Handbook of Spring Design Part 1

Handbook
of Spring
Design
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Table of Contents
A
Fundamentals
How te Use this Handbook

Selecling Spring Configurations
Glossary of Spring Terminology
Bibliographical References
Reference Information
Spring Materials
Chemical and Physical Characteristics
Elastic Modulus
Magnate Characteristies
Heat Treatment of Springs
Environmental Considerations
Stress Relaxation
Corrosion
Spring Wire
Cost and Availability
Spring Strip
Other Spring Materials
Specifying Hardness
Glossary of Spring Wire Terms
Compression Springs
Introduction
Helical Compression Spring Terminology
Spring Diameter
Spring Index
Free Length
Types el Ends
Number of Coils
Solid Height
Direction of Coiling
Squareness and Parallelism
Hysteresis
Spring Rate
Stress
Loads
Buckling el Compression Springs
Choice el Operating Stress - Static Conditions
Choice of Operating Stress - Cyclic Applications
Fatigue Life Estimation Example
Dynamic Loading - Impact
Dynamic Loading - Resonance
Special Springs
Rectangular Wire
Stranded Wire Springs
Variable Diameter Springs
Variable Pitch
Nested Compression Springs
Commercial Tolerances
Acceptable Quality Leve (AQL)
Packaging
How te Specify
Compression Spring Design Example
Final Design Specifications
D
3
10
12
13
J
Helical Extension Springs
77
Introduction
Inicial Tension 78
Types of Ends 79
Extension Spring Dimensions 81
Design Equations 81
Choice of Operating Stress - Static 82
Choice of Operating Stress - Cyclic 82
Clearances 83
83
Tolerances
How te Specify 84
84
Extension Spring Design Example
Final Design Specificalions 86
Torsion Springs
Introduction
Number of Turns
Mean Diameter
Length
Spring Rate
Stress
End Configurations
Choice of Operating Stress - Static
Choice of Operating Stress - Cyclic
Double Torsion Springs
Rectangular Wire
Tolerances
How te Specify
Design Example
Final Design Specifications
Symbols for Spring Terms
87
87
87
88
88
89
89
90
91
91
92
93
93
93
95
96
Tolerancing Guidelines 5J
97
Introduction
97
Warning
98
Compression Spring Load Tolerances
100
Quality Grades for Load Tolerances
100
Compression Spring Free Length Tolerances
100
Extension Spring Load Tolerances
Quality Grades for Extension Spring Load Tolerances 102
102
Extension Spring Free Length Tolerances
104
Torsion Spring Load Tolerances (Torque)
105
Quality Grades for Torsion Spring Load Tolerances
107
Tolerances for Hot Coiled Springs
Symbols for Spring Terms inside back cover
SMI Handbook of Spring Design, iii
Figure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
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29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Name
Design Sequence
Relaxation vs. Initial Stress for Spring Materials
Relaxation vs. Temperatura for Spring Materials
Minimum Tensile Strengths for Spring Wire
Minimum Transverse Bending Radii for Various Tempers and Thicknesses
of Tempered Spring Steel
Orientation of Bend Axis to Rolling Direction for Transverse and
Longitudinal Bends
Tensile Strength vs. Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Spring Steel
Edges Available on Steel Strip
Mnimum Safe Thinknesses for Hardness Testing Hard Materials
Minimum Safe Thinknesses for Hardness Testing Soft Materials
Dimensional Terminology for Helical Compression Springs
Types of Ends for Helical Compression Springs
Direction of Coiling Helical Compression Springs
Typical Load Deflection Curve for Helical Compression Springs
Wahl Stress Correction Factors for Round Wire Helical Compression
and Extension Springs
Load Deflection Curve for a Variable Rate Spring
Critica) Buckling Condition Curves
End Conditions Used to Determine Critica) Buckling
Spring Load-Carrying Ability vs. Amount of Set Removed
Spring Relaxation Data for Various Materials
Modified Goodman Diagram for Estimating Fatigue Life
Velocity of en Object Propelled by a Compression Spring
Transmissibility of Spring Mounting
Wire Cross Section Before and After Coiling
Rectangular Wire Compression Spring Wound on Flat or Edge
Constants for Rectangular Wire in Torsion
Stress Correction Factors for Rectangular Wire Compression
Springs Wound on Flat
Stress Correction Factors for Rectangular Wire Compression
Springs Wound on Edge
Conical, Barrel and Hourglass Springs, Respectively
Typical Load Deflection Curve for Variable Diameter Springs (Solid Line)
Typical Variable Pitch Helical Compression Spring
Tangled Springs and Special Spring Packaging
Drawbar Spring Provides a Solid Stop
Load Deflection Curve for a Helical Extension Spring with Initial Tension
Torsional Stress Dueto Initial Tension as a Function of Index
in Helical Extension Springs
Common End Configurations for Helical Extension Springs
Location of Maximum Bending and Torsion Stresses in Twist Loops
Typical Extension Spring Dimensions
Specitying Load and Deflection Requirements for Torsion Springs
Common Helical Torsion Spring End Configurations
Preferred Winding for Double-Bodied Torsion Springs
Keystoned Cross Sections of Springs Wound on Edge and Flat
Compression Spring
Extension Spring
Torsion Spring
iv, SMI Handbook of Spring Design
Page
2
21
21
25
28
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51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
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68
68
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102
104
Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
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17
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20
21
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23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Page
Name
Spring Configurations
Energy Storage Capacity (ESC) of Various Spring Configurations
Conversion Factors
Common Abbreviations.
Common Symbols
Approximate Conversions for Carbon Steel Between Hardness
Scales and Tensile Strengths
Typical Properties of Common Spring Materials
Magnetic Characteristics of Some Materials
Typical Heat Treatments for Springs After Forming
Guide for Selecting Minimum Thicknesses for Zinc and Cadmium Coatings
Order of Nobility
Salt Spray Resistance of Common Barrier Finishes
Preferred Diameters for Spring Steel Wire
Ranking of Relativa Coats of Common Spring Wires
Standard Tolerances for Spring Wire
Formability of Annealed Spring Steels
Typical High-Carbon Strip Thickness Tolerances
Typical Properties of Spring Temper Alloy Strip
Recommended Hardneiss Scales for Hard and Soft Spring Alloys
Properties of Spring Ma terials
Minimum Tensile Stren th of Wire Spring Materials-Ferrous
Minimum Tensile Stren th of Wire Spring Materials-Stainless Steels
Wire Size Tolerance C arts
Guidelines for Dimensional Characteristics of Compression Springs
Maximum Allowable T rsional Stresses for Helical Compression
Springs in Static Applic tions
Maximum Allowable Torsional Stresses for Round Wire Helical
Compression Springs in Cyclic Applications
Maximum Allowable Stfesses for Helical Extension Springs
in Static Applications
Maximum Allowable Stresses for ASTM A228 and Type 302 Stainless
Steel Helical Springs in Cyclic Applications
Maximum Recommended Bending Stresses for Helical Torsion
Springs in Static Applications
Maximum Recommended Bending Stresses for Helical Torsion
Springs in Cyclic Applications
Free Length Tolerance, Metric
Free Length Tolerance, English
End Position Tolerance
Body Diameter Tolerances for Compression, Extension and Torsion Springs
Permissible Variations in Outside Diameter of Spring
Permissible Variations Solid Height
Permissible Deviations, Springs with Ground Ends
Permissible Squareness Deviation, Springs with Ground Ends
Permissible Squareness Deviation, Springs with Unground Ends
4-7
9
13
13
14
14
16
18
19
22
23
24
26
27
27
30
31
32
32
37
44
46
47
51
58
62
82
83
91
91
103
103
103
106
107
108
109
110
110
SMI Handbook of Spring Design, v
vi, SMI Handbook of Spring Design
Fundamentals
This handbook iswritten for design engineers, asa practica) guide te those responsible
for designing springs. Springs are flexible members that store energy. Design considerations
for members that experience larga deflections are quite different from those used for rigid
structures. A sufficient amount of detail has been included so that those designers without
access te a computerized program can generate an optimum solution te a spring design
problem.
Many designs do not perform well in service dueto incompleta or unclear definition. The
assumption is made throughoul this handbook that the designer knows the functional
requirements of a spring, its space limitations, the environment in which it operates, its
service requirements and any special considerations. Functional requirements are usually
expressed as a load ata test position and/or a spring rate. Space limitations are defined by
describing the envelope in which a spring is expected te operate. Environment can be
characterized by the operating temperatura and a description of substances in contact with a
spring. Service requirements are the expected life, frequency of loading, rata of loading and
permissible relaxation. Special considerations might involve, for example, restrictions due te
assembly, electrical conductivity or magnetic requirements. Te make a cost-effective design,
it is essential te have the design problem clearly defined.
This handbook follows the design sequence illustrated in Figure 1, paga 2. Selecting
Spring Configurations reviews the methodology for choosing the best type of spring
configuration te perform an intended function. Frequently, the choice of configuration is
obvious te experienced designers. The inexperienced, and occasionally the experienced,
designer (in critica) situations ) should first review spring configuration te be sure that the most
cost-effective configuration has been selected. The second major design decision is choice of
material . Spring Materials gives information required te select one or two candidata materials
for the design. Remaining portions of this book discuss each type of spring configuration in detail.
These sections enable a designer, having chosen the configuration and material, te select a
stress leve), design a spring and then specify the spring te a springmaker. In many cases,
examples are included te demonstrate the design process. In most sections,
recommendations are made en stress levels for both fatigue and static service.
SMI Handbook of Spring Design, 1
Define
Design Problem
i
Select Spring
Configuration
Select
Material
FSelect
Stress Leve
1
Design to
Optimize
i
Check Design
i
Specify
Figure 1 . Design Sequence

Material recommendations and design methods discussed here are the result of many years
of experience and have proven to be reliable. Spring design is a very complex subject.
Frequently the state of stress is not accurately known. Geometrical configurations are often
difficult to describe mathematically. Simplifying assumptions have been made which, in some
cases, may lead to inaccuracies. When parts are made to a design, fabrication
considerations are occasionally encountered that alter performance. Materials do nol always
behave as predicted. Although the best judgment has been used in writing this handbook,
resulting design will not always be optimum. For critica) springs it is advisable to cal) on the
experience of SMI member company engineering staff, and to have samples made and
tested prior to committing a design to production.
Many designers have computers to support their design efforts. SMI has software available to
support design efforts that conform to material in this handbook. You may contactan SMI member
companydirectly about the availability of this material. Nevertheless, notes on how to specify a spring,
manufacturing tips and other information dedicated to a specific spring configuration should
be reviewed. This information is not generally available in design programs and yet frequently
is necessary to achieve the most cost-effective design.
2, SMI Handbook of Spring Design
CONFIGURATION
TYPE
ACTION
Helical Compression
Push - wide load and

deflection range constant rafe.
Round and
Rectangular
W ire
}
Barre)
}
Conical
1
t
Constant Pitch
}
Hourglass
Push - wide load and

deflection range.
Conical spring can be
made with minimum
solid height and with
constant or increasing
rafe. Barre ), hourglass,
and variable-pitch
springs used to
minimize resonant
surging and vibration.
f
Variable Pitch
Spring Washer
Belleville
Push - high loads, low

deflections - choice of
retes (constant,
increasing, or
decreasing).
W ave
Push - light loads, low

deflection-uses limited
radial space.
Slotted
Push - higher
deflections than
bellevilles.
Finger
Push - for axial loading

of bearings.
Curved
Push - used to absorb

axial end play.
Table 1 . Spring Configurations.
Selecting Spring Configurations

It is essential that a designar select the optimum spring contiguration to perform en intended function.
A three-step procedure has been developed for this task. The first step is to define the primary spring
function in terms of push, pul, twist or energy storage. The second step is to review various alternativa
contiguration and select one or two best candidates. The third step is to review candidate configurations
with respect to cost and special considerations.
Having defined primary spring function as either push, pul or twist, the next step is to review ahl possible
spring configurations that perform this function and select the one that meets space requirements most
economically. Various spring configurations are listed on paga 4 in Tabla 1 with helpful comments to aid in
selecting one or two candidates. Helical compression springs, spring washers, volute springs and beam
springs all perform a push function. For larga deflections, helical compression springs are most commonly
chosen; for small deflections, spring washers are most common. Volute springs have high damping
capacity and good resistance to buckling, but are not common because of relatively high manufacturing
costs. Beam springs are produced in a wide variety of shapes and can push or pull. Frequently, beam
springs are required for functions in addition to the spring function, and sometimes are en integral
element of a larger part.
Helical torsion and spiral spring configurations perform the twist function. Helical torsion springs are often
used as a counterbalance for doors, lids or other mechanisms that rotate on a shaft. Spiral hair springs
have a low hysteresis and are used in instruments and watches. Brush springs received their name
from their primary application of holding brushes against commutators in electric motors. Power springs
are often callad clock or motor springs and are used to store energy for clocks, toys and other devices.
Prestressed power springs are a special type of power spring that has a very high energy storage
capacity and is most commonly used on refractors for seat belts. Constant force springs provide an
essentially constant torque ovar many revolutions.
The pul tunction is performed by extension springs, drawbar spring assemblies and constan force
springs, with helical extension springs being most common. Drawbar spring assemblies are useful when
a fixed stop is required. Constant force springs are similar to power springs; however, they are loaded by
pul] rather than twist.
Retaining rings and garter springs were especially developed to perform either push or pull. Retaining
rings retain or locate parts in bearings and on shafts. Garter springs are used primarily in oil seals.
Often a spring design function is expressed in terms of energy storage capacity. In machines, springs
are fequently used to store kinetic energy from moving components during deceleration and release this
energy during acceleration to reduce peak loads. Spring motors are used to power clocks, toys and many
other mechanical devices. Torsion springs are used in window shades and garage doors, primarily for
their ability to store energy.
TYPE
ACTION
CONFIGURATION
Volute
Push - may have

