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AND
AMPLIFIERS
I.TRANSISTOR
FUNDAMENTALS
Transistor
Emitter
Base
Collector
Substrate
base
collector
collector
base
emitter
emitter
npn-type
pnp-type
Ie
RE
VEE
Ic
RC
VCC
()
Ic
Ie
Ib
Ie
Vo
RE
VBB
Ie = Ib + Ic
VCC
()
Ic
Ib
Configuration
Vi
Ic
Ib
Ie
Vo
RB
RE
VBB
VCC
()
Ie
Ib
Common Base
Common
Emitter
Common
Collector
Power Gain
moderate
highest
moderate
Voltage Gain
highest
moderate
Lowest (less
than 1)
Current Gain
lowest (less
than1)
moderate
highest
Input
Impedance
lowest
moderate
highest
Output
Impedance
highest
moderate
lowest
none
180o out of
phase
none
Phase
Inversion
Transistor Biasing
Bias
An electrical, mechanical or magnetic force
applied to a device to establish a desired
electrical or mechanical reference level for its
operation.
Is a DC voltage or current that sets the
operating point for amplifying the AC signal
Transistor Biasing
Fixed Bias
Is taken from a battery or power supply
VCC
RB
Vi
RC
Vo
C
Transistor Biasing
Self Bias
The amplifier produces its own DC voltage from
an IR drop across a resistor in the return circuit
of the common terminal.
Self bias is probably the type of bias used most
often because it is economical and has stabilizing
effect on the DC level of the output current.
Can be emitter stabilized or collector stabilized.
Transistor Biasing
Self Bias
VCC
RB
RC
Vo
Vi
C
C
RE
Emitter
Stabilized
Transistor Biasing
Self Bias
VCC
RB
RC
Vo
Vi
C
C
Collector
Stabilized
Transistor Biasing
Voltage-Divider Bias
The most stable type of circuit biasing.
VCC
RC
RL
Vo
Vi
C
C
R2
RE
Transistor Biasing
Signal Bias
VCC
RC
RB
Vo
C
C
RE
IB
VCC
RL
IB
SATURATION
ACTIVE
IB
IB
Q-POINT
BREAKDOWN
IC
IB
CUT- OFF
VCC
VCE
Q-point
(Quiescent point )
Review Question:
Given the circuit below, draw the DC loadline
1K
10K
Ic
25 mA
VCC = 25V
DC Loadline
VBB = 3V
VCE
25 V
I2
hi
hf I1
V1
hr V2
ho V2
V1
hi =
(V2 = 0)
I1
2. hr open circuit reverse voltage transfer ratio)
V1
hr =
V2
(I1 = 0)
hf =
I2
(V2 = 0)
I1
4. ho open circuit output admittance
I2
ho =
V2
(I1 = 0)
Ai =
I2
I1
Ai =
hf
1 + ho Rl
Zi =
V1
I1
Zi
hi - hr Ai Rl
Av =
V2
V1
Ai =
- Ai Rl
Zi
Zo =
V2
(short Vs)
I2
Zo =
Rs + hi
h + ho Rs
26mV
26mV
re =
rac =
Id
Ie
Id direct current through
the diode
26mV
re =
Ib
26mV
re =
Ib
Disadvantages of JFET
Less gain
Smaller power ratings
Switching speed is slower
FET
Source
Drain
Gate
BJT
Emitter
Collector
Base
drain
gate n
source
G
p-channel
gate
n-channel
drain
source
D
S
n-channel
Types of
JFET, its
structure
and
parts
S
p-channel
JFET
Symbol
Operation of JFET
JFET is always operated with the gatesource PN junction reversed biased.
Reverse biasing of the gate source
junction with the negative voltage
produces a depletion region along the PN
junction which extends into the n-channel
and thus increases its resistance by
restricting the channel width as shown in
the preceding figure.
