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FRANK GREYTOK
FRANK MAROTTA
T. P. 4599
operations, the change in linear velocity in the entire
flow-string is trivial,
2. The product of the density and heat capacity
of the gas is constant,
3. No horizontal temperature gradient exists in the
gas stream,
4. Net flow of heat by conduction within the
formation and in the gas stream in the vertical direction is trivial in magnitude and can be neglected,
5. The regional vertical geothermal gradient is
constant, and
6. The temperature of the gas entering the borehole is constant, and equal to that of the reservoir,
INTRODUCTION
Although one of the primary variables in the calculation of the flowing bottom-hole pressure in gas wells
from surface measurements is the temperature at any
point and its distribution in the flow-string, only few
experimental data are available in the literature and
little attention has been given to analysis of the problem. Virtually all of the recently published methods of
calculating flowing bottom-hole pressures depend on the
assumption that either the temperature is constant at
some average value or that the variation is linear with
depth. The purposes of this work are to analyze the
problem theoretically and to verify the analysis by comparison with experimental data so that practical problems in the analysis of the behavior of gas wells can
be solved with greater accuracy, reliability, and ease.
the increment in temperature is given by - t:" ;" x. Gas of density p" and heat capacity
Cr
I-
r.a'wp"c"T(,1
,r
- [ - 2ar.Kt:"x!.....'!'
uY
,1'+.l..,1:'
I ,] r-u
77
(1)
ut
'=" =
,aft"
(2)
----
SPE-767-G
If heat transfer by conduction in the x direction be neglected, the equation for the temperature of the forma-
tion is
a' T.
1 G T.
0 T..
c,p..
(3)
--+----=---_.
Gr'
of
arK
K t
=~~.;t
Eq. 2 becomes
a Tg
) +-(j T,
( --+p.
a~
oR
2K x
p . c . a"
;k
I _
2 p,c,
=~~;f3
p" C v
L\T,Wa' Pvc,
2KL
Wa' p"
1 (j T"
--~
}{~,
(4)
08
a' T, +
oR'
1 a T.. _
RaR-
(j
T..
(5)
08
Eqs. 4 and 5 plus the following statement for the initial and boundary conditions provide a complete mathematical description of the physical system (well and its surroundings).
To = T, = T.
13$
whene = OforaIlvaluesofRand~.
(6)
(7)
when
To = T,
lim T. =
R -'? CN
(8)
(9)
13 ~
~;
k)]) be denoted by y
and the Laplace Transformation of the formation temperature with respect to e be denoted by w, ;;; and yare the
iterated transforms first with respect to e and then with respect to ~; i.e.,
" [Tv]
[1'
o~.o
Ie'" T"
Ie
J=
(0,
~; k)d 0
I"V
.(.I'
' t'k)
.,
re-'" T. (R,~,
" [T,J =
d t- =
y (.1',
~; k).
(10)
y-(sp' k)
,
(11)
8; k) d 8 = w (R,
~, .1'; k)
(12)
,,~
[T,]
(13)
dY_J1'.+awl
d~
GR
I R~t
=~+f3~
k
(14)
and
(j'
aw
(15)
--+-~=sw+PI::
oR'
R 0R
fJ .
and transforming Eqs. 14 and 15 with respect to ~
y=
d;
-.I"
dR
+
)
p + -k
P + -k
13
~(-'--------S
kp'
(16)
U-l
and
d'~
- +
dR'
1 d;
R dR =
/3
p'
are obtained.