inherently high friction
damping.
Beam
Push or poli - wide

range of loads, low
deflection range.
Cantilever,
Rectangular
Section
Cantilever,
Trapezoidal
Section
Simple Beam
Helical Torsion
--}}ryry{}}î}
Rou nd or
Rectangular
Wire
Twist - conslani rafe.
Spiral
Hairspring
Twist
Brush
Twist or Push.
Table 1 (continuad). Spring Configurations.
Twist - exerts torque

over many turns.
Supplied in retainer.
Twist - exerts torque

over many turns.
Supplied in retainer.
Constant Force Spring Motor
Twist- exerts Glose-toconstant torque over

many turns.
Table 1 (continued). Spring Configurations.
TYPE
ACTION
CONFIGURATION
Helical Extension
Pull - wide load and
deflection range constant rete.
Drawbar
Pull - extension to a
solid stop.
Constant Force
Pul- very long

deflection at constant
load or low rete.
Retaining Rings
Round or
Rectangular
Pul or push - to resist

axial loads.
Wire
Garter
Pull with radial pressure.
Extension
r
Push with radial
pressure.
Compression
\
y
Table 1 (continued). Spring Configurations.
Energy storage capacity (ESC) is defined as the amount of work done by a spring or the energy stored
per unit volume of active spring material. Energy storage capacity is proportlonal to the square of the
maximum operating stress leve), divided by the modulus of elasticity, multiplied by a constant. Theoretical
capacities are shown for various spring configurations in Table 2, page 9. Space efficiency, another
measure of spring design efficiency, is the volume of active spring material divided by the volume of the
envelope occupied by the spring when fully deflected. The product of ESC and space efficiency is the
amount of energy a spring configuration can store per unir volume of the envelope it occupies. Typical
ranges of energy storage capacity per unit volume of envelope for some spring geometries are also listed
in Table 2, page 9. These values are approximate, and refer to springs in fully deflected positions without
regard to inactivo material or stress correction factors. The space efficiency concept is not meaningful for
some spring configurations, such as cantilevers and extension springs. Prestressed power springs, power
springs and helical compression spring designs are most suitable for energy storage applications.
ESC divided by the product of the density and cost per pound gives energy storage ability per unit cos.
This is a convenient method for making rough comparisons of various spring materials.
The final step in the selection process is to consider other restrictions imposed by design criteria . Cost is
always a restriction. Although specific comments on cost cannot be addressed until a spring is designed,
some useful generalizations can be considered here. Custom designed springs from wire are generally
less costly than springs from strip. This is because there is very little scrap from wire. Many fat springs
are blanked from strip with a concomitant loss of material. Springs made from prehardened material tend
to be less costly than springs hardened after forming. Sharp bends tend lo increase manufacturing costs
and cause stress concentrationsthat can result in early failure.
Compression springs and severa) other types of common springs are made on universal tooling. Most
fat springs and special wire forms require special tooling. The ability to maintain tolerances varias
considerably for different spring configurations. In general, tolerances controlled by metal forming
processes are substantially greater than tolerances controlled by metal cutting.
Typs of Spring
Engqrgy (1)
Stbraga
clty
nc
Compression or Edension
(round wire)
Compression or Entension
(squarewire )
( C+1)
s2
18E
Cantilever Beam Triangular Plan
6E
Hek al Torsion
(squarewire )
Spring
Spiral Torsion( round wire)
)z
4G
S2
6.5G
Rectangular Cantilever 8
Simply Supported Beam
Helical Torsion Spring

(round wire)
Space ( 2)
Elllcioncy
4C
Typical Amounts of Erergy Siored in

Spring Speee EnvelopA
Notes
Jlmm' R4bflln3
(3)
1.5 - 15 X 104
1.13-18
(3)
1.0-loX 10
1.2-12
1 , 0 - 5 X 104
1 .2 - 6
1 . 5 - 8 X 104
1 . 8-9 . 7
S2
S2
7rc
(C+l)^
S2
4C
(C+1)^
6E
S2
s2 S2
10E to 40E
0.15-0.9
(4)
0.5 - 5 X 10a
0.13-6
Power Spring
0.4 - 0.6
(5)
10 - 17 X 104
12 - 20
Prestressed Power Spring
DA-0.6
(5)
25 - 30 X 104
30 - 35
Typical Lead Acid Battery
2,500 - 3,300 X 104
3,000-4,000
8E
Belleville Washer
(1) Ene', storage capaciry--L f kfdL where V= volume ofactive spring material. Note that stress correction factors due to spring
geometry Nave been omitted.
(2) Space etrciency is detined as volume of active spring material V divided by the space envelope of the spring at maximum denmtion.
(3) Space elfi cieney does not apply to extension spring%.
(4) Ratio ufO D. m ID. of 2 is prefened ter most designe
(5) For most enicient design, the amount etspace occupied by spring material equals halfofthe space occupied by the spring in me free
position. Because of friction, diffculty in estimating the amotmt ofactive material and number of tums in the free position, determine
(he ESC by estimating or measuring the ares under the torque revolution curve.
Table 2. Energy Storage Capacity (ESC) of Various Spring Configurations.
Glossary of Spring Terminology

Na
Active Coils Those coils which are free to deflect under load.
Angular Relationship of Ends Relativa position of hooks or loops of an extension spring (or
ends of a torsion spring) to each other.
Baking Heating of electroplated springs to relieve hydrogen embrittlement.
Block See Solid Height.
Buckling Bowing or lateral displacement of a compression spring. This effect is related to
slenderness ratio L/D.
Clase Wound Adjacent coils are touching.
Closed and Ground Ends Same as Closed Ends, except the first and last coils are ground
to provide a fat bearing surface.
Closed Ends Compression spring ends with coil pitch angle reduced so they are square with
the spring axis and touch the adjacent coils.
Ls Closed Length See Solid Height.

p Coils Per Inch See Pitch.
F Deflection Motion imparted to a spring by application or removal of an external load.
Elastic Limit Maximum stress to which a material may be subjected without permanent set.
Endurance Limit Maximum stress, ata given stress ratio, at which material will operate in a
given environment for a stated number of cycles without failure.
Fixture Tempering Restraining parts during tempering to improve dimensional control.
Of Free Angle Angular relationship between arms of a helical torsion spring which is not under
load.
Free Length Overall length of a spring which is not under load.
Gradient See Rate.
Heat Setting A process tu prerelax a spring in order to improve stress relaxation resistance
in service.
Helical Springs Springs made of bar stock or wire coiled into a helical form. This category
includes compression, extension and torsion springs.
Hooks Open loops or ends of extension springs.
Hysteresis Mechanical energy loss occurring during loading and unloading of a spring within
the elastic range. It is illustrated by the area between load-deflection curves.
Initial Tension A force that tends to keep coils of a closewound extension spring closed and
which must be overcome before the coils start to open.
Loops Formed ends with minimal gaps at the ends of extension springs.
D Mean Diameter The average diameter of the mass of spring material, equal to one-half the
sum of the outside and inside diameters. In a helical spring, this is the equivalent to the
outside diameter minus one wire diameter.
G Modulus in Shear or Torsion (Modulus of Rigidity G) Coefficient of stiffness used for
compression and extension springs.
E Modulus in Tension or Bending (Young's Modulus E) Coefficient of stiffness used for
torsion or flat springs.
M Moment A product of the distance from the spring axis to the point of load application, and
the force component normal to the distance une.
n Natural Frequency Lowest inherent rate of free vibration of a spring vibrating between its
own ends.
Patenting The process of heating carbon steel aboye its critica) temperature and cooling at a
controlled rafe to achieve a fine pearlitic microstructure.
p Pitch Distance from center to center of wire in adjacent coils in en open-wound spring.
Plain Ends End coils of a helical spring having a constant pitch and ends not squared.
Plain Ends , Ground Same as Plain Ends, except wire ends are ground square with the axis.
R Rate Spring gradient, or change in load per unit of deflection.
Residual Stress Stress mechanically induced by such means as set removal, shot-peening,
cold working, or forming. It may be beneficia) or not, depending on the spring application.
Set Permanent change of length, height or position after a spring is stressed beyond
material's elastic limit.
Set Point Stress at which some arbitrarily chosen amount of set (usually 2%) occurs. Set
percentage is the set divided by the deflection which produced it.
Set Removal An operation which causes a permanent loss of length or height dueto spring
deflection.
Shot-Peening Blasting the surfaces of spring material with steel or glass pellets to induce
compressive stresses that improve fatigue life.
Sienderness Ratio Ratio of spring length to mean diameter LID in helical springs.
Ls Solid Height Length of a compression spring when deflected under sufficient load to bring al
adjacent co)Is finto contact - no additional deflection is possible.
Spiral Springs Springs formed from fiat strip or wire wound in the form of a spiral, loaded by
torque about en axis normal to the plena of the spiral.
C Spring Index Ratio of mean diameter to wire diameter.
Squared and Ground Ends See Closed and Ground Ends.
Squared Ends See Closed Ends.
Squareness Angular deviation, between the axis of a compression spring in a free state and
a line normal te the end planes.
Stress Range Difference in operating stresses at minimum and maximum loads.
Stress Ratio Minimum stress divided by maximum stress.
Stress Relief A low temperatura heat treatment given springs te relieve residual stresses
produced by prior cold forming.
M Torque See Moment
N Total Number of Coils The sum of the number of active and inactiva coils in a spring body.
Bibliographical References
Johnson, Leonard, G., The Statistical Treatment of Fatigue Experiments. New York: Elsevier
Publishing Co., 1964.
Litfe, R. E. and E. H. Jebe., Statistical Design of Fatigue Experiments. New York: John Wiley
& Sons, 1975.
Wahl, A. M., Mechanical Springs, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963.
Berry, W. R., Spring Design: A Practica Treatment. London: Emmot & Co., 1961.
Almen, J. 0. and A. Laszlo., "The Uniform Section Disc Spring:" A.S.M.E Transactions, vol.
58, no. 4, (May 1936), pp. 305 - 314.
Blake, A., Design of Curved Members for Machines. New York. Industrial Press, 1966.
Bisshopp, K. E. and D. C. Drucker., "Larga Deflections of Cantilever Beams," Quarterly of
Applied Mathematics, vol. 3, no. 3, (1945), p. 272.
Maker, J. H., "Steel Springs" Metals Handbook. 9th ed. Metals Park: ASM, vol. 1, (1978), pp.
283-313.
Design and Manufacture of Volute Springs. New York: SAE, 1945.
Peterson, R. E., Stress Concentration Factors. New York: John Wiley & Sons, (1974), p. 231.
Maier, Karl, W., "Dynamic Loading of Compression Springs,"Product Engineering, (January
1954), pp. 162-167. "Dynamic Loading of Compression Springs," (March 1955), pp. 162-72.
"Surge Waves in Compression Springs:" (August 1957), pp. 167-174.
Reference Information
Conversion Factors , Metric and English Units
Area
Density
Force
Frequency
Length
Mass
Moduli (E and G)
Pressure
Spring Rate
Stress
Torque
Temperature
Tensile Strength
Volume
Work
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
in'
lblin'
Ibf
ozf
Ibf
c/s
in.
ft.
lb
psi
psi
Iblin.
Ib/in.
psi
Ibf-in.
Ibf-ft
ozf-in.
F
C
psi
in3
ft-Ibf
645.2
27.68
4.448
0.278
0.4536
1.000
25.4
304.8
0.4536
0.006895
6.895
0.1751
0.01785
0.006895
112.9
1355
7.062
=(F - 32) + 1.8
=1.8C + 32
0.006895
16,387
1.365
mm2
g/cm3
N
N
kgf
Hz
mm
mm
kg
MPa
kPa
N/mm
Kg/mm
MPa
N.mm
N.mm
N.mm
C
F
MPa
mm3
J
Table 3. Conversion Factors.
Abbreviations
HRC
Hz
in.
J
kg
lbf
m
mm
N
ozf
Pa
hardness, Rockwell C scale