Operation of JFET
gate
VG
S
source
n-channel
drain
VDS
p
Breakdown Region
Ohmic Region
Operation of JFET
Va avalanche breakdown
voltage
Breakdown Region
Vgs
N channel
P Channel
Vin
RG
VGG -
VGS +
Vin
VGS
RG
+
RS
VS
Vin
VGS +
RG
RS
VSS -
VDD +
R1
RL
ID
Vin
VGS +
R2
VS
RS
Small Signal
JFET Parameters
AC drain resistance, rd
Small Signal
JFET Parameters
Transconductance, gm
Forward transconductance
transadmittance
Slope of transfer curve
Similar to gm of Vacuum Tubes
or
forward
Small Signal
JFET Parameters
Amplification Factor, u
u = change in Vds / change in Vgs
(Id remains constant)
u = gm rd
Small Signal
JFET Parameters
Example
D
SiO2
D
n-channel
SiO2
p-channel
G
n-substrate
p-substrate
S
S
drain
gate
drain
gate
source
n-channel D-MOSFET
source
p-channel D-MOSFET
D
D
SiO2 n
p-substrate
n
S
No
permanent
channel
Basic construction
n
+ G
+ n
S
Operation
drain
drain
gate
gate
n-channel
Inversion
layer
source
p-channel
source
Depletion Mode
Negative gate to
source voltage is
applied
n-channel is depleted
of some electrons
hence
decreasing
channel conductivity.
Enhancement
Mode
Positive gate voltage
is applied.
More conduction
electrons are
attracted to the
channel thus
enhancing channel
conductivity.
drain
Gate 2
source
N channel
- Either or both gates control the anount
of drain current
Vds
Vgs
N channel
P Channel
Vds
Vgs
N channel
+/-
P Channel
+/-
II. AMPLIFIERS
Electronic devices capable of amplification or
increasing the amplitude of power, current or
voltage at its output.
Circuits designed to increase the amplitude of
level of an electronic signal.
Used as boosters.
AMPLIFIER
input
output
Classification of Amplifier
1. According to Function
a.Voltage Amplifier
- Voltage controlled source
- Op-amps are voltage amplifier
b. Current Amplifier
- current controlled source
- BJTs are current amplifier
c. Power Amplifier
- Boost the power level of the signal
Classification of Amplifier
2. According to Configuration
a. Common Base Amplifier
- Transistor amplifier where input is
applied at the emitter and output is
taken from the collector terminal.
- The base is common to both input
and output.
- maximum current gain is 1
- No phase inversion from input to
output .
Classification of Amplifier
2. According to Configuration
b. Common Collector Amplifier (emitter
follower)
- Transistor amplifier where input is
applied at the base, output is taken from
the emitter terminal.
- Maximum voltage gain is 1.
- Capacitors must have a negligible
reactance at the frequency of operation.
- No phase inversion from input to output.
Classification of Amplifier
2. According to Configuration
c. Common Emitter Amplifier
- Transistor amplifier wherein the input
is applied at the base and the output
is taken from the collector terminal.
- There is a phase inversion from input
to output.
Classification of Amplifier
3. According to Class of Operation
Efficiency
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class AB
50 %
78.5 %
100 %
Between A &
B
Below
180O
Slightly
greater than
180O
Conduction
Angle
360O
180O
Distortion
Low
High
Bias (Base
Linear
portion
Emitter)
Input
Output
Extreme Moderate
Cut-off
Below
Cut-off
Above
Cut-off
Output
Output
Output
Classification of Amplifier
4. According to Frequency
a. DC Amplifier
- amplifies DC signal.
b. Audio Amplifier
- amplifies signal whose frequency is
within the audio range (20 Hz 20 KHz).
c. RF Amplifier
- amplifies signal whose frequency is
within the radio frequency range.
Classification of Amplifier
4. According to Frequency
d. IF Amplifier
- amplifies signal whose frequency is in
between the carrier and the modulating
frequency.
e.Video Amplifier
- a wide band amplifier that amplifies
video signal.
- video signal refers to the frequency range
of the picture information which arises
from the television scanning process.
Classification of Amplifier
Classification of Amplifier
Classification of Amplifier
Classification of Amplifier
Classification of Amplifier
Classification of Amplifier
7. Power Amplifiers
a. Push-Pull Amplifiers
- Amplifier with two similar circuits
operating in phase.
- On amplifies the half of the cycle and
the remaining half is being amplified
by the other amplifier.
Classification of Amplifier
7. Power Amplifiers
a. Push-Pull Amplifiers
Classification of Amplifier
7. Power Amplifiers
a. Push-Pull Amplifiers
Classification of Amplifier
7. Power Amplifiers
b. Complementary-Symmetry Amplifiers
- Push-pull amplifiers using
complementary transistors such as pair
of pnp and npn.
Classification of Amplifier
7. Power Amplifiers
c. Quasi-Complementary Amplifiers
- Push-pull amplifiers using the same
transistors at the output but the driver is
using complementary transistors.
Multistage Amplifiers
a. Cascaded Amplifiers
- each stage as well as the type of inter-stage
coupling used are identical.