The general solution of Eq. 17 is
;=AI,,(y-;R) +BK,,(ysR)
13
(18)
s p'
From the statement of the boundary conditions (Eq. 9) the transform must be finite as R
quently,
170
-'? 00
and conse-
f3
= 0, ;; = B K, (yiS R)
(19)
s p'
Differentiating Eq. 19 with respect to R, and using the result in Eq. 16,
__
f3
+ -~) -
p' ( p
y -
BvsK,(VS)
(20)
B=
~ )Ko (vs)
s p [( p
(21 )
+ VS K, (VS)"
f3-~[
= ----;;;-
T + yiS K,
(22)
(vs)
K" (vs)
~)
= k (f3 -
(..::.cK;;.;;.o-'-(v-,,--;::::;s)=---_--=-_-=
+ k y s K, (v s)
s Ko (v s)
K1
- -.L[s
+ /, V8[(, (V~] J
k
('18)
(23)
s
+ kvs K,
(vs)
K, (vs)
.\'
a~OO
~-i.
dz
(24)
where y is chosen so large that all of the singularities of y(z, 0 lie to the left of the line y
In order to proceed, y is separated into three partv and
i a, y
f3~
y,= - .
s
(f3 -
(25)
~)
y,=--s
+ k VS K,
s K" (vs )
= - (f3 -
y,
i a.
~ [
~)
e - TS +
s
+ k ys
-K1
(vs )
(VSl]
kVs~
K,
{27)
(ys)
K" (vs)
(28)
} = lim _ 1
_.
Ko (vs )
{ sK,,(vs) +kvsK,(vs) a-'Hx;27fi
Io+,a __-----oe'=-"_K~,,~('-v'__"_z-=)~d_z,,----==
(29)
';-iozK..(,h) +k,/zK,h/z
("'I + ,(.0(,)
c
F
Y+i.
e'"
y, (z) dz
'/'-! a
ID
e'" z y, (z) dz
J- ,. e'" Z y, (z)
(}
dz = 0
(30)
J.:
or
~+i._ e'" Z y,
'Y-ta
(z) dz = -
[I
e'"
V
y, (z) dz
IN e'" Z y, (z)
dz
(31 )
171
1
-2~'
-'[sy,(s)] = -
7r I
(32)
Jt:
[- +
oc
=2
F,,,
d
Z y, (z)
= _
(34)
+ i Y, (u)]
u'e-ir.
z -
e-,,-e Ko (ue-ir.I') du
ue iTo Ko (ue ir.I') + k e '''I' K, (ue ir.I')
so that
4k
-' [s y, (s)] =
71"
(36)
e-"'" d u
I, (u)], + [u Yo (u) - k Y , (u)],)"
u([u Jo (u) - k
(35)
(37)
and
00
4k
Tg, = -' [y,] =
(1 - e- O e) d u
u"[(u .To Cu.) - k 1, (u)]' + [u Yo(u) - k Y,(u)],)
71"
(38)
I7+ iae ze
1.
-ex:; 271'1
lim
a~
Z Y3 (z) dz .
-,-,a
(39)
The integrand is analytic within and on the contour (Fig. 1). The integral can be shown to vanish along both the
large circle and the small circle and hence
lim
a
00
I;'~~"
ZY3 (z) dz
z =
..........
(40)
u'e",
= -
~i-,a
e- U-" e-(U
_
U
[-Jl
r-
(u)
-Ja (u)
+ i Y,
+ i Yo
i, (u)
_ J o (u)
(U)]
(u)
du
+ i Y , (u.)]
+ i Yo (u)
(41)
I
%
- '[S y, ()
S ]
-=-"2
f {' [u k I, - U-I,]
,.
2E + -2k
2~}d
-(u 2
SIll--cos
- 1I
e i1
Tlfl
7T
Tifl
u([u 10 (u) - k.T, (u)]' + [u Yo (u) - k Y, (u)]') .
-u'"
(42)
in which
1, = .T,,'
(1I)
I, = 10
(u) 1, (u)
(43)
Y,,' (1I)
and
r [(,
e,
(v-;)]
)~ _ ~ J(1 %
(44)
Yo (u) Y , (u)
_ K, (vs) ~ -
+ k Vs
71'
,f'
U,
e-
")
(e-'''y,-)
[u k
I, -
k J, (un
...
u- 1,]
2~
Sill 71'/,
2k
2~ }
du
[u Ya(U) - k Y , (U)'}
(45)
="'---'--"--==
Ko (vS)
Because
1(8 - t)
if
=0
if
~
<T
................