hertz
inch
joule
kilogram
pound force
meter
millimeter
newton
ounce force
pascal
Table 4. Common Abbreviations.
Symbois
M
mega
kilo
hecto
centi
0.01
Milli
0.001
micro
0.000001
1,000,000
1,000
100
Table 5. Common Symbols.
1511
3011
45t4
66
64.5
83.5
92.5
83
81
73
62
60
82.5
91
90
79
58
89.5
56
80
79
54
78
52
77
87.5
86.5
50
85.5
68.5
48
76
74.5
84.5
46
73.5
44
72.5
42
71.5
70.5
64
40
38
36
81
695
68.5
34
32
67.5
30
65.5
64 .5
28
26
24
66.5
63.5
22
62.5
615
20
60.5
10kg
DPH
Vkkan
5009
Knoo
3000
kg
Brlnnl
Tonalk Blrangtb,
A
tlmak
Mpa
10
854
789
660
800
870
822
69
66.5
739
740
776
695
732
75.5
74
64
655
697
655
690
614
587
62
817
615
650
560
72
59.5
580
5]9
612
534
2020
293
70.5
57.5
55
545
547
516
576
1889
1765
274
542
509
484
52.5
510
458
238
223
82.5
63
48
435
435
480
452
460
437
1641
50
485
458
482
83.5
66.5
65
81.5
615
455
413
410
426
80.5
79.5
595
57.5
43
396
402
41
393
373
372
78.5
56
38.5
353
350
77
76
54
36
33 5
334
52
75
505
31.5
74
485
47
29
92
88.5
72.5
715
77.5
70.5
45
43
69.5
415
71
26.5
24
513
415
1538
1441
1248
193
181
380
360
352
1179
1110
161
336
319
342
313
1048
152
326
297
1007
146
301
285
301
311
952
285
138
131
271
272
260
297
284
283
270
260
862
827
22
257
244
19.5
228
247
241
272
256
241
250
240
903
30T
451
209
1331
317
15T
256
393
372
332
171
125
786
120
114
100
93
82
72
230
758
110
98
92.5
81
70
59
216
231
215
703
102
96
92
80
68
57.5
205
195
221
211
205
198
676
94
915
90.5
78.5
648
98
94
66
645
555
54
185
201
192
185
90
90
85
89.5
53
169
184
558
81
88
86
76
75
62.5
176
169
614
586
89
176
88.5
74
58.5
52
50.5
162
156
176
156
75
73
84
151
517
503
88
875
73
71.5
57
55
150
51
56,5
92
77.5
49.5
150
170
164
496
72
144
158
483
70
80
78
86.5
48.5
86
70
69
47
139
152
469
68
76
85.5
67.5
46
135
147
448
85
74
85
66
82
60.5
53
49
475
Table 6. Approximate Conversions for Carbon Steel Between Hardness Scales and Tensile
Strengths.
Spring Materials
Chemical and Physical Characteristics
While certain materials have cometo be regarded as spring materials , they are not specially
designed allays . Spring materials are high strength alloys which often exhibit the greatest
strength in the alloy system . For example : In steels, medium and high -carbon steels are
regarded as spring materials. Beryllium copper is frequently specified when a copper base
alloy is required. For titanium, cold-worked and aged Ti-13V-11 Cr-3A1 is used. The energy
storage capacity of a spring is proportional to the square of the maximum operating stress
leve) divided by the modulus . An ideal spring material has high strength, a high elastic limit
and a low modulus . Because springs are resilient structures designed lo undergo larga
deflections , spring materials must nave en extensiva elastic range . Other factors such as
fatigue strength, cost, availability, formability, corrosion resistance , magnetic permeability and
electrical conductivity can also be importan( and must be considered in light of cost/benefit.
Consequently , careful selections must be made to obtain the best compromise.
Table7, paga 16, lists some commonly used alloys along with data for material selection
purposes . Data on mechanical properties are presented in the Spring Wire and Spring Strip
subsections (Pagas 25 and 27 respectively). Specifications have been written by many
national and international organizations . These specifications are cross- referenced in
SMI's Encyclopedia of Spring Design . However , correlation between the specifications is only
approximate. These specifications were developed exclusively for high quality material for
spring applications and are generally more detailed and stringent than other specifications.
Surface quality has a mejor influence on fatigue strength and is often not clearly delineated
on national specifications . It is important lo use only those materials with the best surface
integrity for fatigue applications, particularly those in the high cycle region.
In steel alloys , for which processing costs are a larga fraction of product cost, surface quality
can vary ovar en appreciable range. Depth of surtace imperfections, such as seams, pits and
die marks, can be up to 3.5% of diameter for commercial spring wire grades (ASTM A-227
and A-229). Various intermediate qualities can be obtained . Highest levels are representad
by music and valve spring quality grades which are virtually free of surface imperfections.
Decarburization , which can also adversely affect fatigue performance , follows a similar
pattern. Surface quality of spring materials is a function of the cara exercised in their
production and processes employed . Materials produced with a high leve ) of surface integrity
are more costly than commercial grades.
ycurro' Mo11wu el
ModwuE t W e t
Common Nmn Mp IPell Mp Po 11

loa 10a 1Og 19a
EMCbIW
DnIry (1)
ycm^
Cnaua-
Ibli
%IACS
Carbw Steel Wires:

ZW (30) 793 (11 . 6) 7.86(0. 284)
Hard Drawn (5) 20] (30 ) 793 (11. 5) ].86(0284 )
Oil Temperetl 207 (30 ) 79.3 (115) 7. 86(0284)
Valvas lin 207 30 793 11 . 5 7.86 0284
M us l c ( 5 )
Mty (1)
Sirsxannlly AWiIW Trplo MlWmwn sama.

Suncê TempnWn(4)
Min. Mx. pa,lity N: eF
mm In. 3
n.
mm
0 . 10(0004 )
6.35(0250)
120
250
0.13(0005)
16 (0.625)
150
250
050 (0.020 )
1.3(0 050 )
16(0625 )
150
150
300
6. 35 ( 0250 1
300
Alb Stsel Wirea'.
0.50(0 . 020) 11 (0./35) a,b 220 425

7
7.88(0284)
Cb rome V ana di u m 207 (30 ) ]93 (115 )
50 0 . 020 95 0 . 3]5 a , b 245 475
Cbrome Siliwn 207 30 793 11 5 7 . 86 0284 5 0 .
Stainbss Sleel Wires'
. 005 95 0 . 375 b 260 500

AustenibcT 302 193 28 69 . 0 1 0 7 . 92 0286 2 013 0
600
b
315
Preaipimtion
12.5(0500 )
0.08 (0.002 )
2
]81 ( 0.282 )
(11)
75.8
(295)
203
HaMenin 1]-7 PH
950
510
b
2
040 ( 0016 ) 1 5 0 . 200
1 0.4
8 . 03 ( 0 . 290 )
71.7
200
1 29 1 1
NICr A288
Co Base Nio y Wires:

Pbw flor Bronre A
103
Siliwn Bronre A
103
Siliwn Bronce B
117
15 )
434
63
886 0.320
15
0 . 10 0.004
12.5 0500
95
200
15
386
5. 6
0 . 10 0.004
12.5 0500
95
200
44 . 1
853 ( 0 308
875 0.] 16
12
010 0 . 00/
125 0 . 500
95
200
8.2fi 0 . 298
21
008 0 . 003
12 . 5 0.500
205
400
853 0 . 308
17
0 . 10 0.004
12 . 5 0 l 1
95
200
125 ( 0.500
320
700
12.5 0500
595
1100
12 . 5(0.500 )
95
200
9.5 (0.3]5)
230
450
95 0.375
260
500
3 1 0 125
95
200
7)
Be IIWm CO
120
185
48 . 3
7.0
Brin Breas CA260
110
16
420
6. 0
Niccel Base Alb

31 786 11 6A3 0 . 304 1.5 010 0 . 004
Inwnel Allo X750 214 31 79 . 3 115 825 1 0 298 1 0.10 0004
0.10(0 . 004)
1.6
8.14(0.294 )
819
(97 )
27 )
186
NiS n-C'
0 05 (0.002)
3.5
0.03
(0.319)
861
(9.6)
26)
179
Moner AIIO 400
005 0002
3
1 846 0. 306
662
( 9.6 1
179
(M) 1
Monel Alla K500
Inwnel` Al, 1100 21 /
Canon Steel Sin :

AISI 1050
207
Q0 )
30 )
79.3
11 . 5
786 1 0 2M
025 0 . 010
200
11.5 11
7.86 0284
20]
1 79 . 3
250
b 120
1074, 1075 207 30 79 . J 11.5 786 0204 ] 0.08 0003 3 125 ) 1
125
b
120
250
.
08
0003
3
0
.
7
0
)
1
1095 207 30 79.3 11.5 788 2M
a
)
1 0.040)
95 200
( 30) 793
( 115 7.86 0264 7 0.10 0004
Baltex` 207
1065
008 0 . 003
3 0 . 125
95
Stainbu Steel Stn p

AustenaiC Types
01,302
193
(28 )
690
(10 )
792(0286 )
008 ( 0003 )
1.5(0083 )
315
600
Predplganon
HaMenin 17-] PH
203
(29.5)
75.8
(11)
781 (0282 )
008 (0.003 )
3(0125 )
370
700
C r Base AIl Stn:

b 95 200
03
1 5 (0. 188)
Phoe bor Brontt A 10] 15 43 83 8.86 0 . 320 15 08 (0.003)
21 0.08 0 . 003 9 . 5 0.375 b 205 400
Be Illum Co 128 18.5 48 7 , 0) 1 8.26 298 1 1
( 4) Muimum rv nmlmlurts ertguidelines- may vny dueto opndingnmx aM
(II Ebgic nMUli.drnily end e 4cubluoMU[IivXy [w vnrywn b wN anh. I,eat ,rtmmem
vtl opaliry nreu . Tbe,e vemm^mm uwlly mimr bo l xMUMhwmgvN ifoneor elbwede releulbn.
u
cr
iuL
(5)
[sM
hax
tlnwn
erc[onunereiellnm.
br P ,m,eiutlaobdnwnuvbn tlxlxping
rt of,t[ttpropme,'
ID Oemnen forwir :,bkxzver 0, nrip. wire.
(3) Trywl surface 9wly mings ., For mo nwWUli xfe [ial proca cnFeapec iIM,a
4 are regineM IMxmkx otinema,unal Nlhel Campan,
upgmde lypical velual INCONEL . MONEL aM NI-SPAN
Irc. RARTE%k e regMaM ,ndcmaA ofTblsotAmni[a In[.
Meeimum 4efM deplb : n m 0.5%odan .
Maximum defn'I dep,b : I % od or 1.
fxlh : Ien,Fan 3.5%ofd or,.
Table7. Typical Properties of Common Spring Materials.
Elastic Modulus
The modulus of elasticity in tension and shear is vital to spring design. Tabla 7, paga 16,
lists recommended values for commonly used spring alloys. For most steels and agehardenable alloys, the modulus varias as a function of chemical composition, cold work and
degree of aging. Usually variations are small and can be compensated for by adjustment of
reference parameters of the spring design , (e.g. number of active coils , and coil diameter).
For most materials, moduli are temperature-dependent and vary inversely with temperatura
by approximately 2% per 55C (100F). Since nonambient temperatura testing is costly,
design criteria should be specified at room temperatura after having made appropriate
compensation for the application temperatura. Certain nickel-chromium-iron alloys are
designed to have a constant modulus ovar the temperatura range from -5 to 65C (-50 to
150F) and are exceptions to the aboye rule.
For true isotropic materials, the elastic moduli in tension (E) and shear (G) are related
through Poisson's ratio by the expression:
so that, for common spring materials, any one of the parameters may be approximated using
(he other two.
Magnetic Characteristics
For most applications, the question of "magnetic or not" is adequately answered with the use
of a permanent magnet. For some applications, even very low levels of magnetic behavior
can be detrimental. Then, it is desirable to know the magnetic permeability of candidate
materials and reach agreement between parties on a maximum allowable value. Tabla 8,
pagel8, lists approximate values for a number of low-permeability materials along with other
frequently used alloys.
Since permeability can be altered by cold work, some variation can be expected. In general,
low-permeability materials are more expensive, so designers should specify low levels only
when absolutely necessary. Often, nitrogen-strengthened manganesa stainless steels are
good choices because they have good strength at moderate cost.
Heat Treatment of Springs

Heat treating temperaturas for springs can be divided into two ranges. Low-temperatura heat
treatments in the 175 to 510C (347 to 950F) range are applied to springs alter forming to
reduce residual stresses and stabilize parts dimensionally. For carbon steels, stainless steels
and some age-hardenable alloys, low-temperature heat treatments are used to increase or
restore the set point. Electroplated carbon steel parts are heat treated at low temperaturas
prior to plating, and baked afterward to reduce the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement.
Most low temperature stress relieving and age hardening of springs are done in air, and a
moderate amount of oxide may be formed on the part. No detrimental effects of this oxide
have beso noted.
Materlais
Permeability at 200 Oersted,

Room Temperatura
1
Air
Nonmagnetie
Brasses, Bronzes
> 500
Carbon Steels
1.000035
Elgiloy
Inconel Alloys:
1.01
600
1.0006
625
1.0035
X-750
Stainless Steels:
Type 301, spring temper > 30
Type 302, spring temper > 12
631 (17-7 PH) > 40
XM-28 : Nitronic 32" 1.011
Nitronic 50*
1.004
Titanium Alloys
Nitrogen-strengthened manganeso stsinless steels.
Nonmagnetic
ELGILOY is a reglstered trademark of Kaly Industries, lnc,

NITRONIC is a registered tmdemask ofAnneo., Inc.
-'I
Table S. Magnetic Characterlstics of Some Materlals.

High-temperature heat treatments are used to strengthen annealed material after spring
forming . High-carbon steels are strengthened by austenitizing In tire temperatura range 760'
to 900'C (1480 to 1652 'F), quenching to form martenslte and then tempering . Some nickelbased alloys are strengthened by high temperatura aging treatments . Because substancial
oxidation occurs at these elevated temperaturas, it is advisable to prevent excessive
oxidation by using en approprlate protective atmosphere.
Heat treatments suitable for many commonly used materials are listed in Tabla 9 , paga 19.
Selection of a temperatura within a given ranga can only be made alter consldering the
material , size, strength leve(, application conditions and desired characteristics. Unless
otherwlse noted , 20 to 30 minutes exposure at the specified temperatura ranga is sufficient to
obtain the bulk of the stress-relieving effect.
Many spring- like parts involve forma that preclude tire use of prehardened material, In
these cases, soft or annealed material must be used and hect treated to attain spring
properties after forming . Thin high-carbon and alloy steel parts become distorted when
hardened by quanching. Distortion may be reduced by fixture tempering ; however, this
process Is costly and should be avolded If at al possible by using pretempered materials.
Tempering Is en effective stress -relieving treatment and results In negligible levels of residual
stress. Some spring materials, such as beryllium copper and 17-7 PH, are strengthened after
forming by age hardening . This provides a good stress relief, but may also cause distortion
unless special technlques are used.
Ma riaia
Patented and Cold-Drawn Steel Wire
Heat Treatment
C F
190 - 230
375 - 450
Tempered Steel Wire:

Carbon
260 - 400
500 - 750
Alloy
315-425
600-800
230 - 510
450 - 950
Austenitic Stainless Steel Wire

Precipitation Hardening Stainless Wire
(17-7 PH):
Condition C
Condition A to TH 1050
480 11 hour
900 11 hour
760 / 1 hour cool to

15C followed by 565 /
1 hour
1400 11 hour, rml

to 60F followed by
1050 11 hour
Monel:
Alloy 400
300 - 315
575 - 600
525 14 hours
980 14 hours
400 - 510
750 - 950
#1 Temper
730116 hours
1350 / 16 hours
Spring Temper
650 14 hours
1200 14 hours
175-205
350-400
Alloy K500, Spring Temper

Inconel:
Alloy 600
Alloy X-750:
Copper Base , Cold Worked (Brass,

Phosphor Bronze, etc.)
Beryllium Copper:
Pretempered ( Mili Hardened )
205
400
315 12 - 3 hours
600 / 2 - 3 hours
Carbon (AISI 1050 to 1095)
800 - 830
1475 - 1525*
Alloy (AISI 5160H 6150, 9254)
830 - 885
1525 - 1625*
Solution Annealed, Temper Rolled or

Drawn
Annealed Steels:
-Time depends ora heathg equipment and section sis. Pass ate austera zed then quenched vid tempered to me
desired hardeess.
Table 9. Typical Heat Treatments for Springs After Forming
Environmental Considerations
Frequently, operating environment is the single most important consideration for proper
spring material selection. For successful application , material must be compatible with the
environment and withstand effects of temperature and corrosion without en excessive loss in
spring performance . Corrosion and elevated temperatures decrease spring reliability. The
effect of temperature on spring materials is predictable and discussed in the upcoming
subsection. Compatibility of spring materials and spring coating systems with
corrosiva environments will be discussed in general terms.
Stress Relaxation
The primary concern for elevated-temperature applications of springs is stress relaxation.
Stress relaxation is the loss of load or available deflection that occurs when a spring is held
or cycled under load. Temperatura also affects modulus, (ensile and fatigue strength. For a
given spring, variables that affect stress relaxation are: stress, time and temperature, with
increases in any parameter tending to increase the amount of relaxation. Stress and
temperatura are related exponentially to relaxation. Curves of relaxation vs. these
parameters are concave upward, as is shown in Figures 2 and 3, paga 21. Other
controllable factors affecting relaxation include:
1. Alloy Type - more highly alloyed materials are generally more resistant ata given
temperatura or can be used at higher temperaturas.
2. Residual Stress - residual stresses remaining from forming operations are detrimental to
relaxation resistance. Therefore, use of the highest practica) stress-relief temperaturas is
beneficia). Shot peening is also detrimental to stress relaxation resistance.
3. Heat Setting - various procedures can be emp loyed to expose springs to stress and hect
for varying times to prepare for subsequent exposures. Depending on the method used,
tire effect is to remove a usually larga first-stage relaxation and/or to establish a residual
stress system, which will lessen relaxation influences. In some cases, tire latter approach
can be so effective that, in application, compression springs may "grow" or exhibit
negativa relaxation. Increase in free length does not usually exceed one to two percent.
4. Grain Size - coarse grain size promotes relaxation resistance . This phenomenon is used
only in very high temperatura applications.
Because so many variables are involved, it is impossible to cite comprehensive data in a
publication of this type, but Tabla 7, paga 16, does show approximate maximum service
temperaturas for many commonly used materials. It should be remembered that, if a material
is used at its maximum temperature, a substantial reduction must be made in applied stress
from that used at room temperatura.
Corrosion
The effect of a corrosive environment on spring performance is difficult to predict with
certainty. General corrosion , galvanic corrosion, stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue
reduce tire life and load-carrying ability of springs. The two most common methods employed to
combat effects of corrosion are to specify materials that are inert to the environment and to
use protective coatings . Use of inert materials affords the most reliable protection against
deleterious effects of al types of corrosion; however, this is often costly and sometimes
impractical. Protective coatings are offen the most cost-effective method to prolong spring life
in corrosiva environments. In special situations, shot peening can be used to preven( stress
corrosion, and cathodic protection systems can be used to prevent general corrosion.
25 50 Inilial5 reas 100 ps0 125 150
16
250 E,au empaalu

350 T)
1,1
II II
16
Carbon
51e&
CM1rom
siboon
Cbrome
I oon
alaco sprngs - - 81101-peened

Sud. peana - - _
U Haal Set
12
p 00000 psi) i,Jeaecvess ozkumd

maro temperatura / /
200
400 600 800

Initial stress lMaa)
1000
Figure 2. Relaxation vs. Initial Stress

for Spring Materlais
1
1
I
1
120 140 160 100 200
Exryaure temperalure (`C)
Figure 3. Relaxation vs. Temperatura

for Spring Materials
Coatings may be glassified as galvanically sacrificial or simple banier coatings . Sacrificial

coatings for high qarbon steel substrates include zinc , cadmium (and alloys thereof) and, to a
lesser degree , aluminum . Dueto its toxicity, cadmium coating should only be specified when
absolutely necessary. Because sacrificial coatings are chemically less noble than steel, the
substrate is protected in two ways . First, the coating acts as a barrier between substrate and
environment. Second, galvanic action between coating and substrato cathodically protects
the substrate. This characteristic allows sacrificial coatings to continua their protective role
even after the coating is scratched, nicked or cracked. The amount of damage a sacrificial
coating can sustain and still protect the substrate is a function of the size of the damaged
ares and the eff iciency of the electrolyte involved. The salt spray life criteria for three
thicknesses of sacrificial coatings are shown in Tabla 10, page 22. Use of conversion
coatings, such as chromates, lengthens the time of protection by protecting sacrificial
coatings. Salt spray (fog) is en accelerated test and results may, or may not, correlate with
corrosiva activity in the actual environment. The test is useful as a control to ensure the
coating was applied properly.
Zinc en Iron and Steel
Cadmium en Iron and Steel
Parta por QQ-Z-325 (1)
Porte par Ma-P-4116 (2)
Salt Spray
Mnimum Test, Hours to
Recommended Corroslon
Thickness Finish yyhlte Red
mm (in.) Type
A
192
0.025
(0.0010)
Minimum
Thickness
mm ( In.)
Salt Spray
Test,
Hours te
Finish White
Typo Corroslon
0.013
B
C
96
192
96
96
96
(0.00050)
A
0.013
96
(0.00050)
B
C
0.005
A
B
96
0.008
(0.00030)
36
0.005
(0.00020)
(0.00020)
C
36
(1) Requirements for zinc coafing (electrodeposited).

(2) Requirements for cadmimn plating(electmdcpositcd).
Finish Type:
A. Without supplementary chromate or phosphate troatment.
B. With supplementary chromate treatment.
C. With supplementary phosphate treatment.
Tabla 10. Guide for Selecting Minimum Thicknesses for Zinc

and Cadmium Coatings.
Metallic coatings are normally applied by electroplating. Since most high-hardness steels are
inherently very susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement, plating must be carried out with great
care to minimize embrittlement and subsequent fatigue failure. A baking operation alter
plating is also essential. The designar should observe these points during design and
specification:
1. Minimiza sharp corners and similar stress-concentration points in design.
2. Keep hardness as low as possible.
3. Keep operating stress down, in accordance with lowered hardness value.
4. Specify plating thickness, depending upon requirements.
5. Specify that parts be baked after plating.
6. Consider use of HEPTM strips to monitor the plating operation.
7. Residual stress from forming operations must be reduced by stress relief at the highest
practica) temperature. Otherwise the combined effect of residual tension and hydrogen
absorbed during plating can induce cracking even before plating is completed.
Similar cautions apply if acid cleaning procedures are contemplated.
Mechanical plating provides en effective means of zinc or cadmium protection with minimum
hydrogen embrittlement. It is particularly recommended where parts have high residual
stress, have been hardened aboye HRC48 and are used with high static loads. The process
can only be applied to parts that do not Cangle and have a clean, fully accessible surtace.
Hydrogen embrittlement , although unlikely , is still possible if parts are cleaned by pickling.
When appropriate , coatings of zinc, tin, cadmium , oran alloy of cadmium can be applied by
mechanical plating processes.
Cadmium, zinc or, more cornmonly , alloys of the two can be applied to steel spring wire
during its production and, under some circumstances , this alternativa is highly desirable. It is
best suited to small-diameter wire and , in general, for the production of springs not requiring
grinding.
Springs are almost always in contact with other metal parts. In a corrosiva environment, it is
important that the spring material be more noble than components in contact with it. Tabla
11, below , shows a partial si of alloys in increasing order of nobility . When any two alloys
are placed in contact in the presence of en electrolyte , the less noble alloy (higher on the list)
will be attacked . The attack will be significantly more vigorous than that of the electrolyte
acting by itself.
Galvanic Series with

electrolyte such as seawater
Magnesium
Least noble (+),

Anodic
Zinc
Aluminum
Cadmium
Steel or Iron
Cast Iron
Stainless Steel , series
300 (active)
Hastelloy C
Nickel (active)
Inconel (active)
Hastelloy B
Brasses, Bronzes
Monel
Nickel ( passive)
Inconei ( passive)
Stainless Steel, series
300 (passive)
Titanium
Most noble
Cathadic
HASTELLOY is a registe d trademark of Cabot Corporation.
Table 11 . Order of Nobility.
The si of coatings that protect the base material by acting as a barrier te the environment
is extensiva and increases as new finishes and techniques are developed. Tabla 12,
below, shows protection available from some of the common barrier finishes. This information
is not for selection purposes; it simply shows the range of protection afforded. In fact, tire
hours of salt spray protection may only be valid for the specimen and test conditions
employed in this series of tests. The tests were conducted en springs that had undergone four
million cycles in a fatigue test prior to salt spray exposure.
Protective
Material
Standard Salt Spray

Test Resistance , hours
Description
Paints:
Japan
15 - 20
Dark colored, usually dipped, cured by

baking.
Lacquer
30 - 100
Usually applied by spraying. Air dried.
Enamel
50 - 400
Paint
25 - 300
Hard finish; applied by spray, brush or

dip; cured by air or baking.
Oils, waxes
1 -300
Lubricating, rust-inhibiting, hard drying

and nondrying oils.
Phosphates with
supplemental
oils, waxes, etc.
24 - 600
Chemical treatment converting steel

surface te ron phosphale crystalline
surface. Affords a bond for oils and
paints.
Cadmium, zinc
24 - 100
Electroplated or mechanically plated.
Thie infotmation is basad on laboretorycontrolled apPlicationsami test, The protective material selected,
cleavlinees of pana, m ethod of application, subsequmt operations and par usage affect perfomunce. The
choice of a spring finish must also consider shipping, assembly, and use and total cos.
Tabla 12. Salt Spray Resistance of Common Barrier Finishes.

While coatings frequently increase in effectiveness as their thicknesses are increased,
cautions are in order. Tendencias to crack increase as coating thickness increases, and tire
coating increases the size of the spring . For example, coatings increase the solid height and
diametral clearances required for compression springs. Brittle coatings, such as epoxy, can
chip under impact, leaving unprotected spots. Tough coatings, such as vinyl, resist chipping,
but bruises, tears or abrasions can expose the base material and trap corrosiva agents. This
allows corrosion to continua after exposure and, in these circumstances, coated springs
occasionally exhibit shorter lives than uncoated springs.
Frequently, oils, waxes or greases provide adequate protection. Effectiveness of these
coatings is often dependent on the nature of the surface te be protected. In general, lustrous
or smooth parts will not retain oils, and waxes, paraffin-based oils or greases are
recommended. Steels can be phosphate- mated by a conversion process. Phosphate
coatings have a high retention for oils, greases or paints. The combination of a phosphate
and oil coating becomes a corrosion inhibitor more effective tiran either of the componente. A
similar effect is obtained by retaining or deliberately forming oxides on metal surfaces to hold
corrosion inhibitors or lubricants. Oil-tempered spring wire is a notable example of this
technique.
Spring Wire
Tensile properties of spring wire vary with sine (Figure 4, below). Common spring wires
with the highest strengths are ASTM 228 and ASTM 401 materials. ASTM A313 Type 302,
A232 and A230 materials have slightly lower tensile strengths with surface qualities suitable
for fatigue applications. Hard-drawn (ASTM 227) and oil-tempered (ASTM 229) are also
supplied at lower strength leveis and are most suitable for static applications.
wire diameter (m.)

004 M08
0.040
0020
0080 0,200
0.400
0.800
450
3000
ASTM A228
400
2500
ASTM A313
)302)
ASTM A401
ASTM A229
ASTM A227
ASTM A230
ASTM A232
E 1500
nel Alloy X-7501Spnng Temper )
ASTM A229
000
ASTM A227
ASTM B159 (sprin g Temper cA51o)
150 5
ASTM A313
(302)
100
500
50
0
0.10
1 4 5 5 1 8 91 0
a 5 c '89100
wire diameter (mm)
Figure 4. Mnimum Tensile Strengths of Spring Wire.

Most spring wires can be wrapped on their own diameter ( bent around a pin with a diameter
equal to the wire diameter). Exceptions include some copper-based alloys and large-diameter
andlor high-strength alloys. Because stress relieving increases yield strength of cold-drawn
spring wire, al sharp bends of this grade material should be made prior to stress relief.
Moderate
Strengih
High Extra High

Strength Strength
1.5
0.060
.im
4m
1.25
. ns')
Minimum
Re o s
Radi
tliu
s.amm
.160)
3, 2
mm
2,5 mm
100')
0.50
0.050
0.020
e 5)
ws)
0.25
3 mm
0.010
a o')
40 42
44 46 48 50 52 54 56
Rockwell Hardness (HRC)
Figure 5. Minimum Transversa Bending Radii for Various

Tempers and Thicknesses of Tempered Spring SteeL
Direction of bending with respect to rolling direction is en important consideration. Formability
of strip is greater in transverse than in longitudinal directions (Figure 6, below). If a part is
designed with two identical bends at 90 to each other, it is common practica to orient the
part so that both bends are made at 45 to the rolling direction. Dimensionless parameter 2r/t,
often referred to as'bend factor,' is frequently used as a measure of formability. Materials with
low values are more formable than materials with high values. This measure is only a guide,
since it does not allow for tooling considerations and complex strains associated with forming
operations.
Indicates Direction Of Rolling

N, = 2r
Transverse Bend
Longitudinal Bend
Also known as "across the grain," Also known as "with the grain,"
perpendicular to the rolling parallelto rolling direction.
direction. Easy or good way. Hard or bad way.
Figure 6. Orientation of Bend Axis to Rolling Direction for

Transverse and Longitudinal Bends.
Spring steels are normally produced to specified hardness leveis that are related to tensile
strength (Figure 7, below). Composition is not shown in Figure 5, page 28, because
the lowest carbon leve (AISI 1050 ) can be used at high strength leveis and the highest
carbon leve (AISI 1095) can be tempered to the lowest strength levels. In general, higher
carbon levels are used when strength is critica, and lower carbon levels are used when
formability is critica. Hardness levels aboye HRC 50 resut in high strength but are not generally
recommended due to notch sensitivity. Surface and edge smoothness become critica, and
plated parts become highly susceptible to static fracture dueto trapped hydrogen.
10 kg. DPH or Vickers (VHN)
300
2000
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
1000
140
120
800
28 32 36 40 44 46 48 50 52 54
Rockwell Hardness (HRC)
Figure 7. Tensile Strength vs. Hardness of Quenched

and Tempered Spring Steel.
Parts that cannot be made within formability limits of pretempered strip are made from
annealed strip, and hardened and tempered alter forming. To maintain critica dimensions, it is
often necessary to fixture temper these parts. Sharp bends are not only diff culi to fabricate
but are also undesirable in service because of stress concentration. The formability limits of
annealed spring steels are presented in Tabla 16, paga 30.
Thickness (t)
mm (in.)
Direction
of Bend
AISI 1050
AISI 1y065
bu
Annealed Annealed
(standard
(apdel
Ioweat loweat
m max.0
NJt
Annealed Annealed
(standard
(epeciel
lowest loweat
07 2
m 0 .
AMI 1074. 1075

Ndt
Alsl 1y085
Annealetl Annealetl
Annealetl Annealetl
(standard
(spadal
loweat lowest
3
max.
07
(.tenderd
(speci.l
loweet lowest
07 2
07
NJt
1.9mm
2z
(0.016 )-aver
0.9-1.89 mm
(0.036-0 015-)
0.37-0 89 mm
(0.015-0 .0351
14
1K
0.20-0.36 mm
008-0.014")
'h
1
4
Fonmbiley ie detnmined by slowly btMwg a ungkover IBO ' umil he eMe ue pnikl . Thc mcavuad difmxe Mween We en& 'u N,. Fnr e,n Ie , ifN,=4 vd I=2, Wen NJI=2
AVtihble ae Baw-FOm,D boda Walla Barrea SYelrvbaWimyoflrcuofAmaiq l,e.
Table 16. Formability of Annealed Spring Steels.

In fat spring designs where the edge of the strip becomes en edge of the part , the type of
edge is important, particularly for cyclic applications . Common types of edges available are
shown in Figure 8 , below. Slit edge (No. 3) and deburred (No. 5) are preferred for
blanked parts and static applications . No. 1 round edge is recommended for cyclic
applications to reduce the stress concentration and eliminate the edge flaws dueto slitting.
Configurations shown in Figure 8, are approximate , and it is advisable to use both the
numerical designation and a description when specifying edge condition.
No. 1 Edge
SQUARE
Standard
maximum comer
radius: 0.08 mm
(0.003")
ROUND
Standard
No. 3 Etlge
NORMAL AS SLIT
BLUNT ROUND
Special
No. 5 Etlge
OVAL
Special
BROKEN
CORNERS
Special
1
Figure 8. Edges Available on Steel Strip.
No. 3 DEBURRED
Commercial thickness tolerances for spring steel strip are presented in Tabla 17, below.
Many fat springs and spring washer designs can tolerate this variation . Since the load varias
as the cube of the thickness , critica designs may require closer tolerances.
Thickness Tolerance : mm (in.)

Thickness: mm (in.)
Strip Wldth : mm (in.)

12.7.76 . 1
(0.50 - 2 .99)
76.2. 304.8
(3.00 - 12.00)
0.10 - 0.25 (0.004 - 0.010)
0.005 (0.00020)
0.006 (0.00025)
0.25 - 0.51 (0.010 - 0.020)
0.006 (0.00025)
0.009 (0.00035)
0.51 - 0.76 (0.020 - 0.030)
0.009 (0.00035)
0.013 (0.00050)
0.76 - 1.02 (0.030 - 0.040)
0.010 (0.00040)
0.013 (0.00050)
1.02 - 1.52 (0.040 - 0.060)
0.013 (0.00050)
0.019 (0.00075)
1.52 - 2.03 (0.060 - 0.080)
0.025 (0.00100)
0.038 (0.00150)
2.03 - 2.54 (0.080 - 0.100)
0.038 (0.00150)
0.051 (0.00200)
2.54 - 3.18 (0.100 - 0.125)
0.051 (0.00200)
0.063 (0.00250)
Precision mlled high.carboa ateasMp is available commercially at tolerances considerably lesa than
the valgas stated aboye.
Table 17. Typical High-Carbon Strip Thickness Tolerances.
Other Spring Materials

A variety of materiais other than carbon steel strip is used for fat springs (Tabla 18, paga
32). When high conductivity is required, copper-based alloys are usually specified. Stainless
steeis are used in applications requiring heat or corrosion resistance. Typical tensile strength
levels for these alloys alter heat treatment are shown in Tabla 18, paga 32. Bend factors
and tensile elongations are for alloys in "as received" condition prior to final heat treatment.
Material
Tensile
Strength MPa
( 103 psi)
Rockwell
Hardness
Elongationl ' t
Percent
Bend Factor')
(2rIt trans.
bends)
Modulus of
elasticity
104 Mpa ( 106 psi)
Poisson's
Ratio
Steel, spring temper
1700 (246)
C50
20.7 (30)
030
Stainless 301
1300 (189)
C40
19.3 (28)
0.31
Stainless 302
1300 (189)
C40
19.3 (28)
0.31
Monel 400
690 (100)
B95
17.9 (26)
0.32
Monel K500
1200 (174)
C34
40
17.9 (26)
0.29
Inconel 600
1040(151)
C30
21.4(31)
0.29
Inconel X-750
1050 (152)
C35
20
21.4 (31)
0.29
Copper-Beryllium
1300 (189)
C40
12.8 (18.5)
0.33
Ni-Span-C
1400 (203)
C42
18.6 (27)
11 (16)
0.33
Brass CA 260
620 (90)
B90
Phosphor Bronze
690 (100)
B90
2.5
10.3 (15)
0.20
17-7 PH RH950
1450 (210)
C44
Flat
20.3 (29.5)
0.34
17-7 PH Condition C
1650 (239)
C46
2.5
20.3 (29.5)
0.34
(1) aefore hect treavnent.
Table 18. Typical Properties of Spring Temper Alloy Strip.
Specifying Hardness
Hardness tests are used extensively lo inspect strip and fiar springs, and it is necessary to
specify the correct scale . Recommended hardness scales for steels are presented in Tabla
19, below. To obtain accurate readings free from the effect of the anvil, it is important lo
limit the thickness of the material for each hardness scale as shown in Figure 9, page 33,
for hard materials and Figure 10, page 33, for soft materials.
Thickness: mm (in.)
Tempered Steel
Annealed Steel and

Nonferrous Alloys
0.89 (0.035) and ovar
0.64-0.86 (0.025 - 0.034)
45T
30T
0.35-0.61 (0.015 - 0.024)
30N
0.20-0.36 (0.008 - 0.014)
15N
15T
Under 0.20 (0.008)
DPH
DPH
Table 19. Recommended Hardness Scales for Hard and

Soft Spring Alloys.
Specifications mentioned in this book and in detail in the Encyclopedia are:
UNS Unified Numbering System is a joint publication of tire American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).
"A UNS designation is not, in itself, a specification , since it establishes no
requirements for form, condition, property or quality. It is a unified identifier of a
metal or alloy for which controlling limits have been established in
specifications published elsewhere ." For additional details, see ASTM
E527/SAE J1086, "Recommended Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys."
ASTM
ASTM standards are issued by:

American Society for Testing and Materials
1916 Race Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-1187 USA
AISI Stands for American ron and Steel Institute. AISI and SAE developed a
system of designation for standard steels. For a description, see SAE J403.
AMS SAE/Aerospace Materials Standards are issued by tire Society of Automotive
Engineers (see below).
SAE SAE standards have been issued by the Society of Automotive Engineers.
Although no longer available, the SAE standards are provided to
retect notations on existing documents and blueprints.
Federal, Mil. Federal and Military Specifications are issued by the United States
Sp. Government and are available from:
Standardization Documents Order Desk
Bldg. 4 Section D
700 Robbins Avenue
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111-5094
Attn: NPODS
JIS JIS standards are issued by the Japanese Standards Association.
DIN DIN standards are issued by the Deutsches Institut fr Normunge e. V.
English translations can be obtained from:
Global Engineering Documents
15 Inverness Way
Englewood CO 80112 USA
(800) 854-7179
BS British standards are issued by the British Standards Institute (BSI).
Glossary of Spring Wire Terms

Tensile Strength
ASTM E6, Section 37 - Terminology - The maximum tonsila stress that a material is
capable of sustaining. Tensile strength is calculated from the maximum load during a tension
test carried to rupture and the original cross sectional area of the specimen.
Procedural specifications - ASTM A370, ASTM E8
Size Tolerance
Allowed maximum deviation from a nominal diameter. Usually expressed as both plus and
minus and in the same units with the same precision as the nominal diameter. Most ASTM
standards specify the tolerance as "absoluta" as defined in ASTM E29.
Roundness Tolerance
The allowed maximum range in size readings at any given point in the wire. The roundness
tolerance is usually specified as one half of the size tolerance.
Wrap Test
A wire sample is coiled in a closely spaced helix around a mandrel of specified diameter.
After wrapping, the specimen is examined for cracks. The sample shall be considered to
have failed if any cracks occur in the wire after the first complete turn.
Procedural Specification - ASTM A370 (Annex A4.7)
Colling Test
This test is used to determine if imperfections are present to the extent that they may cause
cracking or splitting during spring coiling and spring extension. A coi of specified length is
close-wound on en arbor of a specified diameter. The closed coil is then stretched to a
specified permanent increase in length and examined for uniformity of pitch with no splits or
fractures.
Procedural Specification - ASTM A370 (Annex A4.8)
Bend Test
A test piece is bent through a specified angle around a specified mandrel. When complete
fracture does not occur, the convex sido of the sample is examinad for cracks.
Procedural Specification - ASTM E290
Torsion Test
A straight length of wire is twisted in a fixture until fracture occurs. The fracture surface
should be perpendicular to the axis of the wire and free from cracks or other injurious flaws.
Decarburization
The loss of carbon from a ferrous alloy as a result of heating in a medium that reacts with
carbon.
Cast & Helix
Cast is tire diameter of the circie formed by a length of wire thrown loosely on the floor or a
similar flat surface larga enough in area to support the sample. Diameter of casi is lo be agreed
upon by purchaser and seller. Helix or pitch is tire amount of separation between two
overlapping cut ends of a wire loop when held vertically by a finger or a similar support.
Distance of separation is to be agreed upon between purchaser and seller.
Reduction of Ama
ASTM E6, Section 33 - Terminology - The difference between tire original cross sectional
ares of a tension test specimen and the ares of its smallest cross section. The reduction of
ares is usually expressed as a percentage of the original cross-sectional area of the
specimen.
Procedural specifications - ASTM A370 , ASTM E8
Tensile Properties
Material
Nominal
Chemistry
psi x 10'
(MPa]
psi x 106
[MPa x 10' ]
C 0.70-1.00%
Mn 0,20-0,60%
230-399
[1586-27511
Hard Drawn
ASTM A 227
C 0.45-0.85%
Mn 0.60-1.30%
CLI 147-283
11014-1951]
CLII 171-324
[1179-2234]
High Tensile Hard

Drawn
ASTM A 679
C 0.65-1.00%
Mn 0.20-1.30%
238-350
[1641-2413]
Oil Temperad
ASTM A 229
C 0.55-0.85%
Mn 0.60-1.20%
CLI 165-293
[1138-2020]
CLII 191-324
[1317-2234]
Carbon Valve
ASTM A 230
e 0.60-0.75%
Mn 0.60-0.90%
215-240
[1482-1655]
Modulus of
Elasticity
E
Music Wire
ASTM A228
Minimum
Tensile
Strength
Grade B-Carbon
ASTM Al 000
e 0.55-0.75%
Mn 0.60-0.90 %
195 - 275
[1350 - 1897]
Grade C - Chrome
Vanadium
ASTM Al 000
e 0.06-0.07%
Mn 0.50-0.90%
Cr 0.35-0.60%
V 0.10-0.50%
210-270
[1450 - 1860]
Grade A -Chrome
Silicon
ASTM Al 000
C 0.51-0.59%
Mn 0.50-0.80%
Cr 0.6-0.8%
Sil 0.20-1.60%
231-305
[1590 - 2100]
Grade D - Chrome
Silicon Vanadium
ASTM A1000
C 0.55-0.68%
Mn 0.60- 0.90%
Cr 0.35-0.60%
Sil 1.20-1.60%
245 - 320
[1690 - 2200]
30 [2071
Torsional Proponas
Design
St ress O
% Minimum
Tensile
45
Modulus in
Torsion
G
psi x 106
[MPa x
10'
11.5 [79.31
Maximum
O perati ng
Temperatura
T C
250
121
M eth o d o f M anu f act uro
Rockwell
Hardness
Chief Uses
Special Properties
C41-60
Cold drawn high and unitorm

tonsila. High quality springs
and wire forms. Suitable tor
cyclic applications.
30 [207]
40
11.5 [79.31
250
121
C31-52
Cold drawn.
Average stress applications.
Lower cost springs and wire
forms .
30 [207]
45
11.5 [79.3]
250
121
C41-60
Cold drawn.
Higher quality spnngs and
wire forros.
30 [2071
45
11.5 [79.3]
250
121
C42-55
30 [207]
45
11.5 [79.3]
250
121
C45-49
Cold drawn and heat treated

before fabrication. Good surfaca condition and uniform
tensile. Suitable for cyclic
applications.
30 [207]
45
11.5 [79.3]
250
121
C45-49
Annealed and cold drawn or

oil tempered, as specified by
purchaser.
cy
P
.
co
a
m
c
tj
Cold drawn and hect Ireated

before fabrication.
General purpose spring wire.
30 [207]
3012071
30 12071
45
45
45
11 . 5 [79 . 3]
11.5 [79.3]
11.5 [79.3]
425
475
450
218
245
230
C41 -55
C48-55
C45-55

purchaser.
purchaser.

purchaser.
Tensile Properties
Material
d
M
.
in
^`m
Nominal
Chemistry
Minimum
Tensile
Strength
Modulus of
Elasticity
E
psi x 10'
( MPa]
psi x 10
[MPa x 10' ]
Chrome Vanadium
ASTM A 231
C 0.48-0.53%
Cr 0.80-1.10%
V 0.15 min%
190-300
[1310-2069]
Chrome Vanadium
Valva
ASTM A232
C 0.48-0.53%
Mn 0.70-0.90%
Cr 0.80-1.10%
V 0.15 min%
190 - 300
[1310 - 2069]
Chrome Vanadium
Valve - Modilied
ASTM A878
C 0.60-0.75%
Mn 0.50-0.90%
Cr 0.35-0,60%
v 010-0.25%
205-290
[1414 - 2000]
Chrome Silicon
ASTM A 401
C 0.51-0.59%
Cr 0.60-0.80%
Si 1.20-1.60%
235-300
[1620-2069]
Chrome Silicon
Valve
ASTM A877
C 0.51-0.59%
Mn 0.50-0.80%
Cr 0.60-0.80%
Sil 1.20-1.60%
245-305
[1690 - 2100]
AISI 302/304
ASTM A 313
Cr 17.0-19.0%
Ni 8.0-10.0%
125-325
[862-2241
AISI 316
ASTM A 313
Cr 16.0-18.0%
Ni 10.0-14.0%
Mo 2.0-3.0%
110-245
[758-1689]
17-7 PH
ASTM A 313 [631]
Cr 16.0-18.0%
Ni 6.5-7.5%
Al 0.75-1.5%
Cond CH
235-335
[1620-2310]
Torsional Properties
Design
Stress O
% Minimum
Tensile
Modulus in
Torsion
G
psi x 10
[MPa x 10' ]
Maximum
Operating
Temperatura
F sC
Rockwell
Hardness
Method of Manufacture
Chief Uses
Special Properties
30 [207]
45
11.5 [79.3]
425
218
C41-55
Cold drawn and heal treated

belore fabricalion . Used for
shock loads and moderately
elevated temperature.
30 [207]
45
11.5 [79.3]
425
218
C41-55

before fabrication. Used for
elevated temperaturas.
C41-45
Annealed and cold drawn,

hardened and tempered
elevated temperaturas
C48-55

elevated lemperature.
30 [207]
30 [207]
45
45
11.5 [79.3]
11.5 [79.3]
430
475
220
245
30 [207]
45
11.5 [79.3]
475
245
C48-55
Cold drawn and hardened

and temperad before
fabrication. For shock
loading and moderately
higher temperaturas
28 [ 193]
35
10 [69 .0[
550
288
C35-45
Cold drawn general purpose

corrosion and heat resistant.
Magnetic in spring temper.
28 [193[
40
10 [69.0[
550
288
C35-45
Cold drawn. Heat resistant

and better corrosion resislance than 302. Magnetic in
spring temper.
C38-57
Cold drawn and precipitalion

hardened after fabrication.
High strength and general
purpose corrosion resistance. Slightly magnetic in
spring temper.
29.5 [203]
45
11 [75.8]
650
343
Tensile Properties
Material
Nominal
Chemistry
Minimum
Tensile
Strength
Modulus of
Elasticity
E
psi x 10'
[MPa]
Phosphor Bronze
Grade A
ASTM B 159
Cu 94.0-96.0%
Sn 4.0-6.0%
105-145
[724-10001
Beryllium Copper
ASTM B 197
Cu 98.0%
Be 2.0%
150-230
[1034-1586]
ì
Monel 400
AMS 7233
Ni 66.0%
Cu 31.5%
145-180
[1000-1241]
Monel K 500
QQ-N-286a [Fed]
Ni 65.0%
Cu 29.5%
160-200
[1103-1379]
A 286 Alloy
[no spring spec]
Ni 26.0%
Cr 15.0%
Fe
53.0%
160-200
[1103-1379]
Inconel 600
ASTM B 166
Ni 76.0%
Cr 15.8%
Fe 7.2%
100-230
[1172-1586]
Inconel 718
[no spring spec]
Ni 52.5%
Cr 18.6%
Fe
18.5%
210-250
[1448-17241
Inconel x 750
AMS 5698, 5699
Ni 73.0%
Cr 15.0%
Fe
6.75%
No. IT 155
Min.
[1069]
Spg. T 190230
[1310-1586]
Modulus in
Torsion
psi x 106
[MPa x 10 ' ]
Design
Stress O
% Minimum
Tensile
G
psi x 10
[MPa x 103 ]
15 [103]
40
6.25 [43.1]
Maximum
Operating
Temperatura
F C
200
93.3
B98-104
Cold drawn. Good corrosion

resistance and electrical
conductivity.
18.5 [128]
45
7.0 [48.3]
400
204
C35-42
26 [179]
40
9.5 [65.5]
450
232
C23-32
Cold drawn. Good Corrosion

resistance at moderately
elevaled temperature.
C23-35
Excellent corrosion resistance at moderately elevated

temperature.
Chef Uses
Special Properties
Cold drawn and may be mili

hardened before fabrication.
Good corrosion resistance
and electrical conductivity.
High physicas.
Rockwell
Hardness
26 [179]
40
9.5 [65.5]
550
288
29 [200]
35
10.4 [71.7]
950
510
C35-42
Cold drawn and precipitation

hardenetl alter fabrication.
Good corrosion resistance at
31 [2141
40
11.0 [75.8]
700
371
C35-45
Cold drawn. Good corrosion resistance at elevaled

temperature.
C45-50

hardenetl alter fabrication.
29 [200]
31 [2141
40
40
11.2 [77.2]
12 [82.71
1100
7501100
593
399593
C34-39
C42-48

Good corrosion resistance al
Tensile Properties
Material
Modulus ot
Elasticity
E
psi x 10'
] MPa]
psi x 106
[MPa x 10' ]
Elgiloy
[R30003]
AMS 5833
Co 39.0-41.0%
Cr 19.0-21.0%
Ni 15.0-16.0%
Mo 6.0-8.0%
Fe Bal
MP35N
[R30035]
AMS 5844
Co Bal
Ni 33.0-37.0%
Cr 110-21.0%
Mo 9.0-10.5%
NiSpan C
[N09902]
Fe Bal
Ni 41.0-43.5%
Cr 4.9-5.75%
Ti 2.2-2.75%
Al 0.3-0.8%
150-190
[1034-1310]
C276
[N10276]
ASTM B574
Ni Bal
Cr
14.5-16.5 %
Mo 15.0-17.0%
W 3.0-4.5%
Fe 4.0-7.0%
100-200
[690-1379]
C22
[N06022]
ASTM B574
Ni Bal
Cr 20.0-22.5%
Mo 12.5-14.5%
W 2.5-3.5%
Fe 2.0-6.0%
100-200
[690-1379]
Rene41
[N07041]
Ni Bal
Cr 18.0-20.0%
Mo 9.0-10.5%
Co 10.0-12.0%
Ti 3.0-3.3%
Al 1.4-1.6%
135-200
[931-1379]
Ti Bal
Al 3.0-4.0%
V 7.5-8.5%
Cr 5.5-6.5%
Mo 3.5-4.5%
Zr 3.5-4.5%
180-210
[1241-1448]
N
3
EL
Nominal
Chemistry
Minimum
Tensile
Strength
Ti -e-6-4-4
(R58640]
AMS 4957
Design
Stress O
% Minimum
Tonsila
Modulus in
Torsion
G
psi x 106
[MPa x 106 ]
Maximum
Operating
Temperatura
'F C
Rockwell
Hardness
270-330
[1862-2275]
32 [221]
45
12.0 [82.8]
850
454
C40-60
260
[1793]
34 [235]
24 - 29 [166 200]
30.7 [210]
30.8 [212]
31.6 [2181
15.4 [106]
45
40
40
40
40
40
11.7 [80.7]
9-10 [62-69]
11.8 [81.4]
11.8 [81.4]
12.1 [83.4]
5.9 [40.7]
750
150
700
700
1800
600
399
66
C35-55
Chief Uses
Special Properties
Cold drawn and aged . Excellent corrosion resistance in
sour environments. Nonmagnetic.
Cold drawn and aged. Excellen! corrosion resistance in
sour environments.
Precipitation hardenable.
Constant modulus alloy
which is heat treatment
dependent.
371
High corrosion resistance.

Highertemperatures possible. with lower stresses.
371

Higher temperaturas possible with lower stresses.
982
316
Hightemperatureapplications possible with goad

corrosion/oxidation resistance.
Cold drawn and aged for

best spring characteristics. Non-magnetic. Good
strength/weight ratio. Low
modulus.
Tensile Properties
Material
$
6
o
Nominal
Chemistry
Minimum
Tensile
Strength
Modulus of
Elasticity
r
psi x 10'
[MPa]
psi x 10
[MPax1O]
Medium Carbon
ASTM A 682
AISI1050
C 0.47-0.55%
Mn 0.60-0.90%
160-280
[1103-1931]
Regular Carbon
ASTM A 682
AISI 1074
C 0.69-0.80%
Mn 058-0.80%
160-320
[1103-2206]
High Ca m on
C 0.90-1.04%
Mn 0.30-0.50%
180-340
[1241-2344]
Cr 16.0-18.0%
Ni 6.0-8.0%
30 [2071
30 [207]
Design
Stress O
% Minimum
Tensile
Modulus in
Torsion
G
psi x 10
[MPax1O ]
Maximum
Operating
Temperatura
"F C
250
250
Rockwell
Hardness
121
B85 Max.
Annld.
C38-50
Temp.
Cold rolled annealed or

tempered. General purpose
applications.
121
B85 Max.
Annld.
C38-50
Temp.
Coltl rolled annealed or

tempered. Most popular for
fiar springs.
Cold rolled annealed or
temperad. High stress fat
springs.
30 [207]
250
121
1388 Max.
Annld.
C40-52
Temp.
240-270
[1655-1862]
28 [193]
300
149
C48-52
Cold rolled te high yield

strength . Magnetic in spring
temper.
Cr 17.0-19.0%
Ni 8.0-10.0%
185-230
[1276- 1586]
28 [193[
550
288
C42-48
Cold rolled. General purpose

corrosion and heat resistan.
Magnetic in spring temper.
Cr 110-18.0%
Ni 10.0-14.0%
Me 2.0.3.0%
170-230
[1172-1586[
C38-48
Cold rolled heat resistant and

better corrosion resistance
than 302. Magnetic in spring
temper.
17-7 PH
ASTM A 693 [631]
AMS 5529
Cr 16.0-18.0%
Ni 6.5-7.5%
Al 0.75-1.5%
Cond CH
240 Min.
[1655]
C46 Min.
Cold rolled and precipitation

hardened alter fabrication.
High strength and general
purpose corrosion res i stance. Magnetic in spring
temper.
Chrome Vanadium
AMS 6455
C 0.48-0.53%
Cr 0.80-1.10%
V 0.15 Min. %
200-250
[1379-1724[
C42-48
Cold rolled and heal treated

aler fabrication. Used for
Chrome Silicon
AIS 9254
C 0.51-0.59%
Cr 0.50-0.80%
Si 1.20-1.60%
250-325
[1724-22411
C47-51
Cold rolled and hect treated

after fabrication. Used for
shock Ioads and moderately
ASTM A 682
AISI 1095
ASTM A 666
ASTM A 666
m.
AISI 316
co
28 [193]
550
288
la
29 [200]
30 [207]
650
425
343
218.5
m
m
ra
Chief Uses
Special Properties
3012071
475
246
Tensile Properties
Material
Nominal
Chemistry
Minimum
Tensile
Sirength
Modulus of
Elasticity
E
psi x 10'
MPa]
psi x 106
[MPa x 10' ]
Phosphor Bronze
Grade A
ASTM B103
Cu 94.0-96.0 %
Sn 4.0-6.0%
95-110
[655-758]
Beryllium Copper
ASTM B194
Cu 98.0%
Be 2.0%
180-200
[1241-1379]
15 [103]
Design
Stress O
% Minimum
Tonsila
Modulus in
Torsion
Maximum
Operaling
Temperatura
G
psi x 106
[MPa x 10'
T C
200
93 . 3
Hockwell
Hardness
B94-98
Cold rolled . Good corrosion

resistance and electrical
conductivity.
16- 18.5
[t t 1 1281
400
204
C39
Cold rolled and may be mill

hardened before fabrication.
Good corrosion resistance
and electrical conductivity.
High physicals.
Monel 400
AMS 4544
Ni 66.0 %
Cu 31.5%
100-140
[690-765]
26 [179]
450
232
B98 Min.
Cold rolled . Good corrosion

resistance at moderately
Monel K 500
QQ - N - 286
Ni 65.0%
Cu 29.5%
C/Fe/AI/
170-200
[ 1172-1379]
26 [179]
550
288
C34 Min.
Excellent corrosion resislance at moderately elevated

temperature.
A 286 Alloy
AMS 5525
Ni 26.0%
Cr 15.0%
Fe
53.0%
160-200
[1103-1379]
C30-40

elevated temperatura.
Inconel 600
AMS 5540
ASTM B 168
Ni 76.0%
Cr 15.8%
Fe
7.2%
145-170
[1000-1172]
Inconel718
AMS 5596, 5597
Ni 52.5%
Cr 18.6%
Fe
18.5%
180-204
[1241-1407]
Inconel x 750
AMS 5542
Ni 73.0%
Cr 15.0%
Fe
6.75%
150
[1034]
zo
E
F
o,
M
Chief Uses
Special Properties
29 [200]
950
510

31 [218]
700
371
C30 Min .
29 [200]
1100
593
C36
Cold rolled and precipitalion

31 [214]
7501100
399593
3Min
co

hardened aller fabrication.
Tensile Properties
Material
a
en
Modulus of
Elasticity
E
psi x 10'
[MPa]
psi x 106
[MPa x 106 ]
Co 39 . 0-41.0%
Cr 19.0-21.0 %
Ni 15.0-16.0%
Mo 6.0-8 . 0%
Fe Bal
170-325
[ 1172-2241]
MP35N
IR300351
Co Bal
Ni 33.0-37.0%
Cr 19 . 0-21.0%
Me 9.0-10.5%
200
[13791
NiSpan C
[N09902]
AMS 5521
AMS 5223
AMS 5525
Fe Bal
Ni 41 . 0-43.5 %
Cr 4.9-5.75 %
Ti 2.2-2.75%
Al 0.3-0.8%
150-190
[ 1034-1310]
C276
[N10276]
ASTM B575
Bal
Ni
Cr 14.5-16.5%
Me 15.0-17.0%
W 3.0-4.5%
Fe 4.0-7.0%
100-200
[690-1379 ]
C22
[N06022]
ASTM B575
Ni Bal
Cr 20.0-22 . 5%
Me 12.5-14 5%
W 2.5-3.5%
Fe 2.0-6.0
100-200
[690-1379]
Elgiloy
[R30003]
AMS 5875
-'c
in
Nominal
Chemistry
Minimum
Tensile
Strengih
32 [221]
34 [2351
24-29 1 166
200]
30.7 [210]
30.8 [2121
Design
Stress e)
% Minimum
Tensile
45
45
40
40
40
Modulus in
Torsion
G
psi x 106
[ MPa x 1 06 ]
12 .0 [82.8]
11.7 [80 .7]
9-10 [62-69]
11.8 [81,41
11.8 [81.4]
Maximum
Operating
Temperature
F aC
850
750
150
700
700
454
399
66
Rockwell
Hardness
C40-58
035-50
Chiet Uses
Special Properties
Cold drawn and aged. Excellentcorrosion resistance in
sour environments. Nonmagnetic.
Cold drawn and aged. Excellent corrosion resistance in
sour environments.
Precipitation hardenable.
Constant modulus alloy
which is heat trealment
dependent.
371

371

Table 21.
Minimum Tensile Strength of Wire Spring Materials - Ferrous
in psi x 10' [MPa]
Wire Size
in. [mm]
Music Wire
Hard Dmwn
Wire Size
in. [mm]
Music Wire
Hard Drawn
0.008 [0.20]
399 [27511
307 [2117]
0.050 [1.271
306 [2 1101
245 [16891
0.009 [0.231
393 [27101
305 [2103]
0.051 [1.29]
30312 089]
244 16821
0.010 [0.25]
387 [2668[
303 [2089[
0.052 [1.32]
303 [2089]
244 [1682]
0.011 [0.28]
382[26341
301 [2075]
1
3
0.053 11.341
303 [2089]
243 [1675]
0.012 [0.30]
377 [2599]
299 [2062]
0.054 [1.37]
303 [2089]
243 [1675]
0.013 [0.33]
373 [2572]
297 (2048]
0.055 [1.39]
300 [2069]
242 [1669]
0.014 [0.36]
369 [2544]
295 [2034]
0.056 [1.42]
300 [2069]
241 [1662]
0.015 [0.38]
365 [2517]
293 [2020]
0.057 [1.44]
300 [2069]
240 [1655]
0.016 [0.411
362 [2496]
291 [2006]
0.058 [1.47]
300 [2069]
240 [1655]
0.017 [0.43]
362[24961
289 19931
0.059 [1.50]
296 [2041]
239 [1646]
0.018 [0.46]
356 [2455]
287 [1979]
0.060 [1.52]
296 [20411
238 [16411
0.019 [0.48]
356[2455]
285 (1965]
0.061 [1.55]
296 [2041]
237 [1634]
0.020 [0.51]
350 [2413]
283 [1951]
0.062 [1.57]
296 [2041]
237 [1634[
0.021 [0.53]
350 [2413]
281 [1937]
0.063 [1.60]
293 [2020]
236 [1627[
0.022 [0.56]
345 [2379]
280 [19311
0.064 [1.62]
293 [2020]
235 [1620]
0.023 [0.58]
345 [2579]
278 [1917]
0.065 [ 1.651
293 [2020]
235 [1620]
0.024 [0.61]
341 [2351]
277 [1910]
0.066 [ 1.67[
290 [2000]
0.025 [0.64]
341 [23511
275 [1896]
0.067 [1.70]
290 [2000]
234 [1613]
0.026 [0.66]
337 [2324]
274 [1889]
0.069 [1.75]
290 [2000]
233 [1607]
0.027 [0.69]
337 [2324]
272 [1875]
0.070 [1.78]
289 [1993]
0.028 [0.71]
333[22961
271 [1869]
0.071 [1.80]
288 [1986]
0.029 [0.74]
333 [2296]
267118411
0.072 [1.83]
287 [1979]
232 [1600]
0.030 [0.76]
330 [2275]
266 [1834]
0.074 [1.88]
287 [1979]
231 [15931
0.031 [0.79]
330 [2275]
266 [1834]
0.075 [1.90]
287 [1979]
0.032 [0.81]
327 [2255]
265 [1827]
0.076 [1.93]
284 [1958]
230 [1586]
0.033 [0.84]
327 [2255]
264 [1820]
0.0781 1.98J
284 [1958]
229 [1579]
0.034 [0.86]
324 [2234]
262 [1306]
0.079 [2.01 1
284 [1958]
0.035 [0.89]
324 [2234]
261 [1800]
0.080 [2 .03]
282 [1944]
0.036 [0.91]
321 [2213]
260 [1793]
0.083 [2.11]
282 [1944]
0.037 [0.94]
321 [2213]
258 17791
0.084 [2.13]
279 [1924]
0.038 [0.96]
318 [2193]
257 [1772]
0.085 [2.16]
279 [ 1926]
0.039 [0.99]
318 [2293]
256 [1765]
0.089 [2.26]
279 [1924]
0.040 [1.02]
315 [2172]
255 [1758]
0.090 [2.29]
276 [1903]
0.041 [1.04]
315 [2172]
255 [17591
0.091 [2.311
276 [1903]
0.042 [1.07]
313 [2158]
254 [1751 1
0.092 (2.34]
276 [1930]
0.043 [1.09]
313 [2158]
252 [1738]
0.093 [2.36]
276 [1903]
0.044 [1.12]
313 [2158]
251 [17311
0.094 [2.39]
274 [1889]
0.095 [2.42]
274 [1889]
0.045 (1.14]
309 [2131]
250 [1724]
0.046 [1.17]
309 [2131]
249 [1717]
0.047 [1.19]
309 [2131]
248 [1710]
0.048 [1.22]
306 [2110]
0.049 [1.241
306 [2110]
283 [1951]
280 [19311
274 [ 1889]
266 [1834]
0.099 [2.51]
274 [1889]
0.100 [2.54]
271 [1869]
247 [1703]
0.101 [2.56]
271 [1869]
246 [1696]
0.102 [2.59]
270 [1862[
259 [1786]
227 [1565]
Oil Temp.
253 17441
247 [1703]
241 [1662]
235 1620]
225 [15511
222 [1531 ]
230 [1586]
220 [1517]
219 [1510]
Tabla 21 continuad.
Minimum Tensile Strength of Wire Spring Materials - Ferrous

,. 1n3
FMP 1
Wire Size
in. [mm]
Music Wire
Hard graven
Oil Temp.
Wire Size
in. [mm]
Music Wire
Hard Drawn
Oil Temp.
0.105 [2.67]
270 [1862]
216 [1489]
225 [1551 ]
0.148 [3.76]
254 [17511
203 [1400]
210 [1448]
0.106 [2.69]
268 [ 1842]
0.149 [3 .78]
253 [1744]
0.109 [2.77]
268 [1842]
0.150 [3.81]
253 [1744]
0.110 [2.79]
267 [18411
0.151 [3.84]
251 [17311
0.111 [2.82]
267 [18411
0.160 [4.06]
251 [17311
0.112 [2.84]
266 [1834]
0.161 [4.09]
249 [1717]
0.119 [3.02]
266 [1834]
0.162 [4.11]
249 [1717]
200 [1379]
205 [1413]
0.120 [3.05]
263 [1813]
0.177 [4.50]
245 [1689]
195 [1345]
200 [1379]
0.123 [3.12]
263 [1813]
0.192 [4.88]
241 [1662]
192 [1324]
195 [1345]
0.124 [3.15]
261 [18001
0.207 [5.26]
238 [16411
190 [1310]
190 [1310]
0.129 [3.28]
261 [1800]
0.225 [5.72]
235 [16201
186 [1282]
188 [1296]
0.250 [6.35]
230 [1586]
182 [1255]
185 [1276]
0.3125 [7.94]
174 [1200]
183 [1262]
210 [1448]
220 [1517]
0.130 [3.30]
258 [1779]
0.135 [3.43]
258 [1779]
0.139 [3.53]
258 [1779]
0.375 [9.53]
167 [1151]
180 [1241]
0.140 [3.56]
256 [1765]
0.4375 [11.111
165 [1138]
175 [1207]
0.144 [3.66]
256 [1765]
0.500 [12.70]
156 [1076]
170 [1172]
0.145 [3.68]
254 [17511
206 [1420]
215 [1482]
Table 22.
Minimum Tensile Strength of Wire Spring Materials - Stainless Steels
in psi x 10' [MPa]
Wire Size
in. [mm]
TYPe 302
TYPe * 17-7
PH
Wire Size
in. [mm]
TYPe 302
0.008 [0.20]
325 [2241 1
345 [2379]
0.033 [0.84]
0.009 [0.231
325 [2241]
Type* 17-7
PH
Wire Size
in. [mm]
TYPe 302
276 [1903]
0.061 [1.55]
255 [1758]
305 [2103]
0.034 [0.86]
275 [18961
0.062 [1.57]
255 [1758]
297 [2048]
TYpe* 17-7
PH
0.010 [0.251
320 [2206]
345 [2379]
0.035 [0.891
274 [ 18891
0.063 [1.601
254 [17511
0.011 [0.28]
318 [21931
340 [23441
0.036 [0.911
273 [1882]
0.065 [1.65]
254 [17511
0.012 [0.30]
316 [21791
0.037 [0.94]
272 [1875]
0.066 [1.68]
250 [1724]
0.013 [0.331
314 [2165]
0.038 [0.97]
271 [18691
0.071 [1.80]
250 [1724]
297 [20481
0.014 [0.36]
312 [21511
0.039 [0.99]
270 [18621
0.072 [1.831
250 [17241
292 [2013]
0.015 [0.381
310 [2137]
340 [23441
0.040 [1.021
270 [1862]
0.075 [1.911
250 [17241
0.016 [0.411
308 [21241
335 [2310]
0.041 [1.04]
269 [1855]
320 [2206]
0.076 [1.931
245 [1689]
0.017 [0.43]
306 [2110]
0.042 [1.07]
268 [1848]
310 [2137]
0.080 [2.03]
245 [1689]
292 [2013]
0.018 [0.46]
304 [2096]
0.043 [1.09]
267 [18411
0.092 [2.34]
240 [1655]
279 [1924]
0.019 [0.481
302 [2082]
0.044 [1.12]
266 [1824]
0.105 [2.671
232 [16001
274 [1889]
0.020 [0.51 ]
300 [2069]
335 [2310]
0.045 [1.14]
264 18201
0.120 [3.05]
225(1551]
272 [1875]
0.021 10.531
298 [20551
330 [2275]
0.046 [1.17]
263 [1813]
0.125 [3.10]
272 [18751
0.022 [0.561
296[2041]
0.047 [1.19]
262 [1806]
0.131 [3.33]
260 [17931
0.023 [0.58]
294 [20271
0.048 [1.221
262 [18061
0.148 [3.761
210 [14481
256 [1765]
0.024 [0.611
292 [20131
0.049 [1.24]
261 [1800]
0.162 [4.11 ]
205 [14131
256 [17651
0.025 [0.641
290 [20001
330 [22751
0.051 [1.30]
261 [1800]
310 [2137]
0.177 [4.50]
195 [1345]
0.026 [0.66]
289 [19931
325 [22411
O.05211.321
260 [17931
305 [2103]
0.192 [4.88]
0.027 [0. 69]
287 [1979]
0.055 [1.401
260 [1793]
0.207 [5. 26]
185 [1276]
0.028 [0.711
286 [1972]
0.056 [1.421
259 [1786]
0.225 [5.721
180 [12411
0.29 [0.74]
284 [1958]
0.057 [1.451
258 117791
0.250 [6.35]
175 [1207]
0.030 [0.761
282[19441
325 [2241]
0.058 [1.47]
258 [17791
0.375 [9.53]
140 [965]
0.031 [0.79]
280J19311
320 [2206]
0.059 [1.50]
257 [1772]
0.032 [0.811
277 [1910] l lllj 0.060 [1.52]
256 [17651
Table 22 continued.
Copper-Base Alloys
Chrome Silicon/Chrome Vanadium

Wire Size In .
[mm]
Chrome
Vanadium
Chrome Silicon
300 [2069]
0.020 [0.511
0.032 10.811
300 [2069]
290 [2000]
0.041 [1.04]
298 [2055]
280 [1931]
0.054 [1.37]
292 12013]
270 [1862]
0.062 [1.57]
290 [2000]
265 [1827]
0.080 [2.03]
285 [1965]
255 [1758]
0.092 [2.34]
280 [19311
Phosphor Bronze (Grade A)

Wire Size Range - in. [mm]
0.007 - 0.025 [0.18 - 0.64]
0.026 - 0.062 [10.65 - 1.53]
0.063 and over [1.59 and over]
145 [1000]
135 [931]
130 [896]
Beryllium Copper
(Alloy 25 pretemp)
0.005 - 0.040 [0.13 - 1.02]
0.041 and ovar [1.03 and over]
180 [12411
170 [1172]
Spring Brass
al1 sizes
120 [827]
245 [1689]
0.105 [2.67]
0.120 [3.05]
275 [18961
0.135 [3.43]
270 [1862]
235 [1620]
0.162 [3.76]
265 [18271
225 [1551]
0.177 [4.50]
260 [1793]
0.192 [4.89]
260 [17931
0.218 [5.54]
255 [1758]
0.250 [6.35]
250 [1724]
210 [1448]
0.312 [7.92]
245 [1689]
203 [1400]
0.375 [9.531
240 [1655]
200 [1379]
220 [1517]
0.437 [11.10]
195 [1345]
0.500 [12.7]
190 [1310]
Nickel-Base Allovs
Inconel (Spring Temper)
up to 0.057 [ 1.45]
0.057 - 0.114 [1.46 - 2.89]
0114 - 31812.90 -8.081
185 [1276]
175 [12071
170 [1172]
Inconel X
Spring Temper
190 [1310]
After Anging
220 [1517]
Table 23.
Wire Size Tolerance Charts
Hard- Drawn / Oil-Terppered
Chrome Silicon
Tolerance t in. [mm]
Tolerance t in. [mm]
0.010 - 0.0199 [0.25 - 0.50]
0.0005 [0.0131
0.032 - 0.072 [0.081 - 1.82]
0.020 - 0.0347 [0.50 - 0.88]
0.0006 [0.015]
0.0721-0.375[1.83-9.53] ] 0.002 [0.051]
0.0348 - 0.051 [0.89 - 1.29]
0.0008 [0.0201
0.0511 - 0.075 [1.30 - 1.90]
0.001 [0.025]
0.001 [0.025]
Chrome Vanadium
0.0015 [0.0381
Tolerance in. [mm]
0.002 [0,0511
0.020 - 0.0275 [0.51 - 0.69]
0.0008 [0.020]
0.2501 - 0.375 [6.36 - 9.52]
t 0.0025 [0.064]
0.0276 - 0.072 [0.70 - 1.82]
0.001 [0.025]
0.3751 - 0.625 [9.53 - 15.88]
x 0.003 [0.076]
0.0721 - 0.375 [1.83 - 9.52]
0.002 [0.051]
0.3751 - 0.500 [9.53 - 12.7]
0.003 [0.076]
0.0751 - 0.109 [1.91 - 2.76]

0.1091 - 0.250 [2 .77 - 6.35]
Music Wire
Type 302 Stainless 1 17-7 PH Stainless
Tolerance in. [mm]
Tolerance 3 in. [mm]
0.004 - 0.010 [0 . 10 - 0.25]
t 0.0002 [0.005]
0.011 - 0.028 [0.28 - 0.711
t 0.0003 [0.007]
0.007 - 0.0079 [0.13 - 0.20]
0.029 - 0,063 [0.72 - 1.60]
x 0.0004 [0.010]
0.008 - 0.0119 [0 . 21 - 0.30]
0.00025 [0.006]
0.064 - 0.080 [1.61 - 2.031
s 0.0005 [0.013]
0.012 - 0.0239 [0.31 - 0.60]
0.0004 [0.010]
0.081 - 0.250 (2.04 - 6.35]
x 0.001 [0.025]
0.024 - 0.0329 [0.61 - 0.831
0.0005 [0.013]
0.033-0.0439 [0.84-1.11]
0.00075 [0.0191
0.044 and largor [1.12 and largor]
:0.001 [0.025]
0.0002 [0.0051
SMI Handbookof Spring Design, 47

Handbook of Spring Design Part 1

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Handbook

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How te Use this Handbook

Helical Extension Springs

Symbols for Spring Terms inside back cover

SMI Handbook of Spring Design, iii

iv, SMI Handbook of Spring Design

SMI Handbook of Spring Design, v

vi, SMI Handbook of Spring Design

SMI Handbook of Spring Design, 1

Figure 1 . Design Sequence

2, SMI Handbook of Spring Design

Push - wide load and

Push - wide load and

Push - high loads, low

Push - light loads, low

Push - for axial loading

Push - used to absorb

Table 1 . Spring Configurations.

4, SMI Handbook of Spring Design

Selecting Spring Configurations

SMI Handbook of Spring Design, 3

Push - may have

Push or poli - wide

Twist - conslani rafe.

Table 1 (continuad). Spring Configurations.

SMI Handbook of Spring Design, 5

Twist - exerts torque

Twist - exerts torque

Constant Force Spring Motor

Twist- exerts Glose-toconstant torque over

Table 1 (continued). Spring Configurations.

6, SMI Handbook of Spring Design

Pul- very long

Pul or push - to resist

Pull with radial pressure.

SMI Handbook of Spring Design, 7

8, SMI Handbook of Spring Design

Cantilever Beam Triangular Plan

Spiral Torsion( round wire)

Helical Torsion Spring

Typical Amounts of Erergy Siored in

Prestressed Power Spring

Typical Lead Acid Battery

2,500 - 3,300 X 104

Table 2. Energy Storage Capacity (ESC) of Various Spring Configurations.

SMI Handbook of Spring Design, 9

Glossary of Spring Terminology

Ls Closed Length See Solid Height.

10, SMI Handbook of Spring Design

SMI Handbook of Spring Design, 11

12, SMI Handbook of Spring Design

Table 3. Conversion Factors.

hardness, Rockwell C scale

Table 4. Common Abbreviations.

SMI Handbook of Spring Design, 13

Table 5. Common Symbols.

14, SMI Handbook of Spring Design

SMI Handbook of Spring Design, 15