Multistage Amplifiers
a. Compound Amplifiers
- each stage may be different from the other
and also different types of inter-stage
couplings may be employed.
Compound Configurations
a. Cascade Connection
- a cascade connection is a series
connection with the output of one stage
then applied as input to the second stage.
- The cascade connection provides a
multiplication of the gain of each stage for a
larger overall gain.
AV = AV1AV2AV3AVn
AV(dB) = 20Log(AV)
Compound Configurations
b. Cascode Connection
- a cascode connection has one transistor on
top of (in series with) another.
- This arrangement is design to provide high
input impedance with low voltage gain to
ensure that the input Miller capacitance is
minimum.
Compound Configurations
c. Darlington Connection
- The main feature of Darlington connection
is that the composite transistor acts as a
single unit with a current gain that is the
product of the current gains of the individual
transistors.
- It is a circuit meant to boost input
resistance.
Compound Configurations
c. Darlington Connection
D = 1 2
Compound Configurations
d. Feedback Pair
- The feedback pair connection is a two
transistor circuit that operates like the
Darlington circuit.
- It uses a pnp transistor driving an npn
transistor.
Review Questions:
1. A PNP transistor is made of
a.
b.
c.
d.
silicon
germanium
carbon
either silicon or germanium
Review Questions:
2. The transistor is usually
encapsulated
a.
b.
c.
d.
graphite powder
enamel paint
epoxy raisin
black plastic
Review Questions:
3. Power transistors are invariably
provided with
a.
b.
c.
d.
solder connections
heat sink
metallic casing
screw bolt
Review Questions:
4.The transistor specification number
2N refers to a
a.
b.
c.
d.
diode
junction transistor
FET with one gate
SCR
Review Questions:
5. Which of the following is necessary
for a transistor action
a. the base region must be very wide
b. the base region must be very narrow
c. the base region must be made from
insulating materials
d. the collector region must be heavily
doped
Review Questions:
6. As compared to a CB amplifier, a CE
amplifier has
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Questions:
7. It is the most stable type of circuit
biasing
a.
b.
c.
d.
self-bias
signal bias
voltage-divider bias
fixed bias
Review Questions:
8.The quiescent state of a transistor
implies
a.
b.
c.
d.
zero bias
no output
no distortion
no input signal
Review Questions:
9. Each of the two cascaded stages has
a voltage gain of 30. What is the
overall gain?
a. 3
b. 9
c. 30
d. 900
Solution:
GTOTAL = (30) (30) = 900
Review Questions:
10. Which class of amplifiers operates
with the least distortion?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Review Questions:
11. Which of the following circuit is the
fastest switching device?
a.
b.
c.
d.
JFET
BJT
MOSFET
Triode
Review Questions:
12. Which of the following device is
unipolar?
a.
b.
c.
d.
FET
BJT
Zener diode
LED
Review Questions:
13.The cascaded amplifier which is
often used in the IC is
a.
b.
c.
d.
inductively coupled
capacitively coupled
direct coupled
transformer coupled
Review Questions:
14. Highest operating frequency can
be expected in case of
a.
b.
c.
d.
bipolar transistor
JFET
MOSFET
IGFET
Review Questions:
15. Which of the following is expected
to have the highest input
impedance?
a.
b.
c.
d.
MOSFET
JFET amplifier
CE bipolar transistor
CC bipolar transistor
Review Questions:
16.The ______ is quite popular in
digital circuits especially in CMOS
which require very low power
consumption.
a.
b.
c.
d.
JFET
BJT
D-type MOSFET
E-type MOSFET
Review Questions:
17. What is the amplification factor in
FET transistor amplifiers?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Zi
gm
ID
IG
Review Questions:
18.The E-MOSFET is quite popular in
what type of applications.
a.
b.
c.
d.
digital circuitry
high frequency
buffering
a, b and c
Review Questions:
19. A JFET just operates with
specifically
a. the drain connected to ground
b. gate to source PN junction forward
biased
c. gate connected to the source
d. gate to source PN junction reverse
biased
Review Questions:
20.The main difference of a MOSFET
from a JFET is that
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Questions:
21. A small signal amplifier
a. uses only a small portion of its load
line
b. always has an output signal in the mV
range
c. goes into saturation once on each
input channel
d. is always a common emitter amplifier
Review Questions:
22.The parameter HFE corresponds to
a.
b.
c.
d.
DC
AC
re
rc
Review Questions:
23. If the DC emitter current in a
certain transistor amplifier is 3 mA,
the approximate value of re is
a.
b.
c.
d.