(46)
71'~
e >k
PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME
the complete solution for the distribution of temperature in the gas stream is
,
Ua
2~k)'
(1 - e- ) du
To = - [3 ~ + ([3 - fL)"
-u"'3[C7(u-----:-Jo---;(-uc--)---k~J,---;(-U:-c:)]""~+--;[,---u--:cy:c-,,-;--(u~)-----;-k--:;y-;-,-;-(U~)""""rc:-)
fL) - Tr
J.
[2
2k
= - [3 ~ + ([3 -
k J'"
-Tr
2
u
(1 - e- 6) du
----=-c---
u'[(u.T" Cu.) -
[(l:..]{
e- il
[u k f, - u-." f,]
u'[(u J, (u;) -
k J, (u)]'
k J, (u)]'
Sill
Tr2~
f,
[u Y,,(u) -
[u Y,,(u) -
k Y,(u)],)
2k cos Tr2~}
+ ---:;;:f, du
k Y,(u)],)
(B)
or
To = - [3
~+
(B-1 )
Where
I, =
12
J
"
u'[(u J, (u) -
k.T, (u)]'
+ [u
Y.(u) -
k Y , (u)
o<e<T'
0
00
1,=
(1 - e- '6) du
[1 - eO (
8 -
( )]
[
-(U~]
k
e
f
,
(B-2)
{k
[u f, - u ' f ,]
J.
~ + ---=2 k cos -2 ~ }
'
Sill -2- -
Tr f,
"
Tr f,
du
~---------;u3=[(-;--u~J~,~(-u)~--k~.Tl~(-U~)]~,~+-[~u~Y~o~(u~)~-~k~Y---;,(-U~)]=')--~
(B-3)
It should be emphasized that Eq. B-1 provides the
difference in temperature between the reservoir and any
point in the flow-string above it and that this difference
is zero at a point opposite the reservoir. The actual temperature at any point in the flow-string therefore is
Tot
Tollil - [3
Tr
(B-4)
I, and 1, were evaluated by Simpson's rule with stand-
tubing diameter is 21/z in, and static bottom-hole pressure is 1,580 psia. Bottom-hole temperature is 132F
and average annual surface temperature is 74F. The
temperature distribution in the well at the end of 4
hours, 24 hours, and 7 days is desired.
The curves obtained by plotting the results of the
computations as profiles of temperature show a rapid
increase of temperature with time for the first 24 hours,
and a slow variation thereafter. The gradient shown for
infinite time is not attainable physically. It should be
emphasized that these calculations are valid only for a
EXAMPLE I-FORMATION AND FLUID PROPERTIES
K = 0.000396
c,
P,
Co
a = 0,1015 It
a' = 0.0103 It'
W = 15.9ft/sec
No. 1
(FIG.
Pc
Te
Pr
Te
=
=
=
=
= 0.841
669 psia
372"R
2,362
1.591
Po = 5.58
k = 28.5
f3 = 7,58
I'-
457
1.154
TABLE 1
" =
8, = 17.60
8, = 105.60
8 3 = 739.20
3)
0.22
143
0.396
j. T,
-L- = 0.0166
RESULTS
EXAMPLE
=
=
=
To -
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
To (x = 0) = -
.00455
" = .00826
" = .01165
4. hours
.0597
.0343
,0187
.0101
.00592
.00261
.00127
.00054
7.58~
"
24 hours
.105
.0725
.0494
.0334
.0221
.0151
.00985
.00644
+ (18.15) (6.43) (18.15" -
7 days
.156
.121
.0919
.0696
.0521
0403
.0261
,0207
,,)
173
r=
Second FIoo.Ifl9
Tempe mUff Qi.mbutlOn Inl!!I'al
i=::
C'2
I
01:==
8=
~~&
+-~
I,
I,
1('1"
1('1'
rl'
' "1# ~
~
rl
" Iii
~t=I-F
t::;,; :;~
i;:~"
-'
,~
' ill
0.0001,
II
eC/k
Second Flowin;
T."'~ratu,. Oi.tribution
Second FIowItlG
IlIttoral
r=
t::
i:ii
Second FlowlI'IQ
Temperature Oiltribulioll 'n'eoral
C,
iii
It"
.'. .v .
I,
I,
I'
C-
.,.' i
=;
I,
, I
I!
8-tlk
iT
JI
:~
_.
_I
~1111
~~
I,
I,
r-+-+++f++j~'I'I'!
rt
'"
m-~11
Second FlowllI9
H+L-lTemperature Dlslflbulton Inleorol
f--.~-+-i+r-. ++~T
c. 6
f~iIM-,I+
Ii';-Hi,.J:+TT"- I ! I i IIII I
i-l.
0.0001,
t, e-'/k
100
,00
e-(/k
174
w'
II
I-
<!
w
'"~IO
I-
Ell
(3 ~
k)'
2
+ ( ---:;-
2kL.
/':, T,Wa'pv
[(~)'
2k
70
FIC.
1, (3 - fL)
(47)
Analysis of 1, (Eq. B-2) shows that for most values
of 8, k'I, is approximately a constant. Because of this
property of the integral, a simple trial and error procedure suffices for the evaluation of the effective specific
heat of the gas stream.
The quantity TVBll - (3 ~ (surface) is the average annual surface temperature. Of the remaining terms in
Eq. 47, (3 depends upon c, and fL is independent of c.
To determine the effective value of c for the well, any
point on the measured time-temperature curve may be
selected and calculated. Any reasonable value for k is
assumed and k'I, determined for these values of 8 and
k. This information is used with Eq. 47 which is solved
for c, obtaining
c -
fLl
500
1000
1500
2000
DEPTH, FEET
2500
3000
3500
(C)
value of c, k
xft
17~---'----'1--~~~T----r--~----,
2000
4000
6000
"<Ii
;31
"-
a:
::J
I-
<!
a:
fL =
~ II
~
I-
THEORETICAL
TABLE 2
h = 0.13188
~
1
2
3
<I
5
6
7
8
I,
.40772
.27382
.18026
.11931
.07768
.05021
.03219
. 02000
7~~--~--~~--~~8~0~0---L--~1~20~0~~
TIME, minutes
mination of an effective specific heat from surface measurements results in close approximation to the actual
distribution of temperatures. The temperature profile
in the gas stream changes rapidly only during the first
day of production; for practical purposes, stabilization
is attained within a day.
The use of linear approximation for the actual distribution of temperature introduces a maximum error
of about 4F for short producing times, and the error
grows slowly with time. The magnitUde of the effect of
this error in temperature on the accuracy of bottomhole pressure calculations is not known, but should be
small.
y,y
w. ;-
I"
I,
I,
J"
J,
Ku
K,
NOMENCLATURE
c,
Cv
/" /2
i = vi - 1
k = Ratio of volumetric specific heats
p = Transform parameter with respect to space
variable
r = Radius variable, dimensional
s = Transform parameter with respect to time
variable
t = Time, dimensional
u = Variable of integration
176
sional
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank the Texas Petroleum Research Committee for permission to prepare and publish
this paper, and to thank G. H. Fancher, director, and
G. W. Crawford, assistant director, for their encouragement and assistance in this work.
Acknowledgment also is due the entire staff of the
University of Texas Div. of TPRC for assistance in
completing the calculations.
= Distance
R
T"
Tat
T,
=
=
f'... 1',
L
-----=
W
Y
Y:z = Complex
Bessel function of the second kind, first order
variable
=
f3 =
p,
pg
t: