en, fem. >

en Fod, a foot
a,

an

et

Lys, a light

en Haand, a hand

neutr.J
en Mand, a

man, husband

en Kone, a

woman, wife

et,

han har, he has.

En Mand off en Rone. En Fader og en Moder. En

Broder og en Soster. En Fod og en Haand. Han har en
Moder og en Soster. Min Broder har en Haand. Min Moder
har en Haand. Han har et Lys.
6.

The

The

father and the brother.

child, the

The mother and the sister.

The father, the mother,

brother and the mother.

The good brother and the good

mother and my brother. My father is good, and
My sister is good.
good. A mother and a sister.

the sister, and the brother.

sister.

my
My

My

sister is

brother

is

good.

He has

a hand.

7.

din,

dit,

ogsaa, also
sken, handsonle, nice, pretty

masc.j

din, fem.

>

thy

neutr.J

stor, tall,

large.

Din Broder
Din Moder er god.
Din Fader er god.
Din
Barnet er ogsaa skont.
Din Soster er skon,
er god.
Din Fod er stor,
Din Moder er ogsaa
Haand er skon.
skon og stor. Han har dit Lys.
8.

the

the apple

stor,

Bogen

book

Bogen,
JEblet,

great, large

er god.

lille,

small, little

lang, long
hej, tall.

Min Bog er lille og min Haand er stor.

Min Broder er stor og min Soster

Din Fader har en Bog.

12
er

Den

lille.

lille

Broder og den

lille

Thy
has

my

sister is tall

book.

mother and
also small.

hand

is

He has

Thy

my
My

and thy brother

sister is

apple

is

is

little.

Thy brother

good.

My hand

father.

Din Soster
Din Broder har

Soster.

har min Bog og din Fader har ogsaa en Bog.

mit Lys.

Thy brother
tall.
Thy

is

and thy book is

apple is little.
Thy
long.
My brother has a book.
sister has thy candle.
is

small

large and thy

large and my hand is

the little book.
Thy

10.

en god Fader, a

good father

min gode

Fader, my good father

din gode Fader, thy good father
en god Moder, a good mother

min gode Moder, my good mother

din gode Moder, thy good mother

godt Barn, a good child

mit gode Barn, my good child
dit gode Barn, thy good child
en god Baiter, a good daughter
et

Min gode Fader og min gode Moder. Den gode Datter

skon Haand. Min lille Broder. Min store Bog. Dit
lille iEble.
Din skonne Haand. Min Fader er en god Fader.
Den gode Broder er
Det gode Barn er ogsaa et skont Barn.
Din lille Broder. Den lille Broder er
ogsaa en stor Broder.
Din lille Bog. En god Mand. Din
ogsaa en skon Broder.
har en

gode Rone.
11.

Thy

little

book and

my

The little
also a large apple.
a
little book.
brother
has
My

little

book

book.
is also

The

my

nice

apple

is

beautiful book.

Thy little brother has a large

hand.
Thy father is a good father, and thy mother is a good
mother. Thy brother has a good book, and thy sister has
also a good book.
My good father and my good sister. My
good mother and my good brother. My sister is a good sister.
My father is a good father, and my mother is a good mother.

13
12.

Vi have, we have
/ have,
you have
Be have, they have.

I have
thou hast
har, he has

Jeg har,

Du

har,

Han

Pennen, the pen.

Haven, the garden

Du har en stor Bog og en

Jeg har en Bog og en Pen.
god Pen. Jeg har en stor Bog, rain Broder har en lille Bog.
Min Soster har en lille Pen. Har du en Soster? Jeg har
en Soster. Har du min Pen? Jeg har din Bog og din Pen.
Vi have en Moder.
De have et Lys. Have de et Lys?
13.

Hast thou my pen? Thou hast my

have thy book.
Has he a small hand? He has a good mother.
We have a good pen, and you have also a good pen. Have
you a sister? I have thy pen and thy book. We have also
Hast thou also a book ?
a good mother.
My little sister has
Have you a good pen ? I have my good book.
a good book.
I

little

pen.

14.

Jeg

er,

Du

er,

am

Han

er,

thou
he is

Hun

er,

she

Vi

art

De
De

is

her, here
gammel, old

ung, young

Jeg er ung.
I

Du

we
1

are,

you are

er,

ere,

they are

fri

alene, alone

free

ikke, not.

Den gamle Mand,

Vi ere gode.

ere,

ere,

the old man.

Han er lille. Hun er skon.

De ere frie. Er jeg alene? Er du
Er hun ung? Ere vi frie? Er De

er stor.

ere her.

gammel? Er han ung?

her? Er De stor? Han er ikke stor?
Vi ere ikke frie.
De ere ikke gamle.

Hun

er ikke skon.

15.
I am tall.
Thou art young. Thou
I am not little.
he
Is
He is tall.
not old.
Art thou not free?
alone? He is not alone. Is he not old? Is she pretty? She
is not pretty.
We are free. Are we free?
Is she not tall?

art

14

Are we not free? We are not

you here? You are not alone.

free.

You

are

here.

Are you not old?

Are

They

are not here.

16.

denne Blomst, this flower

this girl
denne Pige,
denne Mark, this field
dette

Bord,

rund, neut. rundt, round

stcerk,

strong

this table
blaa,

Er

blue

hvid, white

meget, very

grm, green
moden,

ripe.

Bord rundt? Denne Blomst

Denne Blomst er meget skon. Er denne Blomst
er blaa.
ikke meget skon? Denne Mark er stor. Denne Mark er meget
Denne Mand er meget staerk. Denne Pige er ung. Er
gran.
dette iEble modent?
Denne Haand er meget hvid. Denn*
Broder og denne Soster ere unge. Denne gode Fader. Denne
gode Moder er gammel. Det skonne Barn.
Dette Bord er rundt.

dette

Note.

If the adjective is attached to a neuter noun it takes

as stor, large, n. stort.
As: Er dette Bord meget stort? Dette Bord er et rundt

a final

Bord.

Barnet er godt.
17.

no.

smnk, smukke, pretty.

good book? This book
This table is a
Is this table very large?
is very good.
round table. Is this a blue flower? Yes, this flower is blue.
No, this flower is not blue. Is this field large? Yes, this
This green field is very pretty.
field is a very large field.
This round table is pretty. Is this blue flower here? Is this
Is this great field green?
pretty flower white?
net,

ja, yes

Is

this

book good?

Is

this a

18.

Mask.

15
Eders Broder bar en Pen.
god.
Fader.
Vor gode Onkel er her.

Eders Fader er en god

19.

Our brother

good brother and our sister is a good

thy uncle and my sister is thy aunt.
Our sister is very tall. Your aunt is ill. Your pen is good.
Your sister has a very good book. Our aunt has a large
book.
Our field is green. Our uncle is good, our aunt is
also very good.
Your garden is small. Our good father is
sister.

My

is

brother

is

here.

20.

Faderen,
en Fader,
denne Fader,

the father, Accus.

a father

Faderen,
en Fader

this father

Moderen,

the mother

denne Fader
Moderen

Barnet,

the child

Barnet.

Vi have en god Fader og en god Moder.

Vi have ogsaa

god Broder og en god Soster. Jeg har en stor Have.

Vi have en stor Pen. Du har en lille Have. Min lille Broder
Vi
har ogsaa en Have. Min lille Soster har en skon Bog.
Konen
have en stor Bog, en lille Pen og en skon Have.
har en skon Haand.
en

21.
Eders, your

You have

set,

seen

kebt,

bought.

a good mother.
Have you
good brother? We have a large garden. Have you a
large garden?
My brother has also a large garden. Hast
thou a good pen?
Have you a little sister? My father has
a garden. We have seen
I have
thy sister and thy brother.
a brother and a sister.
I have a good brother, thou hast a
good sister. My little sister has a good book. Have you also
a good brother?
Have you seen our little brother? Our

good father and

also a

father has bought a large garden. We have seen

your uncle
and your aunt. Have you seen our garden? We have seen
your uncle, he has bought a large book.

16

22
som, hvilken, masc. Ace. som, hvilken
som, hvilken
som, hvilken, fem.
som, hvilket
som, hvilket, neut.

>

who, which

De have en Moder,
Vi have en Fader, hvilken er god.
er god.
Jeg har en Bog, hvilken er meget god. Min
Soster har en Pen, hvilken er meget god. Bogen, hvilken du
Haven, hvilken vi have, er meget stor. Har du
har, er god.
Eders Onkel har en
set Bogen, hvilken min Broder har?
Bog, hvilken er skon. Konen, hvilken har blaae Blomster.
Marken, hvilken Onkelen har kjobt.

som

23.
I

have a

sister

who

is

We

good.

have a father

who

is

very good and we have also a mother who is very good.

a pen which is very good.
I have
My brother has a book
which is large. The garden which you have is very large.
The book which I have is very good. Have you seen the
garden which my father has? The garden which you have is
very

little.

24.

Nom. Faderen
Gen. Faderens

Moderen
Moderens

Frugten, the fruit

the ball
Bolden

Farven,

the colour

Barnet
Barnets.

nyt,

new

red,

red.

med, with

Faderens Barn. Moderens Barn. Barnets Moder. Broderens Bog. Sosterens Haand. Markens Frugt. Konens Mand
er syg. Barnets Soster er lille. Barnets Bold er rund. BlomFodens Farve er skon. Bordets Fod er
stens Farve er rod.
ny.

Havens Bord er gammelt.

Tantens Haand er

hvid.

25.

The

The flower of the garden. The

The brother of the father. The sister of
The hand of the uncle. The flower of the field.

sister of the child.

ball of the sister.

the mother.

The apple

is

a fruit of the garden.

We

have seen

the pen

17

The

of the mother.

of the aunt

sister

is

ill.

The mother of the uncle

The foot of the
wife of the man is pretty.
The foot of the child is small. The foot of the
The colour of the flower is blue.
of the father

old.

is

is

The brother
young. The

sister is small.

table is round.

26.
the house
the mouse

Huset,

talt,

spoken

Musen,
Hunden, the dog

fundet, found
Icest,

read

Ringen, the ring

fanget,

caught.

Jeg har set Huset. Du har kobt Haven. Han har talt
mecl Faderen. Vi have fundet Pennen. De have laest Bogen.
De har fanget Musen. Har jeg fanget Bolden? Har du kobt
Huset?
Har han set Manden?
Have vi talt med Onkelen?
Have de laest Bogen ? Have de fundet Blomsten? Jeg har ikke
set Faderen.
Du har ikke talt med Tanten. Han har ikke
Vi have ikke kobt Huset.
De have ikke laest
fanget Bolden.
De have ikke fundet Blomsten.
Bogen.

27.
I have seen the dog.
Thou hast bought the table. He
We have read the book. You have
has caught the mouse.
bought the dog. They have found the apple. Have I bought
the flower?
Hast thou spoken with the aunt? Has he read

book? Have we caught the ball? Have you bought the

house? Have they seen the garden? I have not seen the
garden. Thou hast not found the ring. He has not read the
book. We have not caught the mouse. You have not spoken
the

with the brother.

They have not bought the

ring.

28.

Nom.
en
en

masc.

fern,

et

neutr.

Gen

en

Trwet,

a,

an

Mands
the tree

the eye
Dybden the depth

Ojet,

Lund's

en Mand, a man
en Kone, a woman
et Barn,
a child
en Kones
Glasset,

Vennen,
det,

Danish and Norwegian Grammar.

et

Barns

the glass
the friend
it

18

Er De en Sesters Broder?
Barns Fader.
JEble?
En
Ja, det er Havens Frugt.
Blomsts Farve.
En Moders Hus. En Faders Hund. Den
er en Markblomst.
Har du en Broders Pen? Har ban en
Sosters Boldt?
Har De en Kones Bog?
Har De set en
Onkels Hus? Har han kebt en Trsefrugt? Har De lsest en
Tantes Bog? Denne er et Barns Haand.

Han

Er

det

er

et

Trseets

29.

The brother of a child. The foot of a sister. The dog

The flower of a garden. 1 have the apple of
a sister.
Thou hast the book of an aunt. He has the candle
of a woman.
We have seen the colour of a house. Has he
found the ring of a mother? He has not seen the dog of
an uncle. Have you seen the colour of an eye? The depth
of a glass.
It is the eye of a woman.
Is is the glass of a
of an uncle.

man? He has bought the ring of a friend. I have seen the

eye of a man. He has read the book of a friend. We have
caught the ball of a child.
They have not seen the depth
of a glass.

30.
denne, masc.
denne, fem.
neut.
dette,

this,

this one.

Fen, n,

friend

Kedet,

Ncesen,

the nose

Melken,

Koen,

the

cow

Aftenen, the evening

the fire
llden,
Pigen,

Gen. of

this.

the meat, flesh

the milk

Smerret, the butter

drukken-et,
eaten.

drunk

spist,

the girl

Denne INseses Farve. Denne Kos Melk. Denne Piges

Ring. Denne Hunds Fod. Denne Kones Haand. Denne Moders
Bog. Denne Kones Smor. Dette iEbles Farve. Denne Vens
Hus.
Dette 0jes lid.
Har De talt med denne Piges Ven?
Har nan drukket denne Kos Melk?
Have vi kobt denne
Mands Huus? Have de spist dette Traes iEble? Jeg har ikke
drukket denne Kos Melk.
Han har ikke set Husets lid.

19
31.

The

The

cow.

of this

flesh

glass

of this

man.

The

ring of this girl. The nose of this friend. The book of this
aunt.
The flesh of this dog. The colour of this eye. It is
the milk of this cow.

Is

colour of this butter.

is

it

Is it

the eye of this friend? It is the

the colour of this glass? Yes, it
I have eaten the butter of this

the ring of this woman.

Have you eaten the fruit of this tree?

man.

the milk
I

of

this

cow.

have seen

have not seen the hand

fire

You have read the book

have not seen the colour of this dog.

cow

seen the

of this

have drunk

of this house.

He has not spoken

of this girl.

to the father of this friend.

man.

the

of this

He has not

girl.

32.

Vi havde, we had
/ havde, you had
Be havde, they had

havde, I had
havde, thou hadst

Jeg

Du
Han

havde, he had

ingen (masc. and

fern.)

Jeg

havde

en

Ven.

intet

(neut.) none,

no

men, but

hun, she
Gaasen, the goose

Finger en, the finger.

Du havde

et

Hus.

Han havde

denne Boldt. Vi havde denne Ko. De havde en Gaas. De

havde en Blomst. Havde jeg en Ring? Havde du en Finger?
Havde han en Hund ? Havde vi en Moder? Havde de denne
Bog? Havde De dette Lys? Jeg havde ingen Broder. Havde
de ingen Soster?
Havde han ingen Finger?
Havde hun
intet Hus?
Havde du en Gaas? Jeg havde ingen Moder og
ingen Broder, men en Sester. Han havde ingen Fader, men
en Broder og en Tante.
33.
I had a house.
Thou hadst a friend. He had this cow.
had this ring. You had this book. They had an apple.
Had I a brother? Hadst thou this glass? Had he this pen?
Had we a flower? Had you this garden? Had they no mother?
I had seen a friend.
Had I bought this cow? Thou
hadst drunk this milk.
Hadst thou eaten this butter? He
had bought this table. Had he
bought meat? Had we no
2*

We

20
uncle? We had no brother, only a sister? You had no father
and no mother, but she had a father and a mother. She had
drunk the milk and he had eaten the butter. We have no
friend and no house.
34.

min,

my

Neglen,

the nail

din,

they

Haand,

the hand.

hans, his

Nceven,

the

Armen, the arm

Smnen,

the son

Haaret, the hair

haard,

stcerk

fist

hard.

strong.

Min Faders Arm. Din Broders Haar. Hans Vens JNseve.

Min OnkeJs Hus. Din Sens Have. Min Mands Ring. Hans
Barns Haar. Hans Hunds Oje. Din Onkels Fod. Din Fingers
Min Onkels Haand er stor. Hans Sons Haar er skont.
Negl.
Din Broders Arm er staerk. Hans Sons Naeve er meget haard.
Min Onkels Hus er meget gammelt.
35.

The hand of my father. The arm of thy uncle. The

The fist of my brother. The house of thy
friend.
The garden of his child. The ring of my uncle.
The eye of thy brother. The nail of his finger. The hand
of my brother is long. The arm of thy uncle is very strong.
The fist of my child is not very hard. The garden of his
friend is not very large. The book of thy friend is not very
old.
The ring of his brother is round. The goose of my
friend is white.
The nails of his hand are very long.
hair of his son.

36.
Sterrelsen, the size

Vandet, the water

Mullen, the mill

Kcerligheden, the love

Datteren, the daughter.

Min Moders Oje. Din Sosters Haar. Hans Tantes Ring.

Min Blomsts Farve. Din Kos Melk. Hans Naeves Storrelse.
Min Molles Vand. Din Muses Storrelse. Hans Moders KeerDin Gaases Kjod. Hans Haands Finger. Min Kones
lighed.
Din Sosters Kserlighed. Hans Kones Haand. Det er
Hus.
Han
min Haands Storrelse.
Jeg havde din Sosters Bog.
havde sin Blomsts Farve.

21
37.

my hand. The eye of thy aunt. The hair

The ring of my sister. The colour of thy
The water of his mill. The love of my mother. The
flower.
The love of his aunt is great. I have the
flesh of thy cow.
The

size of

of his mother.

size

the

of thy hand.

book of

my

He had
sister.

the

am

We

ring of his sister.

the son of my mother.

had
She

the daughter of thy aunt. She is the mother of his sister.

had the book of thy daughter. We have drunk the milk
We have seen the colour of the flower. The
of his cow.

is

book of

his

daughter

is

very pretty.
38.

let, light,
rig, rich

easy.

Compar.

lettere,

lighter,

easier.

22

The daughter is richer than the mother.

house.
is wilder than the girl.
The tree is higher than
the church. The milk is warmer than the water. The apple
than

the

The brother

harder than the butter. The water is deeper.

The stone
The field is nearer than the garden. The fruit is
I am stronger than thou.
It is longer.
It is colder.
riper.
He is lighter than I.
is

is

thicker.

40.
Livet,

the

life

23

Hunden tilherer
Huset tilherer Manden.
Jeg har givet den Bog til Barnet. Han har givet
Haanden til Moderen. Du har givet den Bing til Onkelen.
Hun har givet Bolden til Sesteren. Jeg har givet en Pen til
Manden. Vi have kebt en Bing til Sesteren.
Barnet.

tilherer

Vennen.

43.

Give
the

Show

it

the man.

to

it

Tell

child.

it

it

to the

friend.

Give

sister.

Tell

it

to

the

it

to

woman.

The garden belongs to the gardener.

The ring belongs to the
Ring.

the child.

to

The land belongs

Give

the

to

the

to

child.
I have given the letter to the King.
She has given
the flower to the Queen. He has given a glass to the child.
have given an apple to the gardener.
He has given his
hand to the King. He has given no letter to the father. She

We

no ring

has given

to

the Queen.

We

have given no water

to the child.

44.

Jeg var,

Du

was

var, thou wast

han var, he was

hun
vel,
viis,

var, she

well

wise

fuld, full
fattig,

poor

det var,
vi vare,

/ vare,

was

it

was

we were
you were
were

de vare, they

blind,

blind

Daaden, the deed

bred,

broad, wide

Floden,

bitter

bitter

Kronen, the crown.

Vinen, the wine

the river

Drengen, the boy

Du var vel. Han var viis. Vi vare naer.

Jeg var syg.
De vare rige. Manden var rig. Konen var fattig.
Var jeg god? Var du blind? Var han bred? Var det bittert?
Var Vinen god? Var Konen blind? Var Floden bred? Var

vare rige.

Melken bitter? Mandens Arm var lang. Denne Kones Haand

var sken.
Min Broders Ven var syg. Denne Konges Daad
var viis.
Dronningens Krone var sken.
45.

Thou wast poor. He was rich. It was

were young. You were good. They were old.
The gardener was old. The Queen was beautiful. The child
I

bitter.

was

We

well.

24
was

Was

ill.

wise?

Was he

Wast thou wild?

Was

free?

Were we strong? Were you near? Were they

easy?
blind?
Was the King wise? Was the boy wild? Was the
man free? Was the boy easy? The wine of the uncle was
it

bitter.

the

The crown of the King was beautiful. The water of

The deed of the woman was good.
was green.

river

Was

the girl pretty?

Was the water
Yes, she was pretty.
deep? Yes, it was deep. Was the apple bitter?
Yes, it
was bitter. Was the house full? Yes, it was full.
46.
Slagteren, the butcher
hert. heard

af

fra, of,

ud,

ud

out, out of

af,

ved, hos, at,

from

Ildebrand,

by

fire,

conflagration.

en Kone. Sig det til et Barn. Jeg har hOrt det

af en Mand.
Du har hert det af en Kone. Han har hort
Vi have det fra en Flod.
det af et Barn.
I
have det
ud af en Kirke. De have det ud af et Hus. Jeg var hos
en Gartner.
Du var hos en Dronning. Han var ved en
Ildebrand.
Vi have set Bingen hos en Mand.
Han har laest
Brevet hos en Ven.
Giv det

til

47.

Give

woman.

it

of a queen.
of a book.

Give

to a friend.

it

to

a sister.

from a king.
She has heard it from a

have heard

We

have

it

Thou

to a

it

He has
You have

child.

out

Tell

hast heard
it

it

out
out

of a garden.
it
I was at a tree.
out of a field.
Thou wast (present) at a deed. He was at a friend's. She
was at a fire. It was by a stone. We have seen the dog at
a friend's.
You have bought the cow at a butcher's. They
have found the tiger by the water.
Thou hast seen the lion

of a flower.

at a tree.

it

They have

He

it

has read the paper by a candle.

48.

Bladet the leaf

givet,

given

taget,

taken

spist,

eaten

drukket, drunk.

Mand denne Bog.

Giv denne Kone den Bing.

Giv dette Barn den Pen. Har du givet Kronen til denne Konge?

Giv denne

25

Har
Traeet

hun
ud

set

af

Har han taget

Stenen af denne Krone?
Har hun taget Bladet ud af
denne Have?

denne Bog? Jeg har spist Frugten af dette

Han har
drukket Melken af denne Ko.

Trae.
spist

Jeg

har

iEblet

af

dette Trae.

49.

At

from
from

this river.

this king.
this field.

At

Thou

this flower.

hast

it

from

At

this water.

this daughter.
of this wine.

We

have

it

She has

it

have it out
You have it
Give the paper to this man.
Give the
out of this church.
Give the ring to this girl.
Hast thou
glass to this woman.
Hast thou given the rose to
given the dog to this butcher?
Has he eaten the fruit of this field? Has he
this sister?
Has she seen the colour of
seen the house of this woman?
Has he seen the size of this country?
this water?
50.

He has it from his father. I have it from his daughter.

I have the apple from
have it from his child.
my brother.
Give the apple to his child.
He has given the ring
to my uncle.
Give the butter to my mother.
He has the
I have the milk from his cow.
flower from my field.
He
We have the house from my
has the letter from his child.
uncle.
No, you have the house from my aunt. They have
I have taken the flower from his
the length of my paper.
Thou hast taken the ring from his daughter. He
garden.
has read the letter from his King.

We

PART

II

Grammatical Exercises.

The

Article.

The Danish Language has an

indefinite Article

without

a plural:

En

for Masc.

for the Neuter.

Bog, a hook

The definite
et,

Note.

Article

Et Brev, a
is

The

1.

letter.

a douhle one:

Masc. and Fern.: the

Neuter: the

en,

The

and Fem.

en,
et,

Plural:
ene or ne.

indefinite Article stands before the word.

added (suffixed) at the end of the word,

It is
only used if no adjective preceds the noun.
called the definite substantive article.
2. If the noun ends in the plural in e or r, it receives
ne, otherwise ene, as:
hut

definite Article is

it

is

Hest,

horse

Skib,

ship

Hestene
Skibene

Dreng, boy

Fader

Moder
Broder

en,

the father

en, the
en, the

mother
brother

Sester en, the sister

Barn et, the child

Drengene.
god, neut. godt,
og,

and

er,

is

ere,

good

are

han har, he has.

Faderen er
Sosteren.
Broderen.
Faderen og Moderen ere gode. BroEn Fader og
deren og Sosteren ere gode. Barnet er godt.
Han har en Broder og en Saster. Moderen har
en Moder.
Broderen har en Soster. Sosteren har et Barn.
et Barn.
Faderen.

god.

Moderen.

Moderen er god.

27
2.

The

Article of the Adjective is:

den (Masc. and Fem.), the

det (Neuter), (the Plur). de

Mand, man

an adjective precedes a noun, the definite

If

det is placed before

finite article".

An

e is

bers, unless

added to the adjective in both genders and numit ends in e or s, as:

god,

good

kort,

short

lille,

little

last

article den,

this article is called the ^adjective de-

it,

den gode Dreng,

den korte Snor,
den Mile Hest,

smuk, fine

The

smuk, pretty.

det

consonant

smukke Skib, the

smuk

in

the good boy

the short string
the little horse
fine ship.

doubled.

is

de gode Drenge,
the good boys
de smukke Breve, the nice letters

Ear Be den

store

Hest? have you the large horse?

Den gode Fader.

Den gode Moder. Det gode Barn.
Den gode Broder og den gode Soster. Den gode Mand. Det
smukke Barn. Sosteren er smuk. Den smukke Soster.

3.

On
1.

If a

the Article.

substantive ends in

e,

n or

only

t is

added for the

definite article, as:

Kone, woman
Menneske, man
2.

If

the

Konen,

word ends with a consonant

the consonant
jectives,

is

This

doubled.

woman

is

after a

short

vowel,

also the case with ad-

as:

Hat, hat

Hatten, the hat.

Stok, stick, Stokken

3.

the

Mennesket, the man.

If the substantive

ends in

Fcengsel, prison

Lam, lamb, Lammet.

el,

en or er

it

loses the

Fwngslet, the prison.

e,

as:

28

The plural of the definite article

words ending in e or er, as:

4.

Vcerelse,

room, PL

ene;

ne for

Vwrelserne, the rooms

the brothers

Vcerelser

PL Bredre
Brvdrene,
PL Bern
B&rnene, the

Broder, brother,

Barn, child,

ne and

is

children

Vocabulary.

aM,

Snedker, joiner
forfcerdiger, fabricates,

makes

happy

er (2* vide: vcere), is

chair

Stol,

always

lykkelig,

Bord, table

smwfc, pretty

Skrcedder, tailor
Buxer, trousers

star,

Frakke, coat

#ms, house

0rn, eagle
Svale, swallow
Ugle, owl

tilh#re,

Svin, pig

retfcerdig, just
at frygte, to fear

room

Vcerelse,

great

belong to

Mand^ man
Tyskland,

firfeddet, fourfooted

Dyr, animal
Trane, crane

aldrig,

Germany

never

agtvccrdig, estimable

drage bort, go away

Efteraar, autumn
Fugl, bird

Dreng, boy

(in

Norwegian 6r0

g;orf (20) made, from at gwe,

to make, to do.

##s,

Exercises.

En Snedker
Buxer og Frakker.

Stole og Borde, en Skraedder

#rnen, Svalen og Uglen ere Fugle. Loven,
Tigeren og Svinet ere firfoddede Dyr. Tranerne drage bort

om

Efteraaret.

forfaerdiger

Den brave Mand

smukt Vaerelse; det smukke

Det er et
er altid lykkelig.
Det er et stort Hus;

Vserelse.

* The numbers denote the

paragraph in the Second Course, where
is to be found.

the rule

29

Hus horer mig

store

det

frygtes

Retfaerdig

Dreng,

som har

aldrig.
gjort det.

Tysklands store Msend.

til.

Den

Retfaerdige er agtvaerdig.

En
Den

5.

Vocabulary,
n. (n)

means Neuter.
lower, nederst

chair, Stol

hat,

Bord
Hat

veil,

Sler

table,

is,

entire, whole, hei

(n.)

street,

er

castle,

chamber,

Gade

burned, brcendte

(n.)

Rammer

Slot (n.)

was, var

(n.)

larger, sterre
a just man, en Retfmrdig
to die, at dee (20)

occupy,

to go, at gaa (20)

to walk, at spadsere (13)

at

honest, cerlig

to see, at se (20)

Borger
my, min, mit (n.)

both brothers, begge Bredre

all

home, hjemme
people, alle Folk

battle,

Aand

genius,

occupied,

week, Uge

citizen,

soul,

bescette;

besat

nut,

Slag

(n.)

Ned
Drue

are, ere

grape,

rare, sjelden

to bring, at bringe (20)

upper, everst
window, Yindue (n.)

hang, hwnge.

in.

soldier, Soldat.

Vindrue,

branch, Kvist, Gren

Exercises.*

A man

woman and

child.

chair

and a

table.

The hat and the veil. The room is larger than the chamber.
He is a just man. The just man died in the prison. The
The brothers and the children.
brothers and sisters walked.
*

Price

A Key
Is.

Qd.

to these Exercises has been published for

Self-tuition.

30

The honest man

The pretty child is mine.

is a good citizen.
Germany's great men. Great geniuses are rare. The upper
window. The lower windows. The entire street was hurned.
The entire castle was occupied by soldiers. He is not at
home (during) the whole week. All people saw him. Both
brothers

in battle.
The woman who has brought me
The grapes which hang on the branch.

died

the nuts.

The Substantive.
There are

Danish only two genders for the nouns, the

(masculine and feminine) and the neuter.

in

common gender
a)

To the common ge n der

women, animals,
nouns ending in

belong the names of men,

and many
en, hed, ing, ning, sel, skab. As:

plants, seasons, rivers, months, days,

de,

den,

e, else,

Faderen, the father

Moderen, the mother

Elben, the Elbe

Prinsen, the Prince

Dronningen, the Queen

Hejden, the height

Udlwndingen, the foreigner
Daarskaben, the folly

Tirsdagen, Tuesday

Ratten- (from Kat), the cat

Rosen, the rose
Vinteren, the winter
b)

Fristelsen, the temptation.

Exceptions:
Kiddet, the kid

Barnet, the child

Trceet, the tree
Bwstet, the animal, beast.

Lammet, the lamb

Mandfolket, the male person

Egernet, the squirrel

Folket, the people

Mennesket, the man

Kvceget, the cattle

Faaret, the sheep

Svinet, the pig.

Fceet, the cattle

c)

Neuters

names of

are the

metals, monosyllable words

terminations and derivative
d)
e)

Compound words
There are many

countries,

formed of
nouns in

towns,

letters,

Infinitives without their

i,

eri

and demme.

take the gender of the last word.

exceptions to these rules which

31
can

only

be learned

by use

The following words chango

their significations with their genders;

en Ark, an ark
en Bid, a morsel
en Birk, a birch
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en

et

Ark, a sheet of paper

Bid, a bite
et Birk, a magistracy

et

Brok, a badger
Buk, a he-goat

et
et

Brok, a rupture
Buk, a bow

Digt, a fable

et

Fre, a frog

et

Digt, a poem
Fre, a seedcorn

Fyr, a fellow

et

Fyr, a lighthouse

Felge, a consequence
Gran, a pine tree

et

Hagl, hail
Klap, a flap

Felge, a retinue
et Gran, a grain
e

hire

et

a trap door
Negle, a key
en Raad, a councillor
en Rim, a hoar-frost

et

Leje,

Lem,

Z/ap, a slap
a bed, couch
Lem, a limb
Leje,

et

NOgle, a reel

et

Raad, an advice
Rim, a rhyme

Risen, the rice

en Segl, a sickle

Hagl, small shot

ifosef,

et

the

ream

(of paper)

Segl, a seal

a sight (on guns)

Skjold, a shield
et Sold, a sieve

en Sigte, a sieve
en Skjold, a spot

et

Sigte,

et

en Sold, the wages

Stiften, a holder
en Sem, a seam

an institution

Stiftet,

en Ting, a thing
en Tryk, print
Faar^w, the spring

a nail

Sem,

7m(/, an assize

en Vcerge, a guardian

Tryk, a pressure
Yaaret, the cover of a cushion
et Voerge, a weapon

era

et

Ycerk,

Msel, donkey

era

et

VoBrk, pain
^se/, a donkey (nickname)

work

Exercises.
Hest, horse

Konge, King
Dronning, Queen
ligge

paa Landet,

country

Bund, dog
to live in the

Pindsvin porcupine
dejlig,

pretty

32
at tage, to take

Fristelse,

temptation
Nejsomhed, contentedness
Dyd, virtue
stige ned, descend
steg, from stige (20)
stige op, ascend

not

ikke,

Rennebcer, berry (for birds)

poisonous
Frugt, fruit
Grcensestrem, boundarystream

giftig,

imellem, between

ned, down, into

Helvede, hell

Fare, danger
Flede* cream

Tyveri, robbery
den samme, the same

rigtig,

true

Torsdag, Thursday
the largest

Helgen, Saint
gik, went (from gaae) (20) go
Helligdom, sanctuary
havde, had from/aa?;e(l)to have

sterste,

meget, much
Guld, gold
Selv, silver.

Kongen, Dronningen, Prinsen og Prinsessen ligge paa

Der er Hesten, Katten, Hunden,
Landet i Frederiksborg.
Der har Du
Svinet, Lammel, Kiddet. Faaret og Pindsvinet.
en dejlig Rose. Tag ikke Ronnebaerret, det er en giftig Frugt.
Rhinen var Graensestrommen imellem Tyskland og Frankrig.
Det var den samme Torsdag.
Jeg var i den storste Fare.
Han er en rigtig Helgen. Jeg gik ind
Giv mig den Flode.
i
Helligdommen. Han havde ingen Fristelse. Nojsomhed er
en Dyd.
Han steg ned i Helvede. Det er et stort Tyveri.
Jeg har meget Guld og Solv.

8.

The father, the

me. The lion 2 the
,

brother, the mother and the sister love

6
4
5
3
tiger , the wolf , tne lox , the dog and

7
8
the cat are wild beasts

and the maple

16

lazy

grow

13

a
1

in

the oak

the forest

14
.

10
,

the poplar

The donkey

15

11

is

17

also

and a doe 20 were shot21

is

The beech 9

The cattle go to the pasture .

the pig.
18
A roe 19
animals.
the kid, the lamb are useful

animal,

The sheep,

12

beautiful

woman.

The moth 22
The camel

23

likes the light .

24
called
the
is

That
25

ship

7 Kat. 8
5 Raev.
6 Hund.
2 L0ve. 3 Tiger. 4 Ulv.
12 Valbirk.
13 voxe.
10 Eg.
11 Poppel.
Rovdyr. 9 Btfs.
14 Skov.
15^Esel. 16 doven. 17 Graesgang. 18 nyttig. 19
Raadyr. 20 Daadyr. 21 skyde. 22 M0l. 23 Lys. 24 kaldes.
25 Skib.

elske.

33
of the desert

26

deliciously

The cherry 33
37

taste

The rose, the pink 27 and the violet 28 smell 29

The elm 31 and the willow 32 grow in Germany.

30

35

the currant 34 ,
38

nice.

To-day

month 40

36

and the apple

the mulberry
39
the eighth day
May is the most
not lead 41 us into temptation 42 . That
is

Do
The conDo not profane 44 a sanctuary 45
46
47
of a churchyard
The height of a mountain 48
secration
There is 49 wood 50 (for burning). The unanimity 51 of a people 52
beautiful

is

a great folly

43

53

54

56

55

France , (the) unhappy

(The) Beautiful
60
57
59
58
Spain, (the) cold
Norway . The rich Hamburgh , the great
62
61
The grass 63 , the
London. The seed corn
grows quickly
65
67
68
64
66
mewet
and
the
are
are
The
silver
precious
gold
hay
tyranny

destroys

used 71 for barometers. The chalk 72

dear 75 . That is an imposition 76
78
79
77
Gamand passion 80
I was in this
Friendship
society .
82
85
81
83
84
a
vice
A
me. He
is
.
continued
illness
hinders
bling

tals
is

69

The

white 73

70

quicksilver

is

Good amber 74

is

died

of apoplexy
90

hypocrisy
the

life

86

The

real

fit

87

A disgusting
long.
Laziness 93 destroys 94 hall

lasted
92

91

gratitude

88

89

95

96
.

27 Nellike.
28 Viol.
29 lugte.
30 dejlig.
31 Al32 Piletrae.
33 Kirsebaer. 34 Ribs.
35 Morbaer. 36
iEble. 37 smage.
38 idag. 39 Dag. 40 Maaned. 41 f0re. 42
Fristelse. 43 Daarskab. 44 vanhellige. 45 Helligdom. 46 Indvielse.
47 Kirkegaard. 48 Bjerg. 49 Der er. 50 Braende. 51 Enighed.
52 Folk.
54 Tyranni.
53 tilintetgore.
55 dejlig, skon. 56
57 kold. 58 Norge.
59 rig. 60 Hamborg. 61 Fr0.
Frankrig.
62 raskt. 63 Graes. 64 H0. 65 vaad. 66 Guld. 67 S/slv. 68
aedel.
69 Metal. 70 Kviks0lv.
71 bruge.
72 Kridt. 73 hvid.
74 Rav. 75 dyr. 76 Bedrageri. 77 denne, dette. 78 Selskab.
79 Venskab. 80 Lidenskab.
81 Spil.
82 Last.
83 bestandig.
84 Sygelighed.
85 hindre.
86 Slag.
87 Besvimelse.
88 vare.
89 afskyelig.
90 Hykleri.
92 Taknemmelighed.
91 oprigtig.
93 Dovenskab. 94 0delaegger. 95 halv. 96 Liv.

26 0rk.

metrae.

9.

Feminine Nouns.

Feminine nouns are formed from the masculine by adding

inde or ske, as:
Greve,

Count

Grevinde, Countess

Bedrager, impostor

Bedragerske, fern, impostor

Prins, Prince

Prinsesse, Princess

Konge, King

Dronning, (from the old word

Drot, King),

Lund's

Danish and Norwegian Grammar.

Queen
3

34
Bund,
Hane,

dog
cock

Teeve,

bitch

Hene, hen
Hoppe, mare.

Hingst, stallion

The masculine and feminine

Han and Hun, as:

of

some animals

is

dis-

tinguished by

Hankat,

cat,

masc.

Hunkat,

cat,

fem.

10.

Declension of Substantives.
a)

The Danish declension

takes

the

an

is very
simple, the noun only
or es in the genitive; the latter is used if
ends in s, or any other vowel but e, as: Palads,

noun

palace, Gen. Paladses.

The
ends in

genitive
s,

plural has always s,

unless the word

as;

Mennesker, men, Gen. Menneskers

-

Lys, candles,
b)

Lyses.

The plural is generally formed by adding e or er,

some
nouns are alike in the singular and plural, others change
root altogether.
No general rule can therefore
given for the formation of the plural.

the

c)

d)

Nouns ending

in er

and dom take

Dicevel,

plural: Fcedre
Dicevle,
-

Middel,

Nouns ending

forms the plural in: Bern

Batter, daughter,

Gaas goose,

Mand, man,
eye,

Sre, ear,

Lagner.

in hed, ing, skab, take er in the plural.

Barn, child

J&je,

Midler

Lagen,

f)

e in the plural.

Many chiefly primitive nouns, in er, el, en, drop the e of

the singular termination in the plural, as:
Fader,

e)

be

--.-*-

Dettre
Goes

Mcend

0jne

0ren,

35

36
Menneskets Sjgel er udodelig, den er en Afglands af Guds
Rudernes Rammer ere itu. En Saelhunds Skind liar
han kebt meget billigt. Byens Fsedre have ingen Midler til
at betale.
Vi have forskellige Meninger.
Jeg holder meget
Hun har
af Trsefrugter, isaar af ^Ebler, Paerer og Kirsebaer.

Vaesen.

Bern, to Sonner og tre Dottre.

fern

13.

Exercises.
Note.

two

If

one

is

are placed together of which

precedes the nominative, as: the
Moderens Barn". The nominative

substantives

in the genitive,

it

of the mother

child

besides loses

The

article.

its

father of this
3

amount

man
to

The revenues 2
The body 4 of man

a criminal

is

one

million.

of

is
country
5
He gave the book to the
The houses of a city 6
mortal
Forks 8 spoons 9 and
The fathers of the country 7
father.
14
12
13
10
11
Readers
to
table
are necessary
the
lie
knives
upon
16
18
17
15
are good natured
Eels
taste well.
an author .
Sheep
21
20
22
19
cards
We
has
wheels
four
animals. The carriage
play
He gave 23 him two pounds 24 of cheese 25 . Man has five fingers 26

this

and two shoulders

1

27
.

Forbryder. 2 Indkomst (pi. er). 3 Land. 4 Legeme. 5 d0delig. 6

9 Ske, (pi er).
8 GafFel (pi. Gafler).
7 Fsedreland.
By.
13 Laeser.
14 n0dvendig.
10 Kniv (pi. e). 11 ligge. 12 Bord.
15 Skribent (pi. er). 16 Aal (sing, and pi.). 17 Faar (sing, and
pi). 18 godmodig. 19 Vogn. 20 Hjul (sing, and pi.). 21 snille.
22 Kort (sing, and pi). 23 give. 24 Pund (sing, and pi). 25
25 Finger. 27 Skulder.
Ost.

14.

The Adjective.
a)

The
it.

adjective stands before the

noun and

The

in e if

adjective always ends

is

declined with

the definite article

stands before it, and does not change this termination in

the declension.

37
b)

the

are

Exceptions
stakket,

adjectives

ending

in

short, lutter, idle, which take no

s,
e.

as

well

as

Viis, wise,

Hvas, sharp, forms in hvasse.

Adjectives ending in et, add an e, and change the
d, as: broget, spotted, den brogede.
takes den vise.

c)

d)

The

is

doubled

if

the emphasis

be

on the

into

syllable

et,

as: komplet, den komplette.

e)

With the indefinite article the adjectives depend on the

noun and take the termination of its gender, thus the adjective takes a

f)

g)

in the neuter, as: god, godt; stor, stort.

e, o, u, y (only ny takes nyt) s and sk,

are excepted and remain unchanged.
Those ending in el, en, er, drop the last e when the definite
article stands before them, or when they are in the plural.

Those ending

If a

in

double consonant stands before

el,

one of them

is

also

noble, det cedle Menneske, the noble man

sikker,
gammel, old, den gamle Mand, the old man
safe, det sikre Hus, the safe house.

dropped, as

cedel,

Declension with the definite Article.

38
15.

Examples.
Det stinkende Purlog 3
Den lille 4 dej5
Det rede 6 store Skserf 7
Det faelles 8 Fsedrenelige Pige
land. Den brogede Kjole 9 hun havde paa 10
Han er et godt
Menneske. Det sky 11 Asen 12

Den

store

Gud 2

great.

3 garlic. 4 little. 5 girl. 6 red.

9 dress.
10 have paa, to have on.

2 God.

common.

7 scarf.

11 timid.

8 in

12

donkey.

Exercises.

The white innocent 2 lamb. The great, new 3 splendid 4

The valour 5 of the French 6 lifeguards 7 To build 8 a
9
much money 10 The poor 11 boy 12 is an
large house costs
14
14
The
The beloved father.
orphan
poor child fell down
The right 15 way 16 A dark 17 prison. A good man is not al1

castle.

18

ways

good

citizen.

German 20 heart 21
1

A poor

animal

19
.

little

child.

5 Tapperhed.
6 fransk.
4 praegtig.
10 mange Penge.
It stak9 koste.
12 Dreng. 13 faderlrfst Barn. 14 falde (20). 15 ret. 16
17 mprk.
18 altid. 19 Dyr. 20 tysk. 21 Hjerte.

hvid.
2 uskyldig. 3 ny.
7 Livgarde.
8 at bygge.
kels.

Vej.

An adjective denoting a substance, is expressed in Danish

a
by
corresponding substantive, so that both form one word, as:
Et Guldur
Et Bceger
Selv
Et Stflvbmger
Robber

Ear

a silver goblet
of copper
copper

Jem

iron

Tree

wood

Silke

silk

Vort Selvur er ikke der

Her

a gold watch
a goblet, beaker
of silver

er det store

Trcebceger
Pigen Deres Silke-

kaabe?

of iron
of

wood

of silk

Our silver watch is not there

Here is the large wooden goblet
Has the girl your silk mantle?

39

16.

The Comparison of Adjectives.

a)

The comparative

is

formed in Danish by adding re or ere

the superlative by adding

Positive.

b)

as:

Comparative.

Superlative.

kort,

short,

kortere,

kortest

trcet,

tired,

trcettere,

trcettest.

Those ending

in

as:
c)

est,

en,

el,

drop the

er,

e of this

termination,

munter, muntrere, muntrest.

Those ending

short ig

sevnig,

sleepy,

in

or som

only add

st

in

the

superlative, as:

virksom, active,

sevnigst
virksomst.

d) Participles, words of several syllables and compound words

form their comparative by placing mere, and their Superlative by placing mest before the word, as:
broget, spotted

godgorende

mere broget
me^e godgorende

mest broget
mest godgorende

mere

mest

charitable
elsket,

beloved

diminution of degree

elsket

is

elsket.

expressed by mindre,

less,

and

mindst, least, as:

mindre
mindre
mindre
e)

hvidt, less

white

sygt,

less sick

elsket,

less

beloved

mindst hvidt, least white

mindst sygt, least sick
mindst elsket, least beloved.

The following are irregular:

Positive.

faa,

Comparative.

Superlative.

fcerrest
bedst
celdst

Icengst

mindst
flest

mest
ncermest (ncest)
vcerst
sterst

yngst.

40
f)

The Danes diminish or endear

word by

liden,

lille

(Plur.

smaa), as:

Fader, dear father, or Farlille

lille Moder, dear mother
Brorlille or lille Broder, dear brother.
lille

Morlille or

Than"
am

expressed by end, as: Jeg er bedre end han, I

The
the" is expressed by jo
jo

is

better than he.

or jo

desto.

17.

Examples.
Vei.
Dette Hus er smukkere,
Jeg
end mit. Min 2 Broder er muntrere end jeg, men vor Fader
er den muntreste af Familien. Du er magrere end jeg troede.
Det er det fattigste 3 Menneske, jeg kender 4
Napoleons mest

gaaer den

korteste

'

5
De fasrreste vide
glimrende Sejer
han er den seldste blandt 7 os. De
end jeg. Kom hid 8 Morlille!
.

Vi ere aeldre, men

fleste af dem ere yngre

det.

2 my.
8 hither.

than.

3 poor.

4 know.

5 bright.

6 victory.

amongst.

Exercises.
This road

is

shorter than the other, but the road through

1
2
Thy hand is whiter than snow

the town

is

Which

the blackest 3 animal?

the shortest.

John

than Peter,
6
but Charles is the laziest pupil 5
Domitian was worse than
8
7
This is the saddest 9
Nero.
He is the happiest sportsman
11
This
I heard he is more sorry
about it than I.
news 10
measure 12 is longer than that, but it is not the longest. lam
smaller than my brother, but my sister is the smallest. Few
15
13
14
are well off
in this town, fewer are rich , and
inhabitants
the fewest very rich. I am very young, but my brother Frederick is still younger, and my sister Emma is the youngest
is

is

lazier

of

my
1

16

family

My

dear mother loves

me much.

2 Sne.
4 doven. 5 Elev (Discipel). 6 slet. 7
3 sort.
11
10 Tidende.
9 stfrgelig, bedr0velig.
8 Jaeger.
lykkelig.
14 formuende, velhavende.
12 Maal.
13 Indbygger.
bedr0vet.
15 rig. 16 Stfskende {only used in the plural).

Haand.

41
18.

42

Hvad

er Klokken?
Klokken er ti.
Han var her Klokken halvtre.
Klokken er et Kvarter over sex.
Klokken er tre Kvarter til ni.

What
It

is

the time?

is

ten o'clock.

He was

here at half past two.

It is a
It is

quarter past six.

a quarter to nine.

early

tidlig
sildig,

silde,

late

(or sent)

allerede

already

De kommer meget sildig, (or sent)

You come very

Vet er endnu

It

tidligt.

is

still

late.

early.

Aaret har trehundrede og fem og tresindstyve Dage, to og

halvtresindstyve Uger, og tolv Maaneder; Maaneden har tredive eller een og tredive Dage; Ugen har syv Dage; Dagen
har fire og tyve Timer, tusinde fire hundrede og fyrretyve

Minuter.

Klokken har

slaaet halv tolv.

20.

43

21.
2.

den

ferste

Ordinal Numbers.

44
23.
4.

Fractional Numbers.

en halv

V2

37*

{ tre og en halv
en Tredjedel
een og en Trededel
l'/s
2
to Tredjedele
/3
en Fjerdedel

halvandet
halvanden
ii/a

og et halvt
een og en halv

eet

halvtredie
2V-2

og en halv

to

/4

to

/4

tre Fjerdedele.

Fjerdedele

24.

Examples.
are called

hede,

Torsdag,
Fredag,

Mandag Monday
Tirsdag,

Tuesday

Onsdag,

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday
Lerdag, Saturday
Sendag,
Sunday.

Ugens forste Dag heder: Mandag, den anden Tirsdag,

den tredie: Onsdag, den fjerde: Torsdag, den femte: Fredag,
den sjette: Lerdag, den sy vender Sondag. Han er det eet
og halvijerdsindstyvende Menneske.
:

25.

Exercises.
who, which, som,
to assert,

notion,

der.

paastaa
Begreb

between

imellem
degree of latitude, Bredegrad
Aar.
year,

let

easy,

first who asserted it.

They stopped at the first
The second is easier than the first. The 24 th of
rd
and 54 th
Hamburgh is situated between the 53
February.
He
is the four hundred and eighty third.
of
latitude.
degree
The year 1857.

He

notion.

is

the

45
26.

Pronouns.

46
Jeg var imorges hos Dem.

Du igaar Morges

Var

Jeg kommer iaften

hos

til

was with you

ham ?

this

morning.

Wert thou with him yesterday morning?

I shall come to thee this eve-

Dig.

ning.

27.

Vocabulary.
from faa (20), received

File,

Penge,

money

gav,

(pi.

gave) from give,

der,

there

igaar,

yesterday

pleje,

to use

Spejl,

the looking-glass

Krudt,

gun-powder
(imp., from see),

saa,

jeg ved,

to see

know

gik,

from gaa,

bort,

away
to forget

ikke,

not

glemme,

neppe,

scarcely

Bedrift,

aldrig,

never

Jeg
set

fik

mig?

af

Han gav mig

ham.

pleier

set Dig.
vil neppe tro

bort;

vi

at

se

glemme

Har du

var der.

Han

Se jer

Speilet.
deres Bedrifter.
sig

Krudtet.

have ikke set os.

Det ved
Vi saa eder aldrig.
det.
Hun

have

Du
jeg ikke.
sagde ham, at hans Broder
Hun

go

the deed
omkring, around.

Penge
i

to

De

saa
i

hende

Speilet.

igaar.

De

gik

saa sig omkring.

28.

Exercises.
I

1
looked in the glass

He gave me money.

Who

We

saw

He
us?
4
will ask
You can see that he loves you, for he has
thee.
She loved him, but he ill
told you what you are to do.

you

last

night

Speil

(n.).

at

the theatre.

iaftes.

3 bedrage.

has

4 sparge.

cheated

47
5
her.
He took 6 (himself) the liberty 7 Look at the
The ice 11 is strong, it
bee 8 it is a picture 9 of industry 10
15
14
it is a
bears 12 already 13 1 love the sunrise
picture of youth

treated

He gave 16 him

his

word

of

honour 17

9 Billede (*.).
7 Bi (c).
7 Frihed (c).
6 tage.
5 mishandle.
14 Solop13 allerede.
12 baere.
11 Is (c.)
10 Flid (&).
17
16 give.
15 Ungdom (c).
gang, Morgenrpde (c).
iEresord (w).

29.
2.

Possessive Pronouns.

Singular.

43
Only mine, dine and sine take an s in the Genitive. If
the Genitive be required by any other pronouns the noun must
be repeated, as:
Dine Bredres Beger ere smukkere end mines.
Din Hests Farve er smukkere end min Hests.
If

no

the possessive pronouns are used as nouns they have

article in Danish, as:

Jeg har gjort Mit, ger du nu DiU

Jeg og Mine hilse Dem og Deres.

Examples.
Han
Han

giver sin Sen en Bog

giver hans Sen en Bog.

Hun
Hun

gaar
gaar

til

sin Fader.

til

hendes Fader.

He
He

gives his (own) son a

to

gives

his

book

(someone's)

son a book
to her (own) father
to her (someone's)

She goes
She goes

father

The parents

Forceldrene give deres Bern

give their child-

ren books.

er.

30.
Ven,

friend

taale,

Gaard,
ved Siden,

yard,

house
next door

gere,

elske,

to love

Lykke,
saa (se),

to bear
to

make

fortune
to see.

Utaknemmelighed ingratitude

Han

Er det dit Barn? Vort Hus

Denne Gaard er vor, og den
ved Siden er deres. Hun elsker sine Born. Hans UtaknemHan gjorde sin Lykke. Jeg
melighed kan jeg ikke taale.
er

min bedste Ven.

som Eders.

er ikke saa stort

saa hendes Moder.

49
31.

Exercises.
I love my mother.
Have you seen
My father is ill
your brother? Yes he went with your sister. The lion is
3
4
the king 2 of the desert, his roar frightens all animals. His
house is large. Has she seen her daughter? Her father is 5
6
7
well and also her mother, but her child has died.
These
9
8
are my trunks
I have lost
our books 10
His estates 11 are
12
the town.
Your letters 13 are well written 14
situated near
1

This book
are

is

gone away
1

Mine (my friends)

paper is thine.
You have yours, has he hers?

mine,
15
.

this

4 skrsemme, forfaerde, for2 Konge (c ).

3 Brtflen (c).
syg.
skraekke.
5 befinde sig.
6 ligeledes. 7 men.
8 Kuffert (c).
9 tabe.
10 Bog {pi Btfger).
11 Gods (n.), pi.
er.
12 taef
ved.
13 Brev (n.).
14 skrive (18). 15 rejse bort.

32.
3.

Demonstrative Pronouns.

Th

50
Singular.

51
og hint Hus

hOre mig

Samme Tyv

til.

bar

disse

stjaalet

Juveler.

34.

Exercises.

of

He who has done

which are broken 4
6

deserve it.
This Bible 9

This

man

21

rare

26
.

give

resembles

beautifully
of this soldier
15

vulgarity
of that animal

bound 10
13

is

1
.

The doors 2

to those

the locks 8
5

recompense

that animal
.

who

in the fable

This house

is

8
.

unfafe 11 .

14

These children
incomparable
man is unbearable 16 The
.

of this

18

astonishing . He gave money to

Hast thou observed 19 those clouds 20 ?
We always
22
and the same melody 23 The repetition 24
the same song

sagacity
that man.

sing
of the

a traitor

is

is

The bravery 12
The
are good.
17

it
.

is

same words 25
Such a father and such a
Such men deserve such punishments 27
.

child

are

2 D#r (c). 3 Laas (c). 4 spraenge.

Forraeder (c).
5 Bel^nning
7 ligne.
6 fortjene.
8 Fabel (c).
9 Bibel (c).
10 ind(c).
binde.
11 brtfstfaeldig.
12 Tapperhed (c). 13 Soldat (c). 14

15 Raahed (c).
16 utaalelig. 17 Klogskab (c).
18 beundringsvaerdig.
19 betragte. 20 Sky (c). 21 synge. 22
Sang (c). 23 Melodi (e.). 24 Gentagelse (c). 25 Ord. 26
27 Straf (c).
sjelden.
uforlignelig.

35.
4. Relative

Pronouns.

In Danish there are four Relative Pronouns, namely: som,

hvilken, der, hvo.

52

Singular and Plural.

N.
G.
D.

som whosoever

hvo,
hvis

& A. hvem som

hvad,

whom

of

what, that which

hvis

whomsoever

hvad.

Examples.
Den Maud, som

The man who was here

for der) var

her idag.

Det Hus, som jeg

Be

to-

day.

Mwnd,

ser.

som

Du

giver

The house which I see.

The men to whom thou

givest

the books.

Begerne,

Den Mand, hvis Kone er

De Mennesker, hvis Flid er

The man whose wife is dead.

The men whose industry is

dod.
stor

great.

He who

Hvo, som ser Dem.

Den,

(hvem)

som jeg

giver

He, to

sees you.

whom

give the books.

Begerne.

Hvad vi ikke se.

Den Bog, hvilken Du

What we do not

Det Hus, hvilket I kjehe.

De

see.

The book which thou

ser.

seest.

That house which you buy.

The flowers which we have.

Blomster, hvilke vi have.

36.

Navn, name
hverken

eller,

hente, fetch

nor

neither

aldrig,

never
back

Ondt, evil

tilbage,

foragtelig, detestable

stole,

Karl, fellow, servant.

at lyve, to

Den, som sagde mig det, og

trust
lie.

hvis Navn jeg ikke ved.

De Mennesker, som gjore
hverken Godt eller Ondt, ere foragtelige. Den Karl, der hentede Brevet, kommer aldrig tilbage.
Han er den Mand, paa
Hvo (or den) som siger dette, lyver.
hvilken jeg stoler.

Vi elske det Barn,

som

vi

straffe.

53
37.

Exercises.
3

The commander who has won the battle. The promise

He
which he has given. The man who is never content 4
5
6
is the hero
of whom we speak
The dogs 7 which bark 8
do not bite 9
The woman whose husband was shot. The
swan 10 whose feathers 11 are white. These are the means 12
The prince 13 who visited 14 us
by which he became rich.
15
The water to which one adds wine.
yesterday has left
That which will not bend 16 must break 17
1

Feltherre (c).
2 vinde.
7 Hund (c).
6 tale.

12 Middel
16 bojes. 17

4
9 bide.

3 L0fte
8

(n.).

g*.

13 Prins (c).

Fjer (c).

(n.).

bort.

briste, braekkes.

5.

hvem

(or)

tilfreds.

5 Helt (m.).

Svane (c).

10

14 bes0ge.

11

15 rejse

Interrogative Pronouns.

hvo?

hvilken?

They are declined

who?

hvad?

which?

hvilket?

like the Relative

what?
which?

Pronouns.

Examples.

Who

Hvo

("or hvem) har givet Big

Bogen ?
Hvis Hat er denne?
Hvem har Be givet Bogen?

has given thee the book?

Whose hat is this?

To whom have you

given the

book?

Whom

Hvem

har Be set?
Hvad siger Bu?
Hvad har Be givet ham?

Manden, om hvem

vi

or Manden, hvem vi

Fra hvem er det?

or hvem er det fra?

W hat
7

What

tale,

tale

om. }

have you seen?

doest thou say?
have you given
,

The man of whom we

rom whom
}

is

it?

him?
,

s P eak

54

Af

hvilken

Mand

har De kj&bt

From which man have you

Bogen ?
or Hvilken

Mand har De

bought the book?

kjebt

Bogen af?

Whose children are these?

What are you looking for?
From whom have you bought

Hvis Bern ere disse?

Hvad

De efter?
Hvem har De kebt dette
seger

Speil

this looking glass?

af?

Hvo siger det? Hvem er der? Hvad er det for noget?

Mand mener De. Hvis Bog er denne her? Hvilke

Hvilken

Born ere disse?

mene, mean.

Who
are

you?

What

has seen it? Who has told

Which horse has run away?

it

to

sayest thou?

lo-be bort,

run away.

39.
6. Indefinite

him?

What man

Pronouns.

Whose son
believes it?

55

56
Det er Alt, hvad jeg ved.
Der gaar en anden Ven.
Det er noget andet. Ethvert Menneske har ligedanne Timer.
Der er in gen. Der banker nogen paa Doren. Saadant skulde
man neppe tro. Ikke hver Gisning er en Usandhed. Mange

Mennesker ere givne

til

Dadlesyge.

41.

Exercises.
All men say
the other ribbon K

it.

The whole people

believe

it.

Give

me

Some went away, some remained 2 Every

one does as he likes. Every man must die. Nobody be4
3
I have no coat
lieves it.
Many a poor person is happy.
5
Some
one
is
there.
I bring
are
Many kings
tyrants
you
6
7
I have deceived
something new
myself.
.

Baand
6 Nyt

(n.).
(>i.).

2 blive. 3 Kjole (c).

7 bedrage.

fattig (c).

5 Tyran (c).

Beading Exercises.
1.

H?ad Ret og Uret

er.

Christian, ved Du, hvad Ret og Uret er?" spurgte en

Skole-Eksaminator en firskaaren 1 Dreng.
Nej", svarede
2
3
Drengen. Eksaminatoren rystede paa Hovedet ogvilde oplyse
den uvidende ved et Eksempel 4 Se, Christian", sagde han:
5
naar Frits der faaer en Tvebak af sin Moder, og Du tager
den fra ham, tsenk engang efter, hvad gor Du da?"
Jeg
spiser den," var Svaret.
1 strong.

2 at ryste paa Hovedet, to shake the head.

4 the example.

3 to explain.

5 the biscuit.

2.

Gossaut.

Den franske President Gossaut havde

gjort

saa

mange

2
og ubesindige Streger at han var bleven til et Ord3
sprog
og naar man vilde sige, man havde gjort en ret tosset
4
Jeg er ret en Gossaut ."
Streg, saa sagde man:
Et ungt Menneske sidder ved et Spillebord 5 og spiller
saa ubesindigt, at han taber sit Spil. Fortraedelig kaster han
6
ret en
Kortene hen og siger:
Jeg er dog sandeligen
Gossaut!"
En
Gossaut selv staar ulykkeligvis bag ved hans Stol.
Nar er De!" siger Preesidenten fortornet 7 til det unge Menneske.

tossede

absurd.
3 the saying. 4 I am a thorough Gossaut,
2 thoughtless.
7 indignant.
6 truly.
5 the card table.

58

om

Denne ser sig ganske rolig

det er jo netop det, jeg mener 8 ."
8 that

is

just

what

og siger:

Nu

ja da

mean.

Lognhalsen

'

2
I Slagets
Hede tog en Matros 3 sin saarede Kammerat
Skuldren
paa
og bar ham ned til Rirurgen; men paa Vejen
kom der en Kanonkugle og tog Hovedet af 4 den Saarede,
hvilket Matrosen imidlertid ikke maerkede.
Hvad?" sagde
Doctoren
bringer Du mig en Mand uden Hoved?"
Ej,
5
for Pokker !"
svarede Matrosen:
han sagde, at han kun
havde mistet et Ben; men han var altid en bansat 6 Logn:

hals!

the

liar.

deuce!

2 battle.

sailor.

to

take

off one's head.

5 the

6 cursed.

4.

Altsaa ikke tabt.

En

Skibsdreng havde faaet Befaling af sin Kaptain, at

3
men denne glider ham ud af
hans Solv Kaffekande
Herr Kaptain," sporger Drengen
Hsenderne og falder i Seen.
DosEr en Ting borte, naar man ved, hvor den er?"
mer 4 u svarede Kaptainen: hvorledes kan den vsere borte,
Nu vel da 5 saa er Deres
naar man ved, hvor den er?"
Solvkande heller ikke borte; thi jeg ved ret godt, hvor den
her nede 6 ligger den i Soen."
er,
2

skylle

2 to clean.
3 a silver coffee pot.
the ship's boy.
5 well then! 6 here under.

4 blockhead.

Aandsnrcrvaerelse.

Den

Daarekisten
I

sin

2
,

Tid

fordi

at his time.

bekendte

engelske

2 the madhouse.

Lee sad i
dog var han det

Digter

han var bleven vanvittig 3

3 deranged.

59

Me
frit

den Grad, at man ej skulde have turdet lade

4
omkring. En af hans forrige Venner besogte
i

og Lee gik
sider ogsaa

ham
ham

gaa
her,

med ham overalt omkring Huset, indtil de omkom op paa Bygningens Ruppel. Lee skuer ned 5
i

6
Ven!" raaber han efter en Stund 7 idet han
Hojden
hvilken en hoi Tankel her
omfavner 8 sin Ledsager 9
10
ville vi Arm i Arm nedstyrte os og ile til Berommelsens
og
Det kan jo
Udodelighedens Tempel." Koldt svarer Vennen:
enhver Nar; men kom, lad os gaa ned, og da springe neden11
fra opad ."
Det ussedvanlige og overordentlige 12 i denne Tanke smigrede den vanvittige; han antog Forslaget, og den andens Liv

fra

fast

var

frelst.

6 the height.
5 to look down.
9 companion.
11
10 the glory.
12 extraordinary.

4 former.
cling-.

8 to
7 some time.
jump up from below.

6.

Lord North.

Da den engelske Lord North engang var i Theatret, sad

han ved Siden af en fremmed, der ikke kendte ham. Denne
med Lorden og udbrod 2 dervilde gerne give sig i Samtale
3
en
idet
han
Dame, der just traadte ind i en
for,
pegede paa
1

Min Gud! Hvo er da det stygge Ansigt

Det er min Rone," sagde Lorden ganske
a vedblev 6 den fremmede forvirret:
koldt.
Nei,
jeg mener
ikke den aldrende Dame, jeg mener den unge Natugle."
Det er min Datter," svarede Lorden ligesaa godlidende og

Loge

ligeoverfor

hist ovre

?"

roligt.
1

to enter into conversation

4 opposite.

with one.

2 to exclaim.
6 to continue.

5 over there.

3 to point.

7.

Ulige

TilMde.

En fornem Mands Kok

skulde engang til sin Herres

en Hejre, hvilken behagede Stuepigen 1 saa vel, at
hun endelig vilde have et lille Laar af den sjeldne Steg.
Kokken forestillede vel Pigen at han ikke var i Stand til at
Taffel stege

the

chamber maid.

60
opfylde hendes Forlangende: men denne bad og stojede saa
Kokken endelig skar et Laar af til hende. Naturlig-

laenge, indtil
vis spurgte

Herren

efter

anstillede sig

dum og

foregav, at Hejrerne havde jo

manglende Ben; men Kokken

kun eet Ben.
Man modsagde vel Mennesket, men denne paastod, det var jo
en bekendt Sag, at Hejrerne kun havde eet Ben, og den
naBste Morgen vilde han ogsaa bevise Herren det.
Morgenen
2
derefter forer Kokken sin Herre tidligt hen til et Sted, hvor
det

var mange Hejrer, som alle stode paa eet Ben,

Der,
"
ser De jo selv, at jeg har
naadige Herre,
sagde Kokken:
a
Ret
Kun Taalmodighed !
Hejrerne have kun eet Ben.
Du Gavtyv 3 !" svarede Herren: Hejrerne skulle strax faa to
4 "
Ben, og Du Dine fortjente Hug!
Sju! Sju!
skreg
Herren hejt, og Hejrerne floj op og strakte i Flugten det andet Ben ud.
Der se, Du Keltring 5
om Hejrerne ikke
have to Ben!" raabte Herren til Kokken.
Ja," svarede
det er rigtignok sandt; men det er heller ingen
denne:
Kunst. Igaar skulde De ogsaa have raabt sju! sju! saa vilde
nok Hejren ogsaa have udstrakt sit andet Ben."

der

2 the next morning.

3 you

thief.

4 hush! hush!

5 you scoundrel.

8.

Butlers Uest.

Den blandt Englands gode Hoveder

en Aften paa en haard 1 Vinterdag

kom

saa bekendte Butler

et Vertshus, hvor
2
de tilstedevaerende Goester sade omkring en venskabelig Kaminild, uden at en eneste af dem havde vaeret godmodig nok
at gore Plads for den fremmede, der neesten var stiv af
til,
Kulde.
Markor! serg for, at min Hest
Pludselig raaber Butler :
faaer en Skok 0sters 9 !"
Et Fjerdingkar Havre mener De vel."
Jeg ved ret godt, hvad jeg siger; jeg mener 0sters.
Hold dem kun for Hesten i et Trug."
Markoren gaaer, og de ved Kaminilden siddende Goester
for at se den forunliste sig den ene efter den anden ud
har Butler Lejligseder
lmidlertid
som
0sters.
derlige Hest,
hed til, at udsoge sig den bedste Plads ved Kaminilden og
,

gore sig ret tilgode.

1

raw.

2 Diesent.

3 oyster.

til

61
Snart

kommer Markoren, og

mecl

ham komme

ogsaa Goe-

sterne igen tilbage.

Hesten holder ikke af 0sters."

Herre," siger den forste
saa giv den Havre og bring mig
Godt," siger Buttler:
Osterserne tilligemed noget Peber og Salt."
:

9.

Patrioten.
Efter

Ludv. Tieck, ved Oehlenschlager.

Hvor hejt Molboerne elskede deres Fsedreland, beviser

1
Denne rejste engang paa
folgende Historie med en Moller
Graensen af Landet i Forretninger 2 ; da harte han en Gog 3
fra Molbo i et Trse
kappes med en kongelig Gog om, hvo
der kunde kukke de fleste Gange.
Da Molleren maBrkede, at
.

Molbogogen vilde komme tilkort, steg han af Hesten, krob

4
selv op i Treeet og
hjalp sin Landsmand saa la3nge at kukke,
5
til
Men da Molleren kom ned 6
Royalisten maatte give tabt
igen, havde Ulven imidlertid a3dt hans Hest, saa han maatte
gaa tilfods hjem til sin Fodeby, hyor han blev kronet med
en Egekrans.
.

miller.

6 down.

business.

3 cuckoo.

4 countryman.

5 to give wp>

Collection of Words.

1.

Gud

The Universe.

God

(c),

Skaber en, the creator

en Skabning, a creature
Univers et, the universe
Verden, (c), the world

Himmel

en, the

heaven, sky

Sol en, the sun

Maane n, the moon

Nymaane

new-moon

(c),

Jord (c), earth

en Havbugt, a bay
iT^/5^

en, the

coast

Bred-d-en, the shore

2so6e og

Mod

(c),

en Klippe, a rock

Fuldmaane

en Komet, a comet
en Planet, a planet
Morgenrede (c), aurora

en #0/, a hill
en Da?, a valley
en S#, a lake
en Dam, a pond

(c), full-moon
en Stjerne, a star

Elementer ne

sea

(pi. n.),

Beg
the ele-

7/d (c), fire

Fanej (n.), water

en

(n.),

steam

a cloud

2.

Aar

smoke

en, the

Aske n, the ashes

Gleder (pi. c), embers.

(c), air

5%,

en, the

Damp

Flamme n, the flame

en GWs, a spark

ments

Lw/lf

mountain

-ft/erg,

Str&m-m-en, the stream

F/od en, the river

Aftenrede (c), sunset

Zand e, the land

Havet, Se en, the

ebb and flow

BOlge n, the wave

Vove n, the billow
en 0, an island

Time and Seasons.

year

Faar

(c), spring

Aarstid (c), season

Sommer

Foraar

H^s?

n.),

early spring

(c,).

(a),

summer

autumn

63
Yinter (c), winter

Mandag

Uge

(c),

month
week

Dag

(c),

day

Maaned

Time

(c),

Morgen
Middag

Onsdag

morning
noon

(c),

(c),

Wednesday

Torsdag (c), Thursday

Fredag (c), Friday
Lerdag (a), Saturday

hour

(c),

Monday

(c),

Tirsdag (c). Tuesday

(c),

Nytaar

(n.),

New-Year

Eftermiddag (c), afternoon

i/ten (c), evening

JwZ (c), Christmas

Fastelavn (a), Lent

Aaf (c), night

Midnat (c), midnight
Tusmerke (n.), dusk

Lang fredag

Sendag

(c),

(c), Good Friday

Paaske (c), Easter
Pmse (c), Whitsuntide, Pentecost.

Sunday

3. Metals

GWd

(n.),

gold

S#fo

(n.),

silver

Kobber

(n.),

Zm

(c), glue
Ler (n.), clay
en St en, a stone
en Kiselsten, a pebble

copper

Messing (n.), brass

TYn (n.), pewter

Z%

(n.),

SfaaJ

/cern
SuovZ
rtcft

Marmor
en
en
en
en

lead

(n.),

steel

(n.),

iron

(n.),

sulphur

(n.),

chalk

4.

en Manrf, a

Fruentimmer, a

J5arn, a child

woman

spwdt Barn, an infant

en Dreng, a boy
en P/#e, a girl
en Jomfru, a maid
en Olding, an old man
en Yngling, a youth
et

the body
S/cbZ en, the soul
/ind en, the skin

Legeme

t,

(n.),

marble

Mursten, a brick
JEdelsten, a gem
JnweZ, a jewel

Diamant, a diamond.

Hen and Women.

man

and Minerals.

Ben ene (pi. n.), the

Hoved et, the head

Haar

et,

legs

the hair

Hjerne n, the brain

Pande n, the forehead
t, the eye
Ojeribryn ene (pi.

0je

n.),

the eye-

brows
Qfjerihaar ene (pi. n.), the eye-

lashes
Ncesen, the nose

Nwseborene

(pi. n.),

the nostrils

64
Kinder

ne, (pi. c), the cheeks

llage n, the chin
Ore t, the ear

Z?n/s

Mund

Hjerte

en, the

mouth

Lcebe n, the lip

Tand en, the tooth
en, the

Tung

Knee

Haand

tongue

knee

Felelse n, the feeling

hand

ew, the smell

Smag

en, the taste.

Relations.

en Familie, a family
Mand en, the husband
Kvinde n, the woman
HTcme n, the wife
Forodldrene (pi. c), the parents
Moder en, the mother
Barn et, the child
Sfin-n-en, the son
Datfer e/i, the daughter
Broder en, the brother
Sester en, the sister
Svigerfader en, the father-inlaw
en, the

the

et,
et,

Zw</

5.

Svigermoder
law

e, the chest
the heart
t,

Sandser ne, (pi. n.), the senses

Herelse n, the hearing
&/w e?, the sight

arm

en, the

the finger

the leg
Foe? en, the foot

Strube n, the throat

Skulder en, the shoulder
en, the

en,

en, the nail

iVe<7

Ben

Skceg-g-et et, the beard

Hals en, the neck

Arm

Finger

mother-in

Svigersen-n-en, the son-in-law

Svigerdatter en, the daughter-

Svoger

en,

the brother-in-law

Bedste fader en, the grand-father

Bedstemoder en, the grand-

mother
0?t&eZ ew, the uncle

Tawta n, the aunt

Fcetter en, the cousin
5rwrf en, the bride
Brudgom-m-en, the bridegroom

wedding

Bryllup-p-et,

Giftermaal et, the marriage

en Enke, a widow

Enkemand,

widower

iVa*M e, the name

en Formynder , the guardian
et fader- og moderlest or foroeld reldst

Bam, an

orphan.

in-law

6. Dress.

en Kjole, a coat
en Kittel, a frock
en Frakke, a frock-coat
JErmer ne (pi. c), the sleeves

Opslag

Krave

Lomme

et,

the cuff

n, the collar
n, the

Knapper

pocket
buttons

ne, the

65
Knaphuller ne
ton-holes

(pi. n.),

the but-

Vest en, the waistcoat

Buxer ne (pi. c), the trousers

Hat en, the hat
et Halsbind, a cravat
en Kam, a comb
Tandberste n, the tooth-brush
Tandpulver et, the tooth-powder
Snerliv et, the stays

et

Skert, a petticoat

an apron
Baand, a string
Baand (pi.), ribbons
et Forklcede,
et

en Vifte, a fan
en Kaabe, a cloak

1.

%tad

en, the

town

en Forstad, a suburb
Stadsport en, the town-gate

Bus, a house

Toldboden, the custom-house

Z?ro en, the bridge

Mur en, the wall

en Gade, a street
e
Stroede, a lane
Stenbro en, the pavement
fori;

ings
Stevler ne
T#fler ne

Sko ene

(pi.

en Skjorte, a shirt
et Lommetorklcede , a pockethandkerchief
en Klcedeberste, a clothes-brush
en Skoberste, a shoe-brush
en Paraply, an umbrella
en Parasol, a parasol.

en Brend, a fountain
Pos? en, the post
en Bygning, an edifice
Raadhus et, the town-hall
Posthus et, the post-office
Hospital et, the hospital
Teaser e, the theatre
Palads, a palace

e
5/o, a castle
en Gcestgivergaard, an inn
e

#oeZ, a hotel

en Restauration, a dining-room.

e, the market-place

8. Parts of the

Der

en, the door

Gadederen, the street-door

Laas

c), the boots

c), the slippers
c), the shoes

(pi.

(pi.

The Town.

en, the city

en Borger, a citizen

en Kappe, a mantle
en Handske, a glove
en Ring, a ring
et Ur, a watch
Stremper ne (pi. c), the stock-

en, the

lock

Negle n, the key

Klokke n, the bell

House.

en Etage,
en Stue,
et

Vindue,

a floor
l

room

}
a

window

Vinduesruder ne, the window-

Trappe n, the stairs

panes
Lund's Danish and Norwegian Grammar.

66
Loft

et,

Kamin

the ceiling
en, the chimney

Kjekken et, the kitchen

Spisekammer et, the pantry
Tag et, the roof
en Bjcelke, a

House Furniture.

the table

et,

Staid en, the stable

Kjelder en, the cellar.

beam

9.

Bord

Brcet, a board
en Planke, a plank
en Stige, a ladder

et

e/

uldent Sengetceppe, a blanket

Skuffe n, the drawer

en Stol, a chair

en Matras, a mattress

en Taburet,
en Skammel,

en Pnc/e, a bolster
en Hovedpude, a pillow
e
Lagen, a sheet

ef

a stool
J

en Lemiestol, an arm-chair
et Skab, a cup-board

wardrobe
Klcedeskab, a
en Kasse, a chest

et

5pc;7

the looking-glass

et,

Ramme

n, the

frame

Skrivepult en, the writing-desk

Skrivebord et, the writing-table
50W# en, the bed

Sengested

et,

the bedstead

Sengklceder ne (pi.), the bedding

Omhmng et, the curtains

10.

stukket

Tceppe, a quilt

Pudebetrcek, a pillow-case

en So/a, a sofa
en Lampe, a lamp
en Lysestage, a candlestick
Lysesax en, the snuffers
en Kande, a pitcher
e?

jRrws, a

et

Penqeskrin,

jug

a coffer

en Kuffert,
}
en Kuffert, a trunk
en Hwngelaas, a padlock.

House Utensils.

Borddug

Ildtang en, the fire-tongs

en
en
en
en

Zos en, the broom

en Znrw, a basket

en, the table-cloth

Serviet, a napkin

ifom;, a knife
Ga/fe/, a fork

Ske, a

spoon

Fad, a dish
en Tallerken, a plate

et

Saltkar, a salt-cellar
6r/as, a glass
en Kjedel, a kettle
ef

en Thekjedel, a tea-kettle

en Kaffekande, a coffee-pot
en Theepotte, a tee-pot
en Overkop, a cup
en Unterkop, a saucer
en Tekop, a tea- cup
Brcende (n.), fire-wood

JM

(pi.

Trcekul

n.),
(pi.

coals
n.),

charcoal.

67
IK The Country.
en Egn, a country
et Landskab, a landscape
et Bjerg,

mountain

en Hei, a hill
en Klippe, a rock
et Sheer, a cliff

en Dal, a valley
en Landsby, a village
et Landgods, an estate
en Forpagtergaard. a farm
en Melle, a mill
en VindmMe, a wind-mill
en Skov, a wood
en udstrakt Skov, a forest
en Lund, a grove
Landevej en, the highway

en
en
en
en

Fodsti, a foot-path
Bcek, a brook

Aa, a rivulet
Plant e, a plant

Grces

(n.),

grass

en Mose, a marsh
en Eng, a meadow
et

Tree, a tree

et Frugttroe,

Hod

a fruit-tree

en, the root

en Zwsf, a twig
et

Blad, a leaf

Blomst en, the blossom

en Blomst, a flower
Frw7? en, the fruit
e -^6/e, an apple

en Pcere, a pear
et Kirsebcer, a cherry
en Fersken, a peach
en Aprikos, an apricot
en
en
en
en

Blomme, a plum
iV#d, a nut
Valued, a walnut
Mandel, an almond

en F/#en, a

fig

en Citron, a lemon
en ifyr, a fir
et

Birketrw, a birch-tree

beech

et

Begetrce, a

Lindetrw, a lime-tree

en

an oak

JFjff

en Poppel, a poplar
Ribs (pi. n.), currants
Stikkelsbcer (pi.), goose-

berries

Hindbcer

(pi.),

Jordbcer

(pi.),

raspberries
strawberries

Klever, clover
fo (n.),

hay

e, the corn
Aks, an ear

jfiTorn

Hwerfe (c), wheat

Rug

(c), rye

%
Havre

(c), barley
(a), oats

Itts

(c), rice

Kartofler

Humle
ifrter,

(pi.

(c).

c), potatoes

hops

(c), peas

Benner

(pi. a), beans

Vinranke n, the vine
en ymdrue, a grape
Kaal (a), cabbage
Blomkaal (c), cauliflower

Silleri (c),

celery

en Hvideroe, a turnip
en Gulerod, a carrot
en Rceddike, a radish

Spinat (c), spinage

e
Z##, an onion
Asparges (c), asparagus
en Agurk, a cucumber
en Mefon, a melon
en JRose, a rose
en Nellike, a pink
en Tulipan, a tulip

5*

68
en Forglemmigej, a forget-menot
en Viol, a violet

en Primulaveris , a primrose
en Gaaseblomst, a daisy.

12. Animals.

en Hford, a herd
en Flok, a flock

en Ulv, a wolf
en Bjern, a bear

Kvwg

eft

Z#*;e,

en
en
en
en

Ele fant, an elephant

(n.),

cattle

Foder et, the fodder

en Kamel, a camel
en Hest, a horse
en Hoppe, a mare
en Ridehest, a riding-horse
Seletei et, the harness

Temme n

the bridle

SadeJ en, the saddle

Stigbvjle n, the stirrup

Spore n, the spur

Pisk en, the whip

an ass

et

JEsel,

Mulcesel, a

mule

eft OZrse, an ox
en Ko, a cow
en Kalv, a calf

Faarekjed
e
e?
et

.Faar, a

(n.),

mutton

sheep

lam, a lamb
hog

Svin, a

en Gris, a pig
en 6red, a goat
en Hund, a dog
en Kat, a cat
Rotte, a rat
en iJ/ws, a mouse
eft

en
en
en
en

Hare, a hare
Abe, a

monkey

Kanin, a rabbit
Bwver, a beaver

eft

Hyor?, a stag

et

Raadyr, a roe

eft

Rcev, a fox

a lion

Leopard, a leopard
Tiger, a tiger

Fugl, a bird

Fjerkrce
.Rede

ft,

poultry
the nest
(n.),

et JBg, an egg
/fans (pi. c), fowls

Hane
Hene
eft

ft,

the cock

n, the

hen

Kalkun, a turkey

en Svane, a swan
en Gaas, a goose
en ind, a duck
en Dwe, a dove

en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en

Paafugl, a peacock

Agerhme,

a partridge

Vagtel, a quail
Bekasin, a snipe

Fasan, a pheasant
Lwrke, a lark
Nattergal, a nightingale
5wa?e, a swallow

Spurv, a sparrow
a raven
6r## en, the cuckoo
en C/#?e, an owl
en Struds, an ostrich
en 0rft, an eagle
en Fa/Zr, a falcon
Stork en, the stork
en FzsZf, a fish
en Laks, a salmon
itatrn,

69
en Karpe, a carp
en Aal, an eel
en Aborre, a perch
en Forelle, a trout
en Sild, a herring
en J&sters, an oyster

en Krabbe, a crab
Rejer, (pi. c), shrimps
en Skildpadde, a tortoise

en Hval, a whale

Krybdyr

(pi.),

reptiles

en Slang e, a snake
en Firben, a lizard

en Fre, a frog
en Orm, a worm
en Snegl, a snail
e

en
en
en
en

Insekt,

Mi/re,

an insect
an ant

Edderkop, a spider
Flue, a fly
Myg, a gnat

en Bi, a bee

Honning, honey
en Hveps, a wasp
ew Skarnbasse, a beetle
en Sommerfugl, a butterfly.

Easy Dialogues.*)
1.

How
How
How

do you do?
are you?
is

your mother, your

father?
I

am much

obliged to you.

thank you.
thank you kindly.

it

it.

with hanks.

You are very kind.

You are too kind.
You make me ashamed.
You overwhelm me with kindness.

meget forbunden.

Dem,

skal have Tak.

Jeg takker Dem ret meget,
Aarsag.

Selv Tak.
{Ingen

Jeg tager med Tak imod

De er meget god.

De er altfor god.
De ger mig undselig.
De overeser mig med

det.

Heflig-

heder.

Please take a seat.

Please

Dem

De
{Jeg

Do not mention
accept

Jeg er

takker

Hvorledes befinder De Bern?

Hvorledes lever De?
Hvorledes befinder Deres Moder, Deres Fader sig?

sit

down.

Be

so kind as to sit down.

Will you not please sit

Behager De ikke at

scette

Dem?

down?
Sir?

Madam ?
What do you
What did you

Veer saa god og tag Plads.

Veer saa god og sat Dem.
Veer saa artig og soet Dem.

say?
say?

Hvad behager?
Hvad befaler?
Hvad siger De?
Hvad sagde De?

*) Students desirous of acquiring fluency in Danish and Norwegian

Conversation are strongly recommended to use H. Lund's Danish,

Norwegian and English Idiomatic Phrases and Dialogues

by Hachette and Co. It contains the most necessary Phrases and Idiomatic Dialogues for practical use in Denmark and

price 2s., published

Norway.

71

What was
But what

it

that

was

it

Hvad var
Hvad var

you said?
that you

det,

De sagde?
De sagde?

det dog,

said?

Jeg forstaar Dem ikke.

Jeg har ikke forstaat Dem.

do not understand you.

I have not understood you.
Why so?
How do you mean?
How is that to be understood?
T
hat do you mean by that?
I do not understand that.
I do not understand a word
I

Hvorfor det?
Hvorledes mener De?
Hvorledes
det?

Hvad

is

De

vil

forstaa

dermed?

sige

Det forstaar jeg

ikke.

ikke
forstaar jeg
Ord.
Det er mig en Gaade.

Deraf

of that.
It

man

skal

a riddle to me.

et

%
I

Her I

say!

One word!
I

I
I

have
wish
have
have

Bet Ord!

something to tell you.

to speak to you.
a message for you.

some news

to tell you.

Jeg har noget at sige Dem.

Jeg msker at tale med Dem.
Jeg har et Budskab til Dem.
Jeg har noget nyt at fortcelle

Dem.

He
He

sends you his respects.

desires to be most kindly

remembered to you.
Remember me!
Bear me in remembrance!
Keep me in kind remembrance!
Do not forget me!
Think only!