3 K
3
8.33
.33 K
Solution: r = 26 mV = 8.6667
e
3 mA
Review Questions:
24. The input resistance of a common
base amplifier is
a.
b.
c.
d.
very low
very high
the same as CE
The same as CC
Review Questions:
25. Each stage of a four stage amplifier
has a voltage gain of 15.The overall
voltage gain is
a. 60
b. 15
c. 50625
d. 3078
Solution:
VOVERALL = (15) (15) (15) (15) = 50625
Review Questions:
26.The maximum efficiency of a
transformer coupled Class A
amplifier
a.
b.
c.
d.
25
50
78.5
100
Review Questions:
27. In a MOSFET, the process of
creating a channel by the addition
of a charge carrier is called
a.
b.
c.
d.
inducement
improvement
balancing
enhancement
Review Questions:
28. What is the current gain of a
common base circuit called?
a.
b.
c.
d.
gamma
delta
bravo
alpha
Review Questions:
29.The name of the very first
transistor
a.
b.
c.
d.
diode
junction transistor
point contact transistor
triode
Review Questions:
30. Region in a transistor that is
heavily doped
a.
b.
c.
d.
collector
emitter
base
gate
Review Questions:
31. In a common base amplifier the
voltage gain is ______ (April, 2003)
a.
b.
c.
d.
medium
low
zero
high
Review Questions:
32. In a common collector amplifier,
the input resistance is ______ (Nov,
2003)
a.
b.
c.
d.
high
zero
medium
low
Review Questions:
33. A depletion MOSFET (D-MOSFET)
can operate with which of the
following gate-source voltage? (Nov,
2003)
1. zero
2. positive
3. negative
a.
b.
c.
d.
1 only
2 only
3 only
1, 2 and 3
Review Questions:
34. What problem is caused by a
loosely coupled transformer in an
RF amplifier? (April, 2004)
a.
b.
c.
d.
a too-narrow bandpass
over coupling
optimum coupling
a too-wide bandpass
Review Questions:
35. Normally, how are high power
tubes tested? (April, 2004)
a.
b.
c.
d.
visually
individually
in their circuit
use portable testers
Review Questions:
1. Which are the three terminals of a
bipolar transistor?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Questions:
2. A transistor in which n-type and ptype materials are used is called
a.
b.
c.
d.
Unijunction
TTL
Bipolar
FET
Review Questions:
3. The region in an electronic
transistor that is lightly doped and
very thin is referred to the
a.
b.
c.
d.
Collector-base
Collector
Base
Emitter
Review Questions:
4. In the BJT schematic symbol, the
arrow
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Questions:
5. _____ is the region in the transistor
that is heavily doped
a.
b.
c.
d.
Collector
Ground
Base
Emitter
Review Questions:
6.The arrow in the symbol of a
transistor indicates the direction of
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Questions:
7.The base of a transistor serves a
purpose to what element of the
FET?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Source
Ground
Substrate
Gate
Review Questions:
8. ____ is the term used to express the
ratio of change in the DC collector
current to a change in base current
in a bipolar transistor
a.
b.
c.
d.
Gamma
Beta
Alpha
Delta
Review Questions:
9. Solve the collector current if the
base current is 200mA and the
current gain is 20
a.
b.
c.
d.
10 A
4A
1A
40 A
Review Questions:
10. In semiconductor technology, the
characteristic of a transistor in cutoff refers to a condition when
a. The transistor is at its operating point
b. No current flows from emitter to
collector
c. There is no base current
d. Maximum current flows from emitter
to collector
Review Questions:
11.The term fully saturated for a
transistor refers to
a. The collector current at its maximum
value
b. The collector current at its minimum
value
c. The transistor beta at its maximum
value
d. The transistor alpha at its maximum
value
Review Questions:
12.The flow of electrons in an NPN
transistor when used in electronic
circuits is from
a.
b.
c.
d.
Collector to emitter
Collector to base
Emitter to collector
Base to emitter
Review Questions:
13. A transistor acts as _____ when
saturated
a.
b.
c.
d.
Open circuit
Very low resistance
Very high resistance
Variable resistance
Review Questions:
14. For a BJT, the BE junction is
reverse biased and BC forward
biased.The BJT is in what
operating mode?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Forward active
Cut-off
Reverse active
Saturation
Review Questions:
15. At this operating mode, further
increase in base current will not
increase the collector current.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cut-off
Reverse active
Forward active
Saturation
Review Questions:
16. Line representing all the DC
operating points of the BJT.
a.
b.
c.
d.
DC loadline
Collector curve
AC loadline
Operating line
Review Questions:
17. In order to have the best efficiency
and stability, where on the loadline
should a solid state power amplifier
be operated?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Questions:
18. What is another name for base
bias?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Fixed bias
Gate bias
Emitter bias
Beta bias
Review Questions:
19. What is the most stable type of
biasing
a.
b.
c.
d.
Current feedback
Fixed bias
Voltage divider
Voltage feedback
Review Questions:
20. Another name for voltage amplifier
a.
b.
c.
d.
Pre-amp
CE
Power amp
CB
Review Questions:
21. Semiconductor which is
considered to be low power of
small signal usually have power
dissipation ratings of
a.
b.
c.
d.
1 watt or less
5 watts or less
Exactly 1 watt
10 watts or less
Review Questions:
22. A big metallic object that helps to
cool transistors and usually
attached to the collector
a.
b.
c.
d.
Leads
Bleeder resistor
Heat sink
Transformer
Review Questions:
23.The h-parameter hf is a
a.
b.
c.
d.
Resistance
Reverse voltage gain
Conductance
Forward current gain
Review Questions:
24. Among the common emitter hparameters, which is the smallest?
a.
b.
c.
d.
hie
hre
hfe
hoe
Review Questions:
25. What is the approximate value of
thermal voltage at room
temperature?
a.
b.
c.
d.
1V
26 mV
0V
18.97 mV
Review Questions:
26. Which of the BJT amplifier
configuration has the highest
power gain?
a.
b.
c.
d.
CE
CC
CB
Emitter follower
Review Questions:
27. Another name for common
collector
a.
b.
c.
d.
Collector follower
Base follower
Emitter follower
Collector divider
Review Questions:
28. Which of the BJT amplifier
configuration can be used as a
buffer?
a.
b.
c.
d.
CB
CS
CC
CE
Review Questions:
29. Which transistor configuration has
the highest input resistance?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Common base
Common emitter
Common collector
Common transistor
Review Questions:
30. Capacitor used to established an
ac ground at a specific point in a
circuit
a.
b.
c.
d.
Electrolytic
Coupling
Bypass
Choke
Review Questions:
31. What do you call an amplifier
which has an output current
flowing during the whole input
current cycle?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Class AB amplifier
Class B amplifier
Class A amplifier
Class C amplifier
Review Questions:
32. An amplifier class in which the
transistor is biased way below cutoff and usually employs a tuned
circuit
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
AB
C
Review Questions:
33. An amplifier class in which a
transistor is conducting for half
of the input cycle
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
AB
C
Review Questions:
34. Which statement is wrong
regarding a class C amplifier?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Questions:
35. Distortion at the upper end of the
loadline
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cut-off clipping
Upper end noise
Saturation clipping
Compliance clipping
Review Questions:
36. An amplifier with an input
resistance of 600 has an input
current of 500 A. It delivers 100
mA to a 1000 load. Calculate the
dB gain of the amplifier.
a.
b.
c.
d.
48.2 dB
25.2 dB
35.33 dB
50.4 dB
Review Questions:
37. If three amplifiers with a gain of 8
each are in cascade, how much is
the overall gain?
a.
b.
c.
d.
72
24
512
8
Review Questions:
38.The decibel gain in cascaded
amplifiers equal to the
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Questions:
39. Which of the following is a
characteristic of a cascaded
amplifier
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Questions:
40. ____ is a unipolar semiconductor
device which the current is carried
by the majority carriers only
a.
b.
c.
d.
Field-effect transistor
Point-contact transistor
Zener diode
Junction transistor
Review Questions:
41. Portion of an FET which serves as
the path for current
a.
b.
c.
d.
Drain
Gate
Source
Channel
Review Questions:
42. An FET can act as an excellent buffer
amplifier because
a. It has a low input impedance and a high
output impedance
b. It has a high input impedance and a low
output impedance
c. It has a very high voltage gain and a low
noise level
d. Smaller size, longer life and lower
efficiency
Review Questions:
43. What FET terminal corresponds to
Base of BJT?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Drain
Source
Gate
Anode
Review Questions:
44.The maximum value of ID for JFET
a.
b.
c.
d.
10 mA
IMAX
100 A
IDSS
Review Questions:
45. Minimum VDS at which ID becomes
constant when VGS is zero
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cut-off
Saturation
Pinch-off
Turn-on voltage
Review Questions:
46. A mode of operation for depletion
type MOSFET to increase the size
of the channel
a.
b.
c.
d.
On mode
Depletion mode
Positive mode
Enhancement mode
Review Question:
1. The two types of bipolar transistor
are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
PN and NP
PNP and NPN
PPN and NNP
N and P
Review Question:
2. The three terminals of a bipolar
junction transistor are called
a.
b.
c.
d.
p, n, p
n, p, n
Input, output and ground
Base, emitter and collector
Review Question:
3. The largest region of a bipolar
transistor is the
a.
b.
c.
d.
Base
Emitter
Collector
N-region
Review Question:
4.The emitter of the transistor is
generally doped the heaviest
because it
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
5. In a PNP transistor, the p-regions
are
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
6. During normal operation, the
highest percentage of electrons
leaves a NPN transistor from
which region?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Base
Emitter
Collector
N-region
Review Question:
7. For operation as an amplifier, the
base of an NPN transistor must be
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
8. A bipolar transistors majority
current carriers are:
a. Electrons
b. Holes
c. Dependent upon the type of
transistor
d. Always both electrons and holes
Review Question:
9. In which region is a bipolar
transistor normally operated
a.
b.
c.
d.
Saturation
Cut-off
Linear
Beta
Review Question:
10. A transistor has a common base
forward circuit gain hFE=0.98 the
DC forward current gain hFE is
a.
b.
c.
d.
49
50
98
Not determinable from the data
given
Review Question:
11. A CC amplifier has the highest
a.
b.
c.
d.
Voltage gain
Current gain
Power gain
Output impedance
Review Question:
12. When the transistor is fully
switched on, it is to be
a.
b.
c.
d.
Shorted
Open
Saturated
Cut-off
Review Question:
13. In which operating region should
normal figures calculated
a.
b.
c.
d.
Saturation
Breakdown
Cut-off
Active
Review Question:
14. Which transistor circuit
arrangement produces the highest
power gain?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Common base
Common collector
Common emitter
A transistors power gain is the same
in any circuit
Review Question:
15.The DC loadline of a transistor
circuit
a. Has a negative slope
b. Is a curved line
c. Gives graphic relation between IC and
IB
d. Does not contain the Q-point
Review Question:
16. For an amplifying transistor, if the
input signals current is 10 A peak
to peak, and the output signal
current is 1 mA peak to peak and
the voltage gain is 75, what is the
current gain?
a.
b.
c.
d.
10
75
100
250
Review Question:
17.The DC of a transistor is its
a.
b.
c.
d.
Current gain
Voltage gain
Power gain
Internal resistance
Review Question:
18. If in a bipolar junction transistor, Ib
= 100 A and Ic = 10 mA, what is
the value of its beta?
a.
b.
c.
d.
0.1
10
100
None of these
Review Question:
19. If Ic is 50 times larger than Ib then
DC is
a.
b.
c.
d.
0.02
100
50
500
Review Question:
20. If DC is 100, the value of dc is
a.
b.
c.
d.
99
0.99
101
0.01
Review Question:
21.The approximate voltage across
the forward-biased base-emitter
junction of a silicon BJT is
a.
b.
c.
d.
0V
0.7 V
0.3 V
Vbb
Review Question:
22. If the output of a transistor
amplifier is 5 Vrms and the input is
100 Vrms, the voltage gain is
a.
b.
c.
d.
5
500
50
100
Review Question:
23. When operated in cut-off and
saturation, the transistor acts like
a.
b.
c.
d.
Linear amplifier
A switch
A variable capacitor
A variable resistor
Review Question:
24. The maximum overall efficiency of
a class B push-pull amplifier cannot
exceed _____ percent
a.
b.
c.
d.
100
78.5
50
85
Review Question:
25.The main use of a class C
amplifiers is
a. As an RF amplifier
b. As stereo amplifier
c. In communication sound
equipment
d. As distortion generator
Review Question:
26.The JFET is
a.
b.
c.
d.
A unipolar device
A voltage-controlled device
A current controlled device
Answers A and B
Review Question:
27. A JFETs PN junction is between
the
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
28.The channel of a JFET is between
the
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
29. After Vds reaches the pinch-off
value Vp in a JFET, drain current Id
becomes
a.
b.
c.
d.
Zero
Low
Saturated
Reversed
Review Question:
30. In a JFET, drain current is
maximum when Vgs is
a.
b.
c.
d.
Zero
Negative
Positive
Equal to Vp
Review Question:
31. At cut-off, the JFET channel is
a. At its widest point
b. Completely closed by the depletion
region
c. Extremely narrow
d. Reversed biased
Review Question:
32. A JFET can be cut-off with the help
of
a.
b.
c.
d.
Vgs
Vds
Vdg
Vdd
Review Question:
33.The unit of measurement for
transconductance is
a.
b.
c.
d.
Ohm
Mho
Siemens
B or C
Review Question:
34. A D-MOSFET differs from a JFET
in the sense that it has no
a.
b.
c.
d.
Channel
Gate
PN junctions
Substrate
Review Question:
35. In an enhancement MOSFET, the
gate channel form a
a.
b.
c.
d.
PN junction
Capacitor
Dielectric
Resistor
Review Question:
36. A MOSFET differs from a JFET
mainly because
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
37.The main factor which
differentiates a D-MOSFET from
an E-MOSFET is the absence of
a.
b.
c.
d.
Insulated gate
Electrons
Channel
PN junctions
Review Question:
38. In an N-channel enhancement
MOSFET, an increase in negative
voltage at the gate causes drain
current to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Increase
Decrease
Remain constant
None of the above
Review Question:
39.The polarity of Vgs for E only
MOSFET is
a.
b.
c.
d.
Positive
Negative
Zero
Depends on P or N channel
Review Question:
40. Which circuit produces a voltage
gain that is always less than unity?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Common-drain
Common-gate
Common-source
All of the above
Review Question:
41. Which amplifier circuit has the
lowest input impedance?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Common-drain
Common-gate
Common-source
Source-follower
Review Question:
42. Which JFET transconductance
value will produce the highest
voltage gain in a given circuit?
a.
b.
c.
d.
15000 microsiemens
5000 microsiemens
3000 microsiemens
2000 microsiemens
Review Question:
43. Which type of JFET amplifier
circuit is the most widely used?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Common-drain
Common-gate
Common-source
Source-follower
Review Question:
44. In a common source amplifier, the
output voltage is
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
45. In a certain common-source (CS)
amplifier,Vds = 3.2 Vrms and Vgs =
280 Vrms.The voltage gain is
a.
b.
c.
d.
1
11.4
8.75
3.2
Review Question:
46. Which of the following circuits
generally has the greatest gain?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Common-source
Common-gate
Common-drain
None of the above
Review Question:
47.The input impedance of a MOSFET
a.
b.
c.
d.
Is zero
Is normally low
Is normally very high
Is too high for the use as a low-level
amplifier
Review Question:
48. A Gunn diode is noted for its ability
to
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
49. In an enhancement-mode
MOSFET
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
50.The input impedance of a MOSFET
a. Is lower than that of a MOSFET
b. Is lower than that of a bipolar
transistor
c. Is between that of a bipolar transistor
and JFET
d. Is extremely high
Review Question:
1. In a PNP transistor, the p-regions
are
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
2. The bias condition for a transistor
to be used as a linear amplifier is
called
a.
b.
c.
d.
Forward-reverse
Forward-forward
Reverse-reverse
Collector-bias
Review Question:
3. In cut-off,VCE is
a.
b.
c.
d.
0V
Minimum
Maximum
Equal to VCC
Review Question:
4. In saturation VCE is
a.
b.
c.
d.
0.7 V
Equal to VCC
Minimum
Maximum
Review Question:
5. To saturate a BJT
a.
b.
c.
d.
IB = IC
IB > IC(SAT) / DC
VCC must be at least 10 V
The emitter must be grounded
Review Question:
6. Once in saturation, a further
increase in base current will
a. Cause the collector current to
increase
b. Not affect the collector current
c. Cause the collector current to
decrease
d. Turn the transistor off
Review Question:
7. If the base-emitter junction is open,
the collector voltage is
a.
b.
c.
d.
VCC
0V
Floating
0.2 V
Review Question:
8. The maximum value of collector
current in a biased transistor is
a.
b.
c.
d.
BDCIB
IC(SAT)
Greater than IE
IE - I B
Review Question:
9. Ideally, a dc loadline is a straight line
drawn on the collector
characteristic curves between
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
10. If a sinusoidal voltage is applied to
the base of a biased npn transistor
and the resulting sinusoidal collector
voltage is clipped near zero volts, the
transistor is
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
11. The disadvantage of a base bias is
that
a.
b.
c.
d.
It is very complex
It produces voltage gain
It is too beta dependent
It produces high leakage current
Review Question:
12. Emitter bias is
a.
b.
c.
d.
Essentially independent of DC
Very dependent on DC
Provides a stable bias point
Answers A and C
Review Question:
13. The input resistance at the base of
a biased transistor depends mainly
on
a.
b.
c.
d.
DC
RB
RE
DC and RE
Review Question:
14. In a voltage-divider biased
transistor circuit, RIN(BASE) can
generally be neglected in
calculations when
a.
b.
c.
d.
RIN(BASE) > R2
R2 > 10RIN(BASE)
RIN(BASE) > 10R2
R1 << R2
Review Question:
15. In a certain voltage-divider biased
npn transistor,VB is 2.95 V.The dc
emitter voltage is approximately
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.25 V
2.95 V
3.65 V
0.7 V
Review Question:
16. voltage-divider bias
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cannot be independent of DC
Can be essentially independent of DC
Is not widely used
Requires fewer components than all
the other methods
Review Question:
17. In a voltage-divider biased npn
transistor, if the upper voltagedivider resistor (the one connected
to VCC) opens,
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
18. A small signal amplifier
a. Uses only a small portion of its
loadline
b. Always has an output signal in the mV
range
c. Goes into saturation once on each
input cycle
d. Is always a common-emitter amplifier
Review Question:
19. If the DC emitter current in a
certain transistor amplifier is 3
mA, the approximate value of re is
a.
b.
c.
d.
3 K
3
8.33
0.33
Review Question:
20. For a common-collector amplifier,
Re = 100 , and ac = 150.The AC
input resistance at the base is
a.
b.
c.
d.
1500
15 K
110
16.5 K
Review Question:
21. For a common-emitter amplifier,
Rc = 1 K, RE = 390 , re = 15 ,
and ac = 75. Assuming that Re is
completely bypassed at the
operating frequency, the voltage
gain is
a.
b.
c.
d.
66.7
2.56
2.47
75
Review Question:
22. In the circuit of question no. 21, if
the frequency is reduced to the
point where XC(BYPASS) = RE, the
voltage gain is
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
23. In a darlington pair configuration,
each transistor has an ac beta of
125. If RE is 560 , the input
resistance is
a.
b.
c.
d.
560
70 K
8.75 M
140 K
Review Question:
24. The input resistance of a common
base amplifier is
a.
b.
c.
d.
Very low
Very high
The same as CE
The same as CC
Review Question:
25. In a common-emitter amplifier
with voltage-divider bias, RIN(BASE) =
68 K, R1 = 33 K and R2 = 15 k.
The total input resistance is
a.
b.
c.
d.
68 K
8.95 K
22.2 K
12.3 K
Review Question:
26. A CE amplifier is driving a 10 K
load. If Rc = 2.2 K and re = 10 ,
the voltage gain is approximately
a.
b.
c.
d.
220
1000
10
180
Review Question:
27. Each stage of a four stage amplifier
has a voltage gain 15. the overall
voltage gain is
a.
b.
c.
d.
60
15
50,625
3078
Review Question:
28. The overall gain found in question
27 can be expressed in decibels as
a.
b.
c.
d.
94.1 dB
47 dB
35.6 dB
69.8 dB
Review Question:
29. The overall gain of an amplifier in
cascade is
a.
b.
c.
d.
The sum
The average
The product
100% of the sum
Review Question:
30. The decibel gain in cascaded
amplifiers equal the
a. Sum of the voltage and the current
gains
b. Product of the individual gains
c. Difference of the individual gains
d. Sum of the individual gains
Review Question:
31. A transistor in which n-type and ptype materials are used is called
a.
b.
c.
d.
Unijunction
Bipolar
TTL
FET
Review Question:
32. In the PNP transistor ____ are the
majority carriers
a.
b.
c.
d.
Electrons
Holes
Donor atoms
Acceptor atoms
Review Question:
33. Biasing represents ____ condition
a.
b.
c.
d.
AC
DC
AC and DC
Neither AC nor DC
Review Question:
34. The following relationships
between alpha and beta are true
except
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
35. In the darlington pair
configuration, each transistor has a
beta of 100. What is the effective b
of the pair?
a.
b.
c.
d.
1000
100
10,000
1
Review Question:
36. In a certain emitter feedback bias
circuit, the base resistance is 100
K and the beta of the transistor is
99. What is the resistance seen by
the emitter circuit looking to the
base?
a.
b.
c.
d.
99
10 K
1 K
99 K
Review Question:
37. The circuit that provides the best
stabilization of operating point is
a.
b.
c.
d.
Base bias
Collector feedback bias
Voltage divider bