Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
V2.0
User’s Manual
Vol. 1
In no event shall SERCEL be liable for incidental or consequential damages or related expenses
resulting from the use of this product, or arising out of or related to this manual or the information
contained in it, even if SERCEL has been advised, or knew or should have known of the possibility of
such damages.
The information included in this documentation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However,
SERCEL reserves the right to make changes to its products or specifications at any time, without notice,
in order to improve design or performance and to supply the best possible product. This documentation
does not form in any way a contractual agreement of sales promise on the part of SERCEL.
Software mentioned in this documentation is sold under a precise licence agreement and as such the
documentation may cover technical areas for which the user may not have a final licence.
No part of this documentation, or any of the information included herein may be modified or copied in
any form or by any means without the prior written consent of SERCEL.
Sercel, 428XL, 428XLS, AIB, DPG, DSD, DSU1, DSU3, e-428, eSQC Pro, FDPA428, FDU, FDU-428,
HSU, LandPro Bin, LAUL, LAUL-428, LAULS, LAUX, LAUX-428, LAUXS, Link, LL428, LLIU, LRU,
LSI, LSS, LT428, LX, MGA, MRU, MSI, QT428, SGA, TMS428, TMU428, VE432, VQC88, WPSR are
all trademarks of Sercel. All rights reserved.
UNIX is either a registered trademark or trademark of The Open Group in the United States and/or other
countries.Microsoft and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft
Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and company names mentioned
herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
December 4, 2006 3
428XL User’s Manual Vol. 1
Revision history
Chapters or
Date of
pages
revision Description of revision or reason for change
affected
Nov. 2005 V 1.0 release
Oct. 2006 p. 267, 268 Updated information on raw data.
Dec. 2006 V 2.0 release.
4 December 4, 2006
Table
of
Contents
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
1 Introduction
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Terminology and conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Working with 428XL windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Dialog boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Bar charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
2 Getting started
Opening a user session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Application Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Server Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
The server Administration window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Registering a new user . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Session manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Licence information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Starting/stopping the 428XL server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
The launcher bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Hands-on guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
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Table of Contents
3 Installation setup
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Seismic recording instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Peripherals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Export mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Mobile Receiver Unit (MRU). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
428XL scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
4 Configuration
The main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Customer Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Copyrights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Identity Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
The Setup menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Crew setup window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
User Info setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
SEGD setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Disk Record setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
On Line/Off Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
5 Line
The main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Topographic views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
About topographic views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Sensor view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Instrument view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
6 Operation
The Main Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
The Operation Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
The Active Source view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194
The Active Acquisition view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
The Process Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Auxiliary traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Impulsive type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
Impulsive Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
Correlation Before Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Correlation After Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Vibroseismic Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
How to Generate a Process Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
The Source Point Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Source point parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
To generate a Source Point setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
Seismic setup options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Operating Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Look . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
The Source Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Explosive source parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Vibroseismic source parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228
The Delay setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
7 Positioning
The main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
The Setup menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
The Datum Type setup window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
The Projection Type setup window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
Quality Warning setup window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
The Vehicle Identity setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280
The geographical view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
The layer manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287
GeoZones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Swath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290
Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292
10 428XL User’s Manual Vol. 1
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Table of Contents
Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293
The Tracking view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
Graphical tracking view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
Numerical tracking view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
More about the estimated COG position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300
Supported vehicle tracking systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301
Customizing tracked vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303
Vehicle trackline and history file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304
The Alert system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
GeoZone perimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306
Global alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
Excess speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309
Working with the GIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
Object labelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
Attribute colour maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312
Query builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314
Basic Geodesy Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
8 Export
The main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318
Export activity log views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
File export controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323
Export device indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323
Auto/Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
The Tape Setup menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328
The Functions menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330
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Table of Contents
9 VE432
The main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342
The Vibrator Crew setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343
The Basic Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
Linear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
dB/Hz Log, Tn and dB/Octave Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
Pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354
Random . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355
Custom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
Compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360
Deboost option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360
Generating a Basic Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361
The Acquisition Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
The Radio Management setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365
The QC Limit setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
The QC Choice setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
The T0 Time setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370
Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372
Auto/Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372
12 428XL User’s Manual Vol. 1
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Table of Contents
Look . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373
Vibrator Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375
Local Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
Set DSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
Get DSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
Radio functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
Set Servo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387
PCMCIA Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389
Normal acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391
Graphic view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392
Numeric view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395
DPG/DSD status codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397
Statistics views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398
HFVS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400
Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401
10 Log
The main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
Editing/saving/loading 428XL parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410
SPS files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
The SPS format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
Importing an SPS file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
Exporting an SPS file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415
The Shooting setup window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416
Operator reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
Observer Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
APS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420
APS Verbose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
11 Plotter
The main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424
The Banner setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427
Selecting the traces to plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433
Plot parameters for production shots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436
Processing setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436
Rendering setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440
Format setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440
Test records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
1 Introduction
Overview
The documentation coming with the 428XL system consists of the
following manuals:
• Installation Manual (0311428): contains an introduction to the
428XL system, installation information, a few instructions for the
operator to get started, and reference information that will help you
select a 428XL configuration tailored to your needs.
• User’s Manual Volume 1 (0311430): this manual, describing the
parameters displayed on the system’s Graphic User Interface (GUI)
and how to use each window.
• User’s Manual Volume 2 (0311431): contains information on logged
data and on interfaces (description of Input/Output formats, including
the SEGD format).
• User’s Manual Volume 3 (0311432): contains reference information
(filter charts, theory of tests, technical data, release notes,
specifications).
• Technical Manual (0311429): contains maintenance and repair
information, including operating instructions for using the system’s
testers.
Before using this manual, you need to install the system by following
the instructions given in the 428XL Installation Manual.
The User’s Manual is automatically loaded from the 428XL CDROM
to your workstation’s disk as you load the 428XL software package.
Then it is just one click away at all times, using the Help button
available in every main window. With a PC computer equipped with a
PDF file reader (Adobe Acrobat Reader) you can view this manual
direct from the 428XL CDROM’s DOC directory.
This manual assumes you are familiar with window-driven systems and
you know how to work with windows, including how to use a mouse
and standard menus and commands, and to open, move, resize, shrink,
restore and close a window.
Text box
Index box
Scrollbar
List box
Pushbutton
Click
To press and release a mouse button quickly (left-hand button, unless
otherwise specified).
Command button
A pushbutton that carries out a command (Add, Change, Delete,
Reverse) with the parameters displayed in the text boxes.
Dialog box
A secondary window that provides or requests information within a
main window.
Double-click
To press and release the left-hand mouse button twice in rapid
succession without moving the mouse.
Drag
To move an item on the screen by holding down the mouse button while
moving the mouse. See Drag and Drop (page 29).
18 428XL User’s Manual Vol. 1
December 4, 2006
Introduction
Terminology and conventions
Icon
A small graphical image used to represent a window. Windows can be 1
turned into icons or minimized to save room or unclutter the workspace.
Index box
A text box (usually the first box from left to right) showing the
identification number of a row (or set of rows) to be generated in a list
box or selected from a list box.
List box
A box used to display a scrollable list of the rows edited under a text
box.
Mouse buttons
The left-hand button is used to click, double-click, and select an item.
The right-hand button causes a contextual menu to pop up, if any is
available.
Option button
A pushbutton used to post an option menu in which you can select an
option. An option button displays the label of the selected option and a
bar graphic to distinguish it from a command button.
Click to show
available options
Point (to)
To move the mouse pointer on the screen until it rests on the item you
want to select.
Scale
A rectangular box, with a slider in it, used to set or display a value in a
range. A label indicates the current value. A value is selected by
dragging the slider and releasing the mouse button when the desired
value is displayed. Clicking on either side of the slider selects the next
higher or lower value.
Current setting
Scale
Slider
Figure 1-3
Scrollbar
A rectangular box, with a slider and direction arrow graphics in it, used
to scroll the visible area of a window pane or box (see Figure 1-1 on
page 18). The slider indicates the relative position and size of the visible
area. The position is adjusted by dragging the slider or clicking the
direction arrows.
Select
To point to an item in a menu, by dragging the mouse pointer until the
item is highlighted, and release the mouse button.
Text box
An entry box used to enter or display values and/or text for a parameter
within a dialog box (see Figure 1-1 on page 18).
Toggle button
A pushbutton composed of a label preceded by a graphic (circle or 1
square) with two distinctive states that indicate the set and unset states
of the button.
There are two special cases of toggle buttons.
• Radio button: used to select one option from a number of options.
Each option is represented by a radio button. Each button represents
a mutually exclusive selection (only one radio button can be set at a
time).
Radio buttons
Vib. 1
Vib. 2
Vib. 3
Figure 1-4
Check buttons
Check buttons
Figure 1-5
General rules
• Clicking in a text box causes the text cursor (I-beam pointer) to
appear in it, allowing you to type the desired information. To make
corrections, use the BACKSPACE or DELETE key as applicable.
• The CARRIAGE RETURN key is only used to enter two or more text
lines into the same text box,
• In any dialog box, the allowable values for each text box will
automatically show up if you click Add (or Apply if there is no Add
button) whenever the text box is blank.
• Double-clicking in a text box causes its content to be highlighted.
Then, pressing any key erases the content and enters the
corresponding character.
• Clicking on any row in a list box selects the row (its number shows
up in the index box). See the example below.
• Double-clicking on any row in a list box selects the row and causes
the content of the row to show up in the associated text boxes. See the
example below.
Example: Assuming three rows in a list box, with the following content:
1
Text box 1 Text box 2 Content
Figure 1-6
1 11
2 21
3 31
Figure 1-7
2. Clicking in the third row selects it and causes the row number (3)
to appear in the index box:
3 21 22
Click
1 11
2 21
3 31
Figure 1-8
3. Clicking on the Change button updates the third row with the
content of the text boxes:
Click
Text box 1 Text box 2 Content
3 21 22
Index box Text box 1 Text box 2
1 11
2 21 1 11 12
3 21
2 21 22
3 21 22
Figure 1-9
In an index box
m-n selects all rows from row m to row n.
m- selects all rows from row m to the end of the list.
-m selects all rows from the beginning of the list to row m.
- selects the whole list.
m-n/i selects rows m, m+i, m+2i, m+3i...n
n-m/-i selects rows n, n-i, n-2i, m-3i...m
In a text box
/ means the current value in the list box will not be
changed.
V means the value V will be applied to the specified row or
set of rows.
V/i or V/+i (or V/-i) means an incremental (or decremental)
value starting from V will be applied to the specified set
of rows. (The + sign is optional).
/i or /+i (or /-i) means an increment (or decrement) will be
applied to the pre-existing values of the specified set of
rows.
Add button
Used to create a row or set of rows. You have to enter the new row 1
numbers in the index box, using the syntax shown in the examples
below (this will not work if the rows already exist in the list box).
1 creates row # 1 in the list box.
1-5 creates rows # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
1-8/2 creates rows # 1, 3, 5, 7.
7-2/-2 creates rows # 7, 5, 3.
Change button
Used to update a row or set of rows (already existing in the list box) with
the content of one or more text boxes. You have to enter the number of
the row (or the range of rows) to update in the index box, using the
syntax shown in the examples below:
1 updates row # 1.
1-5 updates rows # 1 through 5.
5- updates all rows from # 5 to the end of the list.
-5 updates all rows from the first sequential number in the
list to # 5.
- updates the whole list.
Assuming the list box contains rows # 10, 20, 8, 11, 12, 15, 30 (starting
with 10 and ending with 30):
-/2 updates rows # 10, 8, 12, 30.
10-15/2 updates rows # 10, 8, 12.
20-/2 updates rows # 20, 11, 15.
-15/2 updates rows # 10, 8, 12.
Delete button
Used to delete a row or set of rows from the list box. You have to enter
the number of the row (or the range of rows) to delete in the index box,
using the syntax shown in the examples below:
1 deletes row # 1.
1-5 deletes row # 1 through 5.
5- deletes all rows from # 5 to the end of the list.
-5 deletes all rows from the first sequential number in the
list to # 5.
- deletes the whole list.
Reverse button
Used to reverse the order of a set of rows specified in the index box as
shown in the examples below:
Apply button
Saves and/or activates the selections made in a main window or a dialog
box. If you wish to generate a file containing the parameters currently
displayed, use the Log main window.
Reset button
Restores the latest values that was saved in the list box when the Apply
button was last used.
Views
Selecting text
1
You can copy content from a text box to another text box or to a text
editor. To select the text to copy, do the following:
1. With the mouse left button, click before the first character to select
(release the mouse button).
2. Using the scrollbar, scroll through the text until the last character
to select is visible.
3. Press the Shift key and hold it down.
4. With the mouse left button, click on the last character to select.
5. Release the Shift key. As a result, the selected text is highlighted.
Alternately, if all of the text to select is viewed, you can do as follows:
1. Move the mouse pointer to the first character to select.
2. Press the mouse left button and hold it down.
3. Move the mouse pointer to the last character to select.
4. Release the mouse button. As a result, the selected text is
highlighted.
Bar charts
Figure 1-10
On each chart the horizontal axis is the scale (divided into a number of
bins) for the values to display, and the vertical axis is for the number of
values in each bin. The following values are also shown:
You can zoom in by double-clicking on the bar chart, and zoom out by
double-clicking again on it.
With the mouse pointer resting anywhere on a bar chart, pressing the
mouse right button causes a menu to pop up with three commands.
Show curve
Used to show or hide the Gaussian curve.
Show grid
Used to show or hide the plot grid.
Properties
• Number of bars: This field is used to specify the number of bins you
want to generate in the bar chart.
• Bar labels: This option button is used to select the type of annotation
to be displayed above each bar:
- Percentage of values contained in the bin, with respect to the
whole set of values.
- Number of values contained in the bin.
2 Getting started
Connection
This command is selected by default on a left-click on the connection
icon in the launcher bar. It opens a connection window:
Click here
to connect
Figure 2-2
Advanced Parameters
If your machine uses a Proxy server, click on the Advanced
Parameters tab to set the Proxy configuration.
Choose “Enabled”, then enter the same configuration (Host name and
Port) as in your Web browser (see the Internet connection options in
your browser).
Remote Server
2
To connect to the server, click on the Remote Server tab, then do the
following:
428GUI
1
2 428GUI
3
user428
4
Figure 2-3
4. In the Login and Password fields, type your Login name and
password respectively (supplied to you by the Senior Observer).
5. Click Connect. The 428XL launcher bar should show up on your
desktop.
Application Settings
Figure 2-4
Browser settings
Allows you to choose which Web Browser to use. Only the default
option is prompted (e. g. Internet Explorer on a Windows host
computer, FireFox on a Linux host), unless you have installed another
browser.
Regional settings
Allows you to choose the Help language (English/Chinese/Russian/
Spanish).
Figure 2-5
Desktop
As you close the 428XL application window by selecting “Exit” from
the connection icon in the launcher bar or clicking the usual close button
in the upper right corner), the system may or may not save the desktop 2
configuration, depending on which option is enabled in the “Desktop”
settings window.
Figure 2-6
• None: with this option enabled, the default window layout is used
each time you open the 428XL application.
• Last session: with this option enabled, the 428XL application opens
with the window layout you were using when you last closed the
launcher bar (with the same user account on the same computer).
• Snapshot: with this option enabled, clicking “Apply” saves the
current window layout on your computer. The windows that were
open at the moment you clicked “Apply” will automatically open,
with the same window layout, each time you next open the 428XL
application with the same user account on the same computer (until
you change your desktop preference option).
Look&Feel
Used to change the look of windows.
Figure 2-7
Server Administration
In this section:
• The server Administration window (page 36)
• Registering a new user (page 37)
• Session manager (page 39)
• Licence information (page 40)
• Starting/stopping the 428XL server (page 41)
Figure 2-8
Right-click
1. Right-click in the list of profiles and select New from the menu
that pops up.
- In the “Name” and “Password”
fields, enter the login name and
password you wish to create for
the new user.
- Click OK. As a result, the new
user appears in the list of Figure 2-10
authorized users.
- Choose the desired Password Expiry Date option (either
choose Never or enter the desired expiry date). The Expiry Date
takes effect at 12 a.m. (server local time).
- From the Role button, choose the privileges you wish to grant to
that user (Guest, or Observer, or Senior Observer permissions).
Role Permissions
- Click Apply.
2. Notify the user of the Login name and Password you have created.
Note: After a profile is created, you can change or delete it by right-
clicking on it in the list of profiles and using the menu that pops up.
Session manager
Open the Administration window and then click on the Sessions tab.
This displays a session manager view with a navigation pane showing
all opened sessions. 2
Unless you are logged on to the crew’s server with Observer or Senior
Observer role privileges, you are not allowed to make any changes in
the session manager window.
Right-click
Click on session to
show details
Details
Licence information
Open the Administration window and then click on the Licences tab.
This displays information that is not displayed in the Install window
when you enter your licence code (Expiry date, allowed tokens, etc.).
Figure 2-12
Figure 2-13
page 317.
Website
• The Positioning icon is used for viewing
source points, tracking vehicles, etc. See
Positioning on page 269. Click to customize
launcher bar
• The VE432 icon opens the Graphic User
Interface for the VE432 vibrator controller. Figure 2-14
See VE432 on page 341. Launcher bar
operator reports, and for the management of all reports. See Log on
page 405.
• The Plotter icon is used for monitoring traces on a plotter. See Plotter
on page 423. 2
• The Chat icon allows you to send messages to the users connected to
the server.
• The Website allows you to download or upload SPS files, report files,
etc.
• The Help icon displays help information (same as the Help menu in
each window).
• The Administration icon is intended for a user with Observer or
Senior Observer privileges to register users, manage passwords and
sessions, etc. See Server Administration (page 36).
The launcher bar can be customized:
Click to customize
Double-click
launcher bar
Figure 2-15
Figure 2-16
Hands-on guide
This hands-on guide teaches a beginner how to customize a main
window (also referred to as “client window”) in just a few clicks. The
first time you log on to a 428XL server, each main window in the
Graphic User Interface is configured with a default layout. Then, your
customized window layout is automatically saved on your computer as
you close the client window, and recovered when you next open it.
In most main windows, it is for you to decide how many views to show
and where to place them. The GUI may also let you decide which
information to view, and which type (numerical/graphical) of view you
want for this information. The intent of the procedure below is to give
you a glimpse of what you can do to customize each main window,
using the “Line” window as an example.
Menu bar
(2) Click to
customize toolbars
Undocked toolbar
(5) Expand/collapse
horizontally
8. To hide any view pane, click on the close button associated with
its tab.
9. If the pane is not large enough for the whole view to fit in, you can
resize the main window and/or use the available scrollbars.
(9) Horizontal
scrollbar
11. You can customize the layout of the main window by placing the
different views where you like them: with the mouse pointer
resting on the tab of any view pane, press the left mouse button,
then move the mouse so as to drag the tab to where you would like
the view pane to appear.
2
Placing tabs side by side will cause the view panes to be cascaded.
Where views are cascaded, you bring any view to the front by
simply clicking on its tab.
Cascaded views
(12) Enable/disable
Automatic Update
13. 428XL messages appear in the “Status Mail” pane at the foot of
the main window. Whether you choose to show or hide that pane,
the orientation of the Mail icon in the toolbar will tell you if any
48 428XL User’s Manual Vol. 1
December 4, 2006
Getting started
Hands-on guide
19. You can save that table configuration by clicking on Save and
entering a name for it in the dialog box that shows up.
Subsequently, you’ll simply have to select the desired type of
table from the “Select a Preset” option button and click Apply to
recover your preferred arrangement of columns at your
convenience.
20. You can also change the order of columns by clicking on a column
heading in the table, then dragging and dropping it where you
would like it to appear (unless you are not allowed to move that
column).
Figure 2-25
21. To resize a column, simply drag its border to the desired width.
Some columns, however, have a minimum width that you are not
allowed to override.
22. Clicking on a column heading may cause an up or down arrow to
appear in that heading, allowing you to scroll through the table if
more rows can be viewed.
Website
Figure 2-27
Access to all menus except Help is securized. Because the Web site can
be accessed direct from any browser, an authentication box appears on
your first attempt to download or upload files, or see Identity
information.
Figure 2-28
Simply enter the same User Name and Password (which a “Senior
Observer” must have given to you) as you used to open your user
session.
• The Identity Card menu displays information on the server machine
(identification, memory size, sercel products hosted on that machine,
patches installed, etc.).
Figure 2-29
• The Upload menu allows you to select a file on your computer’s disk
and load it to the server. The file is loaded to the following directory:
/export/home/e-428/webServer/base/sercel/publication/in
Figure 2-30
Figure 2-31
Chat
Type in your
Click to send
message
Simply type your message in the text box at the foot of the window,
click in the list box to select the user you want to reach, and then click
on the button in the lower right corner to send the message. This causes
a window to pop up on the user’s computer with your message in it.
To select two or more users, press the Control key while clicking in the
list.
3 Installation setup
Overview
Clicking on the “Install” icon in the 428XL launcher bar
opens a window to be used when you install the system or
whenever you install a new software version, or another type
or vibrator electronics, or if you change the number of LCI428 units,
etc.
After making the desired selections in the “Install” window, click
“Apply”. This reboots the server workstation.
WARNING
The new settings will not take effect until the server workstation has
booted up.
e428 Lite
Choose this option if you are installing a 428Lite box rather than an
LCI-428. See 428XL Installation Manual for hardware installation.
Instruments On Field
These buttons allow the system to customize the graphic user interface,
depending on the instrumentation to be used. The specific parameters
and/or commands attached to a type of instrument are hidden and
disabled unless and until you choose that type of instrument in this
window.
See DSU3 tilt correction (page 146).
Disk Buffer
The system uses a file repository in which it temporarily stores your
SEGD files until the Export process can accept them. You can choose
between the following two disk options for the file repository:
• Local Disk: the file repository will use the “/var/dump” directory on
the local disk of the server workstation.
• JBOD FC: the file repository will use an external disk via a Fibre
Channel (a fibre optics port is required on the server workstation).
The files can be arranged in different manners in the repository (see
Backup Settings on page 79).
LCI
Choose the number of LCI boards you want to use, enter the network
address of each of them in the associated fields. You can choose any
address from 172.30.201.1 to 172.30.204.1.
Figure 3-2
Licences
These fields are used to enter the necessary passwords to enable the
software packages you wish to use.
• e-428 Password: This field is used to enter the password supplied to
you by Sercel for your system. That password is dependent upon the
number of client workstations you want to use, the number of traces, 3
the Host or Dongle Identification code of the server workstation, and
the 428XL software version. When you contact SERCEL to get a
password for your system, you have to supply the “Dongle ID” or
“HostId code”, depending on whether your 428XL server is running
on Linux or Solaris.
- On a Linux host computer, you have to plug the associated
dongle into a USB port. The Identification code to supply to
SERCEL is displayed in the Dongle ID field in this window. If,
for any reason, you need a replacement dongle, you will have to
supply the associated “Recovery code” also displayed in this
window.
- On a Solaris host, see Dongle ID or HostId code (page 75) in
428XL Installation Manual to read the Host ID code.
IMPORTANT
Record the Recovery code and keep it in a safe place.
Peripherals
Figure 3-3
Nb of DPG modules
This field is used to specify how many (up to 4) vibrator controller
modules (DPGs) are attached to the system. (For example, each vibrator
fleet you want to use in slip-sweep mode has its own vibrator
controller).
Vibrator type
Choose the type of vibrator electronics used for vibroseismic sources if
any:
• VE432: to be selected if you want to use a VE432 from SERCEL.
• Other: to be selected for any other type of vibrator electronics.
See the wiring of the Blaster connector in 428XL Installation Manual.
Blaster type
Choose the type of blaster used for impulsive sources if any:
• SHOT PRO (PELTON)
• SGS
• BoomBox
• SHALLOW
• MACHA
• OTHER (any type). With this option, the data from the shooting
system is not processed.
Number of plotters
Choose the appropriate option (1 or 2) depending on the number of
plotters attached to the system.
Plotter type
Choose the appropriate option (12 inch or 24 inch plotter).
Enter a name for each plotter in the associated “Name” field. The name
will appear in the Plotter main window to identify each plotter.
MAC address: (Media Access Control address). This field is used to
enter the hardware address of the plotter card, in the case of a plotter
with an Ethernet port.
Export mode
You can record your SEGD files to cartridges and/or export them to
remote disks attached to the local network.
Figure 3-4
Tape drive
This option is used for traditional recording to one or up to four
cartridge drives (to be selected from the associated button).
NFS Server
This option allows SEGD files to be exported in real time to one or two
disks simultaneously. To attach a remote disk to the local network, see
428XL Installation Manual).
FTP Server
Use this option if you wish to export records to an FTP server attached
to the local network.
Observer NFS
server FTP user
Figure 3-5
Figure 3-6
428XL scalability
Your system’s capabilities depend on its resources (for example the
server computer’s RAM size) and on how many traces you want to
record, on the operating mode, on the sample rate, etc. The 428XL
Scalability tab allows you to change some default settings in order to
best suit your crew’s requirements.
3
Note: 428XL software version 2.0 does not allow the use of
simultaneous sources.
• Maximum nb of samples: (12001 by default). The maximum
allowable number of samples depends on the other three parameters.
It is determined by the system as you click on the Compute Samples
button. This allows you to determine the allowable record length (by
multiplying it by the sample rate you want to use).
4 Configuration
Overview
This window serves two main purposes:
• Firstly, it is used to set up some basic parameters at the beginning of
a survey, for instance the sample rate.
• Secondly, it is used to control and initiate communications with the
Line Controller Interface each time the system is switched on.
An additional task is to report on the current hardware and software
configuration of the system, via the Identity Card.
Click to shrink
or expand
Figure 4-1
Customer Support
Copyrights
Clicking on this button displays the list of copyrighted
software and libraries used in your 428XL Graphic User
Interface.
Figure 4-2
Identity Card
Clicking on this button displays a description of the configuration
of your system (Software version, software patches installed,
passwords, workstation configuration, plotter type, hardware
configuration of 428XL Line Controller Interface, etc.).
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-4
Sample rate
(1/4, 1/2, 1, 2 or 4 ms)
This option button allows you to specify the sampling interval to be
used on all traces.
Filter Type
(8N_Lin, 8N_Min).
74 428XL User’s Manual Vol. 1
December 4, 2006
Configuration
The Setup menu
Linear Phase
This type of filter is ideal as far as phase considerations are concerned,
as all the frequencies are delayed by the same amount. That delay is set
to zero in the 428XL.
In return, this kind of filter has a pulse response with leading ringing
(“precursors”) as well as lagging ringing (actually, the pulse response is
symmetrical with respect to time 0).
Minimum Phase
The minimum phase type is causal, i.e. its pulse response, much like
analog filters, starts at time 0, peaks and then rings (no ringing prior to
the peak).
The delay, however, somewhat depends on the input frequency.
Time Management
This option button allows you to choose which clock to use to determine
the time of shots:
• Internal Clock: shot time is synchronized on the server computer’s
clock.
• Source Controller: shot time is synchronized on the source
controller (e. g. for explosive operations) connected to one of the
Blaster connectors on the LCI-428 or 428-Lite box. You have to
select the appropriate Blaster connector from the “From Source
Controller Connection” option button.
• GPS: shot time is synchronized on the GPS time, for example from
the GPS receiver attached to a 428-Lite box. Use the “From GPS
Figure 4-5
The size allocated to the External Header depends on which options you
choose in the SEGD setup menu.
SEGD setup
If you choose the “Advanced” rather than “Standard” option, you can
choose between the following SEGD format options:
Figure 4-6
SEGD Level
You can choose between Revision 1 (Standard) and Revision 2
(providing better efficiency of using high density recording media, and
supporting the use of tapes with physical and electronic readable
labels).
Figure 4-7
Backup Settings
The files can be arranged in three different manners:
• Flat: all files are saved to the same directory (production files are
saved to “/var/dump/normal” and test files to “/var/dump/test”).
• Swath Name: same as with the “Flat” option, but a subdirectory is
created for each swath.
• Swath Name and Julian Day: same as with the “Swath” option, but
for each swath, a subdirectory is created for each julian day.
On Line/Off Line
Clicking “Off Line” inhibits data acquisition and recording, and enables
local functions on the Graphic User Interface. You are then allowed to
make any changes to parameter settings in the “Setup” menu in each
main window.
Clicking “On Line” enables data acquisition and recording. This also
automatically performs a Look function, as well as an instrument test on
the auxiliary traces.
Figure 4-8
The “Activity” box shows the progress of the data flow, in the form of
traffic lights for each stage in the 428XL. When the process stage is idle,
all three lights are off. Otherwise, the colours should be interpreted as
follows:
• The green light means the data stream is being processed or dumped
to the next process stage.
• The orange light comes On if the processor is unable to dump the
data presently being processed to the next stage, for example because
“Manual” instead of “Auto” is activated in the “Export” or “DPG”
main window.
• The red light comes On if the processor is unable to process the data
presently contained in the stage, or unable to dump the processed data
to the next stage (therefore unable to accept any more data).
5 Line
Figure 5-1
The View menu allows you to customize the main window by choosing
one or more views to display. Then you can resize your display panes
by dragging the desired border.
For details on how you can arrange the views and toolbars as you would
like them, see the Hands-on guide (page 44).
Line and spread parameters are programmed through the Setup menu.
See The Survey setup (page 104) to describe the survey, and The Layout
setup (page 111) to generate markers.
As soon as the line power is turned on, all the field units connected
become alive and can be viewed in the main window.
FDUs can be in one of two states: acquisition (seismonitor or
recording) or field update (the rest of the time). As a result the database
is continually updated.
Just after the line power is turned on, all FDUs are in field update mode
(unless no markers are defined). As a result, Resistance, Tilt and
Leakage Sensor tests are performed in real time and can be viewed.
Whenever a new field unit is laid out, it does not appear in the
topographic view until the spread is formed again. If the spread remains
5
the same for consecutive shots (VPs) in continuous mode, no spread
forming is performed, so any new unit laid out will not be visible unless
you program a Look between VPs in the Operation main window (see
Look on page 224). If any Sensor tests are selected in the The Look setup
(page 128), they are performed too (but if the Resistance value exceeds
the specified limit, e. g. if nothing is connected on the channel input, Tilt
and Leakage tests are not performed, even if they are selected in the
Look setup).
Note simply setting a Delay between two shots or VPs will also
cause a Look to be executed.
While active FDUs are collecting the data during acquisition, all passive
ones are still in field update mode and their states are continually
updated on the display if they are in lines that are not involved in the
acquisition. You can see right away if any extra units have been
connected to those lines, or if any sensors or cables (called paths) are at
fault. Any faulty elements, including cables, are displayed in red.
Connectors are shown too (to do that, the system uses the Link
properties recorded in each FDU).
Topographic views
In this section:
• About topographic views (page 86)
• Sensor view (page 88)
• Instrument view (page 91)
• Battery view (page 93)
• Seismonitor (page 94)
• Working with graphic views (page 95)
Figure 5-2
(1) The left-hand pane displays the whole survey. See Zooming
(page 96).
(2) Click on these buttons to expand or collapse the left-hand pane.
Drag the vertical border to resize the two panes.
(3) The right-hand pane displays a magnified view of the area
encompassed in the red frame selected in the left-hand pane. See
Zooming (page 96).
Sensor view
This view shows the topographic stakes and the types of sensors in the
survey.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
(1) Use this button to show or hide the sensor type in the
graphic view. (The selected sensor type number appears
inside the icon).
(2) Use the Sensor QC Type button to select the
type of sensor whose test results you want to
display.
(3) This button looks for the units connected. and launches
the Sensor tests selected in the The Look setup
(page 128). See also Sensor tests (page 169). 5
(4) This option button is used to choose which
type of sensor QC test to launch (with the Go
button) and display.
(5) The Go button provides a shortcut for the test functions
available from the Test Setup menu. (See also Test
functions on page 164). It launches the selected QC test on the
selected units. (If no units are selected, then the test is performed
on the whole survey). This clears the test results, and the units
are shown in blue until the test is completed and new results are
available.
To select a set of units in the graphic view, see To select one or more
elements (page 95). After you launch a test function on any unit, a grey
background appears on that unit in the graphic view, meaning that the
unit is busy.
The colour of each sensor icon depends on the limits programmed for
the Sensor test selected using the option button (Resistance, Tilt, Noise,
Leakage). To change the Sensor test limits, see Sensor type (page 108)
in the description of The Survey setup.
Sensor icons in the graphic view are shown in:
• Green if within the Sensor test limits.
• Red if out of Sensor test limits.
• Light blue if not tested.
Instrument view
This view shows all the field equipment connected in the survey.
(1) (2) (3)
FDU
5
To select a set of units in the graphic view, see To select one or more
elements (page 95). After you launch a test function on any unit, a grey
background appears on that unit in the graphic view, meaning that the
unit is busy.
The buttons in the upper-left corner allow you to highlight or dim some
of the elements for better legibility.
.
Stakes
Figure 5-6
By default, the Instrument graphic view displays the results from self-
tests. The colour code is as follows:
• Green: The unit is identified and its self-test is correct.
• Orange: The unit is identified but no self-test has been performed
(because of a transmission problem).
• Red: The unit cannot be used, or its self-test failed. See
Numeric views (page 101) for details.
• Grey: There is no Marker on the line segment.
Battery view
This view shows the battery-operated units deployed.
Tip
5
With the mouse pointer resting on any battery-operated unit, a tip box
appears, showing the type of the unit, its serial number and its power
supply voltage. The legend at the top of the window shows the
programmed limit for the battery voltage, which is adjustable using the
Threshold slider button.
The icons in the Battery view are shown in green if the battery voltage
is above that threshold, red otherwise.
Seismonitor
The Seismonitor topographic view allows you to view the sensors in
terms of input signal rather than sensor type.
It shows the active spread:
• Active sensors appear as green squares,
• Dead sensors appear as red squares,
• Mute sensors appear as dark blue squares,
• Stakes defined with no sensors appear as yellow crosses.
When the Seismonitor pushbutton is activated, this view also allows
real-time noise monitoring: the level on each receiver is represented
using eight 6-dB steps for both the height and colour (from green to red)
of each receiver icon, depending on the gain selected for Seismonitor.
The red colour step corresponds to the highest step in the level scale.
Figure 5-8
Press
Release
You can copy the selected area using the Control+ C shortcut (the
message “Copy Ready” should appear at the foot of the window) and
paste it into the Absolute Spread Setup window to create a spread
setup.
If you launch a test with the buttons in the upper-right corner of the
graphic pane after selecting a set of units, the test is only performed on
the units selected. The selection is replicated (in the form of an absolute
spread description) in the Test Setup window accessed via the Functions
menu.
To select a single unit, use the same method with a sufficient zoom
factor.
To unselect, click anywhere in the graphic pane.
Zooming
With the mouse pointer resting anywhere in the graphic pane, press the
left button of the mouse. Drag the mouse pointer slowly in any
direction. This causes an elastic frame to show up that enlarges until you
stop dragging the mouse pointer. Release the mouse button. As a result,
the spread area encompassed in the elastic frame occupies the entire
right-hand pane.
Release
Mouse location
Only the QC
Legend
result chosen
with the option
button is shown.
Tip
Still with the mouse pointer resting on a receiver position, pressing the
right-hand button of the mouse causes a menu to pop up. Selecting
Properties opens a window showing details on the receiver position.
The Properties of an FDU include its identification, status, and all
available QC results. Also in the Properties of an LAUX are its IP
address and Booster power supply voltage (48 V).
Right-click shortcuts
With the mouse pointer resting on an element in the graphic Instruments
view, the menu that pops up when you press the right-hand button of the
mouse may prompt one or more contextual shortcuts that let you display
or change properties or parameters of the element.
For example, you can turn a receiver position mute without going
through the Setup menu: you simply have to right-click on the desired
position and select “Set Mute” from the menu that pops up. The
relevant setup (e. g. the Layout setup in this example) is automatically
updated.
See also Detour (page 118).
Checkerboard view
With many units to be shown in the graphic view, the system may
decide to switch to the checkerboard view mode because there is no
room for all icons.
Transverse path
In the checkerboard view mode, icons are shrunk so that they can fit in
the graphic pane. Colours are still significant but control units (LAUX,
LAUL) and anomalies are emphasized so that you can spot them easily.
Then you can zoom in to see details.
All the FDUs making up a link are shrunk into a single rectangular icon
whose colour reflects the global QC of the link: faults (shown in red or
orange) take precedence over any other QC values, i. e. the link’s icon
turns red if any one status in the link is at fault.
Paths
Links can be viewed using the Cable Path button in Instrument views.
Figure 5-14
Viewing details
Double-clicking on a Detour or an FDU (or DSU) opens a detailed view
that allows you to see how many units are included in the Detour or the
Link.
Detail Double-click
Figure 5-15
Detail
Double-click
Figure 5-16
Figure 5-17
Figure 5-18
Numeric views
Use the View menu or toolbar buttons to choose which type of data to
display.
Numeric views display the available results in tables.
Drag border
to resize
5
Use scrollbar to view
Click to filter hidden columns
errors
• Those results which do not fall within the limits specified in the Setup
menu are shown with a red background. If you wish to view only
those results, tick the Error Only option.
• All columns are resizable. Adjust the width if any value fails to fit in.
(With the mouse pointer resting on the border of a column, left-click
and drag the border as required).
• You can show or hide columns by right-clicking in any column
heading and selecting Customize (see Figure 2-24).
• Left-clicking on the heading in any column causes the data in that
column to be sorted in ascending order. Clicking one more time
reverses the order, and so on.
• After you connect a new unit to a line, the unit is added at the top of
the table. The list is not sorted until you click on a column heading.
• The results are cleared each time a test function is launched.
For an LAUL or LAUX, the “Booster Failure” column shows the status
of the +24 V and -24 V power supplies (a failure is reported if the
voltage is below 24 V) and the “Leakage error” column shows the result
from the leakage test (see LAU Leakage setup on page 129). For an LRU,
leakage cannot be measured.
A History views allow you to view the Serial number, Line number,
Point number and geographical position of each unit, along with the
date and time when it was last seen (Last Access) and first seen
(Creation Date) in the survey.
Histogram view
Results from Sensor tests and Instrument tests can be displayed in the
form of histograms in Histogram views.
.
Lower end of
manual scale Upper end
Unless you choose the Manual range option, the horizontal scale is
automatically adjusted so that all samples can be shown. If you choose
Manual range, then the associated fields prompt the outermost values
of the horizontal scale, so that you can change them and adjust the scale
manually. (Click Apply to enable your settings)
See Bar charts (page 29).
General
You open this window by selecting Survey from the Setup menu.
Input fields
List box
(empty)
Figure 5-23
Survey
To determine the crew’s survey prospect area, you have to specify the
start and end points of the lines, together with any gaps caused by
obstacles or whatever. To do that you’ll click on the Survey tab.
5
100-103p1,106-110p1,111-115p2,116-120p3
Receiver
points
Point
Code Gap Different Point Codes
Line
This index box is used to enter line numbers.
Tip: For example, entering 10-60/10 in the “Line” index box will
generate lines 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 in one click on Add.
Line numbers do not need to be arranged in any order. For instance you
may well wish to insert line 70 between lines 30 and 40: click line 30 in
the list box (its number appears in this index box), enter 70 in the index
box and click Add.
It is important, however, to understand that the graphic display in the
main window reflects the Survey setup. In other words, seismic lines
will be shown on the screen in the order in which they appear in this list
box, and not necessarily in the sequence they are laid out on the ground
or connected to the recording instruments.
Note The traces recorded in the SEGD file will be in the same order
as in the Survey setup.
Receiver Section
The Receiver Section field is used to assign a Point Code to each
Receiver Position in each line.
The syntax for the Point Code is p_ (example: p1). The Point Code
determines the type of sensor used. You define Point Codes in the
window accessed by clicking on the Point Code tab (see page 107).
On lines that do not use the same point code everywhere, you have to
split the description of the receiver section into as many series of
adjacent stakes with a common point code as necessary.
In the example provided in Figure 5-24 on page 105, stakes 100 to 110
have the same point code (p1) but the series of receiver positions is split
because a gap with no channels is planned between stakes 103 and 106.
,
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
Figure 5-25
Tip: Example with an increment other than 1 for the receiver positions:
entering 100-150p1/10 as a receiver section will generate receiver
positions 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150 in one click on Add.
Point Code
Some applications require the use of different types of sensor within the
same spread. An example would be a transition zone survey, where
geophones are employed on land and hydrophones in water. See also
Working with DSU3-428 links (page 138).
5
To specify the type of sensor to be used in a receiver section, you assign
a Point Code to it (see Survey on page 105).
You define Point Codes in this window:
Nb
Used to enter Point Code numbers. The system will automatically add
the letter “p”. You must define at least one Point Code.
Label
Used to identify the Point Code in plain.
Sensor Type
Syntax: s_ (example: s1+s2).
Used to enter the sensor type or types associated with the point code.
Sensor types are defined in the window accessed by clicking on the
Sensor tab.
Sensor type
When Sensor tests are to be performed, the electrical characteristics will
not necessarily be the same across the entire spread and therefore it may
be pointless to apply the same resistance, tilt (pulse response) and noise
test limits everywhere. Instead, the system allows several sets of limits
to be specified, each one appropriate to a particular sensor type. It is
then sufficient to define the zones in which each type of sensor can be
found, using Survey (page 105), and the system will automatically apply
the relevant limit for each measurement.
See also Working with DSU3-428 links (page 138).
You can define different sensor types in this window.
Nb
Used to enter Sensor Types numbers. You must define at least one
Sensor Type.
Label
Used to identify the Sensor Type in plain.
Continuity
Upper and lower limit for the sensor impedance. Any channel with a
sensor impedance falling outside the range specified in the Min and
Max fields is reported at fault in sensor views (and shown in red in
graphic views).
Tilt
5
Maximum geophone tilt percentage. Alert threshold in the display of
Sensor Tilt test results.
Noise
Maximum RMS noise level. Alert threshold in the display of Sensor
Noise test results.
Leakage
Alert threshold in the display of Sensor Leakage test results. The
Leakage test measures the global leakage resistance between the
seismic channel and the earth ground.
SEGD Code
Figure 5-28
Clicking the button associated with this field causes a list box to pop up
so that you can select the SEGD code of the type of sensor used. This
code has no effect on the performance of the system. It is only written
to tape (byte 21 in block 1 of the Trace Header Extension).
General
5
Input fields
List box
(empty)
Figure 5-29
Having defined the lines that will be used in the survey, using The
Survey setup (page 104), it is necessary to provide information for the
central unit to capture the actual layout of those lines, using the layout
setup window.
You open this window by selecting Layout from the Setup menu.
You don’t have to supply the location of each and every element in the
survey: you only have to create a marker (fully identified with its unit
type, serial number, topographic stake number) in each line segment.
This will enable the system to automatically see how your field
equipment is deployed. In this window, you also specify the location of
auxiliary channels, detours, and inactive channels if any. You also have
to describe all radio telemetry units.
Note The selection you make by clicking on any row in the list box is
reflected in the main window’s graphic view: the cursor
automatically moves to the selected unit.
To make changes to any row in the list box, double-click on it, fill in the
fields above the list, then click Add or Change or Delete, as required.
To save and enable your changes, click Apply. (To revert to the former
settings, click Reset instead).
Markers
Use this window to specify the location, unit type and serial number of
at least one unit (FDU, LAUL, LAUX or LRU) in each line segment
actually connected. After you define the markers, the system is able to
collect the status of all units connected, as soon as lines are turned on.
Then it will continually update the view in the main window.
.
At least one
marker on
each line
Tip: To enter a marker, you can drag and drop a unit from the main
window (Instrument graphic view) to the markers list box.
Box Type
As its label suggests, this field is used to choose the type of unit
(LCI428, LAUX428, etc.). Select the type actually implemented at the
location chosen as a marker
S. N.
Serial number of the unit actually implemented at the location chosen
as a marker.
Line Name
5
Used to specify the number of the Line the marker is attached to.
IMPORTANT
Each line should have at least one marker. If the line is composed of
several segments, enter a marker on each segment.
Below are two examples:
Transverse cable
Figure 5-31
No wireline
connection
r r
ke ke
ar ar
M M
Figure 5-32
Point Nb
Used to specify the Point Number (i. e. stake number) of the location
used as a marker.
Figure 5-33
Channel Nb
Used to specify the channel number implemented at the location used
as a marker, in the case of a multi-channel unit.
Marker Increment
Typically, the Marker Increment is set to 1, meaning that a receiver
channel is deployed at each stake number.
5
FDU-428 xxxx 10 112 1
Figure 5-34
Reversed
Typically, the “Reversed” button should be left unticked.
This button is used to reverse the direction of the assignment of receiver
channels to receiver positions over a line segment.
Auxiliary channels
Use this window to describe auxiliary channels. You can use FDUs
connected direct to the 428XL control module and also FDUs located
anywhere in the spread.
Tip: To enter an auxiliary channel, you can drag and drop a unit from
the main window (Instrument graphic view) to the list box.
In the topographic view of the spread, all auxiliary channels are
gathered at the record unit position.
Nb
Row number in the list box. This identification number is used in the
Instrument tests (page 167) setup to specify which auxiliary channels to
test.
Label
Used to assign a name to the Auxiliary channel (e. g. Pilot). That label
is used in the Operation window to describe the type of processing to
perform to generate an auxiliary trace. See Correlation with (page 204).
Box Type
Used to choose the type of unit used for this auxiliary channel (FDU,
FDU428, FDU2S, etc.).
S. N.
Used to enter the Serial Number of the unit used for this auxiliary
channel.
Channel Nb
Used to specify the channel number of this auxiliary channel, in the case
5
of a multi-channel unit.
Gain
Used to choose the preamplifier gain for this auxiliary channel. See the
gain code table on page 123.
DPG
This field only appears if two or more vibrator controllers (DPGs) are
attached to the system (for example if vibrator fleets are used in Slip-
Sweep mode).
The DPG field is used to specify which DPG enclosure this auxiliary
channel is attached to. You have to enter the “DPG Module” number
that is prompted when you run the Look function in the VE432 window.
Each type of auxiliary signal supplied by DPGs working in Slip-Sweep
mode must be identified with the same name (e. g. “Pilot”), in the Label
field, for each DPG.
Same Two
name DPGs
Comments
Used to enter any comment you think necessary, for example if the
Label is not self-explanatory.
Detour
Use this window to specify the location of detours, if any, between
receiver positions. All units within a detour will be inactive (unused).
1068 1069
Figure 5-38
To create that detour, you can use the Detour setup window or the
shortcuts available by right-clicking in the Instrument topographical
view.
(1) Right-click on last active unit on the Low side and choose “Set low
box of detour” from the popup menu. A flag should appear on that unit.
(2) Right-click on first active unit on the High side and choose “Set
high box of detour” from the popup menu.
(1) (2)
Detour a
detour
Figure 5-39
This automatically creates the detour in the setup window (see the
description of each field below).
Low S. N.
Used to specify the Serial Number of the adjacent active unit located
ahead of (on the Low side of) the detour, meaning that the unit on the
other side is the Low end of the detour.
Low Chann. Nb
In the case of a multi-channel unit, use this field to specify the adjacent
active channel ahead of (on the Low side of) the detour, meaning that
the channel on the other side is the Low end of the detour.
High S. N.
Used to specify the Serial Number of the adjacent active unit located
after (on the High side of) the detour, meaning that the unit on the other
side is the High end of the detour.
High Chann. Nb
In the case of a multi-channel unit, use this field to specify the adjacent
active channel after (on the High side of) the detour, meaning that the
channel on the other side is the High end of the detour.
Stop Marking
Typically, the Stop Marking button should be left unticked.
This button is only used where a change is required in the automatic
assignment of receiver channels to receiver positions. (See also
Advanced layouts (page 131)).
Mute channels
5
Figure 5-40 Mute setup
Use this window to specify the location of mute receiver points, if any.
The channel from a mute receiver point is acquired, but its data is
zeroed. In the case of multi-sensor receiver point, all channels are mute.
Tip: To enter a mute receiver point, you can drag and drop it from the
main window (Instrument graphic view) to the list box.
General
You have to specify the complete acquisition spread to be used for each
and every shot. The programming of these spreads can be done not only
automatically via SPS files but also manually, using the editing tools
provided by the GUI.
To save and enable your changes, click Apply. (To revert to the former
settings, click Reset instead).
Absolute spreads
An absolute spread is defined in terms of line and stake numbers, for
example: Line 10, from stake 101 to stake 103, then from stake 106 to
stake 115. (It therefore follows that you need to define a completely new
absolute spread every time the acquisition spread moves even by a
single receiver point).
5
Gain code
10:101-103g1,106-115g1
20:101-103g1,106-115g1
30:101-103g1,106-115g1
40:101-103g1,106-115g1
Enter a colon (:) between the Line Number and the Receiver positions.
Enter a hyphen (-) to specify a series of Receiver positions.
Enter a comma (,) to specify a gap between two or more Receiver
positions (or to specify series of Receiver positions with different
channel gain codes (e. g. 106-110g1,11-115g2).
To describe another Line or set of Lines, press Return or type a slash
character (/).
The system automatically adds “as” (abbreviation for “Absolute
Spread”) ahead of the Identification Number in the list box.
Choose the gain code from the table below.
g1 1600 mv 0 dB 5 m/s²
g2 400 mV 12 dB
Superspread
Figure 5-43
WARNING
When you are using a Superspread, the Gain code for any given trace
must be the same in all individual spreads making up the Superspread,
and in the Superspread itself (because the acquisition of a trace must be
done with the Gain code specified for that trace in the active individual
spread).
Generic spreads
A generic spread describes the pattern of the active channels. The
fundamental difference between an absolute and a generic spread is that
generic definitions are always relative. You may wish to define one
generic spread to be used throughout the life of a crew.
To take a textbook example, a symmetrical split spread could be defined
as a number of lines with 100 stakes, a gap of 2 and then another 100
stakes. There is nothing in the basic definition that says where the
spread should be implemented. If one or more receiver units fall outside
the boundaries or within a gap specified in the Survey Setup, those
5
channels, will not be implemented.
Generic Line
Generic spread
Generic Line
Generic Line
Generic Line
Figure 5-44
Line
50g1+50g2
Figure 5-45
you assign a gain code to a set of channels. See the gain code table
above.
Note If any receiver units are laid out between receiver points, they
must be described as “Skipped channels (page 131)” or
“detours” in the The Layout setup (page 111).
Spread
10l1+10l2
Figure 5-46
When you describe a Generic Spread type you assign a generic Line
Type to a set of lines. Line types are defined in the Generic Line
window.
To skip lines, enter ls in the description.
Use brackets to repeat sets of two or more lines, with a repetition factor
placed ahead of the leading bracket. For example 10(l1+ls) will
describe 10 pairs of lines where, in each pair, the 1st line is L1-type and
the 2nd is skipped.
The system automatically adds “sd” (abbreviation for “Spread
Descriptor”) ahead of the Identification Number in the list box.
Look
Figure 5-47
• Manual: Each LAU will only identify the
connected units when you go to “Field On”
or you click on the “Look” button.
If a disruption arises, only the units encountered on the connected line
segment are re-identified by the LAU.
In the event of a transmission sync error, a red path appears at the
output of the LAU controlling the line segment affected. You have to
launch a manual Look to re-identify the FDUs located between the
LAU and the disruption.
• Auto (default option): Each LAU continually looks for any new units
connected so as to identify them.
On a line segment including an LSI, the automatic look is disabled:
to see new FDUs, you must use manual Look in that case.
With Tests
After each Look, whether Automatic or Manual, the Sensor tests you
choose with these buttons (Resistance, Tilt, Leakage) will be performed
on the FDUs identified.
The Resistance and Tilt tests are selected by default.
In “field update” mode, if the Resistance value exceeds the specified
limit (e. g. with nothing connected on the channel input), the Tilt and
Leakage tests are not performed, even if they are selected in this setup.
Figure 5-48
LAUL FDU
or
LAUX
Telemetry pair
Telemetry pair
Leakage
Leakage current
Rsense ADC
Housing
Leakage
current
Figure 5-49
Note: Leakage between the two telemetry pairs is not revealed by this
test circuitry, but transmission may be lost as a result of such leakage.
Advanced layouts
Some fields or options (like “Marker Increment”, “Stop Marking”,
“Reversed”) in the Setup windows make the deployment of 428XL
field electronics extremely flexible. Below are textbook examples of
advanced layouts that can easily be implemented:
• Skipped channels (page 131).
• Logical line mapped with several physical lines (page 133)
• Detour with skipped receiver points (page 135) 5
• Snaking layout (page 136)
Skipped channels
You may want to skip channels because, for example, you want to
increase the receiver spacing without changing the spacing of your
FDUs. In that case, the inactive units laid out between the active
receiver points must be specified as “Skipped Channels” in the Point
Code used, by adding the code “cs” in the Sensor Type field (in the
Survey setup window).
1 2 skipped s1+cs+cs
FDU xxxx 10 110
Figure 5-50
may use the Spread setup (see page 126) or the Detour setup
(see page 135).
2 skipped 2 skipped
channels channels
109 110 111
Line LAUX
10 r
ke xxxx
ar
M
2 skipped 2 skipped
channels channels
109 110 111
Line LAUX
20 r
ke yyyy
ar
M
Figure 5-51
In the example below, do not use the LAUX as a Marker. Use an FDU
instead.
2 skipped 2 skipped
channels channels
109 110 111
Line
LAUX
10 r
ke xxxx
ar
M
Line
109 110 111 112 113 114 115
10 LAUX
428 r
ke
Line ar FDU
M xxxx
10 LAUX
428 r
ke FDU
Line ar
M yyyy
10 LAUX
428 r
ke FDU FDU
ar
M zzzz nnnn
Line
20 LAUX
428
Line
20 LAUX
428
FDU-428 xxxx 10 109 3
FDU-428 yyyy 10 110 3
FDU-428 zzzz 10 111 3
Figure 5-53
lets you shorten the receiver spacing without changing the spacing of
your FDUs.
In the Marker setup window, set a marker assigning a known FDU to
a known receiver position on each segment to be grouped, with the same
Line number and the same Marker Increment (chosen to be equal to the
number of segments).
When you go to “Field On”, each split line will act as a single line.
Below is an example where three segments are grouped into one logical
line (or a line is split into three segments).
Note The segments making up the split line don’t need to be attached
to the same LCI board.
Note The Marker position can be chosen elsewhere within each line
segment, that is on any FDU belonging in the line segment. For
instance, if it is easier for you to know the position of FDU No.
nnnn, you may just as well set the marker on it rather than FDU
No. zzzz.
Note If any detour is implemented in a split line, it must be described
in each segment making up the split line.
Figure 5-54
5
FDU-428 xxxx 10 110 1
FDU-428 yyyy 10 114 1
Figure 5-55
Snaking layout
Figure 5-56
instance, if it is easier for you to know the position of FDU No. nnnn,
you may just as well set the marker on it rather than FDU No. vvvv.
The snaking topology cannot be used in place of any secondary
transverse.
DSU3-428 topology
The channel assignment in the DSU3 is as follows:
• Channel 1 is assigned to the Vertical sensor,
• Channel 2 is assigned to the Inline horizontal sensor,
• Channel 3 is assigned to the Crossline horizontal sensor.
For 3C polarity conventions see 428XL User’s Manual Vol. 3.
The arrow engraved in the
Arrow engraved
cable takeout overmould in DUS3 takeout
points to the positive direction
of the Inline horizontal axis of
ch1 ch2 ch3
the DSU3. (V) (I) (C)
Sensor
If the system is configured for operation with both FDU and DSU
channels (in the Install window), a distinct setup window is available
for each type of channel.
You have to define three Sensor Types (s1, s2, s3), i. e. one for each
sensor in the DSU3, using the Sensor tab in the Survey Setup window
.
Figure 5-59
Point Code
Figure 5-60
After defining three Sensor Types for a DSU3, define its Point Code as
s1+s2+s3.
Marker
A DSU3 can be used as a marker in a line segment, just like an FDU.
Aux
You cannot use any DSU3 for auxiliary channels. FDUs must be used
for auxiliary channels, even if all seismic channels are DSU channels.
Detour
5
If any DSU3 is included in a detour, all three channels are part of the
detour.
Snaking layouts are allowed. In the example below, you must set a
Detour with DSU3 No. 4149963 (point No. 1216) as the last active
channel at the Low end of the detour, and DSU3 No. 4151751 (point
No. 1216) as the first active channel at the High end of the detour. Also
you must activate the “Stop Marking” option.
No. 4149963
No. 4151751
Figure 5-61
Note: In the Marker setup, you have to set a marker on Line 160 (for
example assign point No. 1216 to DSU3 No. 4151751), and activate the
“Reversed” option for that marker. See also Snaking layout on page 136.
Mute
If a DSU3 is planted at a muted receiver point, all three channels are
mute. The maximum allowable number of mute receiver points is 1024.
are distinct from those for the FDU. For the factory-settings of
Instrument test limits, see Specifications in User’s Manual Vol. 3.
The limits for Sensor tests are user-selected in the Survey Setup (see
Sensor on page 139).
Figure 5-62
Instruments view
Figure 5-63
Seismonitor
The Gain slider button, in conjunction with the Sensor Type option
button, allows you to adjust the Seismonitor gain for each type of sensor
(i. e. each channel).
Figure 5-64
You can open a separate view to monitor each Sensor Type. Any
change to the seismonitor gain for a Sensor Type in a window is
replicated in the other windows.
Radio telemetry
In this section:
• Radio telemetry equipment (page 147)
• Instrument Topographic view (page 148)
• The Radio QC Limit setup (page 149)
• Frequency management (page 150)
• LRU parameters (page 157) 5
• LAUR parameters (page 162)
• Wakeup/Sleep (page 162)
• Loop test (page 163)
LRU
(Master)
LRU
Show/hide
radio path LAUR
(Slave)
Right-click on
radio path
Right-click on
LRU
The contextual popup menu also prompts the available shortcuts, like
Set Wireless (see LRU parameters on page 157) or Enable/Disable
Radio (see Wakeup/Sleep on page 162).
Orange alert
LAUR antenna colour setting
tells you if radio link is
safe
Orange alert
setting
Frequency management
Half-duplex protocol
In the LRU transmission protocol (Half-duplex), time is shared between
transmission of Master-to-Slave messages and transmission of Slave-
to-Master messages.
Master-to-Slave messages are called Network Control Sequences
(NCS), used for synchronization, zero-time transmission and control.
Slave-to-Master messages are called Data Transfer Sequences (DTS),
used for data retrieval, seismonitor and collecting test results.
Radio frame
(50 ms) (50 ms)
Figure 5-68
NCS
DTS
(Master) (Slave)
Line or
Transverse to
recording
LRU LRU
Line or
truck Transverse
(Slave)
NCS
LAUR
Line or DTS
Transverse to (Master)
recording
truck LRU
(Slave)
Line
(30 channels max.)
LAUR
Line
(30 channels max.)
5
Figure 5-70 Radio Line segment cell
Frequency channels
The RF transceiver in the LRU or LAUR uses a single 2-MHz band for
both transmission and reception. That band is selected between 216
MHz and 249 MHz using the “Center Frequency” parameter.
Within the 2-MHz bandwidth, you can choose which channel(s) to use
for NCS and DTS messages, by specifying:
• a Control Channel Frequency for NCS messages,
• one or more Data Channel Frequencies for DTS messages (one for
a radio relay, up to eight for a radio cell).
The necessary bandwidth (0.2 to 0.8 MHz) for a Data Channel depends
on the expected Data Rate (256, 512, 1024 or 2048 kbps). See
page 153.
The LAUR must have the same frequency and data rate settings as the
associated master LRU.
IMPORTANT
The two LRU units making up a radio relay should have the same
frequency and data rate settings, and the same Cell Number. Each
LAUR should have the same Cell Number and Center Frequency as
its master LRU.
Note The available frequency band depends on the regional settings
chosen by the user when installing software on the 428XL GUI
and on the FDPA428 terminal. For compliance with Canadian
and US communications regulations, the frequency band is
limited to respectively:
• Canada: 217 to 218 MHz and 219 to 220 MHz.
• USA: 217 to 220 MHz (and 216 to 217 MHz by licence prior to
January 01, 2002).
NCS
DTS
Data Channel Freq. # 1
5
256 k
Center F. - 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.4 - 0.2 +0.2 +0.4 +0.6 +0.8 Center F.
-1 MHz +1 MHz
DTS
512 k
Center F. - 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.4 - 0.2 +0.2 +0.4 +0.6 +0.8 Center F.
-1 MHz +1 MHz
DTS
1024 k
Center F. - 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.4 - 0.2 +0.2 +0.4 +0.6 +0.8 Center F.
-1 MHz +1 MHz
DTS
2048 k
Center F. - 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.4 - 0.2 +0.2 +0.4 +0.6 +0.8 Center F.
-1 MHz +1 MHz
Center F. - 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.4 - 0.2 +0.2 +0.4 +0.6 +0.8 Center F.
-1 MHz +1 MHz
DTS
1024 k (DQPSK)
Center F. - 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.4 - 0.2 +0.2 +0.4 +0.6 +0.8 Center F.
-1 MHz +1 MHz
Desensitization
Note that the maximum covered range may be shorter on desensitized
channels (i. e. channels on which the strength of the received signal is
normally decreased by the presence of spurious signals from the 8-MHz
and 33-MHz master oscillators in the LRU). In the table below are the
channels that may be affected by desentization, depending on the
selected Data Rate.
• where two series-connected relay cells use the same antenna mast,
• where too few frequency channels are available.
Where the TDM technique is implemented, each relay cell uses a
dedicated “Subframe” (i. e. one radio frame out of two or four) instead
of using every radio frame.
LRU LRU
LRU LRU
Number of subframes = 2
Figure 5-73
LRU parameters
LRU parameters are available by choosing Set Wireless from the menu
that pops up when you right-click on an LRU in an Instrument view.
An LRU can be set up to be in either Relay mode or Cell mode (Figure 5-
74). In Relay mode, the LRU is either a Master unit communicating to
an LRU Slave unit, or a Slave unit communicating to an LRU Master
unit. No other radio units are allowed. In Cell mode, the LRU is a
Master unit communicating to a cell of LAURs.
5
Cell Number
(Allowable range 1 to 31). You must enter a distinct Cell Number for
each LRU radio relay or cell in the 428XL network so that it can be
identified by the 428XL GUI. That is, the two LRUs (Master and Slave)
in a radio relay must have the same Cell Number that is different from
any other Cell Number used in the 428XL network. Likewise, all radio
units in a radio cell (LRU Master and LAURs) must have the same Cell
Number, but that Cell Number must be different from any other Cell
Number used in the 428XL network.
Center Frequency
(Allowable range 216.0 to 249.0 MHz, in 0.1-MHz steps). Center
frequency of the 2-MHz band within which to choose the transmission
channels for the radio relay or cell, depending on the frequencies used
by other radio relays or cells and on the desired data rate. See Figure 5-
71 on page 153.
Data Rate
(Available options: 256, 512, 1024, 2048 kbps for Radio Relay, 256
kbps for Radio Cell).
• For a radio relay, the 512 and 2048 options require two data
transmission channels. See Figure 5-71 on page 153.
• For a radio cell, the 256 kbps option requires up to 8 data
transmission channels. See Figure 5-72 on page 154.
Transmit Power
(Available options: Standard, Low; defaults to Standard).
• Low: Transmit power is 1 mW (0 dBm) for all radio units in this cell.
This option is helpful for tests over a short range.
• Standard: Transmit power is 6 W (38 dBm) for all radio units in this
cell. For standard RF transmission conditions.
Number of Subframes
Available options: 1 or 2. See TDM (Time Division Multiplex) (page 155).
Subframe Number
Available options: 1 to the value specified for the “Number of
Subframes”. See TDM (Time Division Multiplex) (page 155).
CAUTION
Where two or more LRU cells are deployed, changing the “Number of
Radio Subframes” and “Subframe Number” parameters in the Line
main window is likely to result in conflicting situations in the relay
cells. Use the FDPA428 instead.
Where Data Channel #2 Freq is required, the system checks that the
difference between Data Channel #1 Freq and Data Channel #2 Freq is
at least 0.2 MHz at 512 kbits/s and 0.8 MHz at 2048 kbits/s.
Note The available frequency band depends on the regional settings
5
chosen by the user when installing software on the 428XL GUI
and on the FDPA428 terminal. For compliance with Canadian
and U.S. communications regulations, the frequency band is
limited to
• Canada: 217 to 218 MHz and 219 to 220 MHz
• USA: 217 to 220 MHz (and 216 to 217 MHz by licence prior to
January 01, 2002).
LAUR parameters
LAUR parameters (Figure 5-76) are available by choosing Set Wireless
from the menu that pops up when you right-click on an LAUR in an
Instrument view.
See LRU parameters on page 157 for details on these parameters.
Note An LAUR is a slave of a master LRU that is configured in Cell
mode. The Cell Number and Center Frequency must be the
same as the master LRU.
Wakeup/Sleep
Choosing Disable Radio from the contextual menu that pops up when
you right-click on an LRU, and then going to Field Off, causes the LRU
to go to a power-saving mode called Sleep mode. This allows you to put
a whole radio cell to sleep and then wake it back up again. Note that
when you next go to Field On, a slave LRU will not respond until it has
scanned for new control messages (and there is only one scan cycle per
minute in Sleep mode).
The LRU automatically goes to the Sleep mode if it is left idle for
30 minutes.
The “Sleep” status is not saved to the LRU’s non-volatile memory.
To wake up the radio cell, right-click on the master LRU and choose
Enable Radio from the popup menu.
162 428XL User’s Manual Vol. 1
December 4, 2006
Line
Radio telemetry
Loop test
Results
If communications are established with a distant radio unit, the Loop
test returns the attenuation of the signal (in dB) and rate of retries. This
updates those fields in the Numeric view.
IMPORTANT
The Loop test is not possible on a distant radio unit that is in Sleep
mode. To wake up the radio unit see Wakeup/Sleep on page 162.
You cannot launch a Loop test if the radio unit is busy (e. g. during
acquisition, seismonitor, etc.).
Test functions
In this section:
• Overview (page 164)
• Instrument tests (page 167)
• Sensor tests (page 169)
• Seismonitor (page 173)
Overview
You open this window by selecting Test Setup from the Setup menu. It
allows you to create a list of tests to do, choose whether or not to record
the results, and specify which channels to test. For Instrument tests, you
also have to choose the channel gain and record length.
List of tests to be
done in sequence
Figure 5-77
Select the desired test (from the Test Type pull-down menu) and
options. Click Add to enter the test into the list box. Click Apply to
activate your changes, then click Go to launch the test.
The results appear in the Numeric and/or Graphic view, whichever is
selected. To interpret the results of a particular test, see the legend at the
foot of the main window (with the appropriate test selected in the
graphic view).
The settings in the Test Setup window are also used for every test you
launch with the Go button in the graphic view.
Test
Test Type
Click in this field and choose the desired type of test from the option
button that pops up.
Recorded
Choose this option if you wish to record the acquisition to a test file.
Size of the record: 4 bytes per sample. (Data is not compressed).
Absolute Spread
The Absolute Spread list box is used to specify the lines and receiver
positions to be tested (e. g. 10: 101-105g1),
IMPORTANT
You have to specify a gain in the Absolute Spread description or else
the syntax would not be correct, but in Instrument tests the gain
actually used (for seismic and auxiliary channels) is the one selected
with the Gain option button in the Test Setup.
Instrument tests
5
Figure 5-78 Instrument test setup
Auxiliary Descriptor
The Aux Descr text box is used to specify which auxiliary channels to
test (with the same gain as seismic channels). Use the identification
number assigned to each channel in the Auxiliary channels (page 116)
setup, prefixed with the letter “a”, with a comma as a separator.
Example of description: a1,a2, etc.
The + operator is not allowed. Use a hyphen to specify more quickly a
range of auxiliary channel numbers (e.g. a1-a4 rather than a1,a2,a3,a4).
Gain
This option button allows you to choose the preamplifier gain to be used
for the Instrument tests.
See the gain code table on page 123.
Record Length
Duration of the acquisition.
2 3
4 3
Instrument Noise
(Microvolts) During this test, the channel input is shorted via an internal
resistor. Geophones are not connected. The gain, filter type and sample
rate parameters are user-selected.
Instrument Distortion
(dB) During this test, geophones are not connected. The built-in
generator of the FDU is used as input to the channel under test. The
gain, filter type and sample rate parameters are user-selected.
Instrument Crosstalk
(dB) The test includes two sequences: during the first sequence, the test
generator applies a sine wave to the test network in each even FDU. The
ADC converter in each odd FDU measures the resulting voltage across
its own test network. (The test generator in odd FDUs is disabled).
Conversely, during the second test sequence, the test sine wave is fed to
each odd FDU and the resulting voltage is measured across the test
network in each even FDU.
Note On the plotter, the test sine wave may appear on adjacent
channels (on either side of an LAU). See User’s Manual Vol. 3.
A minimum test length is required (5 s @ 2 ms SR for FDUs, 8 s for
DSU3s).
The gain, filter type and sample rate parameters are user-selected.
Sensor tests
Figure 5-79
The Test Setup window lets you manually launch a Sensor test on the
receivers that you specify in the Absolute Spread list box.
Resistance
(ohms) This test allows you to see if geophones are connected. The
Sample Rate is user-selected.
Sensor Leakage
(Mohms) This test displays the global leakage resistance between the
input conductors of the receiver link and the earth. The Sample Rate is
user-selected.
Sensor Noise
(microvolts) In this test the noise picked by the geophones is measured
by performing data acquisition with no Firing Order. The Sample Rate
is user-selected.
Tilt
(%) The Tilt test is sensitive to a number of faults relating to the sensors.
The test results will be affected by anomalies on cutoff frequencies,
damping, sensitivity, distortion (sticking, friction, etc.) and tilt
(geophone not properly planted).
Sensor Distortion
The Sensor Distortion test is only available for FDU2S channels.
Multiple tests
Rather than launching tests individually, you may want to do a number
of tests in sequence with a single click on Go. You can do that by
creating batches in this setup window.
Figure 5-80
Seismonitor
This window allows you to monitor the input signal on the channels you
specify in the Absolute Spread box.
10: 100-500g1
20: 100-500g1
30: 100-500g1
40: 100-500g1
Figure 5-81
General
You open this window by selecting Form Line from the Setup menu.
Figure 5-82
Typically, clear Form Line menu entries after you are finished with
troubleshooting. 5
Note If the Form Line menu is not empty as lines are powered up, the
spread is formed step by step. The propagation of power from
LAU to LAU is slower than in the normal mode even if
referenced LAUs are not connected in the spread (due to the
fact that power-up propagation is controlled by software rather
than hardware). An “M” appears on the readout of the LCI428
line controller (standing for “Manual mode”).
Line Troubleshooting
To investigate a problem on a line segment, you can power down one of
the ports of an adjacent LAUL or LAUX, or power up that port and form
a number of channels (or all) attached to it. Also, you can gradually
power up/down a Transverse. To do that:
1. Use the Serial Number field, and the option button that pops up
as you click in the Box Type field, to specify which unit is
targeted.
2. From the Orientation option button, choose the port you want to
power up or power off.
3. If you want to power up the port, tick the “Enable” option. If you
want to form all the channels attached to that port, tick the “All”
option, otherwise specify how many channels you want to form in
the Channels to Form field.
Network Management
In case of multi-path layout, it may be interesting to enable/disable
some paths to control the data path and make it optimum.
To that end, you can use the Form Line menu as described below to
prevent the line or transverse power from being set by some LAUs.
Assuming the configuration below:
5
Rig
ht
R ig
ht
Tra
n sv LAUX #22
ers
e Ri g
ht
LAUX #12
Ri
gh
t
LAUX428 #21
Ri
gh
t
LAUX428 #11
Figure 5-83
LAUX428 #22
LAUX428 #12
LAUX428 #21
LAUX428 #11
LAUX428 #22
LAUX428 #12
LAUX428 #21
LAUX428 #11
In order to enforce the second situation (Data path 2), optimum for data
retrieval, enter a command in the Form Line menu to power off the
Right port of LAUX22 (as a result the LAUX#12 to LAUX#22
secondary transverse is displayed but not used for data transfer).
2 Selecting an
object to add
5
1 Navigating
Focus point
3 Adding objects
Figure 5-86
1. Use the navigation keys to move the focus point to the left/right or
upward/downward, depending on where you would like to insert
an element into your virtual spread.
2. Click on the desired icon at the top to choose which object to add.
3. Click on the appropriate add button, depending on which port you
wish to connect to. The two buttons that add elements on the Low/
High sides also allow you to choose how many elements you want
to add. This is an easy way of replicating line segments.
Transverse (Left)
Add one or more Click to
elements on Low choose how
side many to add
Add on Right
side
(Right)
elements on High
side
Figure 5-87
Figure 5-88
Move
focus to
Right Connect an Connect an
Trans- LAUX FDU link
verse Add an FDU link Add two FDU links
Synthetic file
In order to simulate shots, you have to load a file containing the
necessary samples to generate the test signal. Use the Browse button to
do that.
The synthetic signal file should contain the description of the signals fed
to Seismic and Auxiliary channels. Three cases may arise:
• A single synthetic signal is described: the same signal is fed both to
Seismic and Auxiliary Channels.
• Two synthetic signals are described: the first one is fed to Seismic 5
channels and the second is fed to Auxiliary channels (used to simulate
single-source correlation operations).
• Three synthetic signals are described: the first one is fed to Seismic
channels, the second to the first Auxiliary channel, and the third to the
other Auxiliary channels (used to simulate dual-source correlation
operations).
See also 428XL User’s Manual Vol. 2.
File Syntax
• Blank lines and lines beginning with # in the first column are ignored.
• Acquisitions are identified with a text line starting with the character
@ (in the first column) followed by a space character and an
acquisition number. If there is no @, the signals described are
common to all acquisitions.
• Each synthetic signal described begins with an asterisk (*) in the first
column.
• The signal is made up of a succession of samples and described with
5 sample values per line, each line starting with the sequential
number of the first value in the line (0, 5, 10, 15 etc.), for the sake of
better legibility.
• Each sample is described in the form of a signed integer between -
8388608 and 8388607. The maximum number of samples is 32000,
Figure 5-90
The name of the file containing the latest release and patches
appears after each type of unit in the result window.
Name of the
428.1.x file to load
Product
Version No.
Patch No.
5
Figure 5-91
Figure 5-92
5. If all LCI boards have the required software release and patches
but you still wish to update them, choose the Force LCI428
Download option in the Download setup window.
6. If all field electronics units have the required software release and
patches but you still wish to update them, choose the Force
Download option in the Download setup window.
7. If any LCI or field electronics unit does not have the required
release and/or patches, or you wish to download the release again
anyway, click on the Select Download Files button. This opens a
file selection dialog box that automatically takes you to the
appropriate directory (lcCommon/work). Choose the
dwnfile.hci428.V1x file that was prompted by the Show
Reference Release button at step 3 above.
Figure 5-93
8. Click OK. This causes the name of the selected release file to
appear in the Download setup window. As a result, the Update
LCI428 and Update Spread buttons are enabled.
Software release
file to download
Figure 5-94
Do you want to retry another download before units are turned off
(y / n)?
6 Operation
General
The Operation client window takes care of the list of shots, providing
details on those planned, the one in progress, the next to do, and those
done if any. It also provides access to shot controls, lets you view the
status of the acquisition, and provides information about the progress of
it, i. e. ITB, Transmit Error.
Operation table
(planned shots)
Stacked acquisitions
Shot controls within the selected VP
Resize by
dragging border
Click to close
view
Available views
Operation Table
Done
Right-click to
Ready choose source
To do
The Operation Table contains the main information for the acquisition
of the data and allows you to select which Source Point (VP) to shoot.
Different views of that operation table are available (showing all VPs,
or only those to do, or only those done).
The source operation table is created using the Setup menu or by
importing an SPS file with the Log window.
Resize the main window, if required, so that all the desired columns can
be viewed, or use the “Customize” menu (popping up if you right-click
on any column heading) to remove unnecessary columns.
For a description of the parameters appearing in the operation table
(except the Source Point Index), see The Source Point Setup (page 215).
The Source Point Index allows you to do a VP several times if
required: the original value is 1 and that value is automatically
incremented by 1 every time the VP is done again.
Right-clicking on a VP to do in the Operation Table causes a menu to
pop up that allows you to choose which source to use to do that shot.
Then the system uses your settings in The Source Type setup (page 226)
to automatically determine which next VPs to assign to that source.
Indicator Meaning
If all necessary parameters have been set in all main windows, then 6
clicking any row in the table causes the following functions to be
performed automatically in succession:
1- Look function.
2- Spread configuration (Line Forming).
3- Seismonitor function.
VP to be associated with
suspended “Ready” status.
Figure 6-3
In the “Rdy” (Ready) column is a pushbutton for each source that lets
you choose how to handle the “Ready” status from the blaster controller
or vibrator leader:
• With the pushbutton released, an “R” appears in it when the “Ready”
status is received. The system does not accept it until you click on the
button.
• With the pushbutton depressed, the system automatically accepts the
“Ready” status as soon as it is received.
The “Rdy VP” column tells you which VP (Source Point) will be
associated with the suspended “Ready” status when you click on the
pushbutton, whereas the “Shot #” column tells you which VP is
currently associated with the source.
Figure 6-4
result, you will have to ask the shooter or vibrator leader to send the
“Ready” status again.
The indicators in the leftmost column should be interpreted as follows:
Indicator Meaning
Go pushbutton
Clicking this pushbutton sends the Firing Order. Unless you are using
an Impulsive process type, the selected Automation option (Continuous/
Discontinuous/Manual) determines the way of launching the first or
next acquisition for the Source Point selected in the operation table, (see
page 222).
Stop pushbutton
By clicking on Stop, you stop the progress of the acquisition sequence.
You finish the current operation (acquisition or dump). At this point, in
Impulsive mode, you may dump the data to the record process. In other
modes, you can choose either to continue the sequence or do again the
acquisition or end the sequence, using the three pushbuttons (Go,
Cancel, End respectively) prompted:
• by clicking on Go you continue the sequence, i.e. you start over at the
acquisition number highlighted in the acquisition table;
• by clicking on Cancel you skip the remaining acquisitions: the data
from the incomplete Source Point is discarded but the shot number
remains highlighted (i.e. selected) in the table. You only need to click
Go to do it again.
• by clicking on End you record the incomplete Source Point without
the remaining acquisitions. Then clicking Go will start the next
Source Point.
Abort pushbutton
Clicking this pushbutton interrupts the current Source Point after the
current acquisition is complete. This stops the sequence and opens a
dialog box that lets you record the data or cancel the Source Point:
• If you click OK, the current acquisition is recorded to the SEGD file.
Then clicking Go will cause the sequence to continue.
6
• If you click Cancel, the current acquisition is NOT recorded. The Go,
Cancel, End buttons are prompted and have the same effect as after
clicking Stop.
The Abort pushbutton is legal while waiting for the Time Break.
T. E. indicator
(Transmit Errors) That indicator may appear in the Active Source view
in the event of transmission incidents on the Lines. Those errors are
automatically recovered by the system (the data is successfully
transmitted again) and the seismic data is no way affected. This is
simply indicative of difficult transmission conditions.
ITB indicator
Blaster indicator
In the case of an impulsive-type source with a SHOTPRO, or SGS, or
Boombox, or Macha blaster controller, the Active Source view also
includes a “Blaster” indicator along with Uphole and TB fields. During
acquisition an ASCII message is received from the blaster box (via the
XDEV adapter on the Auxiliary line) containing the Uphole Time and
Time Break values.
• Uphole Time The time the pulse from the blast is detected uphole,
determined by analysis of the Uphole Geophone
signal.
• TB Confirmed Time Break, amount of time that current
flow to the blasting cap was greater than 4 amps. The
start of current flow is set up to start at Time Break
in the Shot Pro Encoder.
Figure 6-6
Indicator Meaning
Acquisition to do.
Acquisition in progress.
Acquisition done.
General
Figure 6-7
The “Process Type” associated with each shot determines which type of
seismic signal to generate (depending on the associated “Acquisition
Standard/Advanced
In each process type setup window, the “Advanced” option prompts an
extra parameter: Refraction Delay (for Impulsive modes) or Listening
Time (for Vibroseismic modes).
Most of the parameters available for the different Process Types you can
create are described below but only the first three are always required.
Refer to the description of each Process Type to see which parameters
you need to set up. See also Auxiliary traces (page 205) and How to
Generate a Process Type (page 214).
6
Firing Order
For the 428XL to transmit the Firing Order and receive the Time Break,
you can choose to attach the source controller to an LCI428 interface or
to an LAUX428 unit. Use the “Box Type” option to choose which way
to use.
In the Serial Nb field, enter the Serial Number of the LCI428 or
LAU428 to use.
If you choose the LCI428 option, use the Plug option button to choose
which “Blaster” port to use on the LCI428.
Record Length
The time (seconds) that the data is recorded. In Impulsive modes, this
duration determines the acquisition length (i. e. the length of time that
the seismic data is recorded into LAU acquisition units).
See also Specifications in 428XL User’s Manual Vol. 3.
Listening Time
The time (seconds) that the data is recorded (i. e. Record Length), in
Vibroseismic modes. The acquisition length in Vibroseismic modes is
equal to the sweep length plus the Listening Time. (The acquisition
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December 4, 2006
6 Operation
The Process Type setup
length is the length of time that the seismic data is recorded into LAU
acquisition units).
TB Window
The TB Window is a time interval that starts when the 428XL sends a
Firing Order (FO). During the TB Window the 428XL is waiting for
the TB from the shooting system. If the TB occurs within that interval
then the acquisition starts. If it doesn’t, then the 428XL generates an
Internal TB (ITB) and the acquisition starts. In Vibroseismic operations,
ITB is an abortive error. In impulsive mode, at the end of acquisition the
GUI will ask you if you want to dump the data to the record process.
Refraction Delay
(Allowable range: 0 to 64000 ms, precision 500 ms). This parameter is
only available if you choose the “Advanced” option.
The Refraction Delay allows you to insert a delay between the Time
Break received by the 428XL and the beginning of the acquisition.
Using the Refraction Delay, you can shorten the acquisition length, but
this assumes that you know how long it will take for the signal to travel
from the shot point to your spread, or else you may lose data.
Acquisition Index
Sequential number of each individual acquisition in process types
where Stacking is requested.
Acquisition Type
Type of acquisition, to be chosen from those defined in the Vibrator
main window’s Setup menu. This may be from 1 to 32. In each
Acquisition Type, the following is specified:
- type of sweep to be performed by the vibrator fleet or fleets to be
used,
- pilot signals to be output by the vibrator controller,
- automatic lift and high line pickup options.
Output option
The Output button allows you to select different operations on the
processed data. It is used, associated with the Add, Change and Delete
buttons, to build the acquisition table.
• None. You have to select it when you don't want to do any operation
on the processed data.
• Dump: This allows you to dump the data to the record process and
the plotter after processing the acquisition. The memory is cleared
afterwards. You need at least one Dump at the end of the table.
• Xdump: You can use this option if you want to request an extra dump
to the record process and the plotter after processing the acquisition,
although that is not the last acquisition. With this option, the
correlation memory is not cleared. Because it increases memory
usage, Extra Dump should only be used with consideration of the
impact on memory resources.
Correlation with
Used to specify which auxiliary channel is the reference (Pilot) signal
for the correlation of seismic channels. For example, enter “Pilot” if you
have assigned “Pilot” as label to that channel. See Label (page 116). This
will tell the system where the reference signal is physically connected,
for correlating the seismic channels with that signal.
Auxiliary traces
The Auxiliaries pane allows you to describe the process that you want
to be done on your auxiliary channels and specify which auxiliary traces
you want to record.
Figure 6-8
Autocorrelation wavelet
on Aux Trace 1
Uncorrelated pilot ta3 ReturnSweep*ReturnPilot+
on Aux Trace 2 Cross-correlation of
ta1 Pilot*Pilot+ ReturnSweep with
ta2 Pilot ReturnPilot on Aux Trace 3
ta3 ReturnSweep*ReturnPilot+
Figure 6-9
Impulsive type
This type of process is intended for traditional impulsive-source
operations (e. g. explosive).
6
Figure 6-10
See also:
• Standard/Advanced (page 201)
• Firing Order (page 201)
• Record Length (page 201)
• TB Window (page 202)
• Refraction Delay (page 202)
• Auxiliary traces (page 205)
• How to Generate a Process Type (page 214)
Impulsive Stack
Figure 6-11
This type of process is used to stack impulsive data (from any kind of
impulsive low energy source, e. g. weight drop) before recording it.
For any auxiliary traces to be stacked too, you must have them on Radio
telemetry channels, and use the Prestack option.
The Acquisition pane allows you to create a list of acquisitions to stack.
On each acquisition in your list, use the Output option to choose
whether to record the stacked data (Dump option) or not (None option).
You have to choose at least one Dump on the last acquisition.
If you choose the Raw option, then you record the data unprocessed at
the end of each acquisition (with no stacking). So at the end of the
sequence you will have one record for each individual acquisition and
another one for the result from the stacking process.
Note Because they increase memory usage, the Raw and Xdump
options should only be used with consideration of the impact on
memory resources.
See also:
• Standard/Advanced (page 201)
Figure 6-12
Note Because they increase memory usage, the Raw and Xdump
options should only be used with consideration of the impact on
memory resources.
See also:
• Standard/Advanced (page 201)
• Firing Order (page 201)
• Record Length (page 201)
• TB Window (page 202)
• Auto Correlation Peak Time (page 204)
• Listening Time (page 201)
• Acquisition Index (page 202)
• Acquisition Type (page 203)
• Output option (page 203)
• Auxiliary traces (page 205)
• How to Generate a Process Type (page 214)
6
Figure 6-13
This is another way to work with a vibrator. The first operation consists
of stacking the data and, at the end of it, performing a correlation on the
stacked data and recording the result.
All parameters are the same as with the Correlation Before Stack option.
You just have one more column in the description table, to specify the
sign to apply to the acquired data. The sign will be applied to the data
and the Pilot.
For any auxiliary traces to be stacked too, you must have them on Radio
telemetry channels, and use the Prestack option.
Note Because they increase memory usage, the Raw and Xdump
options should only be used with consideration of the impact on
memory resources.
See also:
• Standard/Advanced (page 201)
• Firing Order (page 201)
• Record Length (page 201)
Vibroseismic Stack
Figure 6-14
sequence you will have one record for each individual acquisition and
another one for the result from the stacking process.
Like for all Vibroseismic modes you must request a Dump at the end of
the acquisition sequence.
For any auxiliary traces to be stacked too, you must have them on Radio
telemetry channels, and use the Prestack option.
Note Because they increase memory usage, the Raw and Xdump
options should only be used with consideration of the impact on
memory resources.
See also: 6
• Standard/Advanced (page 201)
• Firing Order (page 201)
• Record Length (page 201)
• TB Window (page 202)
• Listening Time (page 201)
• Acquisition Index (page 202)
• Acquisition Type (page 203)
• Output option (page 203)
• Auxiliary traces (page 205)
• How to Generate a Process Type (page 214)
1-8
Figure 6-15
• Click Add,
• For each acquisition in the list box, select the desired “Output” option
(Double-click on the desired acquisition number, select the output
option, then click Change).
After entering all the parameters to define your Process Type, you only
need to enter a process type number and label in the list box at the foot
of the window, and click Add then Apply to save the process type.
To view the parameters of any process type, double-click on it in the list
box. Then you can make any changes needed and click Change, or
Add, or Delete, as required. To save your changes, click Apply.
Figure 6-16
Shot Id.
Shot Point or Vibrated Point sequential number.
Break Point
If you enter “Yes” in the “Break Point” column, for any Shot/VP, then
the spread will not be configured automatically for this source point (so
that you can skip it if required).
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December 4, 2006
6 Operation
The Source Point Setup
Swath Id
Identification number of the set of seismic lines to shoot (i. e. the set of
receiver positions and source points depicted in a set of SPS R-, S- and
X-files).
Source Line
Source Point Line Number, adjustable in steps of 0.1 between Lines L
and L+1. Used jointly with the Source Receiver field to define the
source location, and displayed as “Source Point Line” in the operation
table.
Source Receiver
Source Point receiver position Number, adjustable in steps of 0.1
between receiver positions RP and RP+1. Used jointly with the Source
Line field to define the source location, and displayed as “Source Point
Nb” in the operation table.
Source Receiver
L
RP RP+1 RP+2
Source Line
L+1
Figure 6-17
Spread Type
Choose one of the Spread Types defined through the “Absolute” or
“Generic” Spread Setup menu, in the “Line” main window.
• With an “Absolute” spread, you have to specify the complete
acquisition spread to be used for each and every shot. When you are
loading SPS files to the database in the Log main window, you
automatically generate an operation table with the Absolute spread.
• A “Generic” spread describes the pattern of active channels. That is
helpful if the programming of the spread is done manually and you
do not want to change the description every time the spread moves.
SFL
Spread First Line: lowest Line Number in the spread; used along with
“SFN” to specify the origin of the spread.
• For a generic spread, SFL is entered by the operator.
• For an absolute spread, SFL is automatically computed by the
system.
SFN
Spread First receiver position Number: lowest Receiver Position in the
spread; used along with “SFL” to specify the origin of the spread.
• For a generic spread, SFN is entered by the operator.
6
• For an absolute spread, SFN is automatically computed by the
system.
Process Type
Choose one of the Process Types defined through the “Process Type”
Setup menu in the Operation main window. The “Process Type” you
choose will tell the system which type of seismic signal to generate and
which type of processing to perform prior to recording the seismic data
acquired.
Comments
May be used to enter a comment for each VP. Such comments are
displayed in the Operation table and recorded in the User Header in the
SEGD file. If the “User Header” is entered into the list of parameters for
an Observer Report or an SPS text file (using the LOG main window),
then the comments will also be included in the Observer Report or SPS
text file.
Any ASCII character is allowed except double quotation marks (“).
Superspread
If you want to use a Superspread (an absolute spread that encompasses
several successive spreads), enter its identification number into this
field. You must have created it in the Line main window (see Absolute
spreads on page 123).
Superspread
Figure 6-18
WARNING
When you are using a Superspread, the Gain code for any given trace
must be the same in all individual spreads making up the Superspread,
and in the Superspread itself (because the acquisition of a trace must be
done with the Gain code specified for that trace in the active individual
spread).
Note If you are using different Process Types for the shots associated
with a superspread, be sure the Aux descriptor is the same in all
Any changes you make will not take effect until you click the Apply
button.
The Reset button works like an undo command. It restores the table as
it was before you last clicked on Apply.
Operating Mode
Figure 6-19
To open this setup window, select Options from the Setup menu. Click
on the Operating tab. To enable and save your changes, click Apply.
• Standard: choose this option to work with an Explosive-type source
(dynamite, air gun or any other kind of impulsive energy), or with a
standard Vibroseismic source (single source or flip-flop dual source).
• Slip-Sweep: this option enables slip-sweep operations (for VE432
users only). See Slip-sweep on page 248.
• HFVS: (High Fidelity Vibratory Seismic) Selecting HFVS enables
data retrieval from LAUR radio telemetry units used to record
vibrator motion signals picked up on each vibrator, as soon as each
sweep is complete (rather than waiting for the listening time to
expire), so that they can be recorded as Auxiliary channels in the
SEGD file. Correlated shots are only sent to the QC processing tool
(not recorded). Uncorrelated (Raw) data is only recorded (not sent to
the QC processing tool). See HFVS (page 400).
Automation
Figure 6-20
To open this setup window, select Options from the Setup menu.Click
on the Operating tab. To enable and save your changes, click Apply.
With a Vibroseismic source or Stacked Impulsive source, the progress
of the acquisitions depends on which Automation option you choose.
(With an Impulsive source, the automation option is of no effect).
Continuous
You are in automatic mode. That means, if you don't have any problem
during acquisitions, you click Go and you are able to shoot
consecutively the SPs or VPs defined in the Operation Table,
respecting the operator-selected delay between acquisitions and SP/
VPs, without any further action until the next Break Point (if any) is
encountered.
You can click Stop to stop the sequence on completion of the current
operation (acquisition or dump) and click Go to resume the sequence.
Note Whenever a new field unit is laid out, it does not appear in the
Line main window’s topographic view until the spread is
formed again. If the spread remains the same for consecutive
shots (VPs) in continuous mode, no spread forming is
performed, so any new unit laid out will not be visible unless
you program a Look between VPs (see Look on page 224). If
any Sensor tests are selected in the Look setup menu, they are
performed too.
Discontinuous
You will do the entire shot point or VP sequence with the specified
delays between acquisitions, and you have to click Go for the next shot
6
point or VP.
The delay between VPs is not used.
You can click Stop to stop the sequence on completion of the current
operation (acquisition or dump) and click Go to resume the sequence.
Manual
Each acquisition within each shot point must be started manually, by
clicking the Go pushbutton. The Delays Between Acquisitions and
Between VPs are not used.
Look
Recurrence
every n VPs
Figure 6-21
To open this setup window, select Options from the Setup menu. Click
on the Look tab. To enable and save your changes, click Apply.
This Seismic Setup is used for automation of Look and Sensor tests
between shot points.
• The AutoLook option is used to enable or disable automatic
performance of a Look function between shot points. Tick this option
to select the Automatic mode, untick it for the Manual mode
(meaning that you will have to click on the Look button in the Line
main window).
• Every: This field is used to specify the recurrence rate of the Look
function if AutoLook is enabled. The selected tests will
automatically be launched after completing the number of shot points
specified in this field.
• With Tests: These buttons allow you to choose one or more Sensor
tests to be performed by the Look function, in Automatic or Manual
mode.
The Resistance and Tilt tests are done jointly: running either of them
also runs the other but, unless its button is activated the results from the
other test are not used.
Sources
Select Sources from the Setup menu. This setup window is used to
assign a name to each available seismic source and determine how the
system will select the next shot to do with that source from the operation
table.
The Explo option is for all types of impulsive energy (dynamite, air
gun, etc.). The Vibro option is for vibroseismic sweeps.
Figure 6-22
After entering all the parameters to define a type of seismic source, you
only need to enter a source type number in the Nb field, and click Add
then Apply to save the source type.
To view the parameters of any source type, double-click on it in the list
box (at the foot of the Setup window). Then you can make any changes
needed and click Change, or Add, or Delete, as required. To save your
changes, click Apply.
Figure 6-23
To open this setup window, select Sources from the Setup menu, click
on the Explo tab.
Label 6
Use this field to enter a self-explanatory name that will identify the
source in plain (e. g. a shooter’s name).
Shooter Nb
Use this field to enter the identification number of the source controller.
Comment
Use this field to enter a description of the impulsive source in plain if
required.
Increment Nb
This field is used to specify the increment step to use after a shot is done,
to automatically determine which shot should next get the focus in the
list of shots to do. Typically the increment step is 1. An increment step
other than 1 is especially helpful in multishooter operations.
• With 0 as Increment step, the Shot Number is not incremented after
a shot is done, and no new spread is formed.
• With a Increment step other than 0 (a positive or negative integer),
the number of the next shot to do is computed accordingly, the focus
jumps to that shot, and the new spread is formed.
Figure 6-24
Label
Use this field to enter a self-explanatory name that will identify the
source in plain (e. g. a vibrator leader’s name).
Fleet Nb
Use this field to enter the identification number of the group of vibrators
to use as the source. To determine which vibrators are included in each
fleet, use the VE432 window (see Vibrator Fleet on page 375).
Moving: Sequentially
Choose the Sequential option if you wish to take VPs as scheduled in
the operation table.
After a VP is done, with this option, the system will use the increment
step specified in the“Step” field to determine which VP to do with this
source and select it automatically from the list of VPs to do.
If this source is for VPs with multiple acquisitions to stack, you may or
may not have to choose the “Work by Acq” option, depending on
whether or not you want to shift the fleet’s vibrators after each sweep.
Moving: Randomly
Choose the Randomly option if you want to allow the Source Points to
get the focus in any order (e. g. if you are using a “DSD network”) rather
than follow the order determined in the list of shots to do.
If this source is for VPs with multiple acquisitions to stack, you may or
may not have to choose the “Work by Acq” option, depending on
whether or not you want to shift the fleet’s vibrators after each sweep.
Step
This field is used to specify the increment step to use after a VP is done,
if you choose Sequential as Moving option, to automatically determine
which VP should next get the focus in the list of VPs to do. Typically
6
the step is 1. An increment step other than 1 is especially helpful for
Flip-flop Vibroseismic operations (see Flip-Flop sweeps on page 243).
• With 0 as step value, the Shot Number is not incremented after a VP
is done, and no new spread is formed.
• With a step other than 0 (a positive or negative integer), the number
of the next VP to do is computed accordingly, the focus jumps to that
VP, and the new spread is formed. For an example with a negative
step, see Figure 6-33 on page 246.
Work by Acq
If this source is for VPs with multiple acquisitions to stack, you may or
may not have to choose the “Work by Acq” option, depending on
whether or not you want to shift the fleet’s vibrators after each sweep.
• Do not choose “Work by Acq” if the multiple acquisitions are to be
stacked without shifting any vibrator. As a result:
- In the standard mode (no Slip-Sweep), the multiple acquisitions
to stack are done in succession, using the operator-selected delay
between acquisitions (see The Delay setup on page 232), without
interleaving with other VPs.
Note To enable the system to open and suspend two or more VPs, see
428XL scalability (page 67).
The very first time any vibrator fleet is reported ready to shake at a
location that falls within the VP grabbing circle around a planned source
COG position, that fleet is assigned to the first acquisition for that VP.
If the fleet’s position falls within more than one VP grabbing circles, a
dialog box pops up so the operator can choose between the eligible VPs.
The subsequent acquisitions to stack will be done by the same vibrator
fleet when it is next ready to shake within the same circle.
Cluster
This field is used for simultaneous dual-source operations. The Cluster
number determines the two fleets to use simultaneously.
Comment
Use this field to enter a description of the vibroseismic source in plain,
if required.
Figure 6-25
• “At end of Acq”: use this slider to set the required minimum time
between any two successive acquisitions to stack. This delay is not
used if the Manual automation option is selected (see Automation on
page 222).
• “At end of VP” use this slider to set the required minimum time
between any two successive VPs. This delay is only used if the
Continuous option is selected and no Break Point is set on the
selected VP.
Each delay is selectable from 0.0 to 99.0 seconds in 0.1-second steps.
If the Slip-Sweep Operating Mode (page 221) is enabled, the Delay
setup window is used to adjust the Slip Time instead.
Figure 6-26
The Slip Time is used as follows: after a sweep is started, the Firing
Order for the next sweep will not be generated until the vibrator fleet is
ready and the Slip Time Delay has expired.
The Slip Time Delay should not be shorter than the desired listening
time. See Slip-sweep (page 248) for details.
Figure 6-27
∑ A( k , i )
k =1 For details about “n”, see Reference
A( k , i ) = A ( k , i ) − Information in 428XL User’s Manual Vol. 3
n
Noise Editing
(see also More About Noise Elimination on page 256).
Historical
If you choose this option, then the noise editing function is enabled.
Then you must define the set of parameters which are necessary to
remove impulsive noise using an historical type of editing.
Diversity Stack
If you choose this option, then the Diversity Stack noise elimination
function is enabled. For this type of noise elimination, you are not
required to enter any parameter, apart from the Low Trace Percentage,
Low Trace Value and Nb of Windows.
The energy (E) from each trace is calculated by averaging the squares
of the samples (before correlation). Then each sample is multiplied by
the inverse of the energy previously computed.
At the end of n sweeps (when the VP is complete) each sample stacked
(before or after correlation) is multiplied by the inverse of the sum of
the inverses of the energies previously computed.
There's no peak editing function for that type of noise elimination. The
Diversity Stack function cannot be used in Stack-Only operation.
Off
If you choose this option, then the noise editing function is disabled, and
no parameters need to be defined.
Editing Type
Zeroing
If you choose this option, then any sample equal to or greater than the
editing threshold will trigger the process which zeroes the samples over
a window length that is selected by the “Zeroing Length” parameter.
Linear-variation taper, over a window selected by the “Zeroing Taper
Length” parameter, is programmed before and after the zeroed portion
in order to prevent discontinuity.
6
Clipping
If you choose this option, then every sample equal to or greater than the
threshold will be clipped to the editing threshold value by the noise
editing process.
Nb of Windows
(Allowable range: 1 to 64). Number of noise editing windows.
With the noise elimination function activated, the acquisition length
may be divided into one or more windows (1 to 64).
With “Diversity Stack” noise elimination and the “Correlation Before
Stack” processing option, a single window is used.
Zeroing Length
(Allowable range: 1 to 500 milliseconds). Zeroing window length when
a sample exceeds the editing threshold, when the “Zeroing” option is
selected for the “Editing type” parameter.
Low Trace %
(Selectable from 0 to 100%). Criterion for deciding whether a channel
is “Low”. If the number (in percent) of samples which are below the
value specified in the “Low Trace Value” field exceeds the value
specified in the “Low Trace %” field, then the trace is reported as
“Low”.
If a trace is “Low”, threshold update is not performed at the end of the
sweep.
Noisy Trace %
(Selectable from 0 to 100). Criterion for deciding whether a channel is
“noisy”. If the number (in percent, computed with respect to the
acquisition length) of zeroed or clipped samples exceeds the value
specified in the “Noisy Trace %” field, then the trace is considered as
noisy.
Figure 6-28
Hold/Var.
This button is used to enable or disable automatic updating of noise
editing thresholds in the “Historical” noise elimination process.
Choosing “Var.” enables thresholds to be automatically updated.
Choosing “Hold” causes thresholds to remain fixed at the latest value
updated before the “Hold” function was selected.
Init.
Clicking “Init.” presets all thresholds (64 windows) on all channels on
all threshold types (up to 16) to the initialization value entered for the
“Historical” noise elimination process.
Load
Clicking “Load” restores the latest noise editing thresholds saved, so
that they can be used as initialization values in the next “Historical”
noise elimination process.
Save
Clicking “Save” saves all current noise editing thresholds so that they
can be used at a later date in “Historical” noise elimination.
This command should be used prior to turning the power off or prior to
taking a shot with a different geometry which could affect noise editing.
The “Save” command saves:
• the threshold types used after power-on, or after clicking “Init.” or
“Load”, until “Save” is next used,
• the traces used in each threshold type,
• and the 64 windows on each trace (unused windows are initialized at
the threshold initialization value).
6
Figure 6-29
Blaster shots
VE432 sweeps
In Vibroseismic operations, the way the focus passes from a VP to
another depends on the options you choose in Seismic setup options
(page 221) and The Source Type setup (page 226):
• In the standard mode (no Slip-Sweep, actual vibrator positions not
available), the system relies on the Operation Table and on the
parameters associated with the source (increment “Step”, “Moving”
and “Work by Acq” options) to determine which VP should next get
the focus after an acquisition is done. Two sources can be used
simultaneously (see Cluster on page 230). Up to four sources can be
used alternately (see Flip-Flop sweeps on page 243).
• If Slip-Sweep is enabled but actual vibrator positions are not
6
supplied, the system relies on the Operation Table to determine which
VP should next have the focus after an acquisition is done. Stacking
is not allowed.
• If actual vibrator positions are supplied, VPs are not necessarily done
as scheduled in the Operation Table. When a fleet is ready to shake
and its COG lies in the vicinity of a planned source point to be done
with that fleet, the system automatically selects and highlights the
matching VP in the operation table, regardless of which VP is next
scheduled. The “Acquisition Type” associated with the Process Type
determines which sweep signal to use. The “Active Acquisition”
view lets you see which acquisition is in progress.
Below is a reminder of the available methods of starting sweeps
automatically:
Note (1) In that case, the arrival of the “Ready” status overrides the
operator-selected delay.
Note (2) The VE432 “DSD Network” option (see page 344) allows
each vibrator to supply its GPS position. When a vibrator fleet
is ready (pads down) the leader sends a message containing
both the Ready status and the resulting Centre Of Gravity of the
source, calculated from the GPS position of each vibrator. This
enables the system to automatically select the matching source
point in the Operation Table. This way of shooting is referred to
as the source “Navigation” shooting mode. If the COG falls
outside the programmed circle, then a warning dialog box
shows up: click OK if you choose to accept the source position
as it is, Cancel otherwise (in that case the system will wait for
the next fleet to be ready).
Note (3) In the VE432 main window, a button is associated with each
fleet, enabling the Fleet Ready status to be relayed
automatically to the Operation window, or retained until you
choose to let it go.
Flip-Flop sweeps
What is meant by “Flip-Flop” mode with the 428XL is the use of
multiple sources alternately (not only two, but up to four).
6
1 Source1 2
Source1 2
Source2 2
Source1 1 3 1
Source2 2 4 1
3 1 1 Dump
F1 moving to F1 moving to
VP5 location VP7 location
Source1 VP3 (Acq1) VP5 (Acq1)
F2 moving to
VP6 location
Source2 VP4 (Acq1) VP6 (Acq1)
With the above settings, if you right-click on VP3 and choose “Start
Seismonitor with Vib Source1”, and right-click on VP4 and choose
“Start Seismonitor with Vib Source2”, then the system will do VP3
with fleet #1, VP4 with fleet #2, VP5 with fleet #1, and so on.
In the example shown in Figure 6-31 below, the same scheme is used but
two acquisitions are stacked at each VP without shifting the vibrators.
1 Source1 2
Source1 2
Source2 2
Source1 1 3 1
Source2 2 4 1
3 1 2 No Dump
3 2 2 Dump
F1 moving to
VP5 location
Source1 VP3 (Acq1) VP3 (Acq2) VP5 (Acq1)
With the above settings, if you right-click on VP3 and choose “Start
Seismonitor with Vib Source1”, and right-click on VP4 and choose
“Start Seismonitor with Vib Source2”, then the system will do two
stacked acquisitions for VP3 with fleet #1, and then two stacked
acquisitions for VP4 with fleet #2, two stacked acquisitions for VP5
with fleet #1, and so on.
In the example shown in Figure 6-32 below, the “Work by Acq” option
is used. As a result the two acquisitions to stack are not done in
succession: while the vibrators are shifting to the location of the second
acquisition, the system takes an acquisition for another VP.
1 Source1 2
Source1
Source2
2
2 6
Source1 1 3 1
Source2 2 4 1
3 1 2 No Dump
3 2 2 Dump
F1 moving to
F1 shifting VP5 location
Source1 VP3 (Acq1) VP3 (Acq2) VP5 (Acq1)
F2 moving to
F2 shifting VP6 location
Source2 VP4 (Acq1) VP4 (Acq2) VP6 (Acq1)
F1 F2 Expired F2
Ready Ready delay Ready
With the above settings, if you right-click on VP3 and choose “Start
Seismonitor with Vib Source1”, and right-click on VP4 and choose
“Start Seismonitor with Vib Source2”, then the system will do the
first acquisition for VP3 with fleet #1, and then the first acquisition for
428XL User’s Manual Vol. 1 245
December 4, 2006
6 Operation
How to take shots or sweeps
VP4 with fleet #2 (while a pause icon appears ahead of VP3), and
resume VP3 with fleet #1 (while a pause icon appears ahead of
VP4), resume VP4 with fleet #2, and so on and so forth.
Note To enable the system to open and suspend two or more VPs, see
428XL scalability (page 67).
Note You can use a positive or negative value in the “Step” field.
In the example in Figure 6-33 below, the two source are moving in
opposite directions because a negative “Step” is used for source #2.
In progress
(source #1)
Negative step
2nd acq. in
progress
Note If you want to use three or four sources with the “Work by Acq”
option, you have to use the Administration window to set the
Maximum open VP parameter (2 by default) to 3 or 4. See
428XL scalability (page 67).
In the example shown in Figure 6-34 below, the system will do only two
VPs out of four because the Step field is set at 4 but only two sources
are used. You still have to choose the first VP to do with source #2
(using the right-click popup menu) and that with source #4.
6
In progress
2nd acq. in
Not used progress
Slip-sweep
(For VE432 users only)
Theory of operation
Each vibrator fleet you want to use in slip-sweep mode must have its
own vibrator controller (DPG). Since up to four DPGs can be attached
to the system, you can use up to four fleets in slip-sweep mode.
With the slip-sweep option enabled, the system lets a vibrator fleet start
sweeping without waiting for the previous fleet's sweep to be
completed. The system only waits until a delay specified by the operator
has expired (the estimated time for a given frequency in the previous
sweep to die out) and lets the next vibrator fleet start sweeping when it
is ready, with the appropriate receiver stations activated.
The system cuts the acquisition data flow at the appropriate time-zeroes.
The data appear in SEGD files as individual correlated records.
Fleet 1 sweep Fleet 1 sweep
Slip Time T Slip Time T
Fleet 2 sweep Fleet 2 sweep
Slip Time T Slip Time T
Fleet 3 sweep
Slip Time T
T = time from FO to
TB
Fleet 2 Fleet 3 Fleet 1 Fleet 2 Fleet 3
Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready
Figure 6-35
Note After the Slip Time has expired and the Firing Order is
generated, the time required for the VE432 DPG to send the
Time Break depends on the number of T0 codes used to
synchronize the vibrators.
With two T0 sync codes, the FO to TB time is about 1.5 s, i. e. T = 2 s
approximately. See the T0 Setup in the VE432 DPG main window
(page 370).
6
Same type for all
acquisitions to stack in
Correlation operation this process type
Same list of auxiliary specific to this process
channels in all type
process types
Stacking fold
Figure 6-36
Figure 6-37
Figure 6-38
Examples
In the examples shown in Figure 6-40 and Figure 6-41, each fleet can
start shaking right after the Slip Time has expired.
F1 moving to
VP3 location
F2 moving to
VP4 location
F1 moving to
VP3 location
Fleet 1 VP1 (Acq1) VP1 (Acq2) VP3 (Acq1) VP3 (Acq2)
Slip Time Slip Time Slip Time Slip Time
F2 moving to
VP4 location
In the example shown in Figure 6-42, each fleet can start shaking when
it is Ready and the Slip Time has expired and its COG matches a
planned source point to be done with that fleet (see VP Grabbing Radius
on page 278), regardless of which VP is next scheduled to get the focus
in the Operation table.
F1 moving to F1 moving to
VP6 location VP8 location
Fleet 2
VP2 (Acq1)
Slip Time
VP4(Acq1)
Slip Time F3 moving to
VP5 location
6
VP3 (Acq1) VP5 (Acq1)
Fleet 3
Slip Time Slip Time
F1 F2 F3 F2 F1 F3 F1
Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready
In the example shown in Figure 6-43, you have to choose the Work by
Acq option for each source (see Vibroseismic source parameters on
page 228). Each fleet can start shaking when it is Ready and the Slip
Time has expired and its COG matches a planned source point to be
done with that fleet (see VP Grabbing Radius on page 278), regardless of
which VP is next scheduled to get the focus in the Operation table.
F1 F3 F2 F1 F2 F3 F1
Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready
Figure 6-43 Slip-sweep with randomly moving source, Navigation option, stacking (2)
Note To enable the system to open and suspend two or more VPs, see
428XL scalability (page 67).
In the example shown in Figure 6-44, each fleet will start shaking when
it is Ready and the Slip Time has expired and its COG matches a
planned source point to be done with that fleet (see VP Grabbing Radius
on page 278). Because acquisitions are stacked at the same place, the
fleet is implicitly Ready at the end of each sweep (unless this is the last
sweep within the VP), so it can shake as soon as the Slip Time has
expired.
Implicit
Ready F1 moving to
VP4 location
Implicit
F1 F3 F2 Ready F1
Ready Ready Ready Ready
Figure 6-44 Slip-sweep with randomly moving source, Navigation option, stacking (2)
Zeroing
With this method, any sample greater than or equal to the threshold
causes a number of samples to be zeroed.
The number of zeroed samples is specified by “Zeroing Length”, and
the zeroing process is brought in and removed gradually, i.e. beginning
and ending with a “linear-variation taper”.
The Taper Length is expressed as a number of samples and equal to a
power of 2. 6
Clipping
Any sample exceeding the threshold is cut down to the value of the
threshold.
Threshold updating
In each window, the threshold is updated with respect to the highest
sample in the window.
Threshold updating is performed at the end of the noise elimination
process, using the Range parameter (12 dB) as follows (see also
Figure 6-45 on page 258):
A A A A
Thr.
B 3 dB B B B
-3 dB
Range
C C C C
(12 dB)
D D D D
Thr.-3dB-Range Thr.-3dB Thr> max sample
> max sample > max sample ≥ Thr.-3dB
≥Thr-3 dB-Range max sample >Thr.
⇒Thr = Thr-3 dB ⇒Thr unchanged ⇒Thr = Thr+3 dB ⇒Thr = Thr+3 dB
Figure 6-45
Special cases
Threshold updating is not performed:
- if the trace is reported “Low”,
- if the “Hold” option is selected, rather than “Var.” (variable),
- if the trace is “dead” (corrupted).
A trace is “Low” if, before noise elimination, the percentage of samples
which are smaller than the specified “Low Trace Value” exceeds the
specified “Low Trace %”.
Diversity Stack
The Diversity Stack method is only used with “Correlation After
Stack” process types.
Each trace is divided into several windows whose length equals:
AcquisitionLength
----------------------------------------------------
NumberOfWindows
The maximum number of windows for each trace is 64.
The entire processing is performed before correlation but includes two
parts: before stacking and after stacking.
A(k) = kth sample
6
n = number of samples in the window
i = trace index
j = window index
p = current stack fold
n
[ A( k ) ] 2
E (i , j , p ) = ∑k =1 n
E ( i, j, p ) – E ( i, j – 1, p )
S ( j ) = ---------------------------------------------------------
n
A(k)
---------------------------------------------------- where (1 ≤ k ≤ n).
E ( i, j – 1, p ) + S ( j )*k
Assuming the current stack fold is p, when the whole ith trace is
computed the following computation is performed on all the E(i,j,p)
terms for each window:
1 1
--------------------- + ------------------------------
E ( i, j, p ) E ( i, j, p – 1 )
1
A( k ) ∗ m
1
∑p =1 E (i , j , p)
1 1
m − m
1 1
∑
p =1 E (i , j , p)
∑ p =1 E (i , j − 1, p)
S ( j) =
n
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
A( k ) ∗ ⎢
⎢
1
+ [ ]
S ( j) ∗ k ⎥
⎥
6
m
1
⎢ ∑ E (i , j − 1, p) ⎥
⎣ P =1 ⎦
where (1 ≤ k ≤ n).
See also More About Correlation (page 262).
Description
Correlation is achieved in the frequency domain, using the “Fast Fourier
Transform” method. It is performed on a set of data whose length is 2n,
greater than “Pilot length” or “Sweep length”, whichever is the longest,
+ “Investigation length”.
The results from the correlation process begin with positive time result
data and end with negative time result data.
Correlation may be performed on three types of traces:
• auxiliary traces
• seismic traces
• seismic traces in similarity tests.
Stack
No correlation is performed on an auxiliary trace. Only stacking is
6
performed.
When two pilots are used, the results from auxiliary traces are located
in the two records.
The order in which the result traces are written in SEGD files agrees
with the order of sequences in the description of the processings to be
done.
This gives rise to two records with the same trace count.
If a trace is “dead”, then all its samples are zeroed.
Correlation is performed as follows:
• A direct Fast Fourier Transform is performed on the “Pilot” auxiliary
trace, with this trace as real part and 0 as imaginary part.
• A direct Fast Fourier Transform is performed on two seismic traces
with one seismic trace as real part and the other seismic trace as
imaginary part.
• A complex multiplication is performed of the FFT result from the 2
seismic traces by the FFT result from the pilot auxiliary trace.
• A reverse Fast Fourier Transform is performed on the result from the
complex multiplication.
Data Distribution
seismic trace
(sweep length + record length) 0
Pilot length
6
0 2n
Figure 6-46
0 sweep length + 2n
record length
Aux. trace 0 0
Pilot length
2n
Figure 6-47
Aux trace
Pilot length
0
Figure 6-48
seismic trace
(sweep length + record length)
0
Pilot length
0 2n
Figure 6-49
0 sweep length + 2n
record length
Aux. trace 0 0
Pilot length
2n
Figure 6-50
Aux trace
Pilot length
0
Figure 6-51
seismic trace
(sweep length + record length)
0 0
0
Pilot length
2n
6
Figure 6-52
0 2n
sweep length +
record length
Aux. trace 0 0
Pilot length
2n
Figure 6-53
Aux trace
Pilot length
0
Figure 6-54
Pilot length > Sweep length and > (Sweep length + Record
length)
Seismic trace correlation
Pilot length +
0 record length 2n
seismic trace
(sweep length + record length)
0 0
Pilot length
0 2n
Figure 6-55
0 2n
Pilot length +
record length
Aux. trace 0 0
Pilot length 2n
Figure 6-56
Aux trace
0 Pilot length
Figure 6-57
7 Positioning
Figure 7-1
The View menu allows you to customize the main window by choosing
one or more views to display. For details on how you can arrange the
views and toolbars as you would like them, see the Hands-on guide
(page 44).
A GIS (Geographical Information System) is used to display the
geographical data in a multi-layer manner. The left-hand pane in the
Geographical view (Figure 7-1) reflects the structure of the GIS and
serves as a plot layer manager window for the different drawing layers
that can be plotted in the right-hand pane. See The layer manager
(page 286).
WARNING
If a background map is loaded but not viewed, the map is still active and
used as reference for Source and/or Receiver position views. (The map
remains active until you unload it).
Figure 7-2
In order to locate a point on the earth you need to know its coordinates
and the geodetic DATUM.
To open this setup window, select Geodetic from the Setup menu and
click on the Datum Type tab. This setup allows you to display Datum
parameters and make any changes needed.
A Datum is defined with the following parameters:
• Datum Spheroid: datum name.
• Semi-major Axis: allowable range 0.001 to 99999999.999 m.
• Inverse Flattening: allowable range 0.0000001 to 9999.9999999.
• Shift Dx: allowable range -9999.999 to 9999.999 m.
• Shift Dy: allowable range -9999.999 to 9999.999 m.
• Shift Dz: allowable range -9999.999 to 9999.999 m.
• Shift Rx: allowable range -99.999 to 99.999 s.
• Shift Ry: allowable range -99.999 to 99.999 s.
• Shift Rz: allowable range -99.999 to 99.999 s.
• Datum Scale Factor: allowable range 0.0000000001 to
1.1000000000.
After entering all the parameters to define a Datum, you only need to
enter an identification number in the Nb field (allowable range 1 to 16),
and click Add then Apply to save the Datum type.
To view the parameters of any Datum type, double-click on it in the list
box (at the foot of the Setup window). Then you can make any changes
needed and click Change, or Add, or Delete, as required. To save your
changes, click Apply.
Figure 7-3
To open the Projection setup window, select Geodetic from the Setup
menu, then click on the Projection Type tab. This setup allows you to
display the projection parameters and make any changes needed.
The option button at the top (Currently used Projection Type) allows
you to choose which projection type to use.
A Projection Type is defined with the following parameters:
• Datum Type: This option button is used to choose which Datum
Type to attach to the projection. You define Datum types through The
Datum Type setup window (page 273).
• Other parameters depending on the kind of projection used (Lambert,
UTM, etc.).
For angular parameters (Central Meridian, Latitude origin, Reference
Latitude, North Latitude, South Latitude, Skew Angle) the format is:
dddmmss.ss
(Degrees, Minutes, Seconds with two decimal places).
Examples:
Latitude North 16° 4' 56.24" = 160456.24
South 16° 4' 56.24" = -160456.24
Longitude East 120° 1' 2.3" = 1200102.3
West 120° 1' 2.3" = -1200102.3
• Elevation referenced to (Geoidal Model/Local Ellipsoidal Model):
This option button allows you to choose the reference for the Surface
Elevation parameter which may appear in log files (APS, SPS, COG,
etc.):
- Geoidal Model: with this option, Surface Elevation is equal to
geoidal altitude + altitude correction
- Local Ellipsoidal Model: with this option, Surface Elevation is
equal to:
(geoidal altitude + geoidal separation) + altitude correction
After entering all the parameters to define a Projection, you only need
to enter an identification number in the Nb field (allowable range 1 to
16), and click Add then Apply to save the Projection type.
To view the parameters of any Projection type, double-click on it in the
list box (at the foot of the Setup window). Then you can make any
changes needed and click Change, or Add, or Delete, as required. To
save your changes, click Apply.
Figure 7-4
VP Grabbing Radius
(Allowable range: 1. to 99.9 m). Used in Navigation mode to determine
the eligible VP, if stacking is used and the fleet has to move after each
sweep within the VP. This parameter determines a larger circle around
the source COG tolerance circle. When a vibrator fleet is located within
the VP grabbing circle and ready to shake, the system chooses the
matching VP from the list of VPs in the Operation main window. See
VE432 sweeps (page 241).
VP Grabbing
COG Radius Radius
threshold
Acq2
COG tolerance COG VP grabbing
circle circle
Figure 7-5
Note With no stacking (i. e. a single acquisition per VP), the “VP
Grabbing Radius” should be set to be equal to the “COG Radius
Threshold”. Otherwise, if the COG falls outside the COG
Radius Threshold circle but within the VP Grabbing circle, the
operator will not be warned of the COG radial error when the
Ready message appears but only after the VP is done (the alert
threshold associated with the Ready message is determined by
the largest of the two circles).
Figure 7-6
Nb
(Allowable range: 1 to 50). Identity number of a vehicle, defined when
you configure the MRU for the vehicle. (See MRU User's Manual).
Name
Label you wish to assign to the vehicle identified in the Nb text box.
Max Speed
Determines the upper limit of the scale for colour-mapping the speed in
the vehicle’s trackline.
Tracking
For each vehicle in the list box this option button allows you to specify
whether or not the vehicle should be tracked in geographical views.
(Click in the field, then select the desired option from the button).
If you choose “True”, then MRU messages from that vehicle will be
interpreted. If you choose “False”, then the vehicle is not tracked, its
MRU messages are rejected and no alarm is raised if that vehicle fails
to reply.
First Waypoint
Initialization value of the individual waypoint counter attached to each
vehicle tracked (by default: 1). This determines the waypoint number
that will be assigned to the first waypoint transmitted to any vehicle.
For a given vehicle, the waypoint number is incremented (up to 100)
each time a waypoint is transmitted to the vehicle. It is reset to the
current First Waypoint value in the event of overflow.
If you change the First Waypoint value, the new value will apply to
those vehicles which do not have any waypoint yet and those which
have a waypoint counter at 100. 7
To create a Vehicle Identity Setup
To define a new vehicle in the list box, fill in all the fields as required,
then click Add.
To make changes to any row in the list box, double-click on it, fill in the
fields above the list, then click Add or Change or Delete, as required.
To save and enable your changes, click Apply. (To revert to the former
settings, click Reset instead).
General
Layer manager
pane
Plot pane Right-click to
view object
properties
Graphical
Tools
That is the basic view in the Positioning client window, consisting of:
• a geographical view showing the planned source points and receiver
points imported from SPS files, the actual source points (calculated
COGs), service vehicles equipped with a tracking (MRU) box, the
Figure 7-8
7
• You can use the Export Selected or Export All button to export
some or all of those properties. This generates a report document and
opens a preview window that allows you to save, print or export the
document by choosing whichever output format you like (PDF, XLS,
HTML, TXT, etc.) from its File menu.
Graphical tools
Rectangular
spatial query
View All Panning
Zoom in
• Zoom in: To zoom into an area in the plot pane, click on the Zoom
in button, position the mouse in one corner of the desired area, press
the left mouse button and hold it down, drag the mouse to the
opposite corner of the area (this causes a rubber-band box to appear)
and release the button. As a result, the region enclosed by the rubber-
band box is redrawn within the same view to occupy the entire plot
pane.
• Undo zoom: Reverts to the previous zoom factor.
• View All: Zooms out until all objects fit into the plot pane (in one
click).
• Zoom locker: Clicking on this button either locks or unlocks the
zoom-out factor, depending on whether it is already locked or
unlocked. With the zoom locker enabled, all zoom-out clicks will
take you back to the zoom factor you were using at the moment you
enabled it.
• Panning: Clicking the Panning button causes the mouse pointer to
change to a hand when resting in the plot pane. Then you can drag the
display in any direction with the mouse.
• Ruler: To read the distance from one point to another picked up in the
plot pane, click on the Ruler button, position the mouse on the first
point, press the left mouse button and hold it down, drag the mouse
to the other point. This draws a straight trackline in between. The
distance between the two points is displayed in a tip box on the first
point picked up. The latest distance picked up as you release the
mouse button is displayed in the Distance field in the locator bar.
Tip box
Refreshed as you
release mouse button
format you like (PDF, XLS, HTML, TXT, etc.) from its File
menu.
Layer manager
pane
Plot pane
Double-click to
expand/collapse folder
Double-click or
right-click to
show/hide layer
To show or hide any drawing layer, first expand the appropriate folder,
then double-click on the desired layer, or right-click on it and select the
appropriate command (Show Layer / Hide Layer) from the menu that
pops up.
The Rename Layer command lets you enter whatever name you like in
place of the default name.
The Layer Properties command allows you to view and modify the
image properties, for example to change the opacity of the background
or to enable or disable smoothing.
The Delete Layer command lets you delete the layer from the layer
manager (e. g. to unload a background map), but this does not delete the
file from your computer’s disk. Not all layers can be deleted.
The arrangement in the layer manager pane determines the way the
layers are stacked (i. e. overprinted) in the plot pane, the bottom folder
being plotted on the background and the top folder on the foreground.
You can move any layer by dragging it up or down to change the
overprinting order. Naturally, you must be aware that a raster file (the
background map) will hide any layer placed below it.
Background
The Background folder is dedicated to background images.
7
Opacity
This slider button controls how much of the background map will show
through.
Smoothing
The Optimal option applies appropriate smoothing for pixels not to be
visible, depending on the zoom factor. The Never option does not apply
any smoothing. The Always option achieves the best smoothing effect
but significantly increases the amount of CPU time consumed by your
Positioning window.
GeoZones
You may wish to be alerted if any tracked vehicle (vibrator equipped
with a GPS receiver or other vehicle equipped with a tracking system)
leaves the work area, or gets into quicksands or a boggy or no-
trespassing area, etc. The system will take care of that, using the
inclusion and/or exclusion zones contained in the GeoZones folder to
determine the allowable perimeter.
Right-click
Click
7
Figure 7-17 Inclusion/Exclusion zones
Swath
For each swath, a separate layer is automatically created in the Swath
folder, showing the source points and receiver points included in the
swath.
Source points
Each planned source position (from the Source SPS file) is represented
by a blue circle. The size of the circle is proportional to the “COG
Radius Threshold” specified through the “Setup” menu.
Source COG
The COG position is represented by a solid
square inside the planned source position blue
circle if there is no radial error, or outside of
it if there is a radial error that is if the
deviation from the planned COG position
exceeds the “COG Radius Threshold”
specified through the Setup menu. Figure 7-19
Receiver Points
Each planned receiver position is represented as a yellow + mark.
Miscellaneous
The Misc folder in the layer manager pane contains the icons for the
recording unit and the base camp.
Recording
truck icon
Figure 7-21
Alternatively, you can enter the precise coordinates of the recording unit
or base camp in the Log window (see Editing/saving/loading 428XL
parameters on page 410).
Vehicles
If a vehicle tracking system is attached to the server computer, the
Vehicles folder in the layer manager pane contains all the vehicles
equipped with a tracking box (MRU). You can monitor the position of 7
those vehicles in real time, show/hide their tracklines and also send
waypoints to them by simply dragging and dropping a vehicle’s icon to
the desired location.
See Vehicles on page 300 for details.
Sources
This folder contains all the sources created in the Operation window
that you can use to take shots or sweeps.
You can drag a source icon and drop it onto a planned shot point in the
plot pane to launch a shot just like a click on Go would do in the
Operation window. To do that, left-click on the source icon while
pressing the Ctrl key, then move the mouse to the desired planned shot
point and release the mouse button.
For example, this allows you to redo a sweep without lifting the vibrator
pads. Dragging and dropping the vibroseismic source simulates the
Ready signal sent by the fleet’s leader when all its vibrators have their
pads down. You must have clicked on Go at least once beforehand in
the Operation window. Also, the fleet’s vibrators are assumed
positioned at the shot point, with their pads down. Unless that is already
done, you also have to click on the fleet’s button in the VE432 main
window to let its Ready status be relayed to the acquisition system.
Enable/disable
updating
COG V2
V3 Fleet
Figure 7-23
The button in the upper left corner allows you to freeze/unfreeze the
view. Preventing the view from being updated may be helpful if you
need time to examine details. Since you can open as many tracking
views as you like (using the View menu), you can enable updating in
another view and still track the active source.
In each view, you can use any of the fleet (flag) buttons available at the
top to choose whichever fleet you would like to be tracked in that view.
If you do not choose any fleet, then the active source is tracked.
The tracking view shows the progress of vibrator positions and source
positions updated as soon as the status messages are received from the
vibrators. The solid square denoting the COG is:
• Orange and inside the source blue circle if:
- this is an estimated COG position (i.e. some vib positions have
not yet been received),
- but the estimation does not lead to any radial error.
• Orange and outside the source blue circle if:
- this is an estimated COG position (some vib positions have not
yet been received),
- and the estimation leads to a radial error (e.g. a status message is
indicating that a vibrator failed to vibrate. Therefore the
estimated COG is computed without the position of this vibrator,
leading to a radial error).
Note that COG radial errors are reported in the form of messages in the
mail pane at the foot of the window.
Figure 7-24
Note When you generate the RAW daily Observer Report, at the end
of the day, the SPS “Source” file in the database is
automatically updated with the actual source COG positions.
(You can use the Log main window to save the updated source
file to an archival medium).
The Elevation reported is the elevation value contained in the $GPGGA
messages from radiopositioning receivers (referenced to the geoidal
model).
Figure 7-25
Prediction table
The planned source positions (represented by blue circles) are known at
the outset as they are contained in Source SPS files. On the contrary, the
vibrator pattern is not known until all the vib positions of the first
complete pattern have been received.
For example, if 2 acquisitions are taken with 4 vibrators then 8 status
messages will be received, containing 8 vib positions, which will be
used to compute the actual COG but also to set up a prediction table. An
example is shown below.
Acquisition
DSD Number
1 2
V1 dx11, dy11 dx12, dy12
V2 dx21, dy21 dx22, dy22
V3 dx31, dy31 dx32, dy32
V4 dx41, dy41 dx42, dy42
The dx,dy values are horizontal and vertical offset distances between
each latest known vibrator position and the latest actual COG position
(green solid square).
V1.1
dx
Figure 7-26
Vehicles
In this section:
• Overview (page 300)
• Supported vehicle tracking systems (page 301)
• Customizing tracked vehicles (page 303)
• Vehicle trackline and history file (page 304)
Overview
GPS
Tracking Positio
Way n+Alar
poin m
ts+S GPS
Recording station ervic
e me
(Lab) ssag
es
Ser
Tracking
vic
em
ess
age
s
GPS
Tracking
Tracking
Monitoring station
(Camp)
Figure 7-27
Any vehicle equipped with a SERCEL MRU or Racal type tracking unit
can send its position —computed by a radio-positioning receiver— and
status to a base station, and receive waypoints and/or messages from the
base station. This requires that the base station be equipped with a
tracking box too. For reference information on the necessary
communications scheme, see the MRU or Racal User's Manual. See
also Supported vehicle tracking systems (page 301).
The base station can be the GUI computer in the recording truck
(referred to as “Lab”) or a monitoring station (referred to as “Camp”).
On the base station, whether it be a Lab or Camp station, the Positioning
client window must be open.
Periodically, each tracked vehicle reports its latest position and status to
the base station, which updates the position in the Positioning window’s
graphic pane.
The tracking box connects to the computer through a serial line (A- and/
or B-port of the computer).
Position
Port A Port A
Waypoint, Service message
Computer
Tracking box
Port B Service message Port B
or printer
Figure 7-28
A-port
The computer’s A-port:
• Receives the position and alarms from the vehicles.
• Sends waypoints and service messages to the vehicles.
• It is also used to send specific commands to the tracking box. For
example, with a Racal tracking box, changing the record unit position
sends the command $PASHS,POS (record unit position). A hardware
switch is required between the port of the computer and that of the
tracking box.
The computer’s A-port is configured as follows:
• With SERCEL (MRU) tracking boxes: 4800 Bauds, 8 data bits, 2
stops bits, no parity.
• With Racal-type tracking boxes: 9600 Bauds, 8 data bits, 2 stops bits,
no parity.
B-port
The computer’s B-port receives services messages exchanged by the
Lab and Camp computers.
It is configured as follows:
• With SERCEL (MRU) tracking boxes: 9600 bauds, 8 data bits, 2
stops bits, no parity.
• With Racal-type tracking boxes: 4800 bauds, 8 data bits, 2 stops bits,
no parity.
Note If the A-port is used for another link, the B port can be used in
place of it for the messages to and from the tracked vehicles. In
that case, communications between Lab and Camp computers
cannot be handled by the tracking box.
Fuel
(Name=”Fuel”)
Figure 7-29
Each time you add a new group, a subfolder is created in the layer
manager (hence a sublayer in the plot pane). As a result, you can apply
specific actions to the whole sublayer, for example:
- Rename the group;
- Send a request for specific attributes in order to find the
matching vehicles (using the name, or GPS identifier number or
any other attribute as search criterion);
Real-time display
Right-click on the vehicle’s subfolder in the layer manager pane and
select “Show trace route” from the menu that pops up.
The trackline is displayed as segments the colour of which depends on
the speed of the vehicle.
The speed is mapped with 10 different colours starting from green
(standing for the vehicle’s minimum speed) to red (standing for the
maximum allowable speed specified in the The Vehicle Identity setup on
page 280. A circle appears on the trackline if any alarm is raised.
Emergency
The system continually checks for any Emergency alert from the MRU
system (an Emergency alarm is automatically raised if a vehicle’s driver
pushes the Emergency button on the MRU tracking box). This requires
that the Tracking option in the The Vehicle Identity setup (page 280) be
set at “True”.
An Emergency alarm immediately causes a dialog box to show up in the
Positioning window, with the position of the vehicle at the moment the
alarm was raised.
Figure 7-30
GeoZone perimeter
Inclusion/exclusion zones are created by drawing closed curves in
geographical views or loading DXF files depicting such zones (see
GeoZones on page 289). GeoZones are intended for vehicles equipped
with an MRU system, and for all vibrators (with or without an MRU).
A visual alarm is raised (an orange expanding circle around the position
of a vehicle), and a GeoZone perimeter incident is reported, if a vehicle
or vibrator:
- enters an exclusion area;
- leaves an inclusion area.
The visual alarm disappears when the vehicle gets back to the allowable
perimeter, or if you delete the inclusion/exclusion zones affected (or
you double-click on the vehicle).
An inclusion/exclusion zone is active (can give rise to incidents) even
if hidden.
Global alarms
All vehicles and vibrators equipped with an MRU system and for which
the Tracking option in The Vehicle Identity setup (page 280) is set at
“True” can be checked for the following types of incidents: Emergency,
No Reply, No Move, Camp Distance, Lab distance.
The monitoring of all these incidents is optional, except for
“Emergency” alarms. On vibrators, “No move” incidents are ignored.
Clicking on this button in the toolbar opens a dialog box that
allows you to choose which incidents to monitor and adjust the
alert conditions.
Figure 7-31
No reply
Alerts you if the position of a vehicle fails to be refreshed within the
time (seconds) you specify in the Delay field, for instance if no position
message is received from the vehicle.
No move
Alerts you if a vehicle remains at a standstill (i. e. the position is
refreshed but remains within the circle determined by the associated
Distance field) for the time you specify in the Delay field (seconds).
Because of the so-called “noise” on the position, especially with
“straight GPS”, two successive positions from a vehicle can be different
even though the vehicle doesn’t move. The system will only assume the
vehicle is moving if the distance between two successive positions
exceeds the distance (metres) you specify in the Distance field.
Camp Distance
Alerts you if the distance from a vehicle to the “Camp” location exceeds
the distance (metres) you specify in the associated Radius field (i. e. the
position of the vehicle doesn’t fall within the circle determined by that
radius around the Camp location).
Lab Distance
Alerts you if the distance from a vehicle to the “Lab” (recording unit)
location exceeds the distance (metres) you specify in the associated
Radius field (i. e. the position of the vehicle doesn’t fall within the
circle determined by that radius around the “Lab” location).
Excess speed
All vehicles equipped with an MRU system and for which the Tracking
option in The Vehicle Identity setup (page 280) is set at “True” can be
checked for speed excess.
Right-clicking on any of those vehicles opens a dialog box that allows
you to set the speed alert conditions for that vehicle. Therefore, you can
set individual speed alert conditions on each vehicle.
7
Figure 7-32
For each vehicle monitored, the speed is computed as the ratio of the
difference between the last two positions received to the difference
between the times when they are received.
In the event of an “Excess speed” incident on a vehicle, a visual alarm
is raised (an orange expanding circle around the vehicle) and the
incident is reported in the log file. The visual alarm disappears when the
situation goes back to normal (or if you dismiss it by double-clicking on
the vehicle). On vibrators, “Excess speed” incidents are ignored.
Max Speed
Tick this option if you want the vehicle to be checked for excess speed.
Untick to disable monitoring.
Delay
Use this field to specify the desired time interval (seconds) between two
speed tests on this vehicle.
Speed
Use this field to specify the desired speed limit for this vehicle,
expressed in km/hr or miles per hour, depending on the type of unit
selected (see The Projection Type setup window on page 275).
Additional Effects
Use the options if you want excess speed incidents to open a dialog box
and/or generate an audible warning for this vehicle.
Object labelling
Each object appearing in a geographical view
can be annotated with a tag reporting
whichever of its attributes you choose. Those
tags are updated in real time, and do not
overprint one another. The more you zoom
7
in, the more tags are visible.
To create a tag and show or hide it, right-click
on the desired folder in the layer manager
pane (Source Point, Source Receiver, COG, Figure 7-33
Figure 7-34
Figure 7-35
Figure 7-36
Colour-mapped average
distortion in COG layer
Figure 7-37
To remove the colour map effect and go back to the default colour
encoding in the geographical view, right-click on the appropriate folder
in the layer manager and select “Reset Queries and Classification”
from the menu that pops up.
Query builder
A Query Builder tool is available for the items contained in the Swath
layer (Source Point, Source Receiver, COG).
The Query Builder allows you to build any kind of query on displayed
objects on any attributes of an object, with logical operators (Or, And,
Not, etc.), and generate professional reports in PDF, HTML, XCELL
files, etc.
For example, assuming you want to get the list of COGs with an average
distortion greater than 16, then:
1. Right-click on the COG folder in the layer manager pane and
choose Build feature query from the menu that pops up. This
opens the query builder window for COGs.
Figure 7-38
2. Select the desired attribute from the Property Name list box.
7
Figure 7-39
Figure 7-40
8 Export
Figure 8-1
The View menu allows you to open a separate view for each type of
export target (Tape, NFS server, FTP server), showing a table in which
the activity of the export process is logged. For details on how you can
arrange the views and toolbars as you would like them, see the Hands-
on guide (page 44). You can move and resize columns in tables by right-
clicking in any column heading and selecting Customize (see Figure 2-
24).
In the toolbar are indicators showing the status of each device to which
the shot files can be exported. See Export device indicators (page 323).
The Functions menu is used for local controls of tape drives, mounting/
unmounting NFS disks, making an FTP connection, and for playback.
See The Functions menu (page 330).
8
Figure 8-2 NFS export log view
Swath Id
Identification number of the swath (parameter from the Operation
window). Depending on your Backup Settings (page 79) in the
428XL User’s Manual Vol. 1 319
December 4, 2006
8 Export
Export activity log views
Device Id
Identification number assigned by the Export process to the export
target.
Julian Day
(NFS and FTP export reports only). Depending on your Backup Settings
(page 79) in the Configuration window, a subdirectory can be created
for each Julian Day in the SEGD file repository used for temporary
storage.
File #
Identification number of each SEGD file written to the removable disk,
or FTP server, or tape. This field can also display the number of a file
you are playing back.
Tape #
(Tape drive and NFS export reports only). Identification number of the
tape currently used, automatically incremented on writing the first file
after the “File Count” is reset to 0. If you are exporting to NFS disks,
the Tape number is still updated so that files can easily be copied to a
tape at a later date.
If two tape drives or two NFS disks are used simultaneously, two report
rows (one for each export target) are displayed for each SEGD file.
File Count
(Tape drive and NFS export reports only). Number of SEGD files
written to or read from the current tape. This number is automatically
reset to 0 when a double EOF is recorded to a tape (manually or when
the “File Count” matches your “Files per Tape” setting) or when a blank
cartridge is loaded. See The Tape Setup menu (page 328).
Device Name
(NFS and FTP export reports only). Automatically determined by the
system. If you are using NFS disks, that is the disk identification
number entered by the user when configuring the NFS disk. See 428XL
Installation Manual.
Server Name
(NFS and FTP export reports only). IP address of the NFS disk or FTP
server machine, entered using the The Functions menu (page 330).
Remote Folder
(NFS and FTP export reports only). Directory to which SEGD files are
exported, on the FTP server or NFS disks, entered using the The
Functions menu (page 330).
8
File Name
(NFS and FTP export reports only). Automatically created by the
system with the “File number” and “segd” as extension.
Time
Time of writing to the removable disk, or FTP server, or tape.
Error
Indicates whether or not the SEGD file was recorded successfully.
Error Text
If an error occurred when recording the SEGD file, this field contains
the error message generated by export target.
SCSI address
(Tape Drive reports only). SCSI address entered by the user on the tape
drive.
Tape Label
(Tape Drive reports only). From The Tape Setup menu (page 328).
Write Retries
(Tape Drive reports only). Number of attempts to write the specified
file.
Trace Blocking
(Tape Drive reports only). From The Tape Setup menu (page 328).
Export device
indicators Status tip box
Figure 8-5
Tape drives
Up to 4 tape drives (identified as Device numbers 0 to 6) can be attached
to the SCSI bus. As soon as a tape drive is connected on the bus and
powered up, an indicator light appears in the toolbar in the main
window, displaying its Device number (that is the SCSI address
assigned to the tape drive by the user or the Operating System). The
indicator light is:
• Not shown: if the tape drive is not connected or not powered up;
• Red: if the tape drive is connected and powered up, but no cartridge
is inserted. The indicator turns red when the cartridge is ejected:
Auto/Manual
Click to enable
exports
Figure 8-6
The system takes shots regardless of the status of any tape drive or other
export target, unless and until the SEGD repository disk space is
running out. 8
Choosing Manual enables the local control functions and causes the
system to stop exporting data (but data acquisition can continue so long
as the SEGD repository disk space is not running out).
For example, you have to go to “Manual” if you want to change the
working mode option (Data/Bypass), or to unload a tape, or to replace
an NFS disk.
Choosing Auto opens a secondary window that allows you to enable
file exports.
Disk#1
Disk#2
Figure 8-7
The available export devices are prompted in the “Devices List” box.
• A removable disk is ready if it is “mounted”.
• An FTP server is ready if connection to it is successful.
• A tape drive is available if:
- its cartridge is blank;
- its cartridge is not blank but the tape is positioned at the end of
the last record. To go to the end of the last record, choose
Manual and use the Playback function (Last Record).
To enable file exports, you simply have to choose “Data” as working
mode, choose (click on) the device you want to export to (in the list
box), and then click on “Go”. To select two devices in the list box, press
and hold down the CTRL key while clicking.
Data/Bypass
Choosing “Data” enables the normal export function. This is the option
to use for production.
Choosing “Bypass” enables the data to be dumped to the plotter (and
the eSQC-Pro server if any) without recording to tape or exporting. The
system asks you if you really want to go to “Bypass”. To change the
dump directory, you have to go to “Data”.
With the Bypass option, all activity log views remain blank.
Simult
If two or more tape drives are attached to the system and you choose the
“Simultaneous” option, then the seismic data is recorded on two drives
concurrently (the first two reported “ready”, i. e. visible to the system
and with a cartridge inserted).
Go button
Clicking “Go” inhibits the local control functions and enables the
Export process to copy files from the SEGD repository to the export
targets (tape drives, removable disks or FTP server) you have selected
from the “Devices List” box. If any SEGD file is available, after the
required devices are successfully selected, then it is copied to those
export targets. As a result the indicator of each export target selected
turns green and remains green so long as a file is being written to it.
In the event of an error in the export process, the system automatically
goes to “Manual” and an error message appears in the “Status Mail”
view. The file that was being recorded when the error arose is not
deleted from the SEGD repository.
If any of the export targets you select fails to be accessed, a message
(“Waiting for device ready”) shows up in the “Status Mail” view,
telling you which device gave rise to the error. The data cannot be
exported to any device.
If a cartridge is write-protected, or closed by a double EOF, it cannot be
selected. If any tape drive is required but cannot be selected, one of the
following messages may show up in the “Status” view:
8
- “Waiting for device ready” (if no cartridge is inserted).
- or “Device # not at end of last record” (if a non-blank cartridge
is inserted).
Figure 8-8
Tape Nb
(Allowable range: 0 to 9999).
Allows you to specify a reel tape number to be recorded in the header
block of the next records. It is automatically incremented after the Burst
is written on a tape. This parameter is still used (updated and recorded)
if you are exporting to NFS disks rather than tape drives. This makes it
easier to copy the files to a tape at a later date.
Tape Label
(16 ASCII characters max.). Used to enter a user-friendly name for the
reel tape #.
Trace Blocking
This option is not available unless you choose the “Advanced” option.
To improve the system cycle time when recording to a tape drive, you
can shorten the record time by activating the Trace Blocking option.
With that option enabled, several traces are grouped to form a single
block limited to the size you choose with the associated option button.
Unless you choose the trace blocking option, the system will record
traces to tape as individual blocks separated by a gap.
When you play back any record on the 428XL, the system automatically
chooses the appropriate option.
NFS disk
This setup window allows you to specify the IP address of each external
disk attached to the system, and the directory to which to save your
SEGD files.
Figure 8-10
After connecting an external disk, you have enter the IP address of that
disk on the local network, enter the directory path to which to save your
SEGD files on that disk, and then click on the Mount button.
The following IP addresses are allowed:
• 172.27.128.41
• 172.27.128.42
• 172.27.128.43
• 172.27.128.44
Observer NAS
server
Figure 8-11
FTP server
To export your SEGD files to an FTP server attached to the local
8
network, you must choose the “FTP Server” option as “Export Mode”
in the Install window.
Selecting FTP from the Functions menu opens a secondary window
with the following parameters:
Figure 8-12
• In the Login and Password fields, enter the log-in name and
password (the user account) that the FTP user will use to connect to
the FTP server. By default, the user account is userftp (with userftp
as Password). This assumes that the same user account is created on
the FTP server machine.
• In the Address field, specify an IP address (172.27.128.xx) for the
machine on which FTP server software (e. g. FileZilla supplied on the
Observer
FTP user
428XL server
GUI FileZilla
172.27.128.1
172.27.128.2 172.27.128.99
Figure 8-13
Tape
Selecting Tape from the Functions menu opens a secondary window
with a list box prompting the tape drives that are ready (i. e. visible to
the system, with a cartridge inserted). After choosing a tape drive (by
clicking on it in the list box), you can use the commands available from
the option button. (Click on Go to launch the command).
Tape#1
Tape#2
Figure 8-14
EOF
This function causes a second End of File to be written after the latest
one. (An EOF is automatically written at the end of each record). The
second EOF is usually interpreted as the end of the tape. This resets the
“File Count” to 0.
Release
Tape drives are normally locked by the 428XL application, meaning
that they are not available to any other application. The Release
command allows you to choose a tape drive and release it so that it can
be used by another application, e. g. if you want to use the Copy Media
utility (See 428XL User’s Manual Vol. 3).
When you want to use the tape drive again, choose Reinit Export from
the Commands menu.
8
Rewind
Sends a Rewind command to one or more tape drives.
Unload
Sends an Unload command to one or more tape drives.
EOM
(End Of Media). Used to go to the last filemark.
Figure 8-15
Figure 8-16
Playback
Selecting Playback from the Functions menu opens a dialog box that
allows you to read an SEGD file from the record device you choose in
the “Source Devices” list box (prompting the list of devices reported
ready), and view it on the plotter or the QC tool, or both, depending on
what you choose with the “Target Devices” buttons.
Figure 8-17
Tape#1
Tape#2
Figure 8-18
Copy
The Copy function allows you to copy an SEGD file from a disk (not
from the SEGD repository) to another disk or to a tape drive. This
function is dimmed and not available unless and until you go to
Manual.
If any NFS disk is “mounted” and/or any tape is loaded, it appears in the
“Available Devices” list box.
1. Choose the device from which to read by clicking on it in the
Available Devices list box, and then move it to the Source list
box by clicking on the right pointing arrow button under that list
box.
2. Likewise, select the device to which to write and then move it to
the Target list box.
8
Disk2
Use arrow button
to move
Figure 8-19
3. Use the Browse button to open the folder containing the file you
want to copy and select it.
4. Click Go.
The record number of the file you are reading is displayed in the
relevant activity log view.
Reinit Export
In the event of a problem on the SCSI bus or on the network, you can
enable exports again by using Reinit Export, rather than doing “Off
Line/On Line” in the Config window.
If you power up a tape drive after booting up the server computer, or in
the event of fatal error on the SCSI bus, use this command to reset the
SCSI bus.
Also, you have to use Reinit Export when you want to enable exports
to a tape drive again after it has been released for another application
(see Release on page 333).
If you are using an FTP server, you can use Reinit Export to see if the
system successfully connects to it.
9 VE432
Setup toolbar
Function toolbar
Click to show
view
Figure 9-1
The View menu and the associated toolbar allow you to customize the
main window by choosing one or more views to display. Then you can
resize your display panes by dragging the desired border.
You can show or hide columns in tables by right-clicking in any column
heading and selecting Customize (see Figure 2-24).
The Setups menu and the associated toolbar allow you to customize
sweep signals, set parameters for vibrator fleets and adjust QC
parameters.
The Functions menu and the associated toolbar provide local controls
to be used outside of seismic acquisition periods to adjust the
parameters of vibrator DSDs.
Figure 9-2
The Vibrator Crew setup dialog box allows you to define a seismic crew
by specifying the identification number of the vibrators that can be used
in that crew, that is the list of vibrator electronics seen by the GUI, and 9
how many vibrator fleets will be available.
To save the crew defined in the list box, click Apply. This updates the
status bar under the function buttons in the main window: an indicator
appears for each DSD incorporated in the crew, associated with the
identification number of the vibrator (e. g. V1, V2, etc.). The indicator
is blank until you run the Look and Set DSD or Fleet functions.
Clicking Apply also clears all the vibrators lists in the dialog boxes that
will open when you click some of the function buttons (Set DSD, Get
DSD, etc.)
As a result, you have to run the Look function to update the vibrators
lists.
Clicking Reset instead of Apply reverts to the former settings.
Crew Nb
This field is used to enter the crew identification number (1 to 4).
A “DPG” can address only one crew. The crew identification number is
used to preclude any interference with other crews working nearby.
Fleets
Buttons used to specify the fleets (i. e. sources) to be used in the crew.
For example, activating buttons 1 and 3 will cause two fleets to be
available: fleets 1 and 3.
(To specify the vibrators incorporated in each fleet, see Vibrator Fleet
(page 375).
Type
For each item in the list, this option button allows you to choose the type
of controller: either a DSD or a Slave DPG.
Using a Master/Slave configuration makes it possible to record more
traces without increasing the number of vibrators or to use two
recording systems at two distinct places. The DPG in the Slave
recording truck needs to be configured with DPG-Slave software. As a
result it is seen as a DSD from the Master DPG. The Slave DPG
generates a reference pilot signal synchronous with the Time Break. It
does not control any DSD.
For more details, see The VE432 DPG Installation & Reference
Manual.
Id
This field is used to specify the identification number (1 to 28) of each
vibrator (i. e. DSD) available to the crew. After specifying any vibrator
number in this field, click the Add button to enter it into the list box.
DSD Network
This button is used to specify whether a “DSD network” is implemented
and used. If that is the case, each DSD should be equipped with an
Ethernet Adapter that makes it possible to implement an Ethernet radio
link between the DSDs. As a result, when the DSDs in the fleet are
ready for the next sweep, the fleet's leader sends a “Ready” message to
the DPG, containing the geographical position of the Centre Of Gravity
of the fleet. The COG is viewed in the Positioning main window.
Overview
To open the Basic Type setup window, select “Basic Type” from
the Setups menu. Creating a “Basic Type” is the process of
describing a basic signal to be used:
- by the DSDs to generate sweeps for the vibroseismic source
(vibrator control signal),
- and/or by the DPG to generate up to four “Pilots” to be used as
reference signals for the correlation processors.
You can create up to 32 different Basic Types, which can be combined
using the Compound option.
Below are the allowable ranges for the entry fields that may appear in
the Basic Type setup window.
Start Taper 0 to 32000 ms.
End Taper 0 to 32000 ms.
The start and end tapers are used to reduce the side lobes appearing in
the correlation function of the sine wave or pulse. (The ratio of the peak
amplitude to the side lobes is a measure of the quality of the correlation
function).
Initial Phase -180° to +180°.
Amplitude 0 to 100%.
Length 1 to 64 s (only for Random, Custom and Delay type
signals).
Ti 2 to 16 values from 0 to 64 s (T1 must be 0).
Tj 2 to 16 values from 0 to 64 s (T1 must be 0).
Ai 2 to 16 values from -40.00 to +40.00 dB.
Aj 2 to 16 values from 0 to 100%.
Fi 2 to 16 values from 1 to 250 Hz in increasing order
of frequency.
Frequency 1 to 250 Hz (only for Pulse type). 9
Each basic signal type can be composed of up to 16 segments (32 for
the “dB/Hz Log” and “dB/Octave Log” basic signals).
For details on each basic signal, see below.
Linear
You define a Linear-type signal through an analytic description. At the
signal start and end times, and possibly at particular times in between,
you have to specify:
• the signal frequency (Hz),
• the signal amplitude (% of requested drive level).
Frequency Signal
lines amplitude
Figure 9-3
• The second Tj,Aj pair specifies the end time of the first segment (T2)
and the signal amplitude at this time is A2, etc.
Within each amplitude segment, the amplitude variation vs. time is
linear.
The last Tj determines the total signal length. You must define at least
two Tj,Aj pairs (i.e. one amplitude segment).
Ti and Tj may be different both in number and value but the last Ti and
the last Tj must be the same value.
dB/Hz Log
You define a LOG-type signal through a spectral description, by
specifying;
- the amplitude (dB) of two or more frequency lines in the signal
spectrum,
- the signal amplitude (% of requested drive level) at the start and
end times and possibly at particular times in between.
The Frequency variation vs. time is logarithmic within each
frequency segment. This signal type is used to compensate for the non-
linear response of the ground (HF damping).
Frequency Signal
lines amplitude
Figure 9-4
Fe − Fb ⎛ t 1 ⎞
Fi (t ) = Fb + × log⎜⎜1 + × ( − 1) ⎟⎟
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎝ T SegRa ⎠
log⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ SegRa ⎠
Where:
• SegRa = Sb/Se = 10(-Ra/10)
• Sb = Slope at the start of the log segment.
• Se = Slope at the end of the log segment.
• Fb = Start frequency.
• Fe = End frequency.
• T = Te-Tb = Basic signal length.
• Ra represents the attenuation (in dB) within the signal
spectrum.
Example: 9
Delta dB values
Fi (Hz) Ai (dB)
8 5
80 10
Ra= 10 - 5 = 5
SegRa = 0.316
dB/Octave Log
Signal
Frequency amplitude
lines
Figure 9-5
The Ti,Fi fields are used to specify the frequency at the start time and
at the end time (two Ti,Fi pairs are required). A single frequency
segment is allowed.
The Tj,Aj fields are used to specify the amplitude (% of requested drive
level) at the start time, at the end time and, if required, at particular
times in between (at least two Tj,Aj pairs are required). The last Tj
determines the total signal length. You can specify up to 32 amplitude
segments.
The “Slope dB/Octave” field is used to specify the slope in dB/oct of the
signal spectrum (“SdB” in the expression below).
The Frequency is expressed as:
SdB
n = ---------- + 1
3
1---
n t n n n
Fi ( t ) = Fb + --- × ( Fe – Fb )
T
Tn
Same as dB/Hz Log type (with no Deboost option), except for the
frequency variation which is exponential rather than logarithmic.
Frequency Signal
lines amplitude
9
Figure 9-6
⎛ Fe ⎞
log⎜ ⎟
n= ⎝ Fb ⎠
⎛ Fe ⎞
log⎜ ⎟ − log(SegRa )
⎝ Fb ⎠
n
⎡ 1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
Fi (t ) = ⎢ Fb + × Fe − Fb n ⎟⎥
⎜
n t n
⎢ T ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
Pulse
-0.5
Time (ms)
-1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Figure 9-7
Random
Figure 9-8
The “Random” basic signal type allows you to take sweeps that do not
9
generate resonant frequencies (e. g. the resonant frequencies of
buildings) and also allows two or more vibration sources to be used
simultaneously with minimum interference. The “Random” type
generates a Pseudorandom noise signal based on one of the four
different polynomial sequences selectable from the “Polynomial”
option button:
• 65spoly1: first polynomial with 65535-ms sequence length
• 65spoly2: second polynomial with 65535-ms sequence length
• 8spoly1: first polynomial with 8191-ms sequence length
• 8spoly2: second polynomial with 8191-ms sequence length
The two 8-second polynomial options should only be used with
listening times less than 8 seconds. The polynomial sequences have
been appropriately designed for minimum cross-correlation residual.
Custom
Figure 9-9
To define a “Custom” basic type signal, you just have to specify the
name of a file saved on the vibrator electronics PCMCIA interface,
containing the description of a customized signal of yours.
Note The system will not check to see if you entered a consistent file
name until you run the Set DSD function.
Note You don't have to specify the Length (this field will be updated
by reading the specified file when you run the Set DSD
function).
You have to define the shape of the Custom sweep and create a file
containing the samples required by the VE432 (see the example below)
with a tool of your own, save it as an ASCII, DOS- or UNIX-format file,
and then load it to the DPG. See How to load a Custom sweep file to a
DPG (page 358).
The sweep should be defined with 2000 samples per second, one sample
per line. Each sample should be a floating value in ASCII format, scaled
between -1 and +1.
Comments are allowed, beginning with #.
Example 9
#
# 11.03.1999
0.0000002
-0.0000001
-0.0000004
...
0.99567
...
The Hilbert transform of the reference can be supplied too, in the form
of a second column of figures, in a Custom sweep file. (The reference
signal is assumed described in the first column). The two columns are
required for HFVS if a Time QC is desired (calculation of phase,
distortion, force). See HFVS (page 400).
Compound
Figure 9-10
The “Compound” basic signal type allows you to create a basic sweep
signal composed of a combination of two or more basic types. You just
have to enter the number of each of those basic types needed into the
Basic Type field and click Add in the upper pane. In the lower pane,
enter a new number and label and click Add then Apply.
9
You can use this option to define a signal including a delay time: create
a delay type with the desired delay length, using the Delay option, then
insert it at the beginning of a “Compound” sweep (i. e. the delay-type
signal should be the first in the list).
Note The signals will be generated in the order determined in the list
box.
Delay
Figure 9-11
The “Delay” basic signal type uses a single entry field (Length,
allowable range 1 to 64 s).
If you wish to delay any basic signal, specify the desired delay time in
the “Length” field. In the lower pane, enter a new number and label and
click Add then Apply. Then use the “Compound” tab to create a new
basic type including that delay. See Compound (page 359).
Deboost option
If you choose the Deboost option for Log or Random type signals, the
428XL will make the necessary computation for the frequency
spectrum shape of the output signals to be the same as that of a linear
sweep.
Figure 9-12
Figure 9-13
Basic Type Nb
When you create an Acquisition Type, you specify which Basic (sweep)
signal the DSDs should generate. You do that by entering the desired
Basic Type number (defined using The Basic Type setup on page 346)
into this field.
Pilot Basic Nb
The DPG can generate up to four Pilots, available on its “Analog Pilot”
outputs, to be used as reference signals for the correlation processor. A
Pilot signal is synchronous with the Time Break signal and usually very
similar to the fleet's sweep signal. The Pilot signals should be fed to
Auxiliary channels on the acquisition system. (See Installation
Manual).
When you create an Acquisition Type, you specify which Pilots the
DPG should generate. You do that by entering the desired Basic Type
number (defined using The Basic Type setup on page 346) into the
necessary fields (p1 to p4).
Auto Lift
Select this option if you wish the vibrator baseplate to automatically lift
at the end of the sweep depicted by the acquisition type. The baseplate
will not lift automatically, however, unless and until the Auto Lift
button on the DSD is activated too.
Vib. 2
Vib. 3
Vib. 10
Figure 9-14
Return Signal
This button allows you to specify whether to use a Return Sweep signal.
If you tick this option, then you have to specify the vibrator on which
the Return Sweep signal is to be picked up, choose which signal to pick
up as the Return Sweep on this vibrator, and also choose a Return Pilot.
The Return Sweep is transmitted by the DSD to the DPG during sweeps
via the radio link. As a result, if you choose to use a Return Sweep, the
DSD status cannot be transmitted to the DPG during sweeps (see Get
DSD Status option above).
The Return Sweep and Return Pilot are relayed to the central unit via
the DPG's Analog Pilot connector.
Signal
This option button allows you to choose which signal to monitor as
Return Sweep from six possible options:
• Force Ground force signal
• Macc Mass acceleration
• Mvel Mass velocity
• Bacc Base plate acceleration
• Bvel Base plate velocity
• Ref DSD local reference
Return Pilot
If you select a Return Sweep, you have to select a Return Pilot, that is
one of the Pilot signals generated by the DPG, shifted by the radio delay,
so that it can be used as reference signal by the correlation processor.
Choose a Return Pilot from the Pilot signals (P1 to P4) specified in the
The Acquisition Type setup (page 362).
Figure 9-15
This dialog box allows you to set alert thresholds for some of the
Quality Control data fed back by the DSDs. Any threshold being
exceeded will cause the QC data of the DSD to be displayed in orange
in the main window.
Average Phase Error 0 to 45 degrees.
Maximum Phase Error 0 to 45 degrees.
Average Distortion 0 to 50%.
Maximum Distortion 0 to 80%.
Average Ground Force 0 to 100%.
To save and enable your changes, click Apply. (To revert to the former
settings, click Reset instead).
Figure 9-16
To save and enable your changes, click Apply. (To revert to the former
settings, click Reset instead).
Extended QC
9
If you select this option, QC data computed every 0.5 second, can be
viewed in real time (i. e. with Auto activated), using the Get QC
function. The average QC results computed over a complete acquisition
are still available.
(If you do not select the Extended QC option, the Extended QC data is
still computed but it cannot be viewed during acquisitions).
Figure 9-17
The “T0 time” (or T0 sync code) is a virtual time mark signal
terminating every T0 message (message radioed between the DPG and
DSDs).
The T0 sync code is used for:
- measuring the radio delays,
- allowing the DSDs to start their sweeps at the same time.
See also Radio functions (page 382).
To save and enable your changes, click Apply. (To revert to the former
settings, click Reset instead).
T0 Repeat Times
(Allowable range: 2 to 50).
Specifies the number of T0 data frames in the T0 message. It may be
helpful to send more than 2 T0 data frames to increase the reliability of
the radio link. However, repeating the T0 data frame causes the T0 sync
code (terminating the T0 message) to be delayed with respect to the
transmit start time of the DPG radio. The delay may be:
up to 50x311 ms = 15.5 s at 1800 bits/s (base band transmitter)
or
up to 50x467 ms = 23.3 s at 1200 bits/s (modem module transmitter).
T0 Mode
(“Normal T0” or “Early T0”) Allows you to set the transmit start time
of the DPG radio between any two consecutive acquisitions.
• In the “Normal T0” mode, the DPG radio is not switched to
transmission until the DPG receives the Firing Order.
• In the “Early T0” mode, the DPG radio is switched to transmission
right after the DSD status report is received, irrespective of the
expected Firing Order for the next acquisition. The time interval
between any two acquisitions is therefore shorter by about 1.7
seconds if the Early T0 mode is used.
FO Window
(Allowable range: 3 to 60 seconds).
Must be specified if the Early T0 mode is selected. Stands for a time
interval, starting right after the DSD status report is received, during
which the Firing Order for the next acquisition is expected. 9
If no Firing Order is received within the FO window, then the system
will return to the normal T0 mode for the next acquisition.
Functions
In this section:
• Auto/Manual (page 372)
• Look (page 373)
• Vibrator Fleet (page 375)
• Local Acquisition (page 376)
• Set DSD (page 378)
• Get DSD (page 379)
• Radio functions (page 382)
• Set Servo (page 387)
• PCMCIA Tools (page 389)
Auto/Manual
Figure 9-18
Clicking Manual isolates the DPG from the 428XL and enables its
local functions (e.g. local acquisition). As a result:
• data acquisition in vibroseismic operations is suspended until the
DPG is reset to Auto.
• the traffic light of the DPG in the 428XL Activity window turns red.
Clicking Auto connects the DPG to the 428XL (and checks the DSD
Setup parameters) allowing it to perform data acquisition (if the VE432
window is ready, with consistent parameter settings, and if the Vib Fleet
function has been completed). With Auto activated, DPG local
functions are inhibited; the traffic light of the DPG in the 428XL
Activity window is green during sweeps, orange otherwise.
Look
The Look DSD function
allows you to select the
DSDs to be used in the active
crew.
You must have used the
Setups menu's Crew
command to define a crew (a
list of DSDs). The crew
consisting of all the DSDs
that you “select” through the
Look DSD function is Figure 9-19
Prerequisites
• Unless already done, click the Manual button in the control panel to
isolate the DPG from the recording unit.
• All the DSDs you intend to select must be in the Remote state (use
the “Remote” key on the DSD).
• You cannot use the Look button (i. e. the button is dimmed) until the
DPG is connected to the workstation and powered up
(communication between the two must be established).
Select
1. Using the right arrow button, move the vibrators you want to
initialize (those which are to make up the active crew) from the
left-hand list (Available DSDs) to the vibrator list for the desired
DPG controller module.
2. Click the Select button. As a result, a message is radioed to all the
DSDs chosen in the right-hand list box, thus initializing or re-
initializing radio communications between the DPG and those
DSDs.
3. All the DSDs that replied successfully are displayed with boldface
characters in the Look DSD dialog box's vibrator list. In the case
of a multimodule configuration, there is one list for each DPG
module:
Figure 9-20
Append
Same as Select button, but those DSDs which were initialized when the
Look DSD function was last executed are not re-initialized, so they
remain “selected”. Therefore, the Append button allows you to add one
or more DSDs to the list of “selected” DSDs without re-initializing the
whole list.
Vibrator Fleet
A crew may consist of up to 4 groups of DSDs referred to as
“fleets” (one fleet for each vibratory source). The Vib. Fleet
function is used to specify the DSDs incorporated in each
fleet. Beforehand, you have to run the Look and Set DSD functions.
Clicking theVibrator Fleet button opens a dialog box with a list box for
each fleet in the crew. (To specify which fleets are to be used in the crew, 9
see The Vibrator Crew setup on page 343).
Vib
Number
Figure 9-21
The left-hand list box (Available DSDs) prompts the list of DSDs
available to the crew, i. e. those selected by the Look function but not
assigned to any fleet yet. Using the right arrow button, move the
vibrators you want to incorporate into a fleet from the left-hand list box
to the desired fleet’s list box.
Double-clicking on any DSD in the list enables or disables the use of the
Ready button on this DSD (this also determines which vibrator is the
leader). Pushing the Ready button on any DSD is of no effect unless the
button is enabled in the Fleet window. (An “R” appears after the DSD
number of the leader in the list box, meaning that the use of the Ready
button on this DSD is enabled).
After selecting (highlighting) the
The green colour means the
desired DSDs in each fleet's list vibrator is ready to be used in
box, clicking Go will update the remote control mode
Local Acquisition
This function allows you to check the vibrator equipment
separately, as if it were not connected to the recording unit.
For a local acquisition the DPG may operate alone, or the
DPG and DSDs may operate normally but without being controlled by
the recording unit. In that case the Blast command (Firing Order) is
replaced by a manual start (Go pushbutton).
Prerequisites
Unless already done, click the Manual button in the control panel to
isolate the DPG from the recording unit.
The DSDs that you want to use must be “selected” (see Look on
page 373), with consistent parameters.
Figure 9-23
2. In the list box, choose (by clicking) the vibrators you wish to use
for the local acquisition. If you do not select any vibrator, then the
DPG will operate alone.
3. In the Basic Type field, enter the type of basic signal you wish to
use. (Basic Types are defined through the Setups menu).
4. Click the option button to choose the execution mode:
Single The basic signal is generated once. 9
Continuous The basic signal repeats endlessly until you click
the Stop button (which appears at the bottom of
the dialog box if you choose this option).
5. Click the Go button. The local acquisition executes. In Single
mode, the local acquisition ends automatically, without any user
action. In Continuous mode, you must click the Stop button to
interrupt the local acquisition, which will actually stop after the
current acquisition is complete.
Set DSD
This function is used to upload sweep-type parameters from
the DPG to the DSDs you specify.
The sweep parameters are read from the table containing all the
acquisition types (ACQ#) defined in the VE432 window. They are
required in the DSDs for generating the corresponding vibratory
sources. The Set DSD function allows you to have consistent
parameters in all the DSDs to be used for a sweep. Those DSDs which
have inconsistent parameters are shown in blue in the main window's
status bar.
Prerequisites
Unless already done, click the Manual button in the control panel to
isolate the DPG from the recording unit.
The DSDs to which you want to upload sweep type parameters must be
“selected”. See Look (page 373).
Figure 9-24
2. In the list box, select (by clicking) the vibrators you wish to load
parameters to.
3. Click the Go button.
Get DSD
This function is used to import and view the vibrator
parameters from one or more DSDs you specify.
Prerequisites
Unless already done, click the Manual button in the control panel to
isolate the DPG from the recording unit.
The DSDs that you want to query must be “selected”. See Look
(page 373).
Vib. 1
Vib. 2
Vib. 3
Figure 9-25
2. In the list box, choose (by clicking) the vibrators you wish to get
parameters from.
3. Select the type of units you wish to use to display the results:
Metric (kg, daN, etc.) Imperial (lb, lbf, etc.).
4. Click the Go button.
After all the data from the DSDs have been collected they are viewed in
a table so that comparisons between DSDs can be made easily.
DSD parameters
Running the Get DSD function opens a view pane displaying the
following vibrator parameters from each selected DSD:
100 to 32767 kg
100 to 32767 kg
100 to 32767 kg
1000 to 327670 daN
1000 to 327670 daN
Polarity (depending on the wiring) of the
Reaction Mass, Servo Valve, Torque Motor.
Gain of the Mass LVDT and
Valve LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)
- Reaction mass LVDT offset
- Main Valve LVDT offset
- Torque motor current
- Active region of LVDT stroke, in percent.
Figure 9-26
Radio functions
Radio functions are used to measure (Compute Radio
Delay) or manually change (Modify Radio Delay) the
radio delay inherent in radio transmissions between the
DPG and DSDs, or to remotely change the radio output levels of the
DPG and DSDs (Set Radio Parameters).
Figure 9-27
Prerequisites
• Unless already done, click the Manual button in the control panel to
isolate the DPG from the recording unit.
• Use the Look DSD function to define your active crew.
382 428XL User’s Manual Vol. 1
December 4, 2006
VE432
Functions
Transmission faults
If the DPG fails to receive a reply from any DSD (a T0 sync on its return
trip is expected), the warning message “No T0 reception” shows up in 9
the status pane.
In that case, the DPG will resume the transmission of T0 to this DSD.
If the retry is successful (a reply is received), the function will proceed
normally unless a total of 8 retries have already been done since the
Compute function was initiated, in which case the function is aborted,
as a more severe failure is suspected, and the “Measurement aborted
(radio trans. errors)” warning message shows up.
Figure 9-28
Figure 9-29
Measurement sequences
A measurement sequence may be outlined as follows:
• A T0 message is transmitted from the DPG.
• Upon receiving the T0 sync code, a DSD must transmit this time
mark back to the DPG.
• The same DSD transmits the t2 time to the DPG.
• The DPG determines a solution (D1) for the radio delay through the
following formula:
t1 – t2
D1 = ----------------
2
where
t1 elapsed time between the moment the DPG
transmits the T0 and the moment it receives it
back from a DSD.
t2 elapsed time between the moment the DSD
receives the T0 from the DPG and the moment it
transmits it back to the DPG.
• The measurement sequence is repeated until five measurements (D1,
D2, ..., D5) are available on the DPG, irrespective of the number of 9
DSDs in the crew. DSDs are queried in ascending order of fleet# and
vibrator#.
• If for example the crew consists of six DSDs, the five solutions are
obtained from:
Vib 1 (Fleet 1) D1
Vib 2 (Fleet 1) D2
Vib 3 (Fleet 2) D3
Vib 4 (Fleet 2) D4
Vib 5 (Fleet 3) D5
Vib 6 (Fleet 3) not queried
But if there are only two DSDs, the five solutions are obtained from:
Vib 1 (D1)
Vib 2 (D2)
Vib 1 (D3)
Vib 2 (D4)
Vib 1 (D5).
D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + D5
RadioDelay = ----------------------------------------------------------------
5
(Typical value with standard radios: 500 microseconds approx.)
System requirements
A record sequence requires that all pilots and sweeps should start at
exactly the same time.
If no provision were made for synchronous start times, a Firing Order
transmitted from the DPG at time t would result in a premature
generation of pilots, or in a delayed generation of sweep start times, due
to the delay introduced by the radio sets.
Set Servo
This function allows you to set the parameters used in each vibrator's
servo control loop. Clicking Go will set the servo control loop
parameters of all the vibrators you select (highlight) in the list box.
Vib. 1
Vib. 2
Vib. 3
Figure 9-30
Prerequisites 9
Unless already done, click Manual in the control panel to isolate the
DPG from the recording unit.
The DSDs that you want to set must be “selected” (see page 373 - Look
DSD function).
Servo Input
This option button determines what to use as input to the servo control:
either the estimated states from the Kalman filter (“Filtered” option) or
raw measurements of baseplate and mass accelerations (“Raw” option).
• Filtered: using this option allows the system to discard non-coherent
measurements on any sensor (baseplate acc., mass acc., valve or mass
LVDTs). Remember that the QC and the usual way of testing the
equipment with external devices always involve the force derived
from raw acceleration measurements. Therefore, in the presence of
vibrator imperfections (e.g. mass rocking & baseplate flexure) a raw
QC can exhibit larger errors than the real performance of the servo
loop.
• Raw: with this option, servo control and QC are homogeneous but
the system cannot benefit from the capability of discarding incorrect
measurements. This option is of no effect on a random sweep.
Auto Level
This button allows you to enable or disable the Auto Level function. If
you enable the Auto Level function, then you must specify lower limits
for both High and Low drive levels.
DSDs using the Auto Level function operate as follows:
• The Drive level is decreased for the next sweep if an overload
condition is detected. However the drive level cannot go below the
values of Min High Drive and Min Low Drive.
• The Drive level is increased for the next sweep if no overload
condition is detected. However the drive level cannot exceed the
values of High Drive Level and Low Drive Level.
DSDs not using the Auto Level function will operate only within the
limits of “High Drive Level” and “Low Drive Level”.
Low limit of Low Drive Level, in percent. The scale is adjustable from
0 to 100% in 1% steps.
Requirements: Min Low Drive < Low Drive Level.
Lift Up Delay
Time interval between the end of a sweep and the moment when a
vibrator's pad will lift if Auto Lift is enabled. Adjustable from 0 to
99 seconds.
If no delay is required, set the Lift Up Delay to 0.
9
PCMCIA Tools
You are not allowed to launch any these PCMCIA functions unless you
go to Manual.
Normal acquisition
In this section:
• General (page 391)
• Graphic view (page 392)
• Numeric view (page 395)
• DPG/DSD status codes (page 397)
General
The DSDs that you want to use for normal acquisition must be
“selected”. See Look (page 373), with consistent parameters (i. e. each
DSD to be used should appear with a green indicator in the main
window's status bar).
When you are ready for a normal acquisition, click the Auto button, in
the main window's control panel. As a result the DPG is waiting for the
Firing Order from the 428XL. 9
The 428XL will not generate the F O until it receives a Ready status
from the DPG window. When the Ready signal is received from the
vibrator fleet leader, that is when all the desired vibrators are in place
with pads down, it may be retained in the DPG window or automatically
relayed to the recording system, depending on whether the fleet’s button
in the status bar is released or depressed.
When it receives the F O the DPG generates the Time Break to the
selected DSDs. Then the programmed sweeps are taken and all DSDs
in turn transmit their latest status reports, corresponding to one or more
completed sweeps, to the DPG.
The Status and QC data generated by the DPG are relayed to the GUI
via the Ethernet link and stored into a daily file automatically generated
in the Log window and named “normalAcqResult.hci428_0.ddd”
where ddd stands for the julian day when the file was created. (They can
be viewed in the Log main window).
QC and status results are not only saved but also displayed in the VE432
main window which makes it easy to appreciate the quality of a vibrator
in real time or through statistical post-processing. The results can be
presented in numeric or graphic form.
The colour of the QC data depends on the alert thresholds you set using
the “DSD limits” command in the Setup menu.
The radio link allows the DPG to see if any DSD failed to sweep for any
T0. In that case the DPG will report a 98 status (“no T0 received”).
For each status report received the DPG checks to see if the DSD and
DPG clock frequencies are the same. If that is not the case it replaces
the current status by a Timing Error (status 19).
If the Extended QC option is enabled (see The QC Choice setup on
page 369), the QC data can be plotted in real time in the results pane by
clicking the Get QC function button. To revert to the normal view, click
the Vibrator Fleet function button.
Graphic view
The VP and Acq fields respectively display the Vibrated Point number
and Acquisition number the results relate to.
Six bar charts are shown, for the following QC data available in the
status messages from the DSDs: Average Phase, Peak Phase, Average
Distortion, Peak Distortion, Average Ground Force, Peak Ground
Force.
A red horizontal line in each chart shows the limit specified in the Setup
menu (“QC Limit“command).
Figure 9-32
Numeric view
A table is displayed, derived from the QC reports of the latest 50
acquisitions. For each DSD, the table shows:
• the Vibrated Point number and the Acquisition number,
• the Average/Peak Phase, or Distortion or Ground Force, or the Status
Code, whichever you choose from the QC option button.
Figure 9-33
The DSD status reports are logged into the database. They can be
viewed in the Log main window and saved to a file.
Statistics views
Whether for statistics on DSDs or on a fleet, the following distinct
views are available: average phase, peak phase, average distortion, peak
distortion, average ground force, peak ground force, Status Codes.
The system calculates the statistical data from the results collected since
it last went to Auto (meaning that your statistics views are lost each
time you go to Auto).
You can choose to view statistical data for each fleet or for each DSD.
Figure 9-34
Figure 9-35
In graphic Statistics views, the results are displayed in the form of a bar
chart for each vibrator (or for each fleet) plus a Vx (or Fleet X) bar chart
in the upper-left corner, showing the mean QC value computed on all
the DSDs (or all fleets).
Unless you choose the Manual range option, the horizontal scale is
automatically adjusted so that all samples can be shown. If you choose
Manual range, then the associated fields prompt the outermost values
of the horizontal scale, so that you can change them and adjust the scale
manually.
On each chart the horizontal axis is the scale (divided into a number of
bins) for the QC values (phase or distortion or force), and the vertical
axis is for the number of values in each bin. The following values are
also shown:
• number of sweeps (n)
• mean value (mean).
• standard deviation (SDev), only in the zoom view.
See Bar charts (page 29).
9
HFVS
In this section:
• Overview (page 400)
• Example (page 401)
Overview
To use the HFVS function, you have to enable that operating mode in
the Operation window’s Seismic setup options (page 221).
The HFVS technique requires the recording of vibrator motion signals
on each vibrator. The 428XL allows the signals picked up on the
vibrators to be radioed to the central control unit in real-time (as soon
as each sweep is complete), using standard radio telemetry units
(LAUR), so that they can be recorded as auxiliary channels in the SEGD
file. To connect the necessary auxiliary channels, see HFVS (page 177)
in 428XL Installation Manual.
Processing techniques making use of the vibrator motion signals
recorded may require that you program the VE432 specifically, not to
have all the vibrators doing the same sweep within a vibrator group.
This is easily done with the VE432, using the Custom (page 356) sweep
type option that allows each vibrator to generate a sweep loaded from a
PCMCIA card.
For the HFVS function, you only have to record replicas of a custom
sweep, shifted as you like but identified with the same name, on as
many PCMCIA cards as required, then load each card to a DSD. To
store files on a PCMCIA card, see PCMCIA Tools (page 389).
Example
Assuming you wish to take four acquisitions on each VP, with four
vibrators, and the initial phase of each vibrator for each acquisition to
be as in the table below:
Acq. Vibrator
1 2 3 4
1 0 90 90 180
2 90 0 180 90
3 90 180 0 90
4 180 90 90 0
Figure 9-36
Create the following four basic sweeps in the Basic Type Setup
window:
• Basic #1: custom sweep #1
• Basic #2: custom sweep #2
• Basic #3: custom sweep #3
• Basic #4: custom sweep #4
On the PCMCIA for vibrator #1, store the following files:
• Custom sweep #1: sweep initial phase: 0°
• Custom sweep #2: sweep initial phase: 90°
• Custom sweep #3: sweep initial phase: 90°
• Custom sweep #4: sweep initial phase: 180°
On the PCMCIA for vibrator #2, store the following files:
• Custom sweep #1: sweep initial phase: 90°
• Custom sweep #2: sweep initial phase: 0°
• Custom sweep #3: sweep initial phase: 180°
• Custom sweep #4: sweep initial phase: 90°
On the PCMCIA for vibrator #3, store the following files:
• Custom sweep #1: sweep initial phase: 90°
• Custom sweep #2: sweep initial phase: 180°
• Custom sweep #3: sweep initial phase: 0°
• Custom sweep #4: sweep initial phase: 90°
On the PCMCIA for vibrator #4, store the following files:
• Custom sweep #1: sweep initial phase: 180°
• Custom sweep #2: sweep initial phase: 90°
• Custom sweep #3: sweep initial phase: 90°
• Custom sweep #4: sweep initial phase: 0°
On the PCMCIA for the DPG , you can store the following files:
• Custom sweep #1: sweep initial phase: 0°
• Custom sweep #2: sweep initial phase: 90°
• Custom sweep #3: sweep initial phase: 90°
• Custom sweep #4: sweep initial phase: 180°
10 Log
Double-click
(or right-click and
select open)
Figure 10-1
Some of these parameters are critical, others are of less significance, but
any or all can be selected for output in one form or another. The Log
window therefore provides several predetermined file formats and also
the means of defining customised file-types where necessary. The most
common output file format is of course SPS.
SPS files can also be used to pre-program the 428XL via the Log
window. The SPS-R, -S and -X files are each loaded in turn, and
together with a few additional parameters entered by the observer,
provide a rapid means of setting up the system for production.
The toolbar
Figure 10-3
View panes
For details on how you can arrange the views and toolbars as you would
like them, see the Hands-on guide (page 44). Each view behaves like a
simple text editor where the keyboard and usual key combinations for
Cut, Copy and Paste shortcuts are allowed. If you want to find any
particular parameter or value in a view pane, simply type it into the
Search field and click the Search button .
10
Search Search
field button
Figure 10-4
Opening any folder adds a view pane to the right that allows you to edit
its content. For example you may wish to enter the precise coordinates
of the recording truck in order to place it at the exact location in the
Positioning window (see Figure 10-4).
If you want to find any particular parameter or value, simply type it into
the Search field and click the Search button.
To apply your parameter settings to the system, click in the view pane
and select Apply from the Setup menu (or use this toolbar button: ).
Saving
After you open any folder, you can save its content by clicking
in its view pane, then selecting Save from the File menu (or
from the toolbar). In the dialog box that shows up, enter a name
for the file (in the “File Name” field), choose a directory where to save
it (from the “Save In” option button), and click Save.
Loading
To load back a parameter file previously saved, select Load
from the File menu (or from the toolbar). In the file browser
box that shows up, choose the desired file and click Open. This
adds a view pane in the main window (the file name appears in the tab
of that view pane). At this stage, the parameters are only viewed. To
load them to the system, click in the view pane and select Apply from
the Setup menu (or use this toolbar button: ). You cannot do that
unless you turn off the lines in the Line window (by clicking on ).
10
SPS files
In this section
• The SPS format (page 412)
• Importing an SPS file (page 413)
• Exporting an SPS file (page 415)
IMPORTANT
Always import the SPS files in this order: Receiver, Source, Relation.
Select Load from the File menu (or from the toolbar ).
1. In the file browser box, go to the folder containing the file to
import and then select that file.
2. Click on Open. This opens an editor view containing the imported
file and allowing you to make any changes needed.
3. If several views are open, select the one you want to load (click on
its tab).
10
Figure 10-5
4. Choose Apply from the Setup menu (or use this toolbar button
). You cannot do that unless you turn off the lines in the Line
window (by clicking on ).
Depending on the type of file in the selected view, clicking Apply will
have different effects:
• With a Receiver-type (SPS-R) file, clicking Apply initializes the
planned Receiver positions in the Positioning main window.
• With a Source-type (SPS-S) file, clicking Apply initializes the
planned Source positions in the Positioning main window.
• With a Relation-type (SPS-X) file, clicking Apply builds an Absolute
Spread in the Line main window and sets up the operation table in the
Operation main window. The parameters specified with the The
Shooting setup window (page 416) also used in generating the
operation table.
(1) Right-click to
open
Figure 10-6
2. If several views are open, select the one you want to save (click on
its tab).
3. Select Save from the File menu (or from the toolbar ). In the
dialog box that shows up, enter a name for the file (in the “File
Name” field), choose a directory where to save it (from the “Save
In” option button), and click Save.
Figure 10-7
This window must be set up prior to any attempt to load SPS IN files.
(Click Apply to save and enable your changes).
The Shooting parameters will be used in generating an absolute spread
(for the Line window) and an operation table (for the Operation
window) from a “Relation” SPS file viewed in the Log window.
Gain Type Nb
You can program gain characteristics that vary as a function of the
distance from the shot point, by defining different zones within circles
around the shot point. Each zone is allocated a channel type.
g1 1600 mv 0 dB 4 m/s²
g2 400 mV 12 dB 1 m/s²
Enter the desired distance (1 to 9999 m) in the Radius field and the
desired associated Gain Type (1 to 5), and use Add, Change, Delete as
required to generate a list of different channel type areas.
Note If the Radius / Gain type table is empty, the default channel type
will be used across the entire spread. 10
Shot Id.
Used to identify the first shot point in the Operation main window's
operation table. You can use one of the option buttons to choose either
the number contained in the “Record Number” field or that in the “Tape
Number” field of the SPS Relation file, or type the desired number in
the text box.
Process Type
Used to specify the Process Type (1 to 16) to use in the operation table.
Process types are defined using the Operation main window’s Setup
menu.
If you do not enter any value in this window, then the system will
default to the following settings:
Operator reports
In this section:
• Observer Logs (page 419)
• APS (page 420)
• APS Verbose (page 421)
• Source COG (page 421)
• Receiver position history data (page 421)
Observer Logs
In the navigation pane, open the Results folder and Logs subfolder.
Open the desired swath folder and then do the following:
1. Right-click on the log file you want to export. Choose Observer
Log from the menu that pops up. This opens an editor view
containing the resulting file.
2. You can choose which fields to include in the report by clicking
on any column heading and selecting “Customize” from the menu 10
that pops up. For details, see Customizing tables (page 49). After
customizing the format of a report, clicking on Save will let you
save your options to a named file that you can reuse as a template
at a later date (by choosing it from the “Select a Preset” option
button and clicking Apply). To save you changes, click OK.
3. If several views are open, select the one you want to save (click on
its tab).
(2) Right-click to
customize
(1) Right-click to
open
Figure 10-8
4. Then you can print it out (e. g. using the File menu). If you want
to export it to another program, select Save from the File menu (or
from the toolbar ). In the dialog box that shows up, enter a
name for the file (in the “File Name” field), choose a directory
where to save it (from the “Save In” option button), and click
Save.
APS
(VE432 users only).
Vibrator QC and co-ordinate information can be exported in the form of
SPS-like files to an external computer for the purpose of QC analysis or
to the Positioning main window for geographical display.
The APS option extracts the status figures returned for every sweep by
each vibrator. Any field with invalid data is left blank. Unless the
coordinates supplied by the radiopositioning receiver to the DPG are
already in a projection format, the vibrator coordinates are converted
APS Verbose
(VE432 users only). As the name suggests, the verbose version gives
additional information (See the format in 428XL User’s Manual
Volume 2).
Source COG
The following information on the Centre Of Gravity of the source is
logged into a daily file identified by its julian day:
• Identification (Line Number, Point Number, Point index from the
input SPS Source file) of the planned shot points,
• Position and QC status of the computed COG,
• Deviation between planned source positions and actual source COG
positions.
The file can be exported in SPS-like format (see 428XL User’s Manual
10
Vol. 2 for the detailed format).
11 Plotter
Figure 11-1
Note Traces are numbered from bottom to top, Aux traces at the top.
You can choose to display the complete data (or part of it) for every
shot, or display one and the same trace for all shots.
By navigating in the left-hand pane, you can access different setup
menus that allow you to adjust AGC and plot parameters differently 11
depending on the type of input data (normal shot, Field tests, Instrument
tests).
• The “Normal” folder contains your plot parameters for production
shots. It allows you to have special settings for shots with no
processing (in the “Raw” folder) and different settings for shots with
correlated and/or stacked data (in the “Vibro Stack” folder).
• The “Field Test” folder, as the name suggests, contains your plot
parameters for sensor tests (Noise, Tilt, Distortion, etc.).
• Likewise, the “Instrument Test” folder contains your plot parameters
for instrument tests (Noise, Distortion, Gain&Phase, CMRR,
Crosstalk, etc.).
Once the different parameters are programmed and activated (by
clicking on Apply), the system automatically uses the sets of
parameters matching the input data.
File menu
Using the Load / Save commands available from the File menu, all of
the current parameters that have been set up for the entire window can
be saved to or loaded from a named file. This feature can be useful for
storing configurations that have to be used periodically.
Warning: After installing a new software release, do not load any
parameters from files saved with earlier releases.
Plot Again
This button plots the last shot.
Plot Next
This button plots the next shot.
Abort Plot
This button stops the paper feed and cancels the current plot.
Figure 11-2
In the navigation pane on the left side are a number of folders containing
all the parameters that you can import into a banner. Choosing any of
them, by double-clicking on it (or dragging and dropping it into the
right-hand pane) causes the associated building block to appear in the
right-hand pane.
The right-hand pane is a text editor in which you can:
- Create a new line by pressing the Return key;
- Type any additional text you like;
- Select a text span by clicking before the first character to select,
pressing and holding down the SHIFT key , and then clicking
behind the last character to select (alternatively, you can press
and hold down the mouse left button and drag the mouse over the
text span to select).
- Move or delete text with the usual Cut, Copy & Paste key
combinations (CTRL+X, CTRL+C, CTRL+V).
The list box shows the list of existing banner formats. To define a new
banner format, enter its number in the Nb field and then click Add. To
428XL User’s Manual Vol. 1 427
December 4, 2006
11 Plotter
The Banner setup
make any changes in the list box, click on the desired row. To save your
changes, click Change (or Add, or Delete).
Double-clicking on a banner format in the list box has it appear in the
text editor so that you can make any changes required. To save your
changes, click Change (or Add, or Delete).
To save the current list of banner formats, click Apply. (To revert to the
former list, click Reset instead).
Global parameters
Parameter Description
Record parameters
Parameter Description
Process parameters
Parameter Description
Type of process 11
Auto cor. peak time Autocorrelation peak time
Max of max aux.
Max of max seismic
Max time values
report
Line parameters
Parameter Description
Shot parameters
Parameter Description
Noise parameters
Parameter Description
Plot parameters
Parameter Description
Plot type
Plot Control Type
High cut
High cut filter
Low cut
Low cut filter
Notch filter
Notch
Aux. gain
Seismic gain
AGC window length
WZ velocity
Inline spacing
Crossline spacing
Release time
Time exponent
3. Click to create
1. Choose type of the necessary 2. Specify how many
record rows in table groups you want to
describe
Number of groups
This field is used to tell the system how many groups you want to
describe, so that it can create the necessary number of rows in the table.
Group
As you click in this field, the system automatically creates a row for
each group of traces to describe, depending on what you specify in the
“Number of groups” field.
A button is associated with each group (row), on the left of it, in the
table. You have to tick that button if you want the group to be plotted
when eligible. Its recurrence rate on the printout depends on what you
specify in the fields at the foot of the table, determining “how many”
groups will be plotted and “how often” (every N records).
How many
groups How often
Figure 11-4
Aux
Tick this button if you want to plot auxiliary traces.
Sensor code
This field lets you to choose either all the traces specified regardless of
the type of sensor, or only traces with the type of sensor you specify.
Channel/Line
Choosing Channel lets you determine the eligible group by specifying
the first trace to plot (“Start at” field), the number of traces to plot
(“Total” field) and the step (“Incr” field) to use in counting the traces.
The same group of traces from all lines will be eligible for plotting.
Choosing Line lets you determine the eligible group by specifying the
first line to plot (“Start at” field), the number of lines to plot (“Total”
field) and the step (“Incr” field) to use in counting the lines. All the
matching traces on the specified lines will be eligible for plotting.
Start at
Used to specify sequential number of either the first trace or the first line
(depending on whether the “Channel” or “Line” option is selected)
eligible in the group. 11
Total
Used to specify either the number of traces from each line or the number
of lines (depending on whether the “Channel” or “Line” option is
selected) eligible in the group.
A button is associated with the “Total” field. If you tick that button, then
system will automatically determine the total number of traces eligible
in the group, depending on what you specify in the other fields. If you
untick the button, then you have to specify how many traces or lines you
want the group to include.
Incr
Used to specify the sequential number increment step for counting in
either the traces or the lines (depending on whether the “Channel” or
“Line” option is selected) eligible in the group.
Processing setup
Some of the parameters appearing in the Processing pane are specific to
the kind of data to be plotted. Below is a description of all the
parameters prompted after you click on the Normal folder in the
navigation pane.
Figure 11-5
Choose the desired processing from the “Control” option button, then
set the associated parameters.
AGC
For “Normal” shots only. With the AGC processing option, the gain of
each trace is automatically adjusted, depending on the level of the
signal.
If you choose this option, the system computes the average sample
value over a time window you have to specify in the associated
“Window Length” field.
Time exponent
(0.00 to 9.00). For “Normal” shots only. If you choose this option, the
same gain is applied to all traces. The gain increases as an exponential
function of the time over the whole trace. You simply have to specify
the value of the exponent.
Normalization
For “Normal” shots only. If you choose this option, then the system will
look for the maximum sample value on each trace to determine the
appropriate gain to be applied to the whole trace.
Window Length
(100 to 5000 ms). For “Normal” shots only. Time interval over which
the system computes the average value of samples to determine the
AGC gain, if the AGC or Geographic AGC option is used.
Wz Velocity
(Allowable range: 1 to 99999 m/s). For “Normal” shots only. If you
choose AGC or Geographic AGC as a processing to plot the traces, a
“Wz Velocity“field is available that allows you to specify the
propagation velocity of the shot wave. This will enable the system to
428XL User’s Manual Vol. 1 437
December 4, 2006
11 Plotter
Plot parameters for production shots
calculate the time when the AGC should be applied to the traces on the
plotter, deducing it from the source-to-receivers distances.
Inline spacing
(1.0 to 999.0 m). For “Normal” shots only. Distance between receiver
points (i. e. traces) in each line. Used to determine the time when AGC
should be applied, unless you choose the Geographic AGC option.
CrossLine spacing
(1.0 to 999.0 m). For “Normal” shots only. Distance between lines.
Used to determine the time when AGC should be applied, unless you
choose the Geographic AGC option.
Scaling
Scaling is used to specify an amplitude gain (dB) for the traces plotted,
to magnify or shrink the traces. Changing the Scaling setting for any
shot will make it more difficult to compare the plot with another shot.
Filters
For “Normal” shots only. These three buttons allow you to specify a
Low Cut frequency, a High Cut frequency and a Notch filter frequency
for the traces to plot. 11
Note The three parameters (Low Cut, High Cut, Notch) are not
applied to Auxiliary traces.
• Low Cut If you wish to set a low-cut filter for the plot, choose
Low Cut and type the desired low-cut frequency
(5 to 500 Hz) in the associated field. If you wish to
remove the filter, unselect Low Cut.
• High Cut If you wish to set a high-cut filter for the plot, choose
High Cut and type the desired high-cut frequency
(30 to 500 Hz) in the associated field. If you wish to
remove the filter, unselect High Cut.
• Notch If you wish to set a notch filter for the plot, choose
Notch and type the desired notch frequency
(30.00 to 500.00 Hz) in the associated field. If you
wish to remove the filter, unselect Notch.
Note The Low Cut and High Cut buttons allow you to set up different
types of filters:
Band pass
F F F
High cut Low cut Low cut High cut
Figure 11-6
Rendering setup
Figure 11-7
Page setup
Allows you to specify which type of banner to use. This determines the
content of the banner to appear ahead of plots. See The Banner setup
(page 427).
Orientation
This option button allows you to choose the orientation of plots
(Portrait/Landscape).
Format setup
Figure 11-8
Time Sequential
The traces are plotted along the paper.
Trace Sequential 11
The traces are plotted across the paper width.
Mode
You can choose between the following options:
Wiggle
Figure 11-9
Traces/inch
(Auto or 1 to 99) Number of traces to plot per inch. Choosing Auto will
adjust the trace spacing as a function of the number of traces.
Clipping
(1 to 10 traces) This button is used to specify the number of traces that
any trace is allowed to overlap. Any trace exceeding the specified
overlapping limit is clipped to that limit.
Time
• Start: (0 to 64000 ms) Time of the first sample to plot.
• Length: (Auto or 1 to 64000 ms) If you choose Auto, the
system will automatically set the length of the plot to
the maximum or to the best, depending on the record
parameters. Otherwise, specify the desired length for
the plot.
• Interpolation: (Auto or 16, 8, 4, 2 1 to 1, or 1 to 2, 4, 8, 16). Number
of dots interpolated by the system for each sample.
If you choose Auto, then the system will automatically set the
interpolation to the best, depending on the record parameters.
Examples: 1 to 4 means that 4 dots are plotted for each sample (this
expands the plot); 4 to 1 means that each dot stands for 4 samples (this
shrinks the plot).
Test records
If you need specific plot parameters for any type of test, choose the
desired folder in the navigation pane and then set the parameters as you
like. For test records, you have a single processing parameter to set
11
(Scaling). For other parameters, see Rendering setup (page 440) and
Format setup (page 440).
Sensor tests
Figure 11-10
Instrument tests
Figure 11-11
Figure 12-1
To create a new Acquisition Type, fill in the fields above the list box,
then click Add. To make changes, double-click on the desired row in the
list box, make the necessary changes and then click Add or Change or
Delete, as required.
To save and enable your changes, click Apply. (To revert to the former
settings, click Reset instead).
Sweep Length
Duration (seconds) of the sweep signal used as seismic source.
Pilot Length
Duration (seconds) of the signal used as reference in the correlation
process.
“Sweep Length” and “Pilot Length” are usually equal. For more
information see More About Correlation on page 262.
Threshold Type
The historical noise elimination process makes use of noise elimination
thresholds. The Threshold Type parameter is used to assign a type of 12
noise elimination threshold to each Acquisition Type (e.g. Threshold
Type #1). Acquisition types with the same length and the same energy
spreading can be associated with the same Threshold Type number.
(The maximum allowable number of Threshold Types is 16 whereas
you can create up to 32 different Acquisition Types).
Index
· Nb U2: 98
· normal U1: 391
· Number (SEGD) U2: 22
· numeric view, normal U1: 395
· test, TMS428 TM: 89
· type, Process type U1: 203
· type, VE432 U1: 362
Acquisition type tables (SEGD) U2: 21
Action (see Shortcuts)
Activity
IM = Installation Manual · window U1: 80
U1 = User’s Manual Vol. 1 ADC
· test, TMS428) TM: 85
U2 = User’s Manual Vol. 2 Add
· button U1: 25
U3 = User’s Manual Vol. 3 · to query U1: 315
· to quick launch, TMS428 TM: 53
TM = Technical Manual Additional
· blocks (SEGD general header) U2: 13
· effects U1: 310
Address
Numerics · 428XL local network IM: 32
3592 cartridge dirve IM: 122 · Client computer IM: 90
3C · FUJI 3x90, changing IM: 112
· polarity, SEGD U3: 211 · FUJI 3x90, displaying IM: 113
· Intranet IM: 53, IM: 54, IM: 59
· LCI card U1: 60
A · LTO, changing IM: 118
Abort · MAC U1: 64
· button, Operation U1: 197 · TMS428 TM: 38
· Plot U1: 426 Adjusting
· TMS428 tests TM: 47 · clock, LCI TM: 15
Absolute Administration
· spread U1: 123 · server U1: 36
· Spread, tests U1: 166 Advance II U2: 106
Acceleration Advanced
· baseplate, monitoring U1: 366 · connection parameters U1: 32
· mass, monitoring U1: 366 · mode, LT428 IM: 191, IM: 202,
Acquisition IM: 204
· Error description (SEGD) U2: 22 · process type U1: 201
· graphic view, normal U1: 392 Again
· index, process type U1: 202 · Plot U1: 425
· Length U3: 222 AGC
· Length (SEGD) U2: 19 · plotter U1: 436
· local U1: 376 Air
· Tn U1: 353 C
Batteries (Show/hide) U1: 93
Battery Cable
· GoBook Q200 IM: 154 · calibration TM: 48
· Limit, LT428 IM: 193 · length, Line IM: 173, IM: 174
· polarity test (TMS428) TM: 84 · Line cable length IM: 173, IM: 174
· threshold LED test TM: 83 · path U1: 99
· voltage limit U1: 93 · replacing, LAUL TM: 111
Beginner U1: 44 · SGD-S Blaster IM: 292
Blade 2000 Calibration
· clock, LCI TM: 15
· Shock-mount parts IM: 44
· FDU U3: 85, TM: 76
Blade 2500
· meter and test cables TM: 48
· Shock-mount parts IM: 43
Camp
Blaster
· distance to, alarm U1: 308
· Advance II U2: 106
· connector, LCI428 IM: 284, IM: 285
Capacitance
· error (SEGD) U2: 30
· controllers U1: 240
· high limit (SEGD) U2: 30
· id (SEGD) U2: 20
· low limit (SEGD) U2: 30
· MACHA U2: 113
· value (SEGD) U2: 30
· SGDS U2: 114
· Shallow Sequencer U2: 111 Capacity
· Shot Pro U2: 107 · Processing U3: 221
· signals IM: 286 Cartridge
· status (SEGD) U2: 20 · insertion U1: 340
· type U1: 63 Cartridge drive
Blasters · Shock-mount parts IM: 110
· interfacing U2: 103 Centre
Blocking · button (mouse) U1: 95
· trace U1: 329 Change
Blocks in General Trailer U2: 15 · button U1: 25
BoomBox U1: 63 Changing
Box · LCI U1: 58
· type, detour U1: 119 · Serial number (TMS428) TM: 95
Break Channel
· Point U1: 215 · data error overscaling (SEGD) U2: 33
Browser · edited status (SEGD) U2: 33
· fibre U1: 60
· settings U1: 34
· filter (SEGD) U2: 33
Buffer U1: 60
· filter response U3: 31
Build · gain control method (SEGD) U2: 17
· feature query U1: 314 · gain scale (SEGD) U2: 32
Button U1: 18 · increment (SPS) U2: 64, U2: 81
Bypass · number (SEGD) U2: 31
· file exports U1: 326 · process (SEGD) U2: 33
Bytes per scan (SEGD) U2: 13 · sample to mV conversion factor (SEGD)
U2: 33
Language Leak
· help U1: 34 · testing TM: 150
Laser Link IM: 271 Leakage
· Installing IM: 274 · error U1: 129
· Specifications IM: 281 · error (SEGD) U2: 30
Last · limit (SEGD) U2: 30
· record, playback U1: 335 · Line port, TMS428 TM: 86
Lat. Long · Sensor test U1: 170
· initial line (SPS) U2: 58, U2: 69 · test U3: 153
· scale factor (SPS) U2: 58, U2: 69 · Test circuitry (LAU) U1: 129
Lat. of standard parallel(s) (SPS) U2: 57, · Test limit U1: 109
U2: 69 · test, Field (TMS428) TM: 72
LAU tests · value (SEGD) U2: 30
· Transmission TM: 88 LED
· XILINX loading TM: 83 · Run, testing (TMS428) TM: 85
LAUL428 Length
· cable replacement TM: 111 · pilot, other vibrator systems U1: 446
· connectors IM: 289 · record (SEGD) U2: 22
· disassembly instructions TM: 112 · record, process type U1: 201
· Power supply IM: 173 · sweep, other vibrator systems U1: 446
· reassembly instructions TM: 113 · time, plotter U1: 442
· spacing IM: 173, IM: 174 · Zeroing (noise) U1: 236
Launch · Zeroing Taper (noise) U1: 235
· quick, TMS428 tests TM: 53 Level
Launcher · auto, vib drive U1: 388
· bar, customizing U1: 43 Licence
· icons U1: 42 · code, entering U1: 61
LAUR · information about U1: 40
· disassembly instructions TM: 124 · LT428 IM: 185
· reassembly instructions TM: 125 · Plotter U1: 61
LAUX428 Lift
· connectors IM: 290, IM: 291 · up delay U1: 389
· disassembly instructions TM: 118 Limit
· Power supply IM: 173 · instrument test U2: 37
· reassembly instructions TM: 119 Limits (see Test limits)
Layer Line
· rename (Positioning) U1: 286 · check U1: 174
· show/hide (Positioning) U1: 286 · data rate U3: 221
Layout · Generic U1: 125
· LT428 IM: 191 · mapping to a logical line U1: 133
· setup U1: 111 · name U2: 96, U2: 98
LCI · name (SPS) U2: 63, U2: 64, U2: 77,
· address U1: 60 U2: 81, U2: 82
· changing U1: 58 · name, COG U2: 100
· oscillator, adjusting TM: 15 · Nb Inc, LT428 IM: 190
Shortcut Slip
· Line window U1: 97 · time U1: 248
Shortcuts · time, selecting U1: 232
· tests TM: 50 Slip-sweep IM: 38, U1: 248
Shot · enable U1: 221
· automation U1: 222 · mode used (SEGD) U2: 22
· Depth, charge len. (SPS) U2: 62 Snaking U1: 115
· depth, charge len. (SPS) U2: 75 · DSU U1: 141
· Id U1: 215 · FDU U1: 136
· Id, Log shooting setup U1: 417 Software
· increment U1: 227 · e428, licence U1: 61
· Nb U2: 98 · Handheld PC, installing IM: 151
· number (SEGD) U2: 19 · installing, TMS428 TM: 30
· starting U1: 196 · New release TM: 38
ShotPro · patch (client) IM: 97
· install U1: 63 · patch (server) IM: 77
· interfacing U2: 107 · updating U1: 184
Show · version (SEGD) U2: 22
· layer (Positioning) U1: 286 Software, installing
Shutdown · GoBook IM: 155
· server U1: 41 · server IM: 70
Signal · Solaris IM: 63
· return sweep U1: 366 Soil, drill method (SPS) U2: 62, U2: 75
Similarity Solaris installation IM: 63
· test, radio U1: 366 Source
Simultaneous mode U3: 221 · aux nb (SEGD) U2: 22
Single · code (Sx) tables (SPS) U2: 61
· mode, recording specifications U3: 221 · COG file U2: 100
Size · controller, time management U1: 76
· external header U1: 78 · easting (SEGD) U2: 22
· vert. stk fold (SPS) U2: 61 · elevation (SEGD) U2: 22
Size, vert. stk fold (SPS) U2: 74 · Explosive U1: 227
Skew, sample, number of extensions · Line U1: 216
U2: 14 · Line Number (SEGD) U2: 16
· northing (SEGD) U2: 22
Skip
· Point Index U1: 192
· channel U1: 131
· Point Index (SEGD) U2: 16
Skipping · Point Number (SEGD) U2: 16
· lines (spread description) U1: 126 · point setup, generating U1: 219
· receiver points U1: 126 · point, setup U1: 215
· receiver points (detour) U1: 135 · Receiver U1: 216
Slave · Set Number (SEGD) U2: 16
· 428XL U2: 104 · type, setup U1: 226
· DPG U1: 344 Spacing
Sleep · crossline (AGC) U1: 438
· LRU U1: 162 · DSU3 IM: 175
Surface Tap
· elevation, reference U1: 276 · test, LT428 IM: 188, IM: 215
· elevation, SPS U2: 63 Tape
Surface elevation · copy U3: 14
· SPS U2: 78 · drive address
Survey 3592 IM: 122
· description U1: 105 FUJI 3x90, changing IM: 112
· setup U1: 104 FUJI 3x90, displaying IM: 113
Swath LTO IM: 118
· backup setup U1: 79 · drive, install U1: 65
· first line (SEGD) U2: 19 · drives, supported IM: 111
· first number (SEGD) U2: 19 · Label U1: 328
· Id U1: 216 · label (SEGD) U2: 22
Sweep · Number U1: 328
· basic signal (Acquisition type) U1: 363 · number of files U1: 328
· freq start, end (SPS) U2: 61 · number, SEGD U2: 22
· frequency start,end (SPS) U2: 75 · setup, Export window U1: 328
· length (SEGD) U2: 22 · type, format, density (SPS) U2: 59,
· length, other vibrator systems U1: 446 U2: 71
· return signal U1: 366 Tape/disk identifier (SPS) U2: 57,
· slip time U1: 248 U2: 66
· slip, enable U1: 221 Taper U1: 346
· type, length (SPS) U2: 61, U2: 75 · length start, end (SPS) U2: 61, U2: 75
Switching TB
· port (TMS428) TM: 90 · window, process type U1: 202
Sync · window, SEGD U2: 19
· high line U1: 364 Tb to T0 time (SEGD) U2: 21
Syntax (see Description) TCXO, LCI board TM: 15
Synthetic Template
· file format U2: 41 · TMS428 tester TM: 40
· file syntax U1: 181 Terminal
· Signal type U1: 181 · Linux IM: 85
System · Solaris IM: 85
· shooting U1: 63 Test
· tools, troubleshooting IM: 85 · Automatic U1: 224
· cable calibration TM: 48
T · customizing (TMS428) TM: 63
· functions U1: 164
T0 · functions, FDU U3: 121
· mode U1: 371 · generator U3: 93
· Repeat Times U1: 370 · Instrument, FDU U3: 126
· setup U1: 370 · limit
Table battery U1: 93
· how to select U1: 27 Continuity U1: 109
· operation U1: 192 Leakage U1: 109