Do but

It
I
I

is

Dem

hilse.
til

Dem paa

det bedste.

Erindre Dem mig!

Behold mig i Deres Erindring!
Behold mig i godt Minde?

Forglem mig ikke!

Tank Dem!

Kan De
it!

incredible.

cannot believe that.

can by no means think

lader

anbefaler sig

Tcenk bare!
Tcenk blot en Gang!

think!

Only imagine!
Can you believe it!
Who would have thought

Han
Han

it.

Hvo

tro det!

skulde have troet det!

Det er utroligt.
Det kan jeg ikke tro.
Det kan jeq slet ikke
(mig.)

tcenke

72
I

should never have imagined it.

Is it

Det havde jeg aldrig

bildt

mig

ind.

Er

possible?

det muligtl

Indeed?
I
I

Det var meget!

{Virkelig?
Det havde jeg ikke dremt om.
Det havde jeg aldrig dremt om.

had not dreamt of that.

should never have dreamt
of that.

That would never

curred to me.

That

is

of no

have

Det var jeg aldrig falden paa.

oc-

moment,

no

consequence.
Do not be concerned.
You may be quite easy

Det har Intet at

Veer De ubekymret.
De kan vcere ganske

in

that respect.

There

is

no danger of

Ingenlunde.

Hvad

tcenker

Far from it.

Not at all.

Langtfra.

You
You

De
De

Aldeles

are in a great error.

are mistaken.
possible.

may be so.
I do not doubt it.
I do not in the least doubt
It cannot be denied.
it

it.

may.

depends upon circumstances.

That
I
1
I

is a question.
scarcely believe it.
can hardly believe

much doubt

it

it.

Vildfarelse.

Jeg tvivler ikke derpaa (derom).

Jeg tvivler aldeles ikke derpaa.
Det kan ikke negtes.
(Lad det vcere som det vil.
<Jeg lader det staa ved sit
I

It

ikke.

er i en stor

Det er sandsynligt.
Det kan nok vcere.

It

as

De paa?

tager feil.
Det er muligt.

probable.

Be that

rolig der-

har ingen Fare, ingen

Ned.
De har Intet at befrygte.

Vist ikke.

is

be-

Det

that.

Certainly not.

It

at

for.

You have nothing to fear.

By no means.
What are you thinking of?

It is

sige,

tyde.

Vcerd.

Det kommer an (beroer) paa

Omstcendighederne.
Det er et Spergsmaal.
Jeg tror det neppe.
Jeg kan neppe tro det.
Jeg tvivler meget derpaa.

73

Pray.
j

I
I

I
I
I

beg you.
beg of you.

entreat you.
beseech you.

Jeg
Jeg
Jeg
Jeg
Jeg

assure you.
can assure you.
give you my word

promise you
Upon my honour.
.

of

is

not the least doubt

Dem
Dem

giver
lover

mit Ord.
.

Virkeligt?

In truth.

I Sandhed.

Without doubt.
Quite certain! most certainly!
Sincerely!

Ganske

Uden

Tvivl.
vistl

Oprigtigt!

You may

De kan

Jeg har Intet derimod.

believe me.
have no objection.

take the liberty to

begj

you?

May

be so free as

treat

Allow

to

en-|

you?

me

Maa jeg
Dem?

tro mig.

vcere saa fri at bede

to take the liberty

Tillad,

Excuse me, Sir!

beg you to excuse me.

Undskyld!
Jeg beder
mig.

you not do me a service?

Will you not do me a favour?

Vil

Will

will

not trouble you.

will not give

you the trouble.

De

er saa fri (at

at jeg

jeg tager

det.

Sandeligt!

Really?

May

(ikke

om

den mindste Tvivl)

it.

Indeed

Dem.
Dem.
kan forsikre Dem.
besvcerger

forsikrer

Paa min JEre.

Paa mit ^Eresord.
De ter ikke tvivle.
Der er slet ingen Tvivl

Upon my word of honour.

You need not doubt.
There

Jeg beder Dem.

mig den Frihed).

Dem

ikke

at

gjere

Tjeneste?
Vil De ikke bevise

undskylde

mig

en

mig en Ar-

tighed ?
Jeg vil ikke uleilige Dem.
Jeg vil ikke gore Dem den Uleilighed.

74

No compliments!

Ger ingen Complementer, Om-

Make yourself at home.

You must do just as if you
were at home

Lad som om De var hjemme.

De maa gere, ligesom De var

stcendigheder !

shall

be

your service im-

at

til

Deres

Tjeneste.

mediately.

be with you in a moment.

I shall

Wait a moment 1
shall be here again in

Jeg skal straks

(ell.

blikket) vcere hos

paa 0jeDem.

Bi (vent)

leave you but for a minute.

moment.

Make

hjemme.
Jeg skal straks voere

et Sjeblik!
Jeg er straks (ell. -paa Ojeblikket) her igjen.

Jeg er straks (ell. paaOjeblikket)

Jeg gaar kun (forlader Dem
kun) en Minut.

Skynd Demi
Pas paa!

haste!

Mind!

Pay attention

Giv Agtl

You must pay

particular

tention to what

Do not be so
Be attentive!

at-

say.

careless!

De maa

give neje Agt

paa

det,

jeg siger.
Veer ikke saa ligegyldigl
Veer opmcerksom!

Listen to me.

Her paa

Please to listen to me.

Behag at here paa mig!

Skcenk mig Deres Opmcerksomhed!
Jeg er lutter Ore.

Favour

me

with your atten-

tion!
I

am

all

attention.

Look at me!
Look me full in the face!
Look here! look there! look
to the leftl to the right!

Look about!
Look closely!
You have seen wrong.
Will you bet?
bet with you.
What will you bet?
I will bet
you whatever you

I will

please.

mig.

Se paa mig!
Se mig lige i Ansigtet!
Se herhen! derhen! til
stre! til Heire!
Se Dem om!
Se neje til!
De har set fejl.
Vil De vedde?
Jeg

vil

Hvad
Jeg

De

med Dem.
De vedde?
vedde med Dem, hvad

parere

vil

vil

(ell.

Ven-

saa
vil.

Meget,

saa

hejt)

75
I

will

on
I

wager

my

life,

my

head,

it.

will lay ten to one.

Good morning.

Jeg vil scette mit Liv, mit Boved derpaa.

Jeg vedder Ti imod Een.

God
{God

Morgen.
Dag.

Good evening.
Good night.

God Aft en.

God Nat.

Good-bye!

Farvel!

veil

wish you good night.

Your servant.
Your obedient

Jeg ensker Bern en god

{Sov

servant.

Mrbedige

Who
Who

knocks there?
knocks at the door?

It is

I.

Hvem
Hvem

Det er mig.

Lock the door.

The door is not

locked.

At home.
To home.
From home.

We

at

Hjem.
Hjemmefra.
Var De hjemme?

home?

go home.

Vi gaa hjem.

Kommer De hjemmefra?
En Formiddag.
En Eftermiddag.

morning.

An afternoon.
I am always at home

in

the

morning.
Where have you left the key ?
1 have mislaid the key.
The door is bolted.
Bolt the door.

The door opens.

The door stands a-jar.
The door is wide open.
You shall be let in immediately.

af, (ikke

Laas).

Hjemme.

Do you come from home?

Tjener.

banker der?
banker paa Deren?

Luk Deren!
Luk Deren i Laas.
Deren er ikke lukket

Shut the door!

Were you

Nat.

Deres Tjener.

Om

Formiddagen er jeg altid

hjemme.
Hvor har De gjort af Neglen ?
Jeg har forlagt Neglen.
Slaaen er smcekket for.
Smcek Slaaen for.

Deren
Dvren
Deren

De

aabnes.
staar
staar

paa Klem.
paa vid Gab.

skal straks blive lukket ind.

76

The maid shall

Ring the belli
I

let

you

Pigen skal lukke

out.

have already rung twice.

Somebody

He
He

Jeg har

Der

rings.

Han
Han
Han

entered by the door.

entered the room.
went out of the door.

He

Dem

ud.

Ring paa Klokken!

alt ringet to

Gange.

ringes.

traadte ind ad Deren.

traadte ind
gik

Vwrelset.

ud ad Deren.

8.

Luk Vinduet i!
Luk Vinduet op!

Shut the window!

Open the window!

To break the windows.
He broke a pane.

At slaa Vinduerne ind.

slog en Rude itu.
sad i (eller ved) Vinduet.

Han
Hun
Han

She

sat at the window.

leaned out of the window
and looked towards the

He

laa

Vinduet og saa op

ad Torvet

til.

market-place.

Two windows.
The

To Fag Vinduer.
Saksen hcenger i Vindueskarmen.
Vinduerne ere duggede.

hang on the
window-frame.
The windows are covered with
scissors

dew.

The windows look

into

Vinduerne vende udtil Gaarden,

til Haven.

the

yard, into the garden.

The pane is craked.

Ruden

er kncekket (eller spruk-

ken).

The windows are frozen.

The windows begin to thaw.
To hang up curtains.
Draw up the blinds!
Let down the blinds!

Vinduerne ere frosne.

Vinduerne te op.
At hcenge Gardiner op.
Trwk Rullegar diner ne op!
Lad Rullegar dinerne gaa ned!
Scet en Skerm (eller et Jalousi)
for Vinduet!

Put a screen before the win-

dow!

9.

Light a fire in the stove!

The fire crackles in the stove.

Lceg lid i Kakkelovnen!

Ilden
knitrer,
(gnistrer)

Kakkelovnen.

77

The

stove

is

down by

Sit

Kakkelovnen er gledende hed.

Scet Dem ved Kakkelovnen.

red-hot.

the stove.

Close the valve!

Luk

The

Kakkelovnen ryger.
Dcek Bordet!

stove smokes.

Lay the table!

Take away! (off the

Wipe

the table.

Wash

the glasses.
in candles.

Bring

Tag

table)

Serve the dinner!

Put the dinner on the table.

Spjeldet for.

Scet

Visk

af Bordet.

dcek)

(ell.

Bet Maden an

Maden paa

Bordet.

ter) Bordet af.

Skyl Glassene.
Bring Lys hid.

Light the candles.

Where are the snuffers?

(ell.

Tcend Lgs.

Hvor er Lysesaxen?
Der er en Tyv i Lyset.

There is a thief in the candle.

Put out the candle.

Sluk Lyset.

The candle

Lyset svcever.

flares.

Puds Lyset.
Du har pudset Lyset

Snuff the candle.

You have snuffed the candle
too close.
Put a wick in the lamp.
Pour oil into the lamp.
Light me up to my bed-

alt

for

ncer.

Scet en

Vcege i

Lampen.

Held Olje i Lampen.

Lys mig op paa mit Sovekam-

room.

mer.

Take the wax-taper.

Here are wax-candles.

Tag Voksstablen.

Her

er

Vokskerter.

10.

What
t

is

o'clock

is

has just struck

struck five long ago.

Hvad er Klokken?
Den er fern.
Den er nylig slaaet
Den er slaaet fern

it?

five.
five,

wants three minutes to

five

for Icenge
tre

Minu-

ter i fem.

yet.
five

Den mangier endnu

fern.

minutes past

is

a quarter past six, half

past six, a quarter to seven,

is

a quarter past eight,

is

exactly eight.

six.

is

Does your watch go correctly ?

Den
Den

er

fem Minuter over

sex.

Kvarteer til syv,

halv syv, tre Kvarteer til syv.
Den er et Kvarteer til ni.
Den er akkurat otte.
er

et

Gaar Deres Ur

rigtigt?

78
It

goes to a minute.

It

is

half an

hour too

Bet gaar paa Minuten.

Bet gaar en hah Time for
stcerkt (ell. for tidligt).
Bet gaar ti Minuter for sagte

fast.

ten minutes too slow.

It is

(ell.

watch gains, loses eight

minutes every hour.
My watch goes by the sun.
My watch has stopped.
At what o'clock do you generally go out?
I shall be here when it strikes

syv.

be

shall

sildigt).

at gaa ud?
Jeg skal vcere her paa Slaget

seven.
I

for

Mit Ur vinder, taber hver

Time otte Minuter.
Mit Ur gaaer efter Solen.
Mit Ur er gaaet i Staa.
Til hvad Klokheslet
plejer Be

My

here

exactly

Jeg skal vcere her prcecis Klokken syv.

at

seven o'clock.

11.

The
It is

Bet er smukt Vejr.

Luften er klar.
Bet er en lummer Bag.
Bet er en brcendende Hede.

weather.

It is fine

air is clear.

a sultry day.

It is a

scorching heat.

The sun burns.

The heat is insupportable.
There

is

no bearing the

The sky becomes

The sky is quite

thunder-storm

Solen stikker.

heat.

Hede.
Bet graaner.

cloudy.
over-cast.
is

approach-

thunders.

It lightens.

The lightning has struck.

Did you hear the clap
thunder?
It
I

am wet

The
It

of

air has become cool.

begins to rain.
am wet through and through.

The

rain

to the skin.
is

abating.
leaves off raining.

Luften er ganske overtrukken.

[Bet trcekker op til Tor den.

\Ber trcekker
Bet tordner.
Bet lyner.

ing.
It

Heden er ikke til at holde ud.

Man kan ikke holde det ud for

et

Uvejr op.

Lynilden er slaaet ned.

Herte Be Tordenskraldet?

Luften er bleven afkelet.

Bet begynder at regne.
Jeg er gennembledt.
Jeg er bledtigennem tilSkindet.

Regnen sagtner

(ell.

hofter),

Bet holder op at regne

79
It

has

left

It

still

continues to rain.

a drizzling rain.

It is
It

It

Det
Det
Det
Det
Det

off raining.

was a smart shower.

was but a little shower.
it

It is

It

a storm.

is

The wind

regner endnu

i eet

vcek.

er en Stevregn.

var en heftig Byge.

var kun en Iling.

BlcBser det idag?

Det blceser.
Det blceser stoerkt.
Vinden sprang om.
Vinden har drejet sig.
Yinden har lagt sig.
Det er Slormvejr (en Orkan).
Vinden hyler, tuder.

windy to day?
windy weather.
It blows hard.
The wind shifted.
The wind has changed.
The wind has fallen.
Is

er holdt op at regne.

roars.

wind and rain.

There is shelter behind these

In

I Regn og Slud.
Bag disse Buske er

Lee.

bushes.

There

not a breath of wind

is

Mild breezes.
It

is

It is

The

Der rerer

sig

ikke

Vind

en

(ikke en Fjer).
Lane Vinde.

stirring.

Det er tykt (skyfuldt) Vejr.

Det er taaget.
Det er taaget Luft, Luften er

gloomy weather.
foggy.
air is misty.

taaget.

is

Det er en Taage.
Taagen stiger.

a heavy fog.

The fog
The fog
The fog

is

rising,

is

falling.

is

clearing

There was a hoar

off.

frost last

Taagen falder.
Taagen trcekker bort.
Der er falden Rimfrost

Nat,

night.
It

is

It is

very cold.
bitterly cold.

It

froze very hard last night.

It

snows.

Det er meget koldt.

Det er en bidende Kulde.
Det har frosset meget stcerkt
i

There

is

terrible

snow-

Nat.

Det sner.
Det er et grueligt Snefog.

storm.

The snow
The snow
The snow

balls.
is

crisp.

dazzles one's eyes.

The weather promises

fair.

to

be

Sneen klammer ved, klceber ved.

Sneen knirker.
Sneen blwnder Ojnene, skcerer
i Ojnene.
Det tegner til godt Vejr.

80
It is
It

it

moonlight,

new moon,

is

full

is

sunshine

half

moon,

moon,

it

is

a starlight night.

It

is

pitch dark.

It

is

a pitch dark night.

is an eclipse of the sun,

There

of the

Vi have Maaneskin, Sohh'n.

Del er

Nymaane, Halvmaane,
Fuldmaane.
Det er en stjerneklar Nat.
Bet er bcelgmerkt.
Det er en bcelgmerk Nat.
Vi have
en Solformerkelse,

moon.

In the beginning of the year,

of the month, of the week.

At the end of
The sun rises.
The sun sets.

last year.

The day begins to decline.

At dawn of day.
In the dusk of the evening.
At twilight.

Maaneformerkelse.
Begyndelsen af Aaret

af
Maaneden, af Ugen.
I Slutningen af forrige Aar.
Solen staaer op.

Solen gaaer ned.

Dagen

helder.

I Morgendcemringen.
I Aftenskumringen.
~
I

SECOND COURSE.
PART

III.

Verbs.
The Auxiliary Verbs.
1.

Have, to have.
Indicative and Subjunctive.
Present.

82

Conditional.
jeg skulde (vilde) have

Conditional

past.

83

Vsere,

to be

Indicative and Subjunctive.

Present,
jeg

am

er,

Imperfect.
I was

jeg var,

du var,
han var,

du er,
han er,

thou art
he is

vi ere, er,

we

you are

thou wast
he was
vi vare, var, we were
I vare, var,
you were

they are

de vare, var, they were.

ere,

de ere,

er,

er,

are

Pluperfect,

Perfect,
jeg har vceret

jeg havde vceret

du har vceret
han har vceret

du havde vceret
han havde vceret

vi have (har) vceret

vi havde vceret

I have (har)

I havde vceret
de havde vceret

vceret

de have (har) vceret

Future

Future,

han skal have

han skal vcere

Conditional

Conditional.

han skulde vcere

skulde vcere

past,

jeg skulde have vceret

du skulde have vceret

jeg skulde vcere

du skulde vcere

de skulde vcere

1-8

I skulle have vceret

de skulle have vceret

de skulle (skal) vcere.

fit

vceret

vi skulle have vceret

vi skulle (skal) vcere

il skulle (skal) vcere

vi skulde vcere

past,

jeg skal have vceret

du skal have vceret

jeg skal vcere

du skal vcere

a
o

han skulde have

vceret

vi skulde have vceret

I skulde have

vceret

de skulde have vceret

0*

is

<u

84

Optative.
Present.

Perfect
jeg have vceret.

jeg vcere
du vcere

du have vceret
han have vceret

han vcere
vi vcere

vi have vceret

I vcere

I have

de vcere

de have vceret

CO

vceret

Imperative,
veer,

be

vcerert

be

ye.

Infinitive.

Present,
Perfect,

Future,
Future,

vcere, to be.

have vceret, to have been.

skulle vcere, to be about to be.
p. skulle (ville) have vceret, to have been about to be.

Participles.
Present,
Perfect,

vcerende, being.
vceret, (Sub.) been.

havende

vceret,

having been.

Gerund.
Present,
Perfect,

at vcere, of being.
at have vceret, of having been.

Future,
Future, p.

at skulle vcere, of being about to be.

at skulle have vceret, of having been about to be.

Blive,

to become.

Indicative and Subjunctive.

Present.
jeg bliver,

du bliver,
han bliver,

become

thou becomest
he becomes

vi blive,
1 blive,

de blive,

we become
you become
they become.

85
rfeet.
I

jeg blev,

became

vi bleve (blev),

bleve (blev),
you
de bleve (blev), they

became
became.

Pluperfect.

Perfect,
have become.

we became

du blev, thou becamest

han blev, he became

had become.

jeg er bleven (neut. blevet)

du er bleven

jeg var bleven

du var bleven

han er bleven

han var bleven

vi ere (er) blevne

I ere (er) blevne

I vare (var) blevne

de ere (er) blevne.

de vare (var) blevne.

vi vare (var) blevne

Future

Future.
I shall

become,

past.
have become.

shall

jeg skal blive

du skal blive

jeg skal vcere bleven

du skal vcere bleveu

han skal

han

blive

skal vcere bleven

vi skulle (skal) blive

vi skulle vcere blevne

I skulle (skal) blive

I skulle vcere blevne

de skulle (skal) blive.

de skulle vcere blevne.

Conditional past.

Conditional.
I

should become.

jeg skulde blive

du skulde blive

han skulde

should have become.

jeg skulde vcere bleven

du skulde vcere bleven

han skulde

blive

vcere bleven

vi skulde blive

vi skulde voire blevne

I skulde blive

I skulde vcere blevne

de skulde blive.

de skulde vcere blevne.

Imperative.
bliv,

han

become

bliver,

let

blive,

him become

become ye
them become.

de blive, let

Infinitive.

Present,

blive,

Perfec\t.

vcece bleven, to

Future.
Future,

to

become.
have become.
be about to become.
have been about to become.

skulle (ville) blive, to

p. skulle vcere bleven, to

86

Participles.
Present,

blivende,

Perfect,

bleven (blevet), become.

Vorde,
This auxiliary verb
in the following tenses:

is

becoming.

to become.

now

but

in use,

little

and only

Indicative and Subjunctive.

Present.
I

Perfect.

become.

have become.

jeg vorder
du vorder

jeg er vorden
du er vorden

han vorder

han

vi vorde

vi ere vordne

I vorde
de vorde

I ere vordne

er vorden

de ere vordne.

Future.

Pluperfect.
I

had become.

I shall

jeg var vorden

become.

jeg skal vorde

du skal vorde

du var vorden
han var vorden
vi vare vorden

han skal vorde

vi skulle vorde

I skulle vorde

I vare vorden.
de vare vorden.

de skulle vorde.

Imperative.
vord, become,

vorder,

become

ye.

Infinitive.

Perfect,

vorde, to become.
vcere vorden, to have become.

Future,

skulle vorde, to

Present,

be about

to

Participles.
Present, vordende, becoming.

Per feet,

vorden, become.

become.

87
Additional Auxiliary Verbs.

These verbs are regularly conjugated, with the exception

of those tenses which are mentioned in the following pages.
They have not all the tenses and moods nor have they a passive voice.

Burde, ought.

Present,
jeg Mr.
vi bdr,

Imperfect,

we

jeg burde,
vi burde,

ought
ought.

ought

we

ought.

Perfect,
jeg har burdet,
vi have burdet,

ought to have

we ought

to have.

6.

Faa, to get.

Present
jeg faar,
vi faa,

Imperfect,
jeg fik, I got
vi fik (finge),

get

we

get

we

Perfect,
jeg har faaet,
vi have faaet,

have got

we have

got.

7.

Gide,

to

may, to

like.

Present,
jeg gider,
vi gide,

Imperfect

may
we may

jeg gad,
vi gad,

might.

we

Perfect,
jeg har gidet,
vi have gidet,

have liked

we have

liked.

might.

got.

88
8.

Kunne,

to

be

Present,

Imperfect,

am able
we are able.

jeg kan, I
vi kunne,

able.

jeg kunde,
vi kunde,

was able

we were

able.

Perfect.
Jeg har kunnet,
vi have kunnet,

have been able

we have been

able.

9.

Lade,

to let, to

Present,
I

jeg lader,

we

vi lade,

make.

Imperfect,
I made

let

jeg lod,
vi lode,

let.

we made.

Perfect,
jeg har ladet,
vi have ladet,

have let
have let.

we

10.

Maatte,

to

be obliged.

Present,
jeg maa,
vi maa,

Imperfect,

may (I must)
we may.

jeg maatte,
vi maatte,

might (must)

we

might.

Perfect.
jeg har maattet, I have been obliged
vi have maattet, we have been obliged.

11.

Skull e,
Present,
jeg skal,
vi skulle,

shall

we

shall.

to

be obliged, T

shall, I

ought.

Imperfect,
jeg skulde,
vi skulde,

should

we

should.

89
Perfect.
jeg har
vi have

have been obliged.

sJcullet,

skullet,

we have been

obliged

12.

Turde,

to dare.

Present,
jeg tor,
vi ter,

Imperfect,

dare

we

jeg turde,
vi turde,

daie.

dared

we

dared.

Perfect.
jeg har turdet,
vi have turdet,

have dared.

we have

dared.

Examples.
Skulle vi gaa

paa Komedie

iaften ?
Vil De gaa

til
Lcegen?
Jeg maatte gaa hjem.
Skulle vi gaa paa Koncert?
Vil De vcere saa god at sige
mig, hvad Klokken er?
At kunne et Sprog.
At tale et Sprog.

Kan De Dansk,

Tysk,

Fransk?

we go to the theatre this

evening?
Will you go to the doctor?
I was obliged to go home.
Shall we go to the concert?
Will you please tell me, what
Shall

time

it

is?

To know a language.
To speak a language.
Do you know Danish, German,
French?

Regular Verbs.
The Danish Language has three conjugations, although
has only one in reality.
The difference of the second
conjugation rests solely on euphony and the third is really

it

irregular.
Difference of the three Conjugations.

Second Conj.
Third Conj.
Imperfect: adds to the In- drops the e of the In- alters the vowfinitive
de".
finitive and adds
te". el of the root.
First Conj.

Part.

Perf.: adds J".

adds

*".

90

The Passive Voice

syllable; it
blive, to be.

can also

is formed by adding s to the final

be conjugated with the auxiliary verb

13.

FIRST CONJUGATION.
Active Voice.

Elske, to love.
Indicative and Subjunctive.
Present.
love

jeg elsker,

du elsker,
han elsker,

thou lovest
he loves

vi elske,

we

you love

elske,

love.

de elske, they love.

Imperfect.
jeg elskede,

loved
thou lovedst
I

du elskede,
han elskede, he loved

vi elskede,

we

you loved

elskede,

de elskede, they loved.

Perfect.
I

Pluperfect.

have loved.

jeg har elsket

du har elsket
han har elsket
vi have elsket

I have elsket
de have elsket.

shall love.

jeg skal

(vil)

elske

du skal (vil) elske

han skal (vil) elske

had loved.

jeg havde elsket

du havde elsket
han havde elsket
vi havde elsket
I havde elsket
de havde elsket.

Future

Future.
I

loved

shall

past.

have loved.

jeg skal have elsket

du skal have elsket

han skal have

elsket

vi skulle elske

vi skulle have elsket

1 skulle elske

I skulle have elsket

de skulle have elsket.

de skulle elske.

91

Conditional past.

Conditional.
should love.

should have loved.

jeg skulde (vilde) elske

du skulde (vilde) elske

jeg skulde (vilde) have elsket

du skulde (vilde) have elsket

han skulde

han skulde

(vilde) have elsket

vi skulde (vilde) have elsket

(vilde) elske

vi skulde (vilde) elske

I skulde (vilde) elske

I skulde

de skulde (vilde) elske.

de skulde (vilde) have elsket.

have

(vilde)

elsket

Imperative.
elsk,

love

han

elske,

elsker, love

him love

let

de elske, let

ye

them

love.

Infinitive.

Present,

elske, to

Perfect,
Future.

have

Future,

love.

elsket,

to have loved.

skulle elske, to

be about to love.

p. skulle have elsket, to have

been about

to love.

Participles.
Present,

elskende loving.

Perfect,

havende

elsket,

having loved.

14.

The Passive Voice.

Indicative and Subjunctive.

Present.
jeg elskes,

am

Imperfect.

loved

du elskes, thou art loved

han elskes, he is loved
vi

elskes,

elskes,

de elskes,

we

are loved

you are

loved.

the are loved.

I was loved
du elskedes, thou wast loved
han elskedes, he was loved
vi elskedes,
we were loved
/ elskedes,
you were loved
de elskedes,
they were loved.

jeg elskedes,

92
Perfect.

Pluperfect.

have been loved.

jeg var (bleven)

havde vceret

jeg er (bleven) elsket, or:

har vceret

had been loved.

elsket

du
han

elsket,

or:

elsket

du
han

vi ere (bleven) elskede, or:

vi vare

have vceret elskede

de

de

elskede,

or:

Future past

Future.
shall

(bleven)

havde vceret elskede

be loved.

I shall

have been loved.

jeg skal elskes, or:

skal blive elsket

jeg skal vcere bleven elsket

du skal elskes
han skal elskes

du skal vcere bleven elsket

han skal vcere bleven elsket

vi skulle elskes

vi skulle vcere bleven elskede

I skulle elskes

I skulle vcere bleven elskede

de skulle elskes.

de skulle vcere bleven elskede.

Conditional past.

Conditional.
I

should be loved.

should have been loved.

jeg skulde elskes, or:

skulde blive elsket

jeg skulde vcere bleven elsket

du skulde elskes
han skulde elskes

du skulde vcere bleven elsket

han skulde vcere bleven elsket

vi skulde elskes

vi skulde vcere bleven elskede

I skulde

1 skulde vcere bleven elskede

elskes

de skulde

de skulde elskes.

vcere bleven elskede.

Imperative.
veer elsket, be thou loved
han vcere elsket, let him

be

be ye loved
vcerer elskede,
de vcere elskede, let them be
loved.

loved.

Infinitive.

Present.
Perfect.

elskes,

Future

be loved.

v*re bleven
have

Future,

to

elsket,

vceret elsket

'
:
or:

\ to
1

be about to be loved.
1 to have been about
skulle vcere bleven elsket, or
to be loved.
skulle have vceret elsket
J
skulle elskes, to

p.

love(L

93
Participles.

Present,
Perfect,

elsket (Plur.

Present,

at elskes, of

Perfect,

at vcere bleven elsket, of having been loved.

at skulle elskes, of being about to be loved.

blivende elsket, being loved.

elskede, in

poetry:

elskte),

loved.

Gerund.

Future,

Future

p.

being loved.

at skulle vcere
to

bleven elsket, of having

been about

be leved.

15.

SECOND CONJUGATION.
Active Voice.

Draabe,

to kill.

Present,

Imperfect,

jeg drceber, I kill

vi drcebe,
we kill.

vi drcebte,

we

Perfect.
have

killed.

Pluperfect.

killed.

jeg bar drcebt

vi have drcebt.

had

killed.

jeg havde drcebt

vi havde drcebt.

Future

Future.
I shall kill.

shall

past.

have

killed.

jeg skal have drcebt

vi skulle have drcebt.

jeg skal drcebe

vi skulle drcebe.

Conditional.
I

killed

jeg drcebte,

should

kill.

Conditional past.
I

should have

killed.

jeg skulde have drcebt

vi skulde have drcebt.

jeg skulde drcebe

vi skulde drcebe.

Imperative.
drceb, kill

ban

drcebe, let

him

kill

drceber, kill ye
de drcebe, let them

kill.

94
16.
Passive Voice.

Draebes,

to be killed.

Present.
1

am

killed.

Imperfect.
was killed.

jeg drcebes

jeg drcebtes

vi drcebes.

vi drcebtes.

Perfect.
I

have been

Participles.
blivende drcebt, being killed

killed.

jeg er bleven drcebt

killed.

drcebt,

vi ere blevne drcebte.

17.

THIRD CONJUGATION.
Active Voice.

Drage,

to drag.

Present,
eg drager t
vi drage,

Imperfect,

drag

we

jeg drog,
vi droge,

drag.

Perfect.

dragged

we

dragged.

Imperative,

have dragged.
jeg har draget
vi have draget.
1

drag,

drag

drager, drag ye.

18.
Passive Voice.

Drages,

to be dragged.

Present.
I

am

jeg drages
vi drages.

dragged.

Imperfect.
1

was dragged.

jeg droges
vi droges.

95
Participles,

Perfect.
I

have been dragged.

blivende draget.

jeg er bleven draget

vi ere bleven dragne.

Perf.

draget.

19.

Deponent Verbs.

Desponent Verbs are those which have passive terminabut active significations. In Danish they are only conjugated in the Present, Imperfect, Future and Conditional and are conjugated either like elske or drcebe.
tions,

Bl ues,

to blush.

Present.

Imperfect.
blushed.

I blush.

jeg blues.

jeg bluedes.

Future.

Conditional.

shall blush.

jeg skal blues.

should blush.

jeg skulde blues.

20.

The Irregular Verbs.

Present.

96

Present.

97

Present,

98

Present.

99
Present.

100
must also be distinguished the reciprocal pronouns
hinanden, each other, when speaking of two, and hverandre,
one another, speaking of more persons, e.
g. de elske hinantive sig,

den,

they love each other,

de elske hverandre,

one another.

they love

22.

Impersonal Verbs.
Impersonal Verbs place

det before the verb, as:

det regner,

it

rains

det sneer,
det fryser,

it

snows

it

freezes

it

lightens

it

thunders

det lyner,
det tordner,

also

der

is

used

det lyMes,
it succeeds,
in the following:

der gives,
der siges,
der

there are

they say
there are,

er,

or:

man

siger,

de siger,

s Y*

23.

Adverbs.
Those adverbs which are formed by adjectives add
to the latter, as:

grov, grovt,

Those ending

god, godt,
in ig, lig, etc.

heilig, hmligen,

although one

may

langsom, langsomt.
u
ew , as:

add

grovelig, groveligen,

also say
h&iligt, groveligt.
I.

Adverbs of Place.

til

hmre, to the right

bort,

til

venstre, to the left

borte,]

allevegne, allesteds,

everywhere

andensteds, elsewhere
bag,

behind

awa ^

der, there

derfra,

from there

derhen, thither

a t

101
indentil, within

didhen, thither

did,

forbi, past,

over

frem, out

midt, amidst (in the middle)

fremad, forward
henad, towards
henne, there
her, here

midtveis, halfway

nede,

hlther
this

anywhere

nogensteds,

nwr, near

way

nwstved, next to

there (yonder)

hisset,

hjem,

below
below

nedentil,

,.,,

herhid,]
fo'd,

down
downwards

tied,

nedad,

from here

herfra,

herhenA

nowhere

ingensteds,
langt, far

homewards

omkring, round, about

hjemme, at home

op,

up
upwards

where
hvorfra, whence?
hvorhen, whereto?

oppe, above
oven, oven paa,

hvorsomhelst, wherever

overalt,

hvor,

opad,

heireom, right about

tilbage,

hvor, where, also, whereto

ind, in, into

indad, inwards
inde, within
indenfor, within (inside)

aarle, early in the

altid,

aldrig,
bettds,

Adverbs of Time.

morning

already

never
in time, early

derefter, afterwards

dernwst, derpaa, thereupon

efter,

after

endnu, yet
engang, once

(ude udi), 1 out of, without,

outside
udenfor,
j
udad, outwards

venstreom,

always

allerede,

ud, out

udentil, outside.
to the left about.

indenfra, from within

2.

up above
everywhere
backwards

iaftes,

yesterday evening

idag, to-day
ideligen, continually
ifjor,

last

year

iforgaars, the day before yes-

terday
igaar, yesterday

igaarmorges, yesterday
igjen, again
imorgen, to-morrow

[ning

mor-

fluks, speedily

imorges, this

fordum, formerly

inat, this

fer, ferend, before

iaften, this evening

iovermorgen, the day after to-

morrow

morning

night

102
fcevnligen, continually

ret nu, immediately

Icenge, a

sent, late

long time

naar, when,
nu, now

siden (sidenefter), afterwards

if

om
om
om
om
om

late

silde,

nys, nylig, lately, just

ncesten, nearly

now

soon

snart,
stedse,

Aaret (aarligen), yearly

Dagen, at day time
Natten, at night

at once
stundom, sometimes

early

tidlig,

Morgenen, in the morning

Aftenen, in the evening

om

kort Tid, shortly

omtrent, about

always

straks,

tidt,

often,

formerly

tilforn,
tillige,

at the

same time

at last

tilsidst,

undertiden, sometimes.

paa ny, again

3.

Adverbs of Number.

much

en andengang, another time

meget,

eengang, once

noglegange, several times

nok, enough

idelig,

continually

intet,

nothing

overvcettes, very

lidet,

little

sjcelden,

maadeligt, moderately

4.

much

seldom

umaadeligt, excessively.

Adverbs of Manner and Kind.

for nothing

akavet, suddenly

for

aldeles, altogether

for Leier, in jest

aldeles ikke,

not at

all

almindeligen, generally
anderledes, otherwise
baglcends,

backward

bagvendt, reversed

fra

Der

til

Der, from door to

door
efterhaanden, afterwards
egentlig, particulary
ellers, else

endsige, not to mention

Fod for Fod, foot by foot

forgceves, in vain

intet,

gerne, willingly
hcendelsesvis, accidentally

hartad, nearly
hejligen, highly
heit,
l

aloud

Eobetal, in crowds

ilde,

badly

iligemaade, equally
i

Mindelighed, amicably

indbyrdes, amongst themselves

indenlands, in the country (at

home)
t

smug, secretly

103
iscer,

chiefly
iscerdeleshed, in parti cufor
i

sender, asunder
in twain
Oinene, in the face

itu,
i

plat, absolutely

rent ud, plainly

saa, saaledes, saalunde, so, thus

saa saa, so so

knap, scarcely

saare, very
saasom, as

korsvis, crosswise

sagte, softly

korteligen, shortly
lige

frem, plainly

sikker, certainly
slet,

badly
not at

ligeledes, likewise

slet ikke,

ligesaa, just so

som, as

ligesom, as, even as

med

seer deles,

Flid, with intention

*W>

scarcely

\ hardly
nogenledes, nogenlunde, in some
degree
ncesten,

nearly

neie, exactly

omsonst, vainly
omtrent, nearly
paa Rad, by rote

paa

tvcers,

5.

j,

all

particularly
r
J
J

temmelig, pretty, fairly

tilsalg, for sale
tilfceldigvis, by accident
tilkebs, for sale
tilpas, to

the purpose

tilsammen, together
udenlands, abroad
uforvarende, unawares
vel,

well.

across

Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation , etc.

104
Observations on the Adverbs of Place.

6.

Op, tied, ind, ud, hjem, om, bort, hen,

the movement towards a place; but
denotes
always
fies repose an e is added, as:

if

it

signi-

oppe, inde, ude, hjemme, omme, borte, henne,

we go home
vi gaa hjem,
vi ere hjemme, we are at home
vi gaa op,
vi ere oppe,

we
we

are going up
are up.

are formed by

Many adverbs

substantives as:

udenlands

(uden Landes), indenbys (inden Bys).

Some adverbs can be compared as:
oftere,

snarere, snarest, soon

gerne,

heller,

heist,

willingly

Ude,

vwrre,

vcerst,

badly

vel,

bedre,

bedst,

well,

meget,
ude,

mere,

mest,

many

yderst y

outside.

Adverbs are sometimes

lands

often

ofte,

snarl,

oftest,

used

as

good

adjectives as:

Medlemmer, the foreign members,

de uden-

etc.

24.

The Prepositions.
L
ad, at,
/, of

behind

bag,
bi,

by

by

blandt,
efter,

Simple Prepositions.
hos, by, with
t, in

inden, within, before

langs,

among
after

for,

for,

fra,

from

before

gennem, through

(ad, ved), along

med, with
mellem, between
mod, against
ncest, next
om, about

105
over, over

til,

to
in spite of

paa, upon
samt, together with

uden, without

siden, since.

ved, by, through, with.

2.

trods,

Compound

bagved, behind
bagefter, afterwards

imod, against
indenfor,

bagpaa, up behind
foran, before
forbi, by,

Prepositions.

insJde

indent,
instedetfor, instead

nedenfor, below

past

omkring, around

means of

formedelst, by

foruden, besides

ovenfor, above

forved, before, in front

fremfor, for (in preference)

ovenpaa, up above
overfor, opposite
tilligemed, at the same time with

henimod, against, nearly

henved, against, about
iblandt,

tvertimod, against, contrary to,

among

under,

opposite

consequence of
igennem, through
imellem, between
ifelge, in

uagtet, notwithstanding

udaf, out of

udenfor, out

of,

outside.

Examples.
ad mig?
Han er en Broder
en Son af Jens.
Det staaer bag Skabet 2
Vil

du

le

Han

mig.

Han

for mig.

taler

Jeg kommer

fra

til

Karl, og
3

efter

Folg
4

Byen

Han kryber igennem et Naaleoje 5

Han stod iblandt dem.
Det
imellem Bogerne 6
Han var
Jeg gik med hende.

staar hos mig.

Vi have vaeret
ligger
altid

mod

Kirken.

mig, alligevel

kom han idag til

Han stod

du Silke 7 uden Bort (Kant).

Der banker 8 nogen paa Doren.
1

to laugh. 2 the cupboard. 3 to

needle. 6 plural of Bog, book.

come

after.

7 silk.

Der har
mig.
ved Vinduet.

4 town. 5 eye of

8 to knock.

Position of Prepositions.

Some prepositions used in combination with verbs can

only be placed before the verbs, others are placed after.

106

The following stand before the verb

an,

op, gjen; as:

bi,

jeg anmoder,

expect

jeg

The following come

op, hos, i, bi, ad; as:
jeg bcerer op, I carry

annammer, I receive
after the verb

jeg sidder hos,

up

sit

near.

Before and after the verb may be used the

following;

as:

jeg adskiller, or: jeg skiller ad

jeg antager, or: jeg tager an
jeg opholder, or: jeg holder op

An

e is

part

presume, adopt.
I hold
up, cease.
sometimes added to the preposition ^for" if placed

before the verb, as:

jeg forest'uler

forekommer,

etc.

Inseparable Prepositions.

be, besvare, reply

beklage, complain
er, erkjende, recognize
erfare, experience

for,

forkaste, rejected

van,

unmarried

u, ugift,

samdrcegtig, unanimous
Vancere, dishonour

sam,

uvenlig, unfriendly

veder, er and und.

25.

Conjunctions.
og,

and

though
omend, even if
men, but
ihvorvel,

ogsaa, also
1

baade-og,

'

saavel-som,\

dog, yet

endogsaa, even

alligevel,

dels

ellers,

dels,

enten

partly
partly
or
eller, either

ikke (ei) heller,

hverken

eller,

nor
neither

nor

although
otherwise
derimod, on the other hand
tvertimod, on the contrary

om,

if,

whether

skendt, though

dersom,

endskmt, although
omendskendt, notwithstanding
vel, indeed

naar,

hvis,

ifaid,

in

if,

case

in

case

107
then

hvorfor, wherefore
derfor, therefore

for, for,

altsaa, therefore, thus

efterdi,

>
J

da, then, as

eftersom,
at, that

felgelig,

siden, fordiA

consequently

because

when

nemlig, namely

naar,

saasom, for instance

da, then

derefter, thereafter,

medens, during, whilst

thereupon

ferend, before, ere

som, as, like

forst, firstly

dernwst, next
fremdeles, further

ligesom, just as
end, (in comparison), than

omsider, at last
tilsidst,

lastly

ydermere, besides, furthermore

hvorpaa, whereupon
thi, for, then

jo
jo
jo

jo,
des,

>

the

the

desto,]

Examples.
Min Broder og Fredrik have vseret i Charlottenlund, jeg
2
var ogsaa der.
Baade Drengen
saa ham.
og Pigen
3
Jo mere han faar,
Saavel Katten som Loven ere Rovdyr
des mindre arbeider han.
Han sagde intet, dels vilde han
ikke tale, dels vidste han ikke hvad han skulde sige.
Hverken du eller
Enten svarer 4 du eller jeg draeber dig.
din Fader bor tale om sligt.
Omenskt*ndt hun er en me5
Han er vel
get smuk Pige, er hun dog ikke elskvaerdig
1

rask 6 ,

men han har dog

ingen Lyst til at bestille noget.

Du er min Ven, alligevel kan jeg ikke nsegte 8 , at du handler
9
De gik ud af Daren, ellers skulde de have
meget lumskt
.

en Ulykke.
Jeg giver ham det ikke, derimod foraerer
Jeg veed ei om han kommer idag.
jeg ham noget andet.
Du maa vaere udmaerket 10 artig imod ham, dersom han
11
skal blive din Beskytter
Gaa forsigtigt, hvis du ikke vil
12
Hvorfor har de
snuble, ifald der er Jsslag
paa Gaden.
skudt ham?
Altsaa er han en
Fordi han er en Spion.
Forrseder.
Der ere mange
Jeg taenker, folgelig lever jeg.
Hun
Frugter, saasom: Mbler, Pserer, Kirsebser ogsaavidere.
13
F-erst lo
han, dersang, derefter drog han sig tilbage.
14
naest greed
han og tilsidst skreg han, hvorpaa man kastede 15
faaet

4 to reply.
3 beast of prey.
5 amiable.
8 to deny. 9 malicious. 10 markde.
11 protector. 12 white frost. 13 to laugh. 14 to weep. 15 to throw.
the boy.

6 healthy.

7 to do, work.

girl.

n>8

ham ud

af Doren.
godt Menneske.

Jeg holder af

Da jeg

saa

ham

ham,

thi (fordi)

var jeg

han er

Medens vi
Naar du ser ham, hils fra mig.
Han er bedre end jeg.
Porten, var han der.

gik

26.

Interjections.
hi ol ah! ah! (astonishment)
ah!
el ok I (sorrow)
ml
ih!
1/ hem I holla I hahal hihi! hohol he! eial
heil heidal hysl stl
hei

bortl be gone!

(hush!)
hillemcend! heyday!

dig I away!
frisk! up! fresh!

fyl fiel
velan! well! go to I

pak

her dog!

listen!

tys! silent 1

et

lykkelig.

ud

af

Extracts
from

Danish Authors.

1.

Prinsessen paa Afrtcn.

Af

H. C. Andersen.

Der var engang en Prins; han

have sig en Prinen rig tig Prinsesse.

Saa reiste han da hele Verden rundt, for at finde saadan
en, men allevegne var der Noget i Vejen; Prinsesser var der
nok af; men om det var rig tig e Prinsesser, kunde han
ikke saa ganske komme efter: altid var der Noget, som ikke
var saa rigtigt.
Saa kom han da hjem igen og var saa bedr0vet, for han vilde dog saa gerne have en virkelig Prinsesse,

men

det skulde

endelig

vilde

vaere

sesse.

En Aften blev det da et frygteligt Vejr; det lynede og

tordnede; Regnen skyllede ned; det var ganske forskrsekkeligt.
Saa bankede det paa Byens Port, og den gamle Konge gik
selv hen at lukke op.
Det var en Prinsesse, som stod udenfor.
Men Gud!
hvor hun saa ud af Regnen og det onde Veirl Vandet lob
ned af hendes Haar og hendes llaeder, og det lob ind ad
Nsesen paa Skoen og ud af Haelen, og saa sagde hun, at hun
var en virkelig Prinsesse.
Ja, det skal vi nok

faa at vide!" tsenkte den gamle

Dronning, men hun sagde ikke noget, gik ind i Sovekammeret,
tog alle Sengklaederne af og lagde en JErt paa Bunden af
Sengen; derpaa tog hun tyve Matrasser, lagde dem ovenpaa
jErten, og saa endnu tyve Edderduns - Dyner ovenpaa Ma-

trasserne.

110

Der skulde nu Prinsessen ligge om Natten.

Om Morgenen spurgte de hende, hvorledes hun havde
sovet.

0, forskraekkeligt slet!"
naesten ikke lukket mine 0jne
der har vaeret
saa jeg

er

sagde Prinsessen:

den hele Nat.

Gud

Jeg
ved,

liar

hvad

Sengen! Jeg har ligget paa noget haardt,

ganske brun og blaa over min hele Krop. Det
i

er ganske forskrsekkeligt!"
Saa kunde de see, at det var en rigtig Prinsesse, da
hun gjennem de tyve Matrasser og de tyve Edderduns-Dyner
havde maerket iErten.
Saa emskindet kunde der ingen vaere,

uden en

virkelig Prindsesse.

Prinsen tog hende da til sin Kone; for nu vidste han,

at han fik en rigtig Prinsesse, og JErten kom paa Kunstkammeret, hvor den endnu er at se, dersom ingen har taget den.

Teatret.

Af H.

C.

Andersen.

iaftes paa tydsk Komedie, sagde Maanen: det var

By; en Staldbygning var gjort om til Teater, det
vil sige, Baasene vare beholdte og pudsede om til
Loger; alt
Traevaerk var betrukket med brogetPapir; under det lave Loft

Jeg var

en

lille

hang en

Jernlysekrone, og for at den, ligesom paa store

naar Souffleurens Klokke sagde sit
u var der indmuret over den et omvendt
Kar.
Lingeling!
u
Lingeling!
og den lille Jernlysekrone gjorde et Hop paa en
halv Alen ; saa vidste man, Komedien begyndte. En ung Fyrste med sin Gemalinde, der rejste gennem Byen, bivaanede
Forestillingen , og derfor var her propfuldt Huus; kun under
Lysekronen var der ligesom et lille Krater. Her sad ikke en
u
Sjsel; Lysene dryppede,
dryp! dryp! jeg saae det altsammen, og det var saa varmt derinde; alle Lugerne paa Vaeggen
havde de maattet aabne, og fra alle Lugerne tittede Piger og
Karle ind udenfra, skondt Politiet sad indenfor og truede med
Tact ved Orkestret saa man det unge Fyrstepar i
Stokken.
to gamle Leenestole ; i disse plejede ellers Borgemesteren og
hans Frue at have Plads; men iaften maatte de sidde paa
Teatre,

lille

kunde gaa op,

Der kan man se,

Traebaenkene , ligesom andre Borgerfolk.
var Madamernes stille Bemaerkder er Hog over Hog!"
-'o

at

Ill
ning, og alt blev herved endnu mere festligt; Lysekronen
ja Maanen var
hoppede, Pebelen fik over Fingrene, og jeg
med paa den hele Komedie.

Ben
Af H.

Hor, hvad Maanen

og forste Gang
har set den unge Pige
Officer

lille

Pige.

C. Andersen.

Jeg har set Kadetten blive

sin prsegtige Uniform; jeg

fortalte:

ifore

sig

i
sin Balstads, Fyrstens unge Brud
lykkelig ved sin Festdragt; men Ingens Lyksalighed kan lignes
med den, jeg saa iaftes hos et Barn, en lille fireaars Pige;

hun havde

faaet en ny blaa Kjole, en ny rosenrOd Hat;

Stadsen var netop paa, og de raabte alle paa Lys; thi Maanens Straale gennem Vinduet var for ringe; der maatte anDer stod den lille Pige, stiv som en Dukke,
derledes lyses op.

Armene

ud fra Kjolen Fingrene vidt spilede fra

o! hvor hendes 0ine, hendes Aasyn straalede
af Lyksalighed
Imorgen skal Du komme paa Gaden," sagde
Moderen og den lille Pige saa op paa sin Hat saa ned
mod sin Kjole og smilte lykkelig.
Moder," sagde hun:
Hvad mon Hundene tsenke, naar de se mig i den Stads!"
sengsteligt

hverandre,

Skoven.

Af H.

C.

Andersen.

Langs med Stranden

strsekker sig en Skov med Ege og

Boge, saa friske og duftende; den er besogt hver Vaar af
hundrede Nattergale; tset ved er Havet, det evigt vekslende

Hav, og mellem begge lober den brede Landevej. Den ene

Vogn efter den anden ruller forbi, jeg folger den ikke*, mit
0je hviler mest paa eet Punkt: her er en Ksempegrav; Brombserranker og Slaaentorn voxe frem mellem Stenene.
Her er
Poesi

denne?

Naturen.
Ja, jeg

sidste Aften

vil

Hvorledes

tror

Du,

og Nat.

Menneskene

opfatte

Dig, hvad jeg horte der kun den

Forst kom der to rige Latidmaend ko-

fortaelle

Det er nemlig Maanen, som her

taler.

112
Det er nogle dejlige Traeer," sagde den ene.
rende.
Der
er ti Laes Braende i hvert!" svarede den anden:
Vinteren
bliver streng;

Fjor

fik

saa vare de borte.

Rigsdaler for Favnen;" og

sagte en anden
forbandede Traeerl" svarede Naboen:
vi fjorten

Her er Vejen daarlig,"

K0rende.
Det er de
det kan ikke ret lufte her uden fra Stfkanten;" og saa rullede de afsted.
Ogsaa Diligencen kom forbi Allesammen sov
de paa det smukkeste Sted.
Kusken blaeste i Hornet, men
han taenkte kun: Jeg blaeser godt, og her lyder det; hvad
mon de synes om det?" og saa var Diligencen borte. Blomsterne duftede saa staerkt; hver en Luftning blundede, som
var Havet en Del af Himlen, der var spaendt ud over den
der var sex i den ; de fire
dybe Dal ; en Vogn korte forbi
sov, den femte taenkte paa sin nye Sommerfrakke, der maatte
den sjette hoiede sig hen over Kusken og spurgte,
klaede ham
om der var noget maerkeligt ved den Stenhob.
Nej," sagde
Karlen:
det er en Stenhob, men Traeerne der ere maerFort8el mig!"
Ja, de ere hejst maerkekelige."
lige; seer Han, naar om Vinteren Sneen ligger h#it, og Alt
gaar ud i et, saa ere de Traeer mig et Maerke, at jeg kan
holde efter dem og ikke korer i S#en; se derved ere de
og saa korte han. Nu kom en Maler, hans
maerkelige;"
0je funklede, han sagde ikke et Ord, han ftejtede;J NattergaHalt s Maul! u
lene sang, den ene hajere, end den anden.
udbrod han og noterede nok saa nerjagtigt alle Farver og TinDet vii blive et dejligt Mater: Blaat, Lilla, Mj&rkeb'-unt.
leri! han opfattede det, som Spejlet opfatter Billedet, og
Den sidste,
imidlertid flojtede han en Marsch af Rossini.
som kom, var en fattig Pige ; hun hvilede sig ved Kaempegra;

smukke blege Ansigt heldede sig

funklede, da hun saa mod
Himlen ud over Havet; Haenderne foldede sig; jeg tror hun
Fadervor. u Selv begreb hun ikke den Folelse,
laeste sit
som gennemstrommede hende; men jeg ved, at gennem Aar
vil mangen Gang dette Minut, med Naturen rnndt om, langt
skonnere, ja mere tro, end Maleren nedskrev det, med beMine Straaler fulgte
stemte Farver, staa i hendes Erindring.
ven,

satte sin

lyttende

hende,

Byrde;

det

mod Skoven, hendes 0jne

til

Dagskaeret kyssede hendes Pande.

113

Nogle danske Folkesagn.

5.

Holger Danske.
mangfoldige Tider h0rtes nu og da Vaabengny under
Feestning.
Ingen vidste noget derom at sige, og i
det ganske Land var ikke een, som fordristede sig til at stige
ned gennem de underste Gange. Da blev det Vilkaar givet
en Slave, som havde forbrudt sit Liv, at han skulde vaere fri
og have sin Skyld eftergiven, om han, ved at stige ned saa
dybt, som Gangen f0rte, kunde bringe Beretning om hvad han
Da kom han omsider til en stor Jerndor, som
der forefandt.
I

Kronborg

aabnedes, idet han bankede derpaa, og nu saa

en dyb Hvaelving.
Midt under Loftet hang en
nsesten udbraendt Lampe, og nedenunder den stod et msegtigt,
stort Stenbord, omkring hvilket staalklgedte Ksemper sadde
af sig selv

han foran

sig

nedbajede og hvilede deres Hoveder paa korslagte Arme. Da

den sig op, der sad ved Bordenden. Det var Holger
Danske. Men idet han 1 ftede Hovedet fra Armen, brast
Stenbordet helt igennem; thi hans Skseg var fastvokset deri.
Ra3k mig din Haandi" sagde han til Slaven. Men denne vovede
ikke at give ham Haanden, rakte ham derfor en Jernstang,
rejste

hvilken Holger knugede saa,

at det blev kendeligt deri.

En-

han den med de Ord: Nu, det glaeder mig, at der

Danmark! u
dog endnu er Maend
Andre fortaelle, at Holger Danske sagde, da Slaven traadte
Hils din Herre og Konge, at naar Tid er, da skulle vi
ind:
u
Atter andre, at han sagde:
vel komme af os selv!
Sig din
der ikke er flere Maend i Danmark
vi
naar
at
Herre,
komme,
end der kunne tage Plads om et Tondebaand. u Et lignende
deli slap

Sagn

om

Kejser Frederik

dskaeg findes

Deutsche Sagen,

46
herausgegeben von den Brudern Grimm.

6.

Tis So.
I Kundby paa Holbek Amt havde en Trold sin Bolig i
den heje Bakke, hvor Kirken staaer; men efterdi Folket der
havde
i Egnen var vant til Gudsfrygt og gik flittigt i Kirke

Lund's Danish and Norwegian Grammar.

114

samme Trold sin storste Plage derved, at de nsesten uafladeKirketaarnet.

Omsider blev han
ligt ringede med Klokkerne
i

desaarsag nodt til at reise bort; thi intet har mere bidraget
til Troldfolkets Udvandren af Landet end
netop det, at Folkel

En Bonde
gudfrygtigere, og Klokkeringningen tiltog.
en Dag en Trold siddende paa Dalby Mark mellem Mollerup og Dalby. Bonden ansaa ham for et skikkeligt Menneske
Hvorhen skal du? u
Nu vil jeg rejse ud at
og spurgte:
'
Trolden
til Svar;
thi ingen kan jo nu bo her
Landet,
gav
for lutter Ringen og Klemten."
Oven naavnte Trold fra
Kundby rejste da ud af Landet, kom til Fyn og levede der
i
Da hsendte det sig at en Mand, der nylig
nogen Tid.
havde bosat sig i Kundby, kom til Fyn og modte denne Trold
Hvor har du hjemme?" spurgte Trolden ham.
paa Vejen.
Der var intet paa Trolden uligt et Menneske ; derfor svarede
han som sandt var: Jeg er fra Kundby."
Saa?" gentog
Trolden,
dig kender jeg ikke! Ellers kender jeg dog hver
Mand i Kundby. Vil du ikke, vedblev Trolden, tage Brev for
mig tilbage til Kundby?" Manden var dertil ikke uvillig.
Trolden stak ham det i Tasken og forbod ham at tage det
Da skulde han kun kaste
op, for han kom til Kundby Kirke.
det over Kirkegaardsmuren, saa vilde den faa det, der skulde
have det.
Derpaa skiltes de ad, og Bondemanden forglemte
ganske Brevet. Men da han var kommen over til Sjeelland
igen, sad han just paa den Eng, hvor Tisso nu er, og da
blev
feraf

kom Troldens Brev ham

Tankerne, og han fik

ud af Tasken og sad
en Stund med det i Haanden; men pludselig begyndte der
at pible Vand ud af Seglet; Brevet foldede sig ud, og det
var med Nod og neppe, at Bonden reddede sit Liv; thi Trolden havde indesluttet en hel Se i Brevet. Ved denne Odelaeggelse havde Trolden villet haevne sig paa Kundby Kirke;
men Gud afvendte det, saa at Soen kom til at skylle ud i det
Navnet Tisso, sige de,
store Engdyb, hvor den nu flyder.
stor Lyst

til

at se det.

pludselig

Han tog

det

har sin Oprindelse deraf, at ti Ejermaend havde Jorder, som

bleve beskyllede af Soen.
Et andet Sagn fortaeller om denne So, at, da engang en
Pige uretfasrdigen var bleven beskyldt, kreevede hun det som
et Jertegn for sin Uskyldighed, at Klokken i Seeby Kirketaarn
skulde falde ud i Tis So.
Og det skete da, at den forste
foer den ud af Taarnet, og
de
med
Klokken,
Gang,
ringede
endnu skal man stundom kunne here den ringe i Soen.

115

0en Bogo.
Midt imellem Sjaelland, Falster og Moen ligger en lille
Paa den har i fordums Tid vaeret to store Skove,
0, Boge.
Osterskov og Vesterskov, af hvilke kun ringe Spor ere tilbage.
Om disse to Skove gaaer der et gammelt Sagn. Den sidste
Konge i Walliso (Waaelse paa Falster) var Kong Hans. Han
paaforte engang Kongen af Bogo Krig og sejlede om Natten
derhen og lagde sig med sin Flaade lige udenfor Slottet.
Da nu
Heraf ses endnu Buiner, som kaldes Hofgaarden.
Kongen af Bogo lukkede Vinduet op i sit Sovekammer og
saa den fjendtlige Flaade udenfor, raabte han om Fred;
men i samme Stund spsendte Kong Hans sin Bue og skod
ham en Pil dybt ind i Brystet. Da bad Dronningen af Bogo

om
gik

Stilstand, medens hun begrov sin Herre, og

endog selv i Land og fulgte Kongens Lig

Dronningen indbod ham

Kong Hans
till

Jorden.

og der udbad hun sig af

ham at maatte beholde 0en saa laenge, indtil den Ssed, hun
vilde udsaa, var bleven fuldmoden.
Ogsaa dette indrommede
Kong Hans og sejlede tilbage til Falster. Men den snilde
Dronning lagde Agern og Bog i Jorden , og deraf opvoxede
Naeste Aar sejlede Kong Hans fra Falster;
hine to Skove.
men da han fik at vide, hvad Slags Ssed hun havde udsaaet,
blev han sit Lofte tro og vendte tilbage til Falster.
Da Dronningen dode, blev hendes Son Herre over 0en.
til

Slottet,

8.

Kong Valdemars

Jagt.

Kong Valdemar elskede Tovelille, et Fruentimmer fra

Rygen, og havde en saa stor Sorg, da hun dode, at han end
ikke kunde forlade hendes Lig, men lod det fore med sig
hvorhen han drog. Dette blev omsider besvaerligt for alle
dem, der skulde vaere om Kongen, og derfor benyttede en
Hofmand en gunstig Lejlighed til at undersoge hos Liget, hvad
det vel

monne

der bandt

Kongen med

saa msegtig en
Ring, hvilken hendes
Moder havde sat paa hendes Finger for derved, endogsaa efter
Datterens Dod, at sikre sig Kongens Gunst.
Hofmanden
tog Ringen af Fingeren, og straks forsvandt Kongens Kaerlig8*

Kaerlighed.

vaere,

Da fandt han en

fortryllet

116
hed, og han lod Liget begrave.
til Hofmanden, der endnu var
alt,

Nu

vendtes hele Kongens

Hu

Besiddelse af Ringen, saa at

hvad der skulde ske, skulde udfores af ham, hvilket omi

Derfor, da han vel vidste

besvserligt.
han havde Ringen at takke for Kongens Gunst, kastede
han den fra sig ud i et Morads, da han engang red igennem Gurre Skov. Fra dette Ojeblik af begyndte Kongen at
finde sig bedre der i Skoven end paa hvilketsomhelst andetSted;
han lod bygge Gurre Slot og jagede baade Nat og Dag i Skoven.
Derved blev det ham omsider en Vane at sige de Ord,
sider faldt Yndlingen
at

der siden bleve ham til Forbandelse, at Gud gerne maatte

beholde Himmerig, naar kun han maatte jage i Gurre.
Nu rider han hver Nat fra Burre til Gurre" og er over
hele Landet bekendt som den flyvende Jseger, og paa nogle
Steder kaldes han den flyvende Markolfus.
Naar han naermer
sig, horer man forst Hujen og Stojen og Pidskeskrald i Luften
og da gaar Folk tilside og stiller sig bag ved TraBerne. Strax
derefter kommer det hele Jagttog.
Foran fare hans kulsorte
Hunde, der lobe hist og her til Siderne og snuse i Jorden,

og lange glodende Tunger heenge dem ud af Halsen. Derefter

Volmar" anseettende paa sin hvide Hest, og undertiden holder han sit eget Hoved under den venstre Arm.
Naar han moder nogen, isser dersom det er gamle Folk, befaler han dem at holde et Par af hans Hunde og lader dem
da enten staa saaledes med Hundene i flere Timer, eller
losner strax efter et Skud, og naar Hundene hore dette, da
briste alle Baand og Lsenker.
Naar han saaledes farer frem,
horer man ham at slaa Ledene i efter sig, og paa flere
Steder i Landet, hvor der er en Gennemkjorsel igennem
Gaardene, har han sin Jagtvej ind af den ene og ud af den
anden Port, og ingen Laase ere saa staerke, at de jo springe
Saaledes plejer han, isser ved Juletid,
op, naar han kommer.
at komme korende med fire hvide Heste igennem Ibsgaard

kommer

Hoby i Odsherred; og der skal bag Roskilde vsere en

Gaard ved Bistrup, hvor man lader Porten staa aaben om
Paa
Natten, fordi han flere Gange har spraengt Laasene.
enkelte Steder gaar hans Jagtvej endogsaa op over Husene,
og i Nserheden af Herlufsholm skal vaere et Hus hvis Tag
paa Midten er betydelig nedsunket, fordihan saa ofte kjorer
I
det nordlige Sjselland har han et andet Gurre,
derover.
hvor man finder Ruiner, der endnu kaldes Valdemars Slot.
Her er det en Skik, at de gamle Koner ved St. Hansdagstid
gaa om Natten ud paa Vejen og aabne Ledene for ham.
i

117

En

Mill fra Gurre ligger Valdemars H0J, omgiven af

Her, siger Sagnet, gaar hver Midnat sex sortkleedte
Imellem Stfller0d og NecPreester mumlende hen over 0en.
rum jager han med sorte Hunde og Heste paa den saakaldte
Volmars Vej.
Naar han saaledes har faret omkring, udhviler han sig

halv

Vand.

afvekslende paa

flere forskellige

Steder

Landet.

Isser

for-

han opholder sig paa Vall0 Slot, hvor han har

et Sovekammer, i hvilket staa to opredte Senge, og her overI samme Vaerelse
natter han i Skikkelse af en sort Hund.
staa to store Kister, og da man engang aabnede dem, fandtes
thi bedre Penge
de fulde af smaa runde Stykker Leeder;
havde de ikke i Kong Volmars Tid." En underjordisk Gang
skal forbinde Vallo Slot med IVhVsegaard i Holbeks Amt.
Her skal han ligledes have et Kammer, og tilforn holdtes endUndertiden udhviler han
ogsaa en Pige til hans Opvartning.
ved Vordingborg i Valdemars -Taarnet eller paa Ruinerne af
Valdemars Slot, hvor man ofte ser Jomfruer og Folk fra hans
Tid gaa og rede Senge. En Bonde, som ikke vilde tro, at
Kongen saaledes kom til sit Taarn om Natten, fordristede sig
engang til at overnatte der; men ved Midnat traadte Kong
Valdemar ind til ham, hilste med Venlighed og sagde: lNu,
Tak skal du have, at du vil passe paa mit Taarn!" og rakte
ham med det samme en Guldpenge. Men da Bonden tog
imod den, braendte den ham et rundt Hul igennem Haanden
og faldt som et Kul til Jorden. Af disse hans frygtelige Penge
slutter man sig til, hvad han maa lide.
Dog hsender det sig
ogsaa undertiden, naar en gammel Mand eller Kone troligen
at han da kaster noget
i flere Timer har holdt hans Hunde,
taelles

der, at

dem, der ser ud som Kul, og derfor untertiden ringeagtes,

men, naar man undersoger det, findes det at va?re det pure Guld.
Dette Sagn er formodentlig af alle det almindeligste og
mest udbredte, og under Navnet den vilde Jaeger" strsekker

til

det sig ikke alene overalt

Danmark, men ogsaa

Tyskland,

Frankrig og England.

9.

Brendhoj.
n Fjcrdingvej fra Sor0 ligger den mserkelige By Peog lidt udenfor den Byen Lyng. Mellem disse to

dersborg,

118
kaldet Brondhoj
som siges at vsere beBlandt disse Troidfolk var der engang en
gammel svindsotig Trold, som de andre kaldte Knurremurre;
thi han var ofte Skyld i, at der var Larm og Uenighed i
Hojen. Engang var denne Knurremurre kommen paa Spor

Byer findes en Hoj

boet af Troldfolk.

hans unge Kone stod i Venskab og god Forstaaelse

Trold, hvilket den gamle tog saa ilde op, at ban
Denne fandt sig derfor bedst ved
truede den unge paa Livet.
at flygte ud af H#jen og begav sig, omskabt til en rod Kat, til
Byen Lyng, hvor han i denne Skikkelse indsmigred sig hos
en fattig Husmand, ved Navn Plat.
Deri evede han i rum Tid,
fik hver Dag Melk og Grod og laa den hele udslagne Dag i
En Aften silde kom Plat hjem,
Lsenestolen bag Kakkelovnen.
og da han traadte incl i Stuen, sad just Katten paa sit saedvanlige Sted og strog Melgrod ud af en Potte og slikkede Poten.
u
nu skal jeg fortaelle dig,
Naa, Moer! begyndte Manden,
hvad der er hsendt mig paa Vejen.
Da jeg gik Brondhoj
forbi, kom der en Trold ud, som kaldte paa mig og sagde:
Htfr du, Plat! sig din Kat, at Knurremurre er dod!" Ved
efter,

at

med en ung

Ord rejste Katten sig paa Bagbenene, lod Potten trille

og sagde, idet den smuttede uf af Doren: Hvad, er Knurremurre dod ? Saa maa jeg skynde mig hjeml"
disse

Dansk

Historic.

10.

Kristian den Anden og Frederik den Forste.

Han

Kristian den Anden var en Son af Kong Hans.

Da Prinsen var saa gammel, at han
er fodt 1481.

skulde undervises,

blev han tinget

Kost hos en Bogbinder,

Her kom dagligen en Canonicus

Hojbrostrsedet.
eller Gejstlig til Prinsen, for at laere ham de forste Grunde
Men Lonnen, denne Canonicus fik,
af det latinske Sprog.

som boede

var saa ringe, at han ikke kunde leve deraf, hvorfor han tog
Prinsen hjem til sig og satte ham iblandt sine andre Skoleborn. Her krob den unge Kristian paa Tagene med de andre

Drenge og lob omkring hos Borgerne, naar disse holdt GjeHans Lserer skeendte vel ofte paa ham; men det
stebud.
hjalp ikke.

Smaafolk," svarede Prinsen,

Steder; Herrer derimod

til

hoje og stejle."

holde sig

til

lave

119

Da Kongen fik dette at vide, tog han ham hjem til sig,
og gav ham en tysk Hovmester, der er bekjendt under Navn
afMester Konrad. Denne Hovmester var en god Latiner;
derfor drev han alvorligen paa det Jatinske Sprog, men heller
ikke paa andet; og, naar Laeretimerne vare forbi, overlod han
Prinsen

ganske til sig selv; hvorfor Rristian bestak Slotsvagten, listede sig ud em Natten og svirede omkring i Byen
med nogle unge Adelsmaend. Da Rigsraadet klagede herover
for Kongen, blev han saa opbragt, at han skal have slaaet
Sonnen med en Pisk. Denne Straf lagde den forste Grund
til Kristians
uforsonlige Had til Rigsraadet og Adelen.
Da Kristian den Anden var et og tyve Aar gammel,
blev han sendt op til Norge for at stille det Opror, som der
var udbrudt forst under KnudAlfson og siden under Her-

luf Hydefad.
Med meget Mod, men ogsaa med megen
Haardhed, udforte Prinsen dette Tog. Han slog Herluf Hydefad ved Oslo, lagde ham paa Pinebaenken, og lod alle de
Adelsmsend henrette, som Herluf Hydefad angav. Derpaa rykkede han ind i Sverrig, behandlede alle dem, han modte, som
Fjender, slojfede Faestninger og opbraendte Herregaarde. Efter
alt dette vendte han tilbage til Norge, hvor hans Fader udnaevnte

ham

til

Statholder.

Anden blev Konge 1513. Han maatte unen meget haard Haandfaestning, hvori endog den
Artikel var indrykket: at Staenderne skulde vaere loste fra
deres Troskabsed, hvis Kongen ikke efterlevede alt, hvad i
Haandfaestningen var blevet ham paalagt.
Denne Konge tog sig straks meget af Handelen. For det
Kristian den

derskrive

udgav han den Forordning, at ingen fremmede Kjobmaend maatte laenger drage om i Landet og kabe Kvaeg; helferste

maatte Indfodte opkobe det for Fremmede; thi til

baade Bisper og Adelsmaend Kommissionaerer for
Udenlandske, isaer for Hansestaederne, og udftfrte alle Landets Produkter til dem.
Videre forbad Kongen Tyskerne
at fiske i de danske Farvande, for at Landets Indfodte kunde
selv have Fordelen af den nedsaltede Fisk, som da blev solgt
Dernaest
paa Torvene i Helsingor, Malmo og Bergen.

ler ikke

forn

vare

gjorde han Kjobenhavn til en Stapelstad for den ostersoiske

Handel og lovede alle dem store Fordele, som her oplagde
deres Varer, hvorved denne Bys Handel vandt betydeligt.

Endelig udgav han en Lov til Beskyttelse for alle Skibbrudne

Heri befaledes iblandt andet: at enhver Skibbrudden maatte
uhindret bjerge sit Gods; at Lensnianden skulde hjaelpe ham,

120
og at den, som forsomte dette eller tilfojede den Skibbrudne
nogen Uret, skulde straffes paa Livet.
Ligeledes S0gte Kristian den Anden at forsvare Banderne mod deres Herremaend. Derfor befalede han, at ingen

Herremand maatte

sselge sine B0nder, hvilket havde

Derimod blev det B0nderne tilladt at flytte
til et andet Gods,
naar Herremanden ikke opforte sig mod
dem som han burde.

herefter

vaeret Skik tilforn.

Endvidere

sogte

Magt og Overdaad;
medmindre de vilde

Kongen

thi

at

indskraenke

han forbad dem

at

Gejstlighedens

kobe Jordegodser

gifte sig; at rejse med et saa stort Folge

da de ofte havde flere end hundrede Personer
at m0de paa Herredagene med
sig paa deres Bejser;
Piber og Trommer foran sig eller med saa praegtige Klaeder,
som de vare vante til at baere ved denne Lejlighed.

som
med

tilforn,

Endeligen udgav Kongen ogsaa nogle Politilove, som sigtil at indskraenke Laster, afskaffe
Misbrug og haandhaeve
Ret og Retfaerdighed. Saaledes befalede han, at alle usaedelige Personer skulde gaa uden Kaabe, for at beskaemmes og
at ingen maatte rejse
adskilles fra skikkelige Fruentimmer;
udenlands, f0rend han havde studeret nogle Aar hjemme og
at enhver By i Danmark
udmaerket sig ved Akademiet;
skulde have sin Skaut eller Dommer tilligemed fire Borgermestere og syv Raadmaend.
Skauten skulde aflaegge Kongen
sin Ed og af ham modtage en hvid Stok til Tegn paa, at
han havde faaet Fuldmagt til at domme i alle Livssager.
Kristian den Andens Dronning hed Elisabet, den tydske
Kejser Karl den Femtes Stfster, en meget dydig og elskvaerdig
Prinsesse.
Den Brudeskat, Kristian fik med hende, var den
st0rste, nogen dansk Konge tilforn havde faaet, thi den belob
sig til trehundrede tusinde Gylden, da derimod de andre
Prinsessers Udstyr var, en Gang for alle, kun tredive tusinde
Gylden.
Dronning Elisabet overtake sin Mand til at indkalde en Koloni Hollaendere og overlade disse 0en Amager,

tede

for derfra at forsyne Kjtfbenhavn med alle Slags Kokkenurter,

som de forstode at behandle meget godt. Disse Folk vare ogsaa

meget 0vede i at tillave Sm0r, Ost og andre Fedevarer paa

en usaedvanlig Maade; derfor blev denne Kunst efter dem kaldet Hollaenderi.
I

Sverrig

Rigsforstander.
blive

var

imidlertid

Kristian

den Anden

fra

at

uagtet han var hyldet i Sverrig,

Faderens Levetid. Vel var der adskillige Svenske,

Konge sammesteds,

allerede

Sten Sture den Yngre

Denne hindrede

121

som arbeidede

andre JSrkebiskoppen i
Sture belejrede ^ErkeHerover blev
fangen.
biskoppen paa hans Slot
Rigsforstanderen sat i Ban af Paven, og Udf0relsen af denne
Banssettelse overdragen Kristian den Anden.
For da at efterkomme Pavens Befaling og tillige bemsegtige
Her
sig den svenske Trone, drog Kongen over til Sverrig.
belejrede han Stockholm baade tillands og tilvands, indtog
omsider Byen og blev straks kronet. Men kort efler anrettede
han det stockholmske Blodbad, under Paaskud af at udfcfre
Et stort Antal saavel Adelsmaend som Gejstlige
Banssettelsen.
og Borgere mistede ved denne Lejlighed Livet. Det samme
Upsal,

iblandt

for Kristian,

Men Sten
og tog ham

Gustav Troll e.

i Finland,
og paa Kongens Tilbagerejse igennem SverDer oprettedes Galger
ovedes ligeledes megen Grumhed.
i
mange Byer, og i Rlosteret Nydal blev Abbeden samt fern
Munke druknede, fordi disse havde under Krigen naegtet Kongen Levnetsmidler.
Det stockholmske Blodbad skete 8. November 1520. Det,

skete
rig

forledede Kongen til denne Grusomhed, var dels Had

den svenske Adel og Gejstlighed, der i hele Unionstiden
havde gjort jsevnlige Opr0r: dels onde Raadgivere; dels
Kongens melankolske Temperament, medf0dte Hidsighed og
naturlige Hang til Haardhed, der var bleven for0get ved en

som
til

slet

Opdragelse.

Kort efter det stockholmske Blodbad fremstod Gustav

en svensk Adelsmand, hvis Fader var en af
Gustav ophidsede
de mange, Kristian havde ladet henrette.
Dalekarlene til Vaaben, erobrede den ene svenske Fsestning
efter den anden og udjog tilsidst alle Danske af Landet.
Derpaa valgtes han til Konge i Sverrig; den kalmarske Union
blev aldeles ophsevet, og Sverrig har fra den Tid aldrig vseret
forenet med Danmark. Denne Statsforandring skete i 1523.
Den kalmarske Union havde vedvaret, sk0nt ikke uafbrudt,
hundrede og seks og tyve Aar under de seks danske Regenter:
Margrete, Erik af Pommern, Kristopher af Baiern, Kristian
den F0rste, Hans og Kristian den Anden.

Erikson Vasa,

Ogsaa
sine

sidste

han
egen Haand.

raadslog

Danmark

Kristian

blev

thi

meget forhadt,

tvertimod

isaer

sin

HaandfaBstning
aldrig med Rigsraadet, men gjorde alting paa
Han paalagde Skatter efter eget Behag; han

Regeringsaar;

naegtede at betale Renter af laante Penge; han tog med Magt

Panter tilbage og paastod offentligen, at alt hvad hans Undersaatter ejede, tilhorte

ham.

122
Herover opsagde den jydske Adel ham Huldskab
og
Troskab, da den frygtede for at behandles paa samme Maade,
som de Svenske. En jydsk Adelsmand ved Navn

Munk

Mogens

bragte Kongen Opsigelsesbrevet i Veile, hvor han dengang opholdt sig. Munk lod en Handske efter sig og rejste
ufortevet bort.
Saasnart Kristian havde lasst Brevet, blev

han saa forvirret, at han forsogte ved mange Letter

og Bonner at formaa Rigsraadet til at forandre dets
Beslutning.
Men da dette ikke var at overtale dertil, forlod Kongen Riget
med Kone og Barn, uagtet han endnu havde Oerne, Skaane
og Norge paa sin Side. Den landflygtige Konge begav sig
derpaa til Nederlandene, i det Haab at faa Hjaelp af sin SvoKristian den Anden flygtede ud
ger, Kejser Karl den Femte.
af Landet i 1523.
Frederik den Forste, Kristian den Forstes yngste
S#n, kom paa Tronen 1523. Forend han blev Konge, levede
han som Hertug i den Del af Hertugdommerne, hans Broder,
Kong Hans, havde overladt ham. Da Kristian den Anden
var afsat, valgte den jydske Adel ham til dennes Eftermand,
uagtet han kort iforvejen havde lovet sin Broderson, aldrig at
modtage den danske Krone; men Frederik frygtede, at Riget
skulde gaa fra den olden burgske Stamme, da nogle af Adelen
havde i Sinde at veelge den tyske Kejser eller en anden udenlandsk Fyrste.
Dog, forend Frederik den Forste kom i fuldkommen Besiddelse af sine Stater, maatte han fore Krig med Kristian
den Andens Parti og erobre en Del af Riget, isaer KJ0benhavn og Malmo, som lsenge bleve Kristian troe. Siden over1 denne
gave alle de 0vrige Provindser sig tilligemed Norge.
Krig understottedes Kongen af Lubekkerne, der hadede Kristian den Anden, fordi han havde indskraenket deres og de
evrige Hansestaeders Handel. Til Belonning for denne Bistand
ilk

Lubekkerne Bornholm paa halvtredsindstyve Aar.

Nogle Aar efter maatte Kongn fore Krig med den land-

flygtige Kristian den Anden, der haabede saa meget vissere

at faa sine Riger igjen som han vidste, at Kongen var meget
ilde lidt af de ringere Staender, fordi han havde i sin Haand-

Kristian
faestning fojet Adelen og Gejstligheden for meget.
rykkede da med en User ind i Norge, hvor de Fleste endnu
holdt med ham. Men han blev ikke nok understottet af sine
udenlandske Venner og tilsidst ganske indesluttet af den danske
Krigshaer.
Derpaa overtake man ham til, under sikkert Lejde
at rejse ned til sin Farbroder; men undervejs blev han sat

123

Her holdtes
fast og fort til Sonderborg Slot paa 0en Als.
han i sejten Aar meget haardt; han blev indelukket i et til
muret Vserelse og havde kun en norsk Dverg, siden en gammel Soldat til Opvarter.
Af indvortes Tildragelser under Frederik den Ferste ere
f0lgende

de

maerkvaarcligste

1.

afskaffede

Kongen

Kristian

den Andens Love angaaende Politiet og Bondefriheden og lod

disse offentligen brsende i Viborg, hvorved Adelens Magt og
2. inclforte Frederik
Bondernes Slaveri igen meget tiltog;
den lutherske Reformation i Hertugdommerne og tillod, at den
Af de danske Koboffentligen blev praeket i Kongerigerne.
staeder var Viborg, og af de norske Bergen den ferste, som
Allerede Kristian den Anden havde
antog den nye Lsere.
var en af Aarsagerne, hvorfor
denne
dette
Lsere,
og
yndet
blev saa meget hadet af Gejstligheden.
Frederik den Forste opholdt sig nsesten altid i Hertugdommerne og elskede dem isaer, da han leenge havde vaeret
Hertug i Slesvig og Holsten og boet paa Slottet Gottorf.
Kongen dode i 1533 efter ti Aars Regering. Ved hans

Kongen

D0d

var Landet

vel Flaaden

stor Gseld,

som Landmagten

Agerdyrkningen forstfmt, og saai

den elendigste Tilstand.

11.

Kristian den Fjerde.

Kristian den Fjerde,

var kun

elleve

Frederik den Andens Son,

Aar gammel, da hans Fader d#de 1588. I

Kristians Mindreaarighed regerede fire Rigsraader i otte Aar;

men i sit nittende Aar modtog han selv Regeringen.

den forste med den

forte tre Krige,
Karl den Niende, og efter Karls Dod med
dennes Son Gustav Adolf.
Aarsagen til denne Krig var:

Denne Konge

svenske Konge

den Niende gjorde Fordringer paa Nordlandene og

ja beordrede endog nogle til at kraeve Skat sammesteds.
Kristian den Fjerde sogte vel at bilaegge disse

at Karl

Finmarken,

Karl gik endog

Mindelighed, men forgaeves.
om Natten lod en Plakat slaa op paa Toldboden i Helsingor, hvori han forbod de Danske al Handel i
Denne Plakat lod Kristian
0sters0en og isaer i Lifland.
straks rive ned og sendte derpaa en Herold over til Sverrig
med et Fejdebrev, hvori det hedder: Jeg ved med mig selv,
Stridigheder

saavidt,

at

han

124

og jeg tor kraeve den Alvidende til Vidne, at jeg har giort
alt for at vedligeholde Fred
og Nabovenskab. Derimod har
Eders Majestaet bestandigen vist fjendtligt Sindelag og gjort
bryde Freden.
Jeg vilde opofre

alt for at

En Krig

er da

uundgaaelig, medmit Riges Provinser,

hvilket strider mod Pligt og Mre.
Nu saa forkynder jeg
da Eders Majestaet og alle Eders Undersaatter Krig
og Fejde
baade tillands og tilvands, saaledes som det en lovlig Konge
og aerlig Krigsmand egner og anstaar. Men Eders Majestset
skal vsere Gud ansvarlig for alle de Ulykker, som flyde af
denne Krig, og for alt det uskyldige Blod, som vorder udOst."

mindre

en

Del

af

Herolden, som bragte dette Fejdebrev, blev faengslet i

Kristian indtog Ny Elfsudbr0d i 1611.
borg og Kalmar. Herover blev Karl saa forbitret, at han i
Begyndelsen af August samme Aar sendte Kristian et UdforVi Karl, af Guds Naade Konge
dringsbrev, saaledes lydende:
til Sverrig, lade
Dig, Kristian den Fjerde, Konge af Danmark,
vide, at Du ikke har opfort Dig som en aerlig og christelig
Konge, da Du brod Freden, overrumplede Staden Kalmar og
ved Forraederi fik Kastellet.
Men Gud, som er en retfaerdig
Dommer, skal straffe disse Gerninger, Du uden skellig Aarsag har 0vet.
Og da Vi hidindtil have brugt alle lovlige Midler for at tilvejebringe et Forlig, og Du har forkastet dem alle
tilsammen, saa ville vi foreslaa Dig en kortere Vej til at ende
Traetten.
Indstil Dig paa gammel Vis til en Tvekamp med
Os i fri Mark, med tvende af dine Betjente; Vi skulle iligemaade m.0de Dig i Laederk0llerten , uden Hjelm og Harnisk,
alene med Kaarden i Haanden.
Moder Du ikke, holde Vi Dig
ikke for en aerekjaer Konge, ei engang for en brav Soldat."
Kristian den Fjerde svarede:
Vi have modtaget Dit
grove Brev. Vi havde aldrig formodet, Du kunde skrive et
Sverrig, og Krigen

saadant;

men

Vi

maerke,

at

Hundedagene

ere

endnu ikke

Derfor
forbi, og at de virke skraekkeligen paa Din Hjerne.
have Vi og besluttet at rette os efter det gamle Ordsprog:
Som man raaber i Skoven, saa faar man Svar. Vid da, Du

med id el Usandheder; det var ikke mig, men Dig, som

br0d Freden; det ved Gud i Himlen, det ved hele Verden.
Du skriver: Vi overrumplede Staden Kalmar og fik Kastellet ved Forraederi.
Det er Usandhed, siger jeg. Nei! Vi
erobrede det med Mre, og Du maa skamme Dig saalaenge Du

farer

lever,

at

Du

ikke forsvarede det bedre.

Hvad Tvekampen

angaar, Du foreslaar, da synes det os latterligt; thi enhver

ved jo, at Du est gammel og skr belig, og at det er Dig

125
bag en varm Kakkelovn, end at fegte med
Det var smukkere, at Du sendte Os den Herold
Men handler Du mod
tilbage, Du mod al Krigsret faengslede.
ham anderledes, end Du b#r, da vid, at Du ikke derved har
vundet Danmark og Norge. Dette er vort Svar paa Dit uartige Brev."
Kort efter d#de Karl den Niende. Hans Son og Eftermand Gustav Adolf fortsatte Krigen. Men efter to Aars Forlob blev den endt ved Freden i Sjor0d, et Slot i Sverrig.
I
Kraft af denne Fred maatte Sverrig betale Danmark en Million Rigsdaler i Krigsomkostninger, samt saette Gothenborg og
Elfsborg med de omliggende Distrikter i Pant for Pengene.
I
denne Krig var det, at den skotske Oberst Sine la r
drog med tusinde Mand til Norge, for at stride for de Svenske.
Men ved en BjergkMt i Akershusstift som kaldes Kringen,
gik Fogden Lars Gram tilligemed en Maengde Bander Fjenden imode. Disse angrebe uforfaerdet med Sabler og Okser.
Sinclar faldt med alle sine Skotter paa tvende naer, af hvilke
den ene rejste hjem igjen; den anden forblev i Norge og
indrettede der et Glasvaerk.
Paa det Sted, hvor dette Slag
Her faldt
holdtes, staar endnu en St0tte med den Indskrift:
Oberst Sinclar, 26. August 1612."
Den anden Krig, Kristian den Fjerde f0rte, var Trediveaarskrigen i Tyskland. Den udbrod i 1618. Aarsagen
til denne
Krig var, at den tyske Kejser vilde ber#ve de protjenligere at sidde

en Mand.

testantiske Fyrster deres Religionsfrihed.

Efter megen Blodsudgydelse endtes den ved den westphalske Fred, 1648, hvorved alle de tyske Protestanter erholdt fuldkommen ReligionsI denne Krig blev Kristian den
Fjerde kaldet til
de protestantiske Fyrster.
Han rykkede da ind i
Tyskland, 1625, med en Haer af to og tredive tusinde Mand.
Men dette Tog var meget ulykkeligt for ham; thi ved Hameln,
en staerk Faestning i Nedersachsen , blev hans Hest lobsk og
styrtede ned ad Volden med ham, af hvilket Fald Kongen laa
to Dage maall0s; dernaest dode hans bedste Generaler; Hertugen af Ltineburg gik over til Fjenden; Subsidierne, som
vare ham lovede fra Frankrig og England, udebleve, og endeligen tabte han et stort Slag ved Lutter am Barenberg
Aaret efter sin Ankomst til Tyskland.
Slaget varede i ni
Timer. 1 F0rstningen var Sejeren fuldkomment paa Kongens
Side; men midt under Slaget toge de tyske Ryttere Flugten;
Hertugen af Liineburg anfaldt hans Fodfolk fra et Baghoid
med fem tusinde Mand, og tilsidst blev Kongen selv omringet

frihed.

Hjaelp

af

126
af fyrretyve Ryttere.

Alligevel veg

igennem og kom

han

ikke,

Wolfenbiittel

men

selv tredje

Nedersachsen.
Efter Slaget ved Lutter am Barenberg brede de store
esterrigske Generaler Tilly og Wallenstein over Elben ind i de
danske Stater og odelagde skraekkeligen baade Holsten, SlesHerover nodtes Rongen til at indgaa Fred
vig og Jylland.
med Kejseren i Ltibek. Her maatte Kristian forpligte sig til
ikke mer at tage Del i den tydske Krig; derimod bevilgede
Kejseren ham Told paa Elben ved Gluckstadt.

hug

sig

til

Den tredje Krig forte Kristian den Fjerde med Sverrig

Denne udbrod i 1643. Den svenske
paa sine gamle Dage.
General Torstenson, som dengang fegtede mod Kejseren i
Trediveaarskrigen faldt uformodentligen og nden skellig Aarsag ind i Danmark og erobrede i en Hast hele Holsten,
Kristian den Fjerde var paa FredensSlesvig og Jylland.
Straks
borg, da han blev underrettet om Fjendens Indbrud.
samlede han en Haer, drog over til Fyn og tilintetgjorde alle
Torstensons Forsog paa at bemsegtige sig denne 0. I Skaane
og paa de norske Graenser vare de Danske endnu lykkeligere;
thi Kongens Svigerson, Hannibal Sehested, skaendte og brsendte
i
adskillige svenske Provinser og gjorde saa stort Bytte, at
han ikke alene udrustede sig paany, men sendte endog Kon,

og tredive Rigsdaler.

gen

fern

saa

Tilsos var Lykken foranderlig;

ofte Kongen selv anforte, men
Det mserkeligste Soslag

vserende.

der vandt de Danske

naar han var fradenne Krig holdtes ved

thi

tabte
i

Femern 1644, da Kristian var otte og tresindstyve Aar gammel.

Kongen befalede paa sit Skib, Trefoldighed og havde
,

og tyve Saar, da en Kugle stodte med saadan

hans
Skib, at de adsplittede Traestumper ej alene
Magt paa
dreebte tolv Mand, som stode omkring ham, men han mistede
endog selv det hojre 0je samt to Taender, og det venstre Ore
Ved dette Stod segnede Kongen. Krigsfolket
blev kvaestet.
Men i det
blev forsagt og raabte
Ak, Rongen er skudt!"
Gud har
samme rejste han sig igen.
Nej," sagde han,
endnu sparet mig Liv, Styrke og Mod nok til at staa mit
allerede

to

Folk

bi,

saalasnge enhver af

dem

ligeledes

vil

gjore sin PligL"

Derpaa greb han igen sit Svaerd, lod sig forbinde og blev
staaende med ombundet Hoved og Svserdet i Haanden, indtil
Endelig blev denne
Slaget var forbi, og Fjenden forjagen.
Freden i Bromulykkelige Krig efter to Aars Forlob endt ved
Ved denne Fred maatte Danmark tilstaa
sebro i Sverrig.
svenske ProSverrig fori Told i 0resundet og aftade nogle

127
vhser, det
lang Tid havde ejet (Haerjedalen og Jemteland
Norge samt 0erne Gothland og 0sel).
Saa uforfaerdet Kristian den Fjerde var i Krig, saa utrsetStatens Dele.
telig var han i Fred og s^rgede for alle
i

1.

Holdt han Rentekammeret

ej

alene

samme gode

Stand, hvori det var under bans Fader, men forj0gede endog
sine Indtaegter ved Sparsommelighed og gode Indretninger.
Herved blev han i Stand til at bygge Byer, anlaegge Faestnin-

Han byggede Byerne: Kristianshavn, Kriog Kristianssand; han anlagde Faestningerne: Kristianstad og Kristianopel i Skaane, Gluckstadt i Holsten og KriHan
stianspris eller det nuvaerende Frederiksort i Slesvig.
ger, opfore Slotte.
stiania

byggede Siottene: Rosenborg, Jaegersborg og Frederiksborg,

paa hvilket sidste hans Fader havde begyndt.
2. S#rgede Kongen omhyggeligen for Rigernes Sikkerhed,
den Ende oprettede han en staaende Krigshaer af fern tusinde Mand, forsynede T^jhusene med alle Slags Vaaben, satte
Flaaden i bedre Stand og anvendte Gammelholm til dens Brug.
3. Ophjalp og udvidede denne Konge Handelen anseeligen; thi han ydmygede de stolte Hamburgere, som hidindtil
havde foreskrevet alle Handlende Love, holdt Kysterne ryddelige for fremmede Fiskere og grundede den ostindiske Handel
ved at kjobe Byen Tranqvebar tilligemed dens Omegn og der
Til Handelens Bedste gjorde
anlsegge Faestningen Dansborg.

Til

ogsaa Kongen adskillige Fors#g paa at finde Gmnlands 0sterFor

bugt og en ny Vei til Ostindien, nordvest om Amerika.
de Handlendes Skyld byggede han ogsaa Btfrsen.
4. Befordrede Kongen Videnskaberne ved at agte laerde
Maend, stifte B.egentsen, bygge det astronomiske Taarn og anlaegge et Gymnasium i Odense samt et Ridderakademi i Sor#.
Derfor kom i hans Tid baade den islandske Litteratur
og den danske Poesi i Vejret, og der levede mange meget
laerde Maend naesten i alle Videnskaber.
Ogsaa de sktfnne
Kunster bleve dengang bekendte i Danmark, isaer Malerkunsten, da Kongen kaldte den store Maler, Carl van Mandern,
herind fra Nederlandene.

Gjorde Kongen adskillige andre nyttige Indretninger:

den forste, der bestandig holdt en Gesandt ved
det svenske Hof, og fra hans Tid kom det i Brug at have
Gesandter ved udenlandske Hoffer; han lagde Grunden til
Postvaesenet her i Rigerne ved selv at holde den forste Post
imellem Kjobenhavn og Kristiania; han oprettede den forste
5.

han

var

128
de f0rste Krudtmoller og Kanonst0berier endelig
anlagde han ogsaa adskillige nye Gader i Kjebenhavn.
Kristian den Fjerde selv var en meget retfaerdig, virksom
og indsigtsfuld Herre. Han sad selv ofte i Retten og straffede Uretfaerdighed haardt og uden Persons Anseelse.
Han
rejste jevnligen om i sine Riger for at se til, at de Love,
han gav, bleve efterlevede; alene i Norge, for hvilket Land
Silkefabrik,

hon

bestandig sGrgede
meget, var han halvtredsinstyve
Gange, og paa en af disse Rejser drog han norden om Vardflhus ud i det hvide Hav.
Han baade talede og skrev
Latin, Tysk og Fransk; desuden forstod han andre Sprog.
I Sovaesenet var han isaer
meget kyndig og havde stor Lyst
dertil; thi allerede i sin Ungdom #vede han sig heri paa
Skanderborgsoen under kyndige Laerere og forfaerdigede endog
Modeller til mange Skibe. Desuden havde han bragt det meget vidt

Legemsovelser.

Henseende til hans daglige Levemaade var han sparsom og tarvelig, uden ved visse Hojtider, som ved Indtog og
Endvidere
Bryllupper; thi da gik det meget praegtigt til.
stod han op hver Morgen Klokken fire, gik omkring og roste
enhver, han fandt ved sit Arbejde.
Endelig saa han
flittigt til med sine Borns Opdragelse og holdt en bestandig
Dagbog over, hvad han hver Dag foretog sig.
Kristian den Fjerde d0de paa Rosenborg, 1648, i sit
eet og halvfjerdsindstyvende Aar, efter tresindstyve Aars ReHan var Konge og Dommer, Statsmand og Anforer
gering.
baade tillands og tilvands. Hans strenge Retfaerdighed, uforfaerdede Mod, utraettelige Vindskibelighed
dybe Forstand og
grundige Kundskaber gjorde ham ber0mt over hele Europa og
agtet af hans Medregenter, saa at Philip den Fjerde i Spanien
kaldte ham aldrig andet end Kongernes Fader.
Adelens Magt blev i denne Konges mere kraftfulde Alder
meget indskraenket, da han lod nogle af de vigtigste RigsemI

beder staa ubesatte og regerede som Enevoldsherre. Men i

sidste Regeringsaar, da han blev svag og afmaegtig, tiltog Adelen sig igen altfor megen Magt og vaegrede sig ofte
ved at raekke ham den Hjaelp, han forlangte, og Landet beh0vede. Dette skete isaer i hans ulykkelige Krig med Sverrig,
hvorved Landet kom i en meget slet Tilstand, der laenge

hans

vedvarede.

129

To danske Nationalsange.
12.

Ewald.

Kong

Kristian, af

Kong

Kristian stod ved hojen Mast

I

f 1781.

Rag og Damp;

Hans Vserge hamrede

saa fast,

At Gothens Hjelm og Hjerne brast;

Da sank hvert fjendtligt Spejl og Mast,
I

Rog og Damp.

Fly, skreg de, hver, som flygte kanl

Hvo staar mod Danmarks Kristian
i

Niels

Kamp?

Juul* gav Agt paa Stormens Brag:

Nu
Han hejsede

Og

er det TidI
det rode Flag

slog paa Fjenden Slag

Slag;

Da skreg de hojt blandt Stormens Brag.

Nu

er det Tidl

som ved et Skjull

Hvo kan bestaae mod Danmarks Juul

Fly, skreg de, hver,

i

Strid?

Nordhav! Glimt af Vessel** bred

Din morke Sky!
Da tyede Keemper til dit Skj^d;
Thi med ham lynte Skrsek og Dod;
Fra Valen hortes Vraal, som bred
Din tykke Skyl
Fra Danmark lyner Tordenskjold;
Hver give sig i Himlens Void

Og

flyl

* Niels Juul vandt det

navnkundige Slag i Kjage-Bugt 1677.
** Peter
Tordenskjold, f#dt i Trondhjem 1691, hed, f0rend han
blev adlet, Vessel. De masrkeligste af hans Heltegjerninger ere Slaget i
Dynekilen, en Havn ved Kattegattet paa Veslkanten i Sverrig, 1716, og
Erobringen af Marstrand 1719.

Lund's

Danish and Norwegian Grammar.

130
Du, Danskes Vej til Ros og Magt,
Sortladne Hav!
Modtag din Ven, som uforsagt

Tor mode Faren med Foragt

Saa kjok, som du, mod Stormens Magt,
Sortladne Havl

Og rask igennem Larm og

Og Kamp og Sejer for mig

Spil
til

Min Grav!

13.
Til

Dannebrog, af

Ingemann,

fedt 1789.

Vift stolt paa Kodans* Bolge,

Blodrode Dannebrog
Din Glans ei Nat skal d0lge,
Ei Lynet dig nedslog!
Du over Helte svaeved,
Som sank i Dodens Favnl
Dit lyse Kors har haevet
Til Himlen Danmarks Navn.
I

Fra Himlen er du

Du Danmarks

faldet;

Helligdom!

Did har du Kaemper kaldet,

Som Verden

leder

om.

Saa lsenge Rygtet svinger

Sig over Land og So,

Mens Nordens Harpe

Din Ros skal
Sus hojt

Om

ej

Kampens Bulder

Juul, din

Naar Tordnen

Du
Og
I

klinger,
udda*e.

Ksempe bold!

om

dig ruller,

sjunge: Tordenskjold!

flyver du mod Himlen

stolte Luers Favn,

Da

naevn for Stjernevrimlen

Din hoje Hvidtfeldts **Navn.

* Kodan: en
gammel Benaevnelse paa 0sters0en.
** Hvidtfeldt var Kommand f r
paa Skibef Dannebrog", da deSvenske

131

Hvergang en Stjerne funkier,

En Helt du nsevne kan,

Men ingen, som fordunkler
Din store Kristian.
Paa Lysets Kyst han stander
I

Sejers Klsedebon,

Hvergang en Kaempe lander

Hos Rud* og Absalon.**

Med Palmen

Kristian vinker,

Naar, Dannebrog, han ser

Dit hvide Rors, som blinker
I

Kampens Flammeskaer.

Vift hoit for alle Vinde!

Kald dine Stfnner frem!

Mens Havets B#lger rinde,
Din Glans omstraale deml
Vaj stolt ved Danmarks Strande,
Vaj stolt ved indisk Kyst!

ved Barbarens Lande

Lyt stolt til Bolgens Rest I
Den toner om din Haeder
Og dine Kaempers Pris,
Og Heltene det glaeder
I deres Paradis.

Og

Se dem, du har tilbage!

blusse ved dit Navn,

De

sngrebe den danske Flaade i Kj0ge-Bugt under Admiral Gyldenltfve, 1710.

Midt i Slagets Hede kom der lid i Dannebrog. Ilden fik Overhaand, og
Hvidtfeldt saa kun et eneste muligt Middel for at redde sig og Mandskabet. Dette var: at kappe Anker og drive paa Land; men, skete dette,
saa han tillige, at Vinden vilde drive hans Skib ind paa de andre Skibe,
som laa i Bugten, og at baade Flaaden samt hele Kj#ge-By stod Fare
for at antaendes.
Altsaa, for at undgaa begge disse Ulykker, besluttede
han at vaelge det mindste Onde: han forb0d at kappe, lod, medens hans
Skib braendte, fyre Skud i Skud mod Fjenden, stod selv og opmuntrede
til Hurtighed, og i denne Stilling oppebiede han roligen det forfaerdelige
0jeb ik han forudsaae. Det kom: Krudtkammeret antasndtes, og Dannebrog, Hvidtfelt og hans hele Mandskab sprang i Luften.
* Otto Rud udmserkede
sig meget i Syvaarskrigen mod de Svenske

1563-70.
**
Erkebiskop Absalon (egentlig Aksel) f 1201 var en stor Krigshelt
under Kong Valdemar den Ftfrste.

132
Vil for din

Med Lyst

Header drage
Dadens Favn.

Uplettet skal du svinge

Dig over Verdens So,
Til

Nordens Brynjer springe

Og Danmarks

Hjerter do.

14.

En dansk FoIKcvisc.
Bonden og Kragen.

Da Bonden han vilde ad Skoven gaa,

Han der en Krage hoppende saa.
Den Bonde han gik og gjorde Omsvob,
stedse efter

Og Kragen

ham

lob.

Da taenkte den bange Bonde ved

Den Krage en Heks er visselig.

sig:

Og Bonden han

vendte til Byen igen:

Jeg tror, den Krage vil bide En.

Men Konen hun

svarte

ham

paastand.

Naar horte du Krager bide en Mand?

Med Bosse han gik nu til Skoven hen

Der saa han Kragen hoppe igen.

Og Bonden

satte Bossen for Knse,

Saa skj#d han Kragen ned af det Trae.

Det rygtedes vidt og bredt om Land,

At Bonden var en saa drabelig Mand.

Og

straks

kom

der

Bud

fra

Bispens Gaard

Hvor blev den Krage, du skod

Gaar?

Af Hovedet giorde jeg Kirke-Knap,

Af Naebbet saa giorde jeg Tonde-Tap.

Med Fjedrene
Af Taellen jeg

taekked' jeg alt mit Hus,

stobte mig tolv Pund Lys.

133
Af Skindet jeg syede mig tyve Par Sko,
Foruden to Tofler, jeg sksenkte min Mo'er
Af Kjodet jeg salted mig Tender og Kar,
Foruden en Steg, jeg foraerte min Fa'er.

Af Skroget jeg bygte min Husbond et Skib,

Saa stolt som i Kongens Flaade det gik.
Af Tarmene snoede jeg Takkel og Reb;
Af Fodderne gjorde jeg Moge-Greb.

Af Stjerten jeg giorde de Hatte-Gevaer,

Som Fruer nu

baere

Solskins-Vejr.

Ved denne Krage blev Bonden rig,

Og Ia3nge med Kone han gottede sig.

Nu skal den Krage ei bide mig mer.

Der meget underligt i Verden sker.

Om nogen vil sige, at det er Tant,

Saa svaerger jeg paa, at det er sandt.

15.

Sjrcllandsk Aftenlandskab.
af C.

Ploug

(Udgiver af

Faedrelandet.*)

Kom, Brodre, lad os vanke

Imellem disse Stammer slanke!
Frit svaerme skal vor Tanke
Her
Naturens rige Vaar,
i

Hvor Fuglekore gynge

Sig under Loft og Hymner synge,
Mens unge Hjortes Klynge
I
Engens Grses til Midjen* staar;
Ned Solen gaar,

Om

Toppene

Den midterste Del

sit

blanke

af Legemet.

134
Guldnet den

Kom, Bredre,
Corni.

Her
Her

slaar.

lad os

vanke
Naturens rige Vaar!
Naturens Vaar!

Se hist, hvor Skoven slipper,

Der beige sig de gule Vipper,

Og Faareflokken tripper
Paa en halvt sjunken Kaempegrav,
Her, Aftenklokken ringer,
Og Roens Brol i Luften klinger,
Mens Bondens Datter bringer
Hjemmet Melken, som den gav;
Det selvblaa Hav

Til

Hist fjernt, hvor Synet glipper,

Alt hegnes af.
se,

Corni

hvor Skoven slipper,

Hvad Gylfe* fordum Gefion gav

Hvad Gylfe Gefion gav.

16.

Skandinavisk Sang.
af C.

Ploug.

Unge Gjenbyrds-Liv i Nordent

Rest fra vore Faedres Grav!
Vil du styrre Verdens Orden,
Bryde Aandens Baner af?
Vil du brede Oldtids Morke
Over Nutids klare Dag?
Vil du vaekke vilden
Styrke,
Fordom, Had og Vaabenbrag?
Nei, du styrrer Tidens Slummer,
at vogte paa dens Tarv,

For

Og du
For

vrager tyske Krummer,

egen Arv.

at l0fte

*
En gammel svensk Konge, som lovede Gefion for hendes Sang
sea meget, som hun kunde ompl0e i een Dag og een Nat.
Hun afskar
Sjaelland.
sig da af Sverriff med Hielp af fire Tvre den nuvaerende

135

Mens du kalder fromt tilbage,

Frem du higer uden Sky;
Mens du mindes gamle Dage,
Herligt varsler du

Og du
For
For

at

om

nye.

spsender Styrkebseltet,

bane Aandens Gang,

at slaa tilgavns af Feltet

Graanet Uret, rusten Tvang.

Og du vil med Aukthors Hammer
Smedde Ringen, Had har delt,
Du vil samle Nordens Stammer
Atter

til

et

msegtigt Helt.

Unge Gjenbyrds-Liv

Norden,

Fortids-Rost og Fremtids-Syn I
Rul fra Lseberne som Torden,

Tasnd i Sjselene
Trost de Range,
Flok de Staerke
Skab en ny, en

som Lyn!
styrk de Svage,

Mand ved Mand!

evig Sage
vort skjonne Faedrelandl

Om

17.
Frcdrcnelandet.

Herlige Land!

Frihedens Hjemstavn paa Jorden;

Hil dig, du Dronning i Norden,
Faedrenelandj!

Skjon er din Strand!

Held dine Net, dine Plove,
Held dine Sletter og Skove,
Faedrenelandl

Lsenge i Syd
Rullede Rrigsgudens Torden;

Men

det

Smilte

fredsomme Norden
kun Frydl

136
Fgedreneland

Tak

for

Glade

den Fred du har givet;

vi ofte

dig Livet;

Tryg er din Strand

Dannemark Held!
Hvidtfeldts og Rantzauers Stfnner

Himlen med Sejeren lonner;

Dannemark Held!
Fjeldboen Held!

Annas* og Tordenskjolds Minde

Vi mellem Klipperne finde;
Fjeldboen Held!
Fsedreneland
da Krigsguden vinke,
!

Vil os

Danske for Faren

ei blinke,

Faadreneland!

18.

Norsk Faedrelands - Sang

(af Bjornstjerne Bjornson, fodt 1832).

Ja, vi elsker dette Landet,

Som

det stiger frem

Furet, vejrbidt over Vandet

Med de tusend Hjem.

Elsker, elsker det og tsenker
Paa vor Fa'r og Mo'r

Og den Saganat som saenker

DrOmme paa vor Jord.
Haarde Tider har
Blev

tilsidst forstodt;

Men

vserste

Nod

vi

dojet,

blaaOjet

Frihed blev os fodt.

Det gav Faderkraft at bsere

HungersnOd og Krig,
Det gav Doden selv sin (Ere

Og

det gav Forlig!

137
Norske Mand

i
Hus og Hytte
Gud!
Landet vilde han beskytte
Skjont det morkt saa ud.

Tak din

store

Alt hvad Feedrene har kjaempet,

Modrene har grsedt,

Har den Herre stille lempet,
Saa

vi

vandt vor Ret!

Ja, vi

elsker dette Landet,

Som

det stiger frem

Furet, vejrbidt over Vandet

Med de tusend Hjem.

Og som Feedres Kamp har
Det af Nod til Sej'r,
Ogsaa

For

vi,

dets

baevet

naar det

Fred

blir kraevet,
slaar Lejr.

Lund's Danish, Norwegian and English Idiomatic Phrases and

Indispensable for a rapid acquisition of the
Dialogues.
Danish or Norwegian language. Price 2 s.

French Readers in Prose, and French Poetry.

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tion of the reader.
of essential but unfamiliar words and expressions with a view to accustom Candidates, Pupils, and others, to various kinds of style, and to increase the range of
their vocabulary. The selection includes copyright pieces from E. About, P. Bourget, V. Cherbuliez, F. Coppee, A. Daudet, Erckmann-Chatrian, O. Feuillet,
V. Hugo, P. Loti, H. Malot, Guy de Maupassant, A. de Musset, G. Sand,

E. Renan, J. Simon, H. Taine, A. Thiers, A. Theuriet, A. de Vigny, E. Zola, and

other eminent authors, for the reproduction of which special permissions have been
obtained.

TT

Unseen Passages from Modern French Authors, including Typical

Extracts from popular writers of the day.
One hundred Standard
Pieces providing varied material in every kind of style, for practice
French Reading and Translation at sight. Edited by J. Lazare,
B. ES L.
Crown 8vo. Cloth
.
.
.
.
124 pages.

in

Contains the same pieces as in Half-Hours with

above), but without vocabulary or any other Aid.'
'

Modern French Authors (*e

NEW CONVERSATIONAL FRENCH

By HENRI BUE,
Offioier d'

COURSE.

B.-es-L.,

Academie ; Principal French Master, Christ's Hospital, London;

Examiner in the Uniuersity of London.

late

Haehette's Illustrated French Primer, or the Child's First

French Lessons. The easiest introduction to the study of
New and cheaper
French, with numerous wood engravings.
Edition.

1 vol., small 8vo,

160 pages, cloth, Is. 6d.

64 pages, cloth, 8d.
little book has had in view to teach the young beginner

Early French Lessons.

New Edition,

The compiler of this

as manyFrench words as possible in the least tedious manner. He has found by experience
that what children dislike most to learn are lists of words, however useful and well
chosen, and that they very soon get weary of disconnected sentences, but commit to
memory most readily a short nursery rhyme, anecdote, or fable. Hence the selection
he has made.

New Edition, 1 vol., 208 pages, cloth,

lOd. Grammar, Exercises, Conversation, and Vocabularies, with
a Synopsis of the Grammatical Rules. Drawn up according to
the requirements of the First Stage.
Every lesson is followed by a short dialogue for conversational practices. The

The First French Book.

volume comprises the whole Accidence. The rules are stated in the clearest possible
manner. A chapter on the Philology of the Language, and some for reading and translation, a complete Index and two complete Vocabularies, follow the Grammatical
portion. Its moderate price and its completeness make it one of the best books
for use in our Middle-Class and National Schools and other large establishments.

New Edition, l vol., 208 pages,

Exercises, Conversation, and Translation.
Complete Vocabularies and a set of Examination Papers. Drawn
up according to the requirements of the Second Stage.

The Second French Book.

cloth, Is.

Grammar,

First Steps in French Idioms. New Edition, l vol., 192 pages,

cloth, Is. 6d.
Containing an Alphabetical List of Idioms, Explanatory Notes, and Examination Papers.

The Key

to the above, together with the Keys to the First and

Second Books {for Teachers only), in one vol., 2s. 6d.
One Hundred and Fifteen Supplementary Exercises to the
First French Book.
120 pages, cloth, 10d.

The Elementary Conversational French Reader.

A collection

and interesting pieces written in the form of Conversations

or followed by Short Dialogues, Grammatical Questions with
Notes and Answers, and a complete French-English Vocabulary.

of short

1 vol.

80 pages, cloth, 6d.

The New Conversational First French Reader.

collection of
interesting narratives adapted for use in Schools, with a list of
difficult words to be learned by heart, Conversation, Examination
Questions, and a complete French-English Vocabulary. 224 pages,
cloth, 10d.

Easy French Dialogues.

useful collection of Sentences and

Practical Conversations on every-day Subjects.
Specially compiled for the use of beginners and young pupils of both sexes.

80 pages, cloth, 6d.

A Primer

of French Composition.

{In preparation.)

NEW FRENCH CLASS

By

C.

CHARDENAL,

BOOKS.

B.A.,

Lettres of the University of France.

Bacheller e

THE SERIES CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING VOLUMES:

For Junior Classes, adapted to Standards
IV., V., VI., containing Pronunciation Rules and Exercises on
parts of Speech, etc. , Practical Exercises on French Conversation,
In three Parts, each 4d.,
French Reader, with Vocabulary.
or complete in 1 vol., 168 pages, fcap. 8vo, cloth, Is. 3d.

The French Primer.

First

French Course

or Rules and Exercises for Beginners,

containing the Accidence, general Principles of Syntax, Complement of Rules and Exceptions, Reading Extracts with
French -English and English - French Vocabularies.
Used in
Taylor's Institution, Oxford ; University College, London, etc.
232 pp., fcap. 8vo, cloth, Is. 6d.
Prom the Athenanm " The information is well put, and the book as good a First
Course as can be had."

Second French Course; or French Syntax and Reader,

including the difficulties of the Subjunctive Mood, Exercises on
Irregular French Verbs, Extracts from Standard French Authors,
and French -English and English-French Vocabularies. 276 pp.,
fcap. 8vo, cloth, 2s.

Prom the AthencBum "With the

may serve as the means of acquiring

Key to the

First

'First French Course,' by the same Author,

a sound knowledge of the language."

and Second Courses,

French Exercises for Advanced

it

fcap. 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d.

Pupils.

Containing the prin-

French Syntax, numerous French and English

Exercises on Rules and Idioms, and a Dictionary of nearly 4000
Idiomatical Verbs and Sentences, Familiar Phrases, and Proverbs.
320 pp., fcap. 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d.

cipal Rules of

to the "French Exercises for Advanced Pupils;" to

which are added Explanations of 850 of the most difficult French

Key

Idioms, fcap. 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d.

The Rules Of the French Language.

Being a Summary, set in

Grammatical Order, of the Rules contained in the Author's First
French Course, Second French Course, and Advanced French
Exercises.

1 vol. fcap. 8vo,

186 pp., cloth.

Is.

6d.

Practical Exercises on French Conversation. For the use of

Students and Travellers, including a careful selection of EnglishFrench Phrases from the Works of Bellenger, Poppleton,
Homoniere, and others, together with copious Exercises, and a
eelaction of the leading Elementary Rules of French Grammar.
1 vol.

fcap. 8vo, 200 pp., cloth.

Price Is. 6d.

Brachet's Public School Elementary

French Grammar.
WITH EXEKCISES
By

A.

Laureat de l'Academie frai^aise.

BRACHET,
And

Rev. P. H. E.

adapted for English Schools by the late

& GUSTAVE MASSON, B.A.,

BRETTE,

B.D.,
d'Acaddmie,

Officiers

New and

Revised Edition.

etc.

Complete in 1

vol.

Cloth.

Price 2s. 6d., or

Part

I.

ACCIDENCE.

With Examination Questions and

214 pages, small 8vo. With a complete

French -English and English-French Vocabulary. Price Is. 6d.
Exercises.

Part

Cloth.

SYNTAX.

II.

Exercises,

With Examination Questions and

and a complete French-English and English-French

Vocabulary.

Price

Is.

6d.

KEY TO THE EXERCISES.

For Teachers only.

Price Is. 6d.

A SUPPLEMENTARY SERIES OF EXERCISES,

Vol.
Vol.

ACCIDENCE. With a Supplement to

and a Vocabulary to the Exercises. Cloth. Price

Grammar

I.

II.

SYNTAX.

Price

Cloth.

KEY TO THE ACCIDENCE.

Price

2s.

Is.

Is.

KEY TO THE SYNTAX.

Price 2s.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"A
Jan.

good school-book.

The type

"We are not astonished to

School

"

is as

clear as the arrangement."

A thenceum,

6, 1877.

hear that

Board Chronicle, March

it

has met with the most flattering reception."

10, 1877.

We have no

hesitation in stating our opinion that no more useful or practical introduction to the French langauge has been published than this." Public Opinion,

March

24, 1877.

"England is fortunate in the services of a small knot of French Masters like

MM. Masson and Brette, who have, alike by their teaching and their school-books,
done much for the

scientific study of the language and literature of France. After

successfully introducing into English form the Public School French Grammar, in
researches
are happily applied by M. Brachet so as to show the
which M. Littre's
relation of modern French to Latin, MM. Brette and Masson here translate and adapt
the Petite or Elementary French Grammar. That has at once proved as popular as
the more elaborate treatise." Edinburgh Daily Review, March 20, 1877.
" Of this excellent school series we have before us the Public School Elementary
French Grammar (1) Accidence and (2) Syntax. Brachet's work is simply beyond
comparison with any other of its class and its scientific character is not sacrificed
in the very judicious adaptation which has made it available for English students.
There is no better elementary French Grammar, whether for boys or for girls." Hereford
Times, April 11, 1887.
;

THE PUBLIC SCHOOL

FRENCH GRAMMAR
Giving the latest Results of Modern Philology,
and based upon the "Nouvelle Grammaire Franeaise" of

AUGUSTE BRACHET,

Laureat de l'Academie frangaise et de l'Academie des Inscriptions.

I.-ACCIDENCE

Part

New Edition,
Eev.

revised and enlarged

BY

EENEST BEETTE,
GUSTAVE MASSON, B.A.,
P.

H.

B.D.,

of Christ's Hospital, London,

of Harrow School,

Officiers

H.

C.

d'Academie;

LEVANDEE,

M.A.,

of University College School, London,

AND

ELPHEGE JANAU,
Assistant French Master, Christ's Hospital, London.

1 vol.

Small 8vo.

464 Pages.

Cloth.

Price 3s. 6d.

EXERCISES.
ACCIDENCE.

Part

I.

Price

Is. 6d.

KEY TO THE EXERCISES ON ACCIDENCE,

For Teachers

only.

Cloth.

Price

by E. Janau.

Is. 6eZ.

OPINIONS.
"The best Grammar of the French language that has been published in England."
Professor Attwell.
"It is certainly the fullest and most elaborate, and repeated revision seems to have
made it one of the most accurate and scholarly of all English-French grammars a
class of book not too frequently distinguished by these qualities." Saturday Review,
July 28, 1883.
have nothing but praise for the new edition of this excellent Grammar, which
gives, as it professes to do, all the latest results of modern philology, and which is
remarkably clear and attractive in its arrangement." The Tablet, June 23, 1883.
" I have much
pleasure in being able to compliment you on the publication of such
an excellent work. The historical portion of the work is clearly brought out, and

"We

contains much valuable information. To all those accustomed to the preparation of

our higher Examinations such information is of the greatest importance.
The
transition from the Latin to the French of the present day is so clearly shown, that
it reads more like a pleasing story than an exposition of grammar.
The author has a
happy knack of putting his details in a most interesting form; and he has certainly
succeeded in proving that French Grammar is not so repulsive as some of the old cutand-dried books make it. . . ." F. Garside, M.A., Head Master, St. Luke's Middle
Class School, Torquay.
"C'estbien certainement l'ouvrage le plus complet et le plus serieux de ce genre
ecrit en anglais."
Dr. L. Parrot, Uppingham School.
" The last and most
scientific French Grammar we know has just been published by
Hachette & Co. The Etymology and the Syntax are specially good, and the entire
volume is admirable." The Freeman.
"Like the great work on whose lines it is built, the Public School Latin Grammar,
it not merely gives the latest outcome of philological research, but it reduces it to a
system with definite simple rules and principles, for the easy understanding of the
student, and for ready application in the general reading of his authors." The
Standard, February 15, 1876.

THE FIRST GERMAN BOOK.

Grammar,

Exercises, Conversation, Reading Lessons, Translation,

a List of useful words to be committed to memory and a comprehensive

German-English and English- German Vocabulary,

BY THE REVEREND

New

A. L. BECKER,
Member of the Philological Society of London.
Edition printed in the New Official German Orthography.
184 pages, Small 8vo., Cloth, Is.

ONE HUNDRED SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES TO THE

'FIRST GERMAN BOOK.'
With Two Complete Vocabularies.

Small 8vo., Cloth,

Is.

A Complete Key to the First German Book and

Hundred Supplementary Exercises.'
'

to the

Cloth, 2s. 6d.

(For Teachers only.)
not often that so perfectly satisfactory a first book as this comes
in our way.
Though it is strictly confined to the essential elements of
the language, these are so clearly stated and so admirably arranged that,
provided the lessons are, as the author requires, thoroughly mastered,'
a good practical knowledge may be acquired. The classification of the
nouns and verbs is at once theoretically correct and practically easy.
The brief chapter explaining the philology of German and English, and
that on the interchange of letters in the two languages, will be found
This neat little volume is printed in clear, bold
interesting and useful.
The Athenceum, October 9, 1880.
type."

"

It is

'

FIRST STEPS

IN

GERMAN

IDIOMS.

Containing an Alphabetical List of Idioms, Explanatory Notes,

Examination Papers, and One Thousand English Phrases to be turned
into Idiomatic

German,

BY THE REVEREND

New

A. L. BECKER,
Member of the Philological Society of London.
Edition printed in the New Official German Orthography.
194 pages, Small 8vo., Cloth,

Is. 6d.

volume contains a considerable number 01 the more

common German Idioms arranged in alphabetical order. Where
necessary explanatory notes have been added, and a number of examination papers further supply convenient and systematic practice.
Altogether
the book appears to have been drawn up with care and due regard to
results."
and
should, therefore, produce satisfactory
practical utility,
Glasgow Herald, October 1, 1891.
is a capital little book for letting the beginner into the tone and
".
The editor has confined himself to simple
spirit of Idiomatic German.
idioms but these are the key to the idioms of the language, and throw
a good deal of light on the grammar." School Board Chronicle,,
i

'This

little

October

10, 1891.

THE PUBLIC SCHOOL

GERMAN GRAMMAR
With Exercises

By

and Conversation.
and two complete Vocabularies.

for Translation, Composition

List of Irregular Verbs,

A. L.

MEISSNER, M.A., Ph.D.,

D.Lit.,

Librarian and Professor of Modern Languages in Queen's College, Belfast.

Mitglied der Gesellschaft fur das Studium der neueren Sprachen zu Berlin.
1 Vol. small 8vo,

434 pages.

Cloth.

Price

THE KEY TO THE SAME.

New

Edition Revised.

3s. 6d.

For Teachers only.

"The

general plan of the book is so good that

circulation." E. L. Naftel.

it is

Cloth.

Price

3s.

pretty sure to have a wide

"Dr. Meissner has bestowed considerable pains on his work."

Athenceum.

"A new

and improved method of learning the German language grammatically and

conversationally, if simple and comprehensive, is certain to be welcomed and widely
used, and we have no hesitation in saying that this is the best work of the kind we
have met with. A look at the preface will fully explain Dr. Meissner's system it
fail to be successful.
Practice in conversation commences once the
principles are mastered, and the first conversation lessons are intended to
furnish the pupil with the most necessary travel-talk for a journey up the Rhine and
into Switzerland. Any one who has travelled, being totally ignorant of the language,
will appreciate this.
The new official spelling has been adopted throughout the
book, but it has been sufficiently compared with the old in an introductory chapter
to enable the student to read the books printed in the old spelling." The Dublin

could scarcely

'

'

first

Evening News.

IN GERMAN CONVERSATION
A COMPANION TO ALL GERMAN GRAMMARS.

PRACTICAL LESSONS

An indispensable manual for Candidates for the Civil and Military

Services and for Candidates for the Commercial Certificate of
the Oxford and Cambridge Joint Board.

By
1 Vol.

A. L.

MEISSNER,

M.A., Ph.D., D.Lit.

small 8vo, 260 pages.

Price 2s. 6d.

Cloth.

"

Very practical the lessons are, and a very excellent companion the publication is,
not only to all German grammars, but to all German students. We have not met
We have read page by
with a better book of the kind, nor even one so good.
page, compared the German on the one side with the translation on the other, put to
ourselves the questions and answers, as though we were learning German again as
one of Dr. Meissner's students.
" The task has been a most
agreeable one. All who take an interest in German will
do well to make acquaintance with the work. They will find it instructive and
German exercises, which are so arranged as to form a
for
the
not
valuable,
merely
lesson for each day, but for the knowledge it contains of German towns, railways,
steamboats, theatres, newspapers, besides having an excellent collection of anecdotes
which are pleasant reading and inform the reader of many subjects which he will do
There is no better companion for a tour in Germany than
well to remember. .
The Northern Wing.
this."
.

10

SPANISH READERS.
Por Elementary and Intermediate Classes.

"

CERVANTES EL CAUTIVO. An Episode from Don Quixote." Text

based on the Edition of the Spanish Academy, with Introduction,
Biographical Notice, Explanatory Notes, and a Spanish-English
" ProVocabulary, by E. Tolra y Founds, of the Birkbeck Institution,
120 pages.
Crown 8vo.
fesor Normal" University of Barcelona,
Cloth, 2s.
{Presented as a Text Book for the Oxford Local Examinations, 1895-6.)

A Comedy in Three Acts, in

and Revised Edition, corrected according
to the new Spanish Orthography ; with a Biographical Notice, Explanatory Notes, and a Spanish- English Vocabulary, by E. TolrA y Fornes,
il
112 pages.
Profesor Normal," University of Barcelona, etc., etc.
MORATIN, EL

An

Prose.

Crown

8vo.

SI

entirely

DE LAS NINAS.

New

Cloth, 2s.

(Presented as a Text Book for the Cambridge Local Examinations, 1896.)

LEBRUN, CIEN LECTURAS VARIADAS. Obra illustrada con numerosos

grabados y de Texto en las escuelas primarias de Paris. One Hundred
instructive and amusing Pieces on Things in general, with Questions
at the End of each Piece.
340 pages. Crown 8vo. Boards, 2s.

MANTILLA, LIBRO TERCERO DE LECTURA, 6 sea autores

selectos es-

panoles (Caballero, Cervantes, Cienfugos, Yriarte, Mendoza, Moratin,

Quevedo, Quintana, Solis, etc., etc.), por L. F. Mantilla, Profesor
de la lengua y literatura Espanola en la Universidad de Nueva York.
Edicion refundida con arreglo a la ultima ortografia de la Academia

Espanola.
Illustrated.

With Spanish -French- English Vocabulary.

Crown 8vo. Boards, Is. 3d.

442 pages.

MORCEAUX CHOISIS DES CLASSIQUES ESPAGNOLS. Selections from

Eminent Spanish Authors of the 19th, 18th, 17th, and 16th Centuries,
including Caballero, Calderon de la Barca, Cervantes, Yriarte,
Lope de Vega, H. de Mendoza, Moratin, Quevedo, Quintana,
Samaniego, Solis, etc., etc. With Introduction Biographies, and
Notes in French, by Hernandez and Leroy. 340 pages. 16mo.
Boards,

2s.

"Contrairement aux habitudes recues, les auteurs contemporains sont places au

premier rang dans ce recueil. Commencer par mettre entre les mains des personnes
qui veulent s'initier a une langue 6trangere, des morceaux tout pleins d'archaismes,
c'est a notre avis, employer un procede peu logique. On rend ainsi leurs premiers pas
trop difficile on leur trouble l'esprit. Nous avons prefere leur montrer d'abord la
langue que Von parle aujourd'hui, et nous les aidons ensuite a rewonter graduellement
juaqu'a la langue du 16 sidele."
;

Spanish Grammar, Conversation, etc.

FIRST SPANISH BOOS.
and

full

Grammar, Conversation, Exercises and

Words to be committed to Memory

Vocabulary. Based upon Hugo's Simplified System. 250 pages.
With

Translation.

List of Useful

Cloth, 2s.
11
We have no doubt that rapid
diligent use."

progress* In

Spanish might be made through

its

Schoolmaster.

"The

stereotyped wording of old-time grammars has been cast to the winds, and
only such rules and exceptions as would be given by a practical modern instructor
have been presented to the learner." South American Journal.

KEY TO THE ABOVE.

SALVO,

Limp

Cloth,

Is. 6d.

A NEW PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD OF LEARNING THE

SPANISH LANGUAGE.

Pronunciation, Exercises, Verbs, Participles,

New
Adverbs, Idiomatic Phrases, Dialogues, etc., by D. Salvo.
and Improved Edition. 216 pages. Crown 8vo. Cloth, 3s.

KEY TO THE EXERCISES IN SAME.

Is. 6d.

This grammar combines theory with practice the method and arrangement have
been based upon the recommendations of eminent authorities as to the best and most
All the definitions and rules are clearly
rational method of studying a language.
and simply explained. The matter is progressively arranged in a way calculated to
interest and encourage the student. Many obsolete and complicated rules so often
found in other works of this class, and which tend only to bewilder and weary the
beginner, have been removed altogether, whilst essential rules have been thoroughly
revised and fully elucidated, so as to present them in a more attractive manner.

SALVO, SPANISH AND ENGLISH IDIOMATIC PHRASES AND DIALOGUES.

Containing Vocabulary of useful Words, Cardinal and
Ordinal Numbers, Idiomatic Phrases, Familiar Dialogues, Practical
Conversations, Table of Coins, Idioms, etc.

160 pages, 16mo. Cloth,

2s.

TOLRA Y FORNES, NEW SPANISH-ENGLISH DIALOGUES FOR TRAVELLERS AND STUDENTS.

Containing Classified Vocabularies of
Words in frequent use, Elements of Conversation with numerous
Forms and Applications, Practical Phrases and Dialogues on Every-day
Matters and Subjects incidental to Travelling, Visiting, Shopping,
Hotels, etc.
Correspondence, Colloquial Idioms and Expressions,
Tables of Monies, Weights and Measures, etc., etc.
Edited by
E. TolrX. y Fornes of the Birkbeck Institution. 400 pages, Crown
;

16mo.

"A

Cloth, 2s.

companion and an excellent supplement to the grammar, and so used

would enable the student to speau the language, soon and readily." Educational
useful

News.

TOLRA Y FORNES, THE FIRST STEPS IN SPANISH IDIOMS.

Con-

taining an Alphabetical List of Idioms, Explanatory Notes, Examination

Papers and Selection of English Phrases to be turned into Idiomatic

Spanish, by TolrX. y Fornes.

120 pages, Small 8vo.

Cloth, 2s.

simple, practical and conveniently arranged, and maybe used with advantage in private study. The printing is clear, and the get-up neat and tasteful."
Aberdeen Journal.

",

KEY TO THE SAME.

Limp

Cloth,

]s.

6d.

BIBLIOTECA ITALIANA,
A New Series of Standard Works by favourite Authors, edited
with Notes and comprehensive Italian-English Vocabularies, for use
Schools and for Private Students, by Rev. A. C. CLAPIN, M.A.,
John's College, Cambridge, and Bachelier-is-lettres of the University
of France.
in

St.

Price per
M

Volume

in

Paper Cover,

Is.

We

are glad to see this praiseworthy and highly successful attempt to provide
the English-Italian student with annotated copies of some of the standard works of
modern Italian literature. Such books are very much wanted, and the volumes
announced by Messrs. Hachette will no doubt be welcomed with great satisfaction
by those for whose use they are intended. The concise notes at the foot of each page
and the general vocabularies provide the young student with just the aid he needs.
The Schoolmaster.

ALFIERI. Oreste. Tragedia in cinque atti.

AMICIS. Oli Amici di Collegio.
Una Medaglia.

La madre

CARCANO.
CARCANO.

e ilfiglio.

Memorie d'un

Novelle.

Novelle.

fanciullo.

II cappellano detta Rovella

Novelle.
"Memorie d'un Fanciullo and II Cappellano della Rovella, by Guilio Carcano, have
been capitally edited. The two stories are charmingly written and as the language
very simple, they may safely be recommended to those who are beginning the study
of Italian." The Graphic.
;

is

CASTELNUOVO.

La Gamba

di Giovannino.

Signora Cherubina.

Pagina Eterna.

GOLD 01*1.

II burbero benefico.

60LD0NI.

Un curioso

accidente.

La

Due Ore

Democrazia

della

in Ferrovia.

La

Novelle.

Commedia in tre atti in prosa.

Commedia in tre atti in prosa.

"Goldoni, the Moliere of Italy, wrote about 150 comedies all full of sparkling
wit and telling repartee. The Curioso Accidente being written as most of his plays
in prose, may be highly recommended to those wishing to acquire facility in speaking Italian. This cheap and well-printed edition of the masterpieces of Italian literature will prove a great boon to teachers, as well as to private students." The Aberdeen
Journal.

GOLDONI. H vero amico. Commedia in tre atti

MAFFEI. Merope. Tragedia in cinque atti.
" For advanced students of
than Merope, with

no more suitable work could be recommended

and dignified language." The Aberdeen Journal.

Italian

its easy, graceful,

MANZONL
Adapted

in prosa.

for English Schools.

PROMESSI SPOSI.
With Grammatical and Explanatory

Notes and an Italian-English Vocabulary.

Small 8vo.

Cloth, 2s.

This School Edition does not give the complete story of The Betrothed, up to
the time of their marriage, but describes all that befell them up to the time of their
It has thus been reduced to suitable dimensions for
flight from their persecutor.
ordinary school work, and contains the most amusing as well as the most thrilling
whole
novel.
of
the
portions

ITALIAN READERS.
For Beginners and Elementary Classes.

A FIRST ITALIAN READING BOOK

Selections from Standard

Authors in Prose and Poetry, with Rules for Pronunciation, Footnotes,
Hints on Italian Versification, a complete Italian -English Vocabulary
of all the Words contained in the Text, in which the "Ionic Accent"
is marked in darker type, and the proper pronunciation of the letters
e, o, s, and t are indicated.
Compiled and Edited by N. Perini,
F.R.A.S., Professor of Italian at King's College, London, the Royal
at
the
and
New
University College, Bristol, etc. , etc.
College of Music,
and enlarged Edition. 156 pages, Crown 8vo. Cloth, 2s. 6d.

MARCHETTI, ITALIAN READER.

Containing Sentences, Aphorisms,

Tales, Historical Anecdotes, Fables, Novelle Morali, Raconti istorici,

Edited with English Footetc. ; comprising, in all, over 130 pieces.
notes by G. Marchetti. 128 pages, Crown 8vo. Cloth, 2s.

DANTE, LA VITA NUOVA. With Notes and Comments in English.

Edited by N. Perini, F.R.A.S., Professor of Italian at King's College,
London, etc., etc. Post 8vo. C^th, 2s. 6d.

"A

work of intense interest as a great autobiographical memorial of one of the

world's chief men. . . . Signor Perini's edition gives us a clearly printed text, a
pleasantly written preface, and a good collection of useful notes, many of which we
have tested with satisfactory results." Schoolmaster.
"The text is not really difficult, even to those who are but novices in Italian ; and
with such annotation as is here provided no one need be afraid of it." Daily
Chronicle.

MANZONI. The First Chapter of I Promessi Sposi, with an English

Interlinear Translation, intended as a First Reading and Translation
Book for Students of the Italian Language. Edited by N. Perini,
F.R.A.S., Professor of Italian at King's College, London, etc., etc.
Demy 8vo. Cloth, 2s. 6d.
METASTASIO, LA CLEMENZA DI TITO.

Edited with an English

Interlinear Translation of the First Act, especially prepared for the

Use
8vo.

of English Students,
Cloth, 2s. 6d.

by N. Perini, F.R.A.S.,

etc., etc.

Demy

"In making my

choice of this melodrama, I have been encouraged by my firm

conviction that no modern Italian poet can be compared with Metastasio in the
of
excellency
style, in the copiousness, spontaneity and harmony of poetic expressions." Extract from Editor's Preface.

PELLICO, S., LE MIE PRIGIONI. Adapted for English Schools, with

Grammatical and Explanatory Notes, by A. C. Clapin, M.A.,
Examiner of Foreign Languages for the Oxford and Cambridge School's
Examination Board and the Cambridge Local Examinations, etc.
160 pages,

Crown

8vo.

Cloth,

Is.

6d.

In this edition it has been deemed expedient to eliminate from the original text a
few passages which are not suited for the class-room ; nothing, however, has been
omitted of the actual narrative of 'Silvio Pellico's Imprisonments.' No better book
than this could be placed in the hands of English students of the Italian language ;
for it is not only a work of elevated morality, and of simple evangelical piety, but it
8 also a work written in the most refined language by an author acknowledged to be
one of the shining lights of Italian literature. The notes are necessarily more full at
the outset than later on especial care has, however, been taken to dwell upon all
the eccentricities of orthography, which are due to the clipping of words or the
addition of prefixes to others for purely phonetic reasons, a peculiarity of the Italian
language which is apt to puzzle beginners." Extract from Editor's Preface.
;

DEDICATED BY SPECIAL PERMISSION TO TEE LATE LORD TENNYSON.

An

Italian

Conversation Grammar.

Comprising the most important rules of the Italian Grammar, with

numerous examples and exercises thereon ; English-Italian Dialogues
;
Hints on Italian Versification, and Extracts in Italian
Poetry; followed
by a short Guide to Italian Composition, and an English-Italian and
Italian-English Vocabulary.

By N. PERI N

F.R.A.S.,

I,

Professor of Italian at King's College, London, and at the Royal College of Music;
and Italian Examiner to the Staff College, the Royal Military Academy,
Woolwich; and the Society of Arts.

N.B. Throughout this Grammar the tonic accent on words and

the double pronunciation of the letters E, 0, S, and Z are indicated.

New

Edition, carefully revised. 270 pages,

" This

Demy

8vo. Cloth, 5s.

one of the best Italian grammars for general use which we have met with
in English, if not the best of all.
In the compass of about two hundred and fifty
loosely printed pages it gives the student a clear and sufficiently full view of the
Italian language.
Signor Perini appears to us to have succeeded in making his
Grammar thorough and complete for all the purposes of the ordinary student, without
doing too much. One point in it is to be especially commended. In most grammars
the system commonly known as that of Ollendorf is used in the exercises given to the
pupils. That is to say, first a series of sentences are given in Italian to be translated
into English, and next a series of almost exactly similar sentences are given in English
to be translated into Italiar.. So that when the pupil comes to the latter he has only
to cast his eye back to the former in order to see how to finish his task. The value of
is

the exercise

is in this way greatly diminished.

Signor Perini rightly confines his
exercises to the translation of English into Italian, and they thus form a true test
whether the pupil has mastered the preceding rules or not. As to the translation
from Italian into English, the learner cannot too soon be given an easy book to read
with the help of his dictionary and of explanations from his teacher. It is only at
first that any explanations will be necessary.
There is another excellent point about
All students of Italian are aware that a chief difficulty of Italian
this Grammar.
pronunciation to a beginner lies in the right placing of the accent. In certain cases
the accent is indicated, but in a very large number of cases it is not ; and the student
learns it only by hearing the word pronounced. But it constantly happens that,
before hearing it spoken, he has already seen it printed, and has associated it with a
In such cases, where there is a departure from the usual rule
false accentuation.
that in words where the accent is not indicated it falls on the penultimate syllable,
Signor Perini marks its true place by printing one or more of the letters in the
syllable to be accented in a type larger than the rest. This simple device makes any
misunderstanding impossible. The Grammar may be safely recommended both as a
For the latter,
school-book and to those who wish to teach themselves Italian.
indeed, it is certainly the best that we have seen." Saturday Review.

"The author's long experience as a teacher has made him intimately acquainted
with the vital difficulties of learners, and has suggested the best way of coping with
'
them. All existing Italian grammars in English since resolute John Florio introduced the study of that language among us in his braine-babe of 1611, have laboured
under much the same defects. The learner is baffled and wearied by rules, and
exceptions still more numerous than the rules, before he reaches his main difficulty.
This lies in the verbs and the idioms connected with the verbs. Signor Perini at
once grapples with the difficulty, and the exposition of the verb which opens his book
Once the verbal forms are mastered, facility
is succinct and yet clear and thorough.
in reading, the acquisition of a vocabulary, and insight into the structure of the
fair and recent books as Elwes and Lemmi,
in
such
but
even
come
readily
sentence,
the learner is very weary before he reaches the chief position, which, when carried,
commands all the rest. The printing of the vowel of the accented syllable in darker
character
type all through Signor Perini's book is in accordance with its practical
his remarks on the tendency of Italian words to flow continuously into one another in
reading or conversation are new and excellent." Pall Mall Gazette.
'

'

'

A NEW ELEMENTARY

LATIN GRAMMAR
Based upon the Grammaire Latine of MICHEL BR^AL, Membre de
l'lnstitut, Professeur au College de France, and L^ONCE PERSON,
Ancien Professeur au Lyc6e Condorcet

ADAPTED FOR USE

IN

ENGLISH SCHOOLS

BY

HENRY BELCHER,

M.A. (Lond.)

Fellow of King's College, London; Rector of the High School of Otago, N.Z.

ormerly Master of the University of London Class, King's

and Chaplain

College,

Two

to the School.

Parts (Accidence and Syntax), Complete in One

Crown 8vo. Cloth, 3s. 6d.

Volume, 500 Pages.

Part L, Accidence, separately. 212 Pages. Cloth,

Part II., Syntax. 294 Pages. Cloth, 2s.

2s.

" The editor has

adopted as the basis of his book the popular and
well-reputed Grammaire Latine EUmentaire produced under the
of
Michel Br^al and of L^once Person, and has
conjoint editorship
adopted the materials of that accredited class-book for use in English
This he has done, not by merely translating the Grammaire
Schools.
Latine, or by mainly adopting its contents as they stood in its pages,
but by accepting

its

arrangement and following

rare simplicity of style

and perspicuity

its plan.

of exposition, for

The

which the

French have such an Unquestioned reputation, Mr. Belcher has

imitated, and has thereby imparted clearness and neatness to the
instructions found in every Latin Grammar.
The letterpress used
for the essentials of grammar is bold and plain, while that employed
for subordinate and exceptional matter is smaller, but very distinct,
and the typographical expedients for gaining attention to the more
important details are carefully planned and consistently carried out.
The new Grammar consists of two parts (1) the Accidence, with an
the
(2) Syntax
appendix and an index of nearly 400 references
doctrine of the sentence, in 337 paragraphs, to the matter contained
in which there are 800 references in the index.
The new
Grammar is full in the exposition of the etymology and accidence;
but it is in the syntax that the freshness of form and the excellence of
We commend it heartily." Educational
plan are most apparent.
News.
:

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