What are some good quotes that will help fetch more marks for my

essay in the UPSC exam?

Martin Luther King
1. Faith is taking the first step even when you can't see the whole staircase
2. Darkness can't drive out darkness, only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate, only
love can do that.
3. Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.
4. If you can't fly then run, if you can't run then walk, if you can't walk then crawl, but
whatever may you do you have to keep moving forward.
5. There comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, nor politic, nor
popular but he must take it because
6. Before you do anything, stop and recall the face of the poorest most helpless destitute
person you have seen and ask yourself, Is What I am about to do going to help him?
7. It's the action and not the fruit of the action which is important.
8. Non cooperation with evil is as much a duty as is cooperation with good.
9. In matter of conscience, the law of majority has no place.
10. Victory attained by violence is tantamount to defeat, for it is temporary.
11. The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.
12. A man is the product of his thoughts. What he thinks, he becomes.
13. It has always been a mystery to me how men can feel themselves honoured by the
humiliation of their fellow beings.
14. First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.
15. Public opinion alone can keep a society pure and healthy.
16. There comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, nor politic, nor
popular, but he must take it because conscience tells him it is right.
17. Never, never be afraid to do what's right, especially if the well-being of a person or animal
is at stake. Society's punishments are small compared to the wounds we inflict on our soul
when we look the other way.
18. The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and
convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.
19. A man who won't die for something is not fit to live.
20. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere
21. We must accept finite disappointment, but never lose infinite hope.
22. If a man is called to be a street sweeper, he should sweep streets even as a Michaelangelo
painted, or Beethoven composed music or Shakespeare wrote poetry. He should sweep
streets so well that all the hosts of heaven and earth will pause to say, 'Here lived a great
street sweeper who did his job well.
23. There comes a time when silence is betrayal
24. Never forget that everything Hitler did in Germany was legal.
25. Wars are poor chisels for carving out peaceful tomorrows
26. The time is always right to do the right thing.
27. Life's most persisten and urgent question is : "What are you doing for others?"

28. Love is the only force capable of tranforming an enemy to a friend.

29. One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.
30. Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and
misguided men.
31. If I cannot do great things, I can do small things in a great way.
32. Dante, said that hottest place in hell are reserved for those who in a period of moral crisis
maintain their neutrality.
33. Lightning makes no sound until it strikes.
34. Not everybody can be famous but everybody can be great, because greatness is determined
by service.
35. A right delayed is a right denied.

Bertrand Russell
1. Do not fear to be eccentric in opinion, for every opinion now accepted was once eccentric
2. The fundamental cause of the trouble is that in modern world the stupids are cocksure
while the intelligent are full of doubt.
3. War does not determine who is right - only who is left.
4. Longing for love, search for knowledge and unbearable pity for the suffering of the
mankind.
5. The hardest thing in life is which bridge to cross and which to burn.
6. If there were in the world today any large number of people who desired their own
happiness more than they desired the unhappiness of others, we could have paradise in a
few years.
7. Not to be absolutely certain, is one of the essential things in rationality.

Einstein
1. There are two ways to live your life. One is though nothing is a miracle. The other is as
though everything is a miracle.
2. Imagination is more important than knowledge.
3. If you can't explain it to a six year old, you don't understand it yourself.
4. Logic will get you from A to Z; imagination will get you everywhere.
5. Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.
6. Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.
7. Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its
whole life believing that it is stupid.
8. I speak to everyone in the same way, whether he is the garbage man or the president of the
university.
9. Coincidence is God's way of remaining anonymous.
10. Never memorize something that you can look up.
11. When you are courting a nice girl an hour seems like a second. When you sit on a red-hot
cinder a second seems like an hour. That's relativity.
12. I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious.

