GRD Journals- Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering | Volume 1 | Issue 6 | May 2016

ISSN: 2455-5703

Implementation of Distance Relay for Standalone

System
Abhay Dalal
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
RGCER, Nagpur
Pranay Shete
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
YCCE, Nagpur

Mnaish Kurwale
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
RGCER, Nagpur

Parag Shewane
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
DBACER, Nagpur

Pratik Bhele
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics Engineering
RGCER, Nagpur

Abstract
Key role of this paper is to modulate and simulate distance relays using MATLAB. Relays are utilized to protect electric power
systems against trouble and power blackouts as well as to regulate and control the generation and distribution of power. The
primary function of the protective relay is to sense the fault in the system, is to protect standalone system from islanding, such that
the trip coil of the circuit-breaker is energized and the faulty section of the system is disconnected from the rest of the system.
Keywords- Fault, Distance relay, islanding, arc resistance, reach

I. INTRODUCTION
In this paper the implementation of distance relay using MATLAB has been discuss to protract the standalone system whisch is
shown in fig below
Wind Generator
DFIG

Load

Distribution
System

Fig. 1: System Diagram

A. Impedance Relay
In an impedance relay, the torque produced by a current element is balance against the torque of voltage element. The current
element produces positive (pickup) torque. Whereas voltage element produces negative (reset) torque. In other words, an
impedance relay is voltage restrained over current relay. It is used for medium transmission line.
If | Zseen | < | Zset | then trip; else restrain
X
Line fault characteristics

B
C

CR= Rarc= Arc reistance

R

Trip

Restrain

Fig. 2: Characteristic of impedance relay

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Implementation of Distance Relay for Standalone System

(GRDJE/ Volume 1 / Issue 6 / 007)

B. Reactance Relay
A reactance relay is an over current relay with directional restraint. The directional element is arranged to develop maximum
negative torque when its current lags its voltage by 90. The induction-cup or double-induction-loop structures are best suited for
actuating high-speed relays of this type.
If |Xseen | < |Xset| then trip; else retrain

Fig. 3: Characteristics of reactance relay

C. Mho Relay
The induction-cylinder or double-induction-loop structures are used in this type of relay. The complete distance relay for
transmission-line protection is composed of three high speed mho units. A timing unit, connected in a manner similar to that shown
for an impedance-type distance relay. Mho distance relays are used for long transmission lines.
If |Zseen |< |Zn| cos (-) then trip ;else restrain.

B
A

90

Restrain

Zr
Zn

OA=Zn

Trip

OB=Zr

Fig. 4: Characteristics of Mho relay

D. Comparison of the Impedance, Reactance, Mho Relay

The comparison of different distance relays is given below

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Implementation of Distance Relay for Standalone System

(GRDJE/ Volume 1 / Issue 6 / 007)

Table 4.1: Comparison impedance, mho, and reactance relay

Sr
.no

Features

1.

Characteristics

2.

Trip Law

Impedance relay

Reactance relay

Mho relay

If | Zseen | < | Zset |then trip ; else

restrain
Impedance relay is not inherently
directional but can be made so by using
directional unit with it. This delay
automatically adjusts its operating time
according to the distance of the relay
from the fault point.

If |Xseen | < |Xn| then trip ; else

restrain

If |Zseen|<|Zn| cos(-)
then trip; else restrain.

Reactance relay on doesn't have

directional feature nor can be
made directional using
directional unit.

Mho relay incorporates features

of reactance relay with an
addition that it is inherently
directional

3.

Directional
feature

4.

Fault behaviour

The relay operates for forward fault &

restrains during reverse fault.

The relay operates for forward

fault & restrains during reverse
fault.

Operates for forward faults.

5.

Effect of Arc
resistance

Least affected

No effect

Most affected

II. IMPLEMENTATION
The different distance relays are implemented as follows. Start command give to the impedance relay it takes input as V, I, Zseen
, Zset , Cos . Then according to trip law if Zseen < Zset then relay trips; or else it restrains after that stop the system.

Fig. 5: Flowchart for impedance relay

A. Flowchart of Reactance Relay

Start command give to the reactance relay it takes input as V, I , Xseen , Xset . Then according to trip law; if Xseen < Xset then
relay trips or else it restrains after that stop the system.

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Implementation of Distance Relay for Standalone System

(GRDJE/ Volume 1 / Issue 6 / 007)

Fig. 6: Flowchart for reactance relay

B. Flowchart of Mho Relay

Start command give to the mho relay it takes input as V, I, Zseen , Zset, , . Then according to trip law; if Zseen < Zset cos(-)
then relay trips or else it restrains after that stop the system.

Fig. 7: Flowchart for mho relay

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Implementation of Distance Relay for Standalone System

(GRDJE/ Volume 1 / Issue 6 / 007)

III. RESULTS
The results for the simulation which was carried out on the above system are below

Fig 8: Simulation result of voltage for Distribution line during faulty condition

Above waveform shows sinusoidal voltage waveform but in the interval of 0.25 to 0.75 sec the voltage get reduces during faulty
condition with magnitude of 22 KV for time interval of 0 to 0.25sec and for 0.75 to 1.

Fig. 9: simulation result of current for Distribution line during faulty condition

Above waveform shows sinusoidal current waveform but in the interval of 0.25 to 0.75 sec the current get increases
drastically during faulty condition with magnitude of 4600 A.
The fig 10 and fig 11 shows the simulation result of output voltage and current for impedance relay on Distribution line
and effect of fault resistance on transmission line.

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Implementation of Distance Relay for Standalone System

(GRDJE/ Volume 1 / Issue 6 / 007)

Fig. 10: simulation result of Voltage for Distribution line during faulty condition with distance relays

Fig. 11: Simulation result of current for distance relay on distribution line.

Above voltage and current waveform shows that after the interval of 0.25 sec the relay will trip for impedance relay on
distribution line.

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Implementation of Distance Relay for Standalone System

(GRDJE/ Volume 1 / Issue 6 / 007)

Fig. 12: Simulation result of voltage and current for effect of fault resistance on distribution line.

Above figure shows the voltage and current waveform after adding the arc resistance on transmission line the impedance
relay will trip after the interval of 0.25.

IV. CONCLUSION
It can be seen from the results all type of distance relays get operated for the fault, and for the fault having some arc resistance.

REFERENCES
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[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]

Muhd Hafizi Idrisa, Surya Hardia , Mohd Zamri Hasan, Teaching Distance Relay Using MATLAB/Simulink Graphical User Interface 2013.Malaysian
Technical Universities Conference on Engineering & Technology 2012, MUCET 2012.
Wu Guo-yang, Song Xin-li, Tang Yong, Zhong Wu-zhi, Liu Tao Modeling of Protective Relay Systems for Power System Dynamic Simulations, IEEE
2011.
fIA HengXu, ZHANG BaoHui Study on Reactance Relays for Single Phase to Earth Fault on EHV Transmission Lines, 2004 International Conference
of Power System Technology - POWERCON 2004 Singapore, 21-24 November 2004.
Huanzhang Liu, Qiankuan Liu, Shaofeng Huang, and Qixun Yang Phase-to-Phase Distance Relay Based on the Measured Impedance Trajectory, IEEE
2007.
Auday A.H. Mohamad Al-Mansour University College Baghdad, Iraq Essar Gafer Ahmed Electrical Engineering Khartoum, Sudan MATLAB-Simulink SFunction forModeling Digital MHO Distance Relay International Conference on Computing, Control, Networking, Electronics and Embedded Systems
Engineering, 2015

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