13. If a cluttered desk is a sign of a cluttered mind, of what, then, is an empty desk a sign?
14. Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.
15. Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important thing is not to stop
questioning.
16. Try not to become a man of success. Rather become a man of value.
17. The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without
changing our thinking.
18. Don't say you don't have enough time. You have exactly the same number of hours per day
that were given to Helen Keller, Pasteur, Michaelangelo, Mother Teresa, Leonardo da
Vinci, Thomas Jefferson, and Albert Einstein.
19. Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds
20. You never fail until you stop trying.
21. I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be
fought with sticks and stones.
22. Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in love.
23. Any fool can know. The point is to understand
24. The world is a dangerous place to live, not because of the people who are evil, but because
of the people who don't do anything about it.
25. It is not that I'm so smart. But I stay with the questions much longer.
26. Everything must be made as simple as possible. But not simpler.
27. What is right is not always popular and what is popular is not always right.
28. In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity
29. The woman who follows the crowd will usually go no further than the crowd. The woman
who walks alone is likely to find herself in places no one has ever been before.
30. Blind belief in authority is the greatest enemy of truth.
31. Genius is 1% talent and 99% percent hard work..
32. We all know that light travels faster than sound. That's why certain people appear bright
until you hear them speak
33. Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile.
34. What a sad era when it is easier to smash an atom than a prejudice
35. Only those who attempt the absurd can achieve the impossible
36. The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax.
37. If people are good only because they fear punishment, and hope for reward, then we are a
sorry lot indeed.
38. If there is any religion that could respond to the needs of modern science, it would be
Buddhism
39. The tragedy of life is what dies inside a man while he lives

Immanuel Kant
1. Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of
any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end.
2. Dare to think

B. R. Ambedkar
1. I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have
achieved.
2. Life should be great rather than long.

Leo Tolstoy
1.
2.
3.
4.

Everyone thinks of changing the world, but no one thinks of changing himself.
Wrong does not cease to be wrong because the majority share in it.
To get rid of enemy one must love him.
A man is like a fraction whose numerator is what he is and whose denominator is what he
thinks of himself. The larger the denominator, the smaller the fraction.

Gautam Buddha
1. However many holy words you read, however many you speak, what good will they do you
if you do not act on upon them?
2. Do not believe in anything simply because you have heard it. Do not believe in anything
simply because it is spoken and rumored by many. Do not believe in anything simply
because it is found written in your religious books. Do not believe in anything merely on
the authority of your teachers and elders. Do not believe in traditions because they have
been handed down for many generations. But after observation and analysis, when you
find that anything agrees with reason and is conducive to the good and benefit of one and
all, then accept it and live up to it.
3. Doubt everything. Find your own light.
4. Every morning we are born again. What we do today is what matters most.
5. Believe nothing, no matter where you read it, or who said it, no matter if I have said it,
unless it agrees with your own reason and your own common sense.

Mahatma Gandhi
1.
2.
3.
4.

Be the change that you wish to see in the world.

Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.
An eye for an eye will only make the whole world blind.
Seven Deadly Sins. Wealth without work; Pleasure without conscience; Science without
humanity; Knowledge without character; Politics without principle; Commerce without
morality; Worship without sacrifice.
5. First they ignore you, then they ridicule you, then they fight you, and then you win
6. God has no religion.
7. Your beliefs become your thoughts; Your thoughts become your words; Your words
become your actions; Your actions become your habits; Your habits become your values;
Your values become your destiny

8. You must not lose faith in humanity. Humanity is like an ocean; if a few drops of the ocean
are dirty, the ocean does not become dirty
9. The future depends on what you do today
10. Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed.
11. To believe in something, and not to live it, is dishonest.
12. There are people in the world so hungry, that God cannot appear to them except in the
form of bread
13. Strength does not come from physical capacity. It comes from an indomitable will
14. My Life is My Message
15. You can chain me, you can torture me, you can even destroy this body, but you will never
imprison my mind.
16. The simplest acts of kindness are by far more powerful then a thousand heads bowing in
prayer.
17. In doing something, do it with love or never do it at all.
18. To my mind, the life of a lamb is no less precious than that of a human being
19. Always aim at complete harmony of thought and word and deed. Always aim at purifying
your thoughts and everything will be well
20. In a gentle way you can shake the world.
21. Poverty is the worst form of violence.
22. A No uttered from deepest conviction is better than a YES merely uttered to please, or
worse, to avoid trouble.
23. The difference between what we do and what we are capable of doing would suffice to solve
most of the world's problems.
24. Happiness is when what you think, what you say and what you do are in harmony.

Tagore
1. The butterfly counts not months but moments, and has time enough

Socrates
1. The unexamined life is not worth living.
2. There is only one good, knowledge and one evil ignorance.
3. By all means marry; if you get a good wife, youll become happy; if you get a bad one, youll
become a philosopher.
4. He who is not contented with what he has, would not be contented with what he would like
to have
5. Know thyself.

Aristotle
1. No great mind ever existed without a touch of madness.
2. Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.
3. Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.

4.
5.
6.
7.

Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime

The whole is greater than sum of its parts.
We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, therefore , is not an act, but a habit.
All persons ought to endeavor to follow what is right, and not what is established.

Bentham
1. Rarest of all human quality is consistency.

Arthur Schopenhauer
1.
2.
3.
4.

Compassion is the basis of morality.

Every man takes the limits of his own field of vision for the limits of the world.
One should use common words to say uncommon things.
Religion is the masterpiece of the art of animal training, for it trains people as to how they
shall think.

Mark Twain
1. It is curious that physical courage should be so common in the world and moral courage so
rare.
2. If you tell the truth, you don't have to remember anything
3. The man who does not read has no advantage over the man who cannot read.
4. Classic - a book people praise but don't learn.
5. God created war so that Americans would learn Geography.
6. I do not fear death, I had been dead for billions and billions of years before I was born, and
had not suffered the slightest inconvenience from it.
7. Kindness is a language which the deaf can hear and the blind can see.
8. The best way to cheer up yourself is to try to cheer someone else up.

Charles Dickens
1. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.
Henry David Thoreau
1. I learned this, at least, by my experiment: that if one advances confidently in the direction
of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with a
success unexpected in common hours.
2. Never look back unless you are planning to go that way.
3. Our life is frittered away by detail. Simplify, simplify.
4. Disobedience is the true foundation of liberty. The obedient must be slaves.
5. Things do not change, we change.
6. Dreams are touchstones of our characters.

7. This world is but a convas for our imagination.

John F. Kennedy
1. The Chinese use two brush strokes to write the word 'crisis.' One brush stroke stands for
danger; the other for opportunity. In a crisis, be aware of the danger--but recognize the
opportunity.
2. Forgive your enemies, but never forget their names.
3. The rights of every man are diminished when the rights of one man are threatened.
4. Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.
5. Conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth
6. A man may die, nations may rise and fall, but an idea lives on. Ideas have endurance
without death.
7. One person can make a difference, and everyone should try
8. To those whom much is given, much is expected
9. Mankind must put an end to war - or war will put an end to mankind
10. A child miseducated is a child lost.
11. Without debate, without criticism no administration and no country can succeed and no
republic can survive.
12. We need men who can dream of things that never were
13. Those who dare to fail miserably can achieve greatly
14. The supreme reality of our time is the vulnerability of our planet
15. A journey to Thousand miles begins with one step

Benjamin Franklin
1. Either write worth reading or do something worth writing.
2. He that can have patience can have what he will.
3. You may delay but time will not.
4. Justice will not be served until those who are unaffected are as outraged as those who are.
5. If everyone is thinking alike then no one is thinking.
6. Instead of cursing the darkness, light a candle.
7. It is the first responsibility of every citizen to question authority.
8. An investment in knowledge always pays the best interest.
9. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
10. Lost time is never found again.

Franklin Roosevelt
1. The only thing we have to fear is the fear itself.
2. The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have
much, it is whether we provide enough for those who have litte.

Thomas A. Edison
1. I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that don't work
2. Many of life's failures are people who did not realise how close they were to success when
they gave up.
3. 5% of the people think; 10% of people think they think and the other 85% would rather die
than think.
4. Genius is 1% inspiration, 99% perspiration
5. When you have exhausted all possibilities, remember this - you haven't
6. Our greatest weakness lies in giving up. The most certain way to succeed is always to try
just one more time.
7. I never did a day's work in my life, it was all fun.
8. The most necessary task of civilization is to teach people how to think. It should be the
primary purpose of our public schools. The mind of a child is naturally active, it develops
through exercise. Give a child plenty of exercise, for body and brain. The trouble with our
way of educating is that it does not give elasticity to the mind. It casts the brain into a
mold. It insists that the child must accept. It does not encourage original thought or
reasoning, and it lays more stress on memory than observation.
9. Good fortune happens when opportunity meets preparation.

Thomas Paine
1. Independence is my happiness; the world is my country; to do good my religion.
2. Whatever is the right as a man is also the right of another; and it becomes my duty to
guarantee as well as to possess.
3. Those who expect to reap the blessings of freedm must undergo the fatigues of supporting
it.
4. The mind once enlightened cannot again become dark.

George Washington
1. If freedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the
slaughter.
2. My mother was the most beautiful woman I ever saw. All I am I owe to my mother. I
attribute my success in life to the moral, intellectual and physical education I received from
her
3. Human happiness and moral duty are inseparably connected
4. 99% of failures come from people who make excuses.
5. Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of public happiness.
6. Few men have virtue to withstand the highest bidder

Thomas Jefferson
1. I can't live without books.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Honesty is the first chapter of the book of wisdom.

I am a greater believer in luck, and I find the harder I work the more I have of it.
On matters of style, swim with the current, on matters of principle stand like a rock.
Determine never to be idle. No person will have occasion to complain of the want of time,
who never loses any. It is wonderful how much may be done, if we are always doing.

Confucius
1. Consideration for others is the basis of a good life and good society.
2. If your plan is for one year plant rice. If your plan is for ten years plant trees. If your plan is
for one hundred years educate children.
3. Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles.
4. Don't adjust the goals, adjust the action steps.
5. Give a bowl of rice to a man and you will feed him for a day. Teach him how to grow his
own rice and you will save his life.
6. The man who asks a question is a fool for a minute, the man who does not ask is a fool for
life.
7. Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves.
8. It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.
9. Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.
10. It's a universal law -- intolerance is the first sign of an inadequate education. An ill educted
person behaves with arrogant impatience, whereas truly profound education breeds
humility.

Plato
1. The beginning is the most important part of the work.

Rivers of Uttarakhand ::
Alaknanda River

Ganges River

Assan Barrage

Gaula River

Pindar River
Pushpawati River

Bhilangna River

Ramganga River
Kosi River
Kali River

Sharda River

Dhauliganga River

Laksman River

Vasuki Ganga River

Dharma River

Mandakini River

Yamuna River

Bhagirathi River

Alaknanda :
The Alaknanda rises at the confluence and feet of the Satopanth
and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers in Uttarakhand. It meets the
Bhagirathi river at Devprayag after flowing for approx. 229 km
through the Alaknanda valley. Its main tributaries are the
Mandakini, Nandakini, and Pindar rivers. The Alaknanda system
drains parts of Chamoli, Tehri, and Pauri districts. The Alaknanda
River is a tributary of the Ganges River that begins at the
confluence of the Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers in
Uttarakhand. It merges with the Bhagirathi river near Devprayag.
The Alaknanda is a Himalayan river in the state of Uttarakhand,
India that is one of the two headstreams of the Ganges, the major
river of Northern India and the holy river of Hinduism. The other
headstream, Bhagirathi, which is longer, is the source stream.

Bhagirathi :
The Bhagirathi is a turbulent Himalayan river in the state of
Uttarakhand, India, that is the source stream of the Gangesthe
major river of the Gangetic plain of Northern India and the holy
river of Hinduism. The headwaters of the Bhagirathi are formed in
the region of the Gangotri and Khatling glaciers in the Garhwal
Himalaya. From its source, the river flows for about 700 km (435
mi) before meeting the Alaknanda river at an elevation of 475 m
(1,558 ft) in the town of Devprayag. Downstream of this
confluence, considered holy by Hindus, the river is known as the
Ganga or Ganges. The controversial Tehri dam lies at the
confluence of the Bhagirathi and its tributary, the Bhilangna, near
Tehri.

Ghori Ganga :
The Ghori Ganga is a river in the Munsiyari tehsil of the
Pithoragarh District, part of the state of Uttarakhand in northern
India. Its source is the Milam Glacier, just northeast of Nanda Devi.
It is also fed by glaciers and streams flowing from the eastern
slopes of the east wall of the Nanda Devi Sanctuary, and those
flowing west from the high peaks of Panchchuli, Rajramba, and
Chaudhara, including the Ralam Gad and the Pyunsani Gadhera.
The Kalabaland-Burfu Kalganga glacier system also flows into the
Ghori Ganga Valley from the east.

Kali River :
The Kali River originates from the Greater Himalayas at Kalapaani
at an altitude of 3600 m, in the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand,
India. The river is named after the Goddess K?l? whose temple is
situated in Kalapaani near the Lipu-Lekh pass at the border
between India and Tibet. On its upper course, this river forms
India's continuous eastern boundary with Nepal. The River Kali is
known as River Sharda, when it reaches in the plains of
Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. The Kali River joins with the Gori
Ganga at Jauljibi, a place famous for its annual trade fair. It the
joins with the River Karnali and adopts a new name River Sarayu
in Bahraich district till it meets with River Ganges. The area around
Pancheshwar is called 'Kali Kumaon'. Kali descends in plains and
called by the name of Sharda. The Pancheswar Dam, a joint
venture with Nepal for irrigation and hydro-electric power
generation will soon be constructed on the Sarayu or River Kali
disambiguation needed. The Tanakpur Hydroelectric Project
(120MW)was commissioned in April 1993 by the Uttarakhand
Irrigation Department, with a Barrage on the Sharda river near the
town of Tanakpur in the district of Champawat. The Kali River is the
part of the Ganges River System. In 2007, the river became the
focus of media attention, due to the Kali river goonch attacks.

Pindar River :
The Pindar River is a river in Uttarakhand, India. It emerges from
the Pindari Glacier and flows into the Alaknanda River at
Karanprayag. The river, in its initial course, flows through
sedimentary rocks. Further to the south, it meanders through
quarts schist. Granite is found in abundance in this area. The
Pindar river has cut a gorge in thick glacial deposits up to nearly 10
km, resulting in the formation of spacious glacial terraces spread
on both sides of the gorge. Further down, from Phurkia up to Khati,
places en route to the Pindari Glacier, there are numerous
waterfalls, hanging valleys and tremendous rolls cliffs as the one of
at Dwali.

Ramganga :
Ramganga West river originates from Doodhatoli ranges in the
district of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand state of India. The river
Ramganga flows to south west from Kumaun Himalaya. It is a
tributary of the river Ganga, originates from the high altitude zone
of 800m-900m. Ramganga flows by the Corbett National Park near
Ramnagar of Nainital district from where it descends upon the
plains. Bareilly city of Uttar Pradesh is situated on its banks. There
is a dam across this river at Kalagarh for irrigation and
hydroelectric generation. An annual festival of Ganga Dassahra is
organized on its banks annually during the months of September
and October at Chaubari village near Bareilly.

Sarayu :
The Sarayu is a river that flows through what are now the modern
Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. This river is of ancient significance
finding mentions in Vedas and Ramayana. It is often considered to
be synonymous with the modern Ghaghara river or as a tributary of
it. The Rivers Karnali and Mahakali join in the Bahraich District and
are known as Sarayu River. The tributary Mahakali also known as
the River Sharda in Western Uttar Pradesh area and the same river
is known as River Kali in Uttarakhand. The River Sharda is the
Indian International Border with Nepal in the Pilibhit and Lakhimpur
Kheri Districts. On Ram Navami, the festival that celebrates the
birthday of Lord Rama, thousands of people take a dip in the
sacred river Sarayu at Ayodhya.

The Ganga :
The Ganges is one of the major rivers of the Indian subcontinent,
flowing east through the Gangetic Plain of northern India into
Bangladesh. The 2,510 km (1,560 mi) river rises in the western
Himalayas in the Uttarakhand state of India, and drains into the
Sunderbans delta in the Bay of Bengal. It has long been
considered a holy river by Hindus and worshiped as the goddess
Ganga in Hinduism. It has also been important historically: many
former provincial or imperial capitals (such as Patliputra, Kannauj,
Kara, Allahabad, Murshidabad, and Calcutta) have been located on
its banks. The Ganges Basin drains 1,000,000-square-kilometre
(390,000 sq mi) and supports one of the world's highest density of
humans. The average depth of the river is 52 feet (16 m), and the
maximum depth, 100 feet (30 m). The many symbolic meanings of
the river on the Indian subcontinent were spoken to in 1946 by
Jawaharlal Nehru in his Discovery of India, The Ganges, above all
is the river of India, which has held India's heart captive and drawn

uncounted millions to her banks since the dawn of history. The

story of the Ganges, from her source to the sea, from old times to
new, is the story of India's civilization and culture, of the rise and
fall of empires, of great and proud cities, of adventures of man.

Yamuna :
The Yamuna is the largest tributary river of the Ganges (Ganga) in
northern India. Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height
6,387 mtrs., on the south western slopes of Bandarpoonch peaks,
in the Lower Himalayas, it travels a total length of 1,376 kilometers
(855 mi) and has a drainage system of 366,223 sq.km, 40.2% of
the entire Ganga Basin, before merging with the Ganges at Triveni
Sangam, Allahabad, the site for the Kumbha Mela every twelve
years. It crosses several states, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Uttar
Pradesh, passing by Himachal Pradesh and later Delhi, and meets
several of its tributaries on the way, including Tons, its largest and
longest tributary, Chambal, which has its own large basin, followed
by Sindh, the Betwa, and Ken. Most importantly it creates the
highly fertile alluvial, 'Yamuna-Ganga Doab' region between itself
and the Ganges in the Indo-Gangetic plain. Nearly 57 million
people depend on the Yamuna waters. Just like the Ganges, the
Yamuna too is highly venerated in Hinduism and worshipped as
goddess Yamuna, throughout its course. In Hindu mythology, she is
the daughter of Sun God, Surya, and sister of Yama, the God of
Death, hence also known as Yami and according to popular
legends, bathing in its sacred waters frees one from the torments
of death.

India under Governor generals:


Warren Hastings (1772-1785)
Administrative
reforms

And of the dual systems; shifting of treasury froom

Murshidabad to Calcutta.

Revenue reforms

Collection of revenue was taken over by the

Company.

Judicial reforms

Zamindars were given judicial powers; establishment

of civil and criminal courts in each district.

Social reforms

In 1781, he founded the Calcutta Madrasa for

promotion of Islamic studies. This was the first
educational institute established by the Company's
government.

Impeachment

Warren Hastings tendered his resignation in protest

against the Pits India Bill in 1785. He was accused
for the Rohilla bar; Nand Kumar's murder; the case
of the Chet Singh and accepting of bribes. His
impeachment lasted for seven years from 1788 to
1795. He was exonerated for all the charges.

Sir John Macpherson, (1785-1786)

He held the post temporariily.


Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793)
Permanent
settlement of
Bengal

The land was given on permanent basis to

the zamindar in 1793, instead of giving it to the highest
bidder each year. This system got prosperity to both the
Company andzamindar had the cost of the common
peasantry.

Judicial
reforms

Reorganisation of the revenue courts; the

reorganisation of the criminal courts; depriving the
Collectors of the judicial functions; compilation of the
Cornwallis Code.

Police reforms

Depriving zamindar of their police functions;

establishment of the thanas

Sir John Shore (1793-1798)

He followed a policy of non-intervention.


Sir Alured Clark (1798)
He held the post temporarily.

Lord Wellesley, (1798-1805)

He is the famous for introducing Subsidiary Alliance system . He
opened college to train the Company's servants in Calcutta. That is why
he is also called the Father of the Civil Services in India .


Lord Cornwallis (1805)
Pointed for another term, he however died very soon.


Sir George Barlow (1805-1807)
An important event was the Mutiny of Vellore in 1806 in which the
Indian soldiers killed many English officials.


Lord Minto I (1807-1813)
His rule famous for a treaty with Shah of Persia and Treaty of Amritsar
(1809) with Ranjit Singh. Recent Sir Charles Metcalfe to the court of
Ranjit Singh.


Marquess of Hasting (1813-1823)
He was the first to appoint Indians to the highest Ops of responsibility.
The first vernacular newspaper Samahar Patrika begin to be published
during his time.


John Adam (1823)
He held the post temporarily.


Lord Amherst (1823-1828)
Has reign is known for the first Anglo Burmese War (1824-26) and
mutiny of Barrackpur (1824).


William Bayley (1818)
He held the post temporarily.

  
Lord William Bentinck (1828-1833)
Abolition of provincial courts of
appeal and circuit, power of the
magistrate increased,
Administrat appointment of Indians as
ive and
judges, replacement of Persian
judicial
by vernaculars and Scott
reforms
language, introduction of the
residuary system, Sardar Diwani
Adalat at Allahabad;
Codification of Laws.
English accepted as the medium
of instruction after the famous
Educational
Macaulay's recommendation;
reforms
Medical colleges at Calcutta in
1835.

Social
reforms

Abolition of sati in 1829.

Suppression of thuggee in
central India; banning of female
infanticide; banning of human
sacrifice; reform in the Hindu
Law of Inheritance.


Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-36)
He held the post temporarily. He removed the restriction on the
vernacular press.


Lord Auckland (1836-42)
Important events of his regime included the outbreak of first Afghan For
and the signing of a Tripartite Treaty among the English, Ranjit Singh
and Shah Shuja of Afghanistan.


Lord Ellenborough (1842-1844)
His period is known for the end of the first Afghan war, annexation of
Sindh to the British Empire (1843).


William Wilberforce Bird (1844)
He held the post temporarily.


Lord Hardinge (1844-1848)
The most important event of his featured his First Sikh War (18451846).

     
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)

About Lord
Dalhousie

He was the youngest to hold the office of the

Governor General. He is famous for the the Doctrine
of Lapse . The second Burnese war, 1852, took place
because of Lord Dalhousie's desire to exclude all
European power from Burma. The second Anglo
Sikh War and did Sikh power and Punjab was
annexed.

Administrative
reforms

Separate Lieutenant Governor appointed for Bengal;

Shimla made the summer capital.

Arillery Headquarters moved from Calcutta to

Military reforms Merrut; Army headquarters shifted to Shimla;
formation of Gurkha regiments.
Railways

First railway line was led from Bombay to Thana, in

1853.

Post and
Telegraph

Reforming the defects of the Postal System and

linking all the important towns Telegraphically.

Education

Served Charles Woods despatch on Education (1854)

recommended the setting up of universities in
Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. In 1853, competitive
examination for the Indian Civil Services began.


Lord Canning (1856-1858)
Annexation of Avadh; enactment of Hindu Widow Remarriage Bill,
1857; establishment of universities at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay;
the revolt of 1857 who were some of the important events during his
post of Governor General.

India Under Viceroys :


Lord Canning (1858-1862)
Following the Queen's recommendation in 1858, transferring the
Government from the company to the British Crown, Lord Canning was
made the first Viceroy of India. Important developments in his regime
were as follows:
Financial
reforms

Hey 5% income tax was imposed on all are links beyond

Rs. 500 a year.

Judicial
reforms

Penal code was prepared by incorporating the suggestions

earlier made by the First Law Commission headed by Lord
Macaulay. High courts were set up at Calcutta, Bombay
and Madras under the provisions of the Indian High Courts
act of 1861.


Lord Elgin Ist (1861-1863)
The most important event of his time over the suppression of the
Wahabi tribe of the fanatic Muslims inhabiting the North West Frontier.


Lord John Lawrence (1864-1869)
An important event of this time was war against Bhutan in 1865. The
Punjab and Oudh Tenancy Act, 1860, was enacted. Two famines hit
India; first in 1800 in Orrisa and second in 1868-69 in Bundelkhand and
Rajputana. A Famine Commission was set up under the chairmanship
ofSir Henry Campbell .


Lord Mayo (1869-1872)
For the first time in my Indian history census was held in 1871. The
college was setup and Ajmer to impart suitable education to the sons of
the Indian princess. Subsequently, this college came to known as the
'Mayo College". And agricultural department was setup. In 1872, a
convict Sher Ali stabbed him to death at Port Blair.


Lord Northbrook (1872-1876)
The main events of this period were: deposition of Gaekwad in 1874;
the Kuka movement; visit of Prince of Wales; abolition of income tax;
famine in Bihar and Bengal in 1873-1874.


Lord Lytton (1876-1880)
Main events of his time period were :
1. Famine in 1876-1878; Famine Commission was appointed in 1878
headed by General Richard Strachey.
2. The Delhi Durbar, January 1, 1877, was held to decorate Queen
Victoria with the title Kaiser-i-Hind.
3. The Vernacular Press Act, 1878 was passed, putting several curbs
on the vernacular newspapers.
4. Indian Arms act, 1878 forbade the Indian people from keeping or
deeling in arms with the permission of the Government.
5. Foundation of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College was laid
by Lord Lytton in 1877 at Aligarh.
6. Satautory Civil Service in 1879. It was also laid down that the
candidates had to appear and pass the civil services examination
which began to be held in England. The maximum age for these
candidates were reduced from 21 to 19 years.


Lord Ripon (1880-1884)
Important events during Ripon's stint as viceroy were as follows:1. Repeal of Vernacular Press act, 1882.
2. Resolution in 1882 for institution of local self-government in India.
3. Constitution of the Hunter commission on education (1882).
4. The maximum age of admission to civil services raised to 21.
5. Introduction of the Ilber Bill which would authorize India judges to
hear cases against the Europeans as well.


Lord Dufferin (1884-1888)
His period witnessed the third Anglo Burmese war which led to the
accession of upper Burma. Three Tenancy Acts were passed to give
greater security of tenure or to the tenants.


Lord Lansdowne (1888-1894)
Major developments during his period are : enactment of second factory
act; demarcation of the Indo-Afghan border (Durand Line); Second
Indian council Act (1892).


Lord Elgin II (1894-1899)
A bubonic plague in Bombay in 1896 and sever draught in Bikaner and
Hissar district were some of the important events of his period.


Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
Highlights of his period were as follows:
1. Lord Curzon set up a Famine Commision.
2. The Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900, prohibited the sale of
agricultural lands for its attachment in execution of a decree.
3. Agricultural banks were established.
4. In 1904, the cooperative credit societies act was passed.
5. The Department of agriculture was established in 1901.
6. He founded on agriculture research Institute at Pusa.
7. Commission was appointed in 1901 to consider the problems of
education.
8. In order to preserve and protect ancient monuments of India, he
passed the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, and Archaeological
Department was established in 1901.
9. The setup of Police Commission under the Chairmanship of Sir
Andrew Frazer in 1902.
10. A Criminal Investigation Department was opened in each district. In
1901 the Imperial Cadet Corps was set up.


Lord Minto II (1905-1910)
His stint as viceroy is famous for the Minto-Morley Reforms of
1909 which provided for separate electorate to Muslims.


Lord Hardinge II (1910-1916)
In the honour of King George V and Queen Mary of England,
Coronation Darbar was held at Delhi. In 1911 the capital of country was
announced to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. In 1912, Delhi became
the new capital. When Lord Hardinge was heading a procession through
the Chandi Chowk in his new capital, some extremist revolutionaries
through a bomb burn him. The Viceroy himself escaped unhurt. The
First World War broke out in 1914. In 1916, Lord Hardinge laid the
foundation of the Benaras Hindu University. Madan Mohan Malaviya
was the Founder-Chancellor of this university.


Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921)
Enactment of the Government of India, 1919 (Montague-Chelmsfor
Reforms) which introduced dyarchy in the provincess; enactment of
Rowlatt Act (1919); the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy (1919); and the
beginning of the Non-cooperation Movement were some of the
important events in his period.


Lord Reading (1921-26)
Held of the Non-Corporation Movement (1922); arrival of the Prince of
Wales (1921); and outbreak of the Moplah Revolt (1921) was some of
the events of his period.


Lord Irwin (1926-31)
The Viceroylty of Irwin is known for
1. Appointment of Simon commission in 1928.
2. Passing of the resolution for complete independence (purna
smarajya)in 1929.
3. Launching of the civil Disobedience movement.
4. Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931;
5. First Around Table Conference (1930).


Lord Willingdon (1931-1936)
Important events were :
1. The second Around Table Conference, 1931 ;
2. Restarting of the Disbodience Movement, 1931
3. The communal award, 1932; the Poona act;
4. Third Round Table Conference, 1932
5. The Government of India Of 1935;
6. Earthquake in Bihar on January 15, 1934.


Lord Linlithgow (1936-44)
Highlights of his reign were :
1. Longest reign as viceroy of India
2. Beginning of the Second World War.
3. Coming into force of the Government of India Act 1935 with
provinces going to elections.

4. Arrival of the Cripps Mission.

5. Beginning of the Quit India Movement,
6. Great Famine of Bengal (1943)


Lord Wavell (1944-1947)
His period is famous for the Shimla conference, 1945; arrival of the
Cabinet Mission, 1946; the Constituent Assembly boycotted by the
Muslim League which launched the heinous "Direct Action Day" on
August 16, 1946; the Intrim Government under Pt. Jawajarlal Nehru's
leadership; Attlee's Declaration that his government was intended to
hand over the Administration of India to her people before June 1948,
even if no agreement was reached between the Congress and the
Muslim League.


Lord Mountabatten, (March 1947-June 1948)
Declaration of third June, 1947; Indian Independence Act, Partition of
the country between two independent states of India and Pakistan with
Lord Mountbatten and Mr M.A. Jinnah as thier respective Governor
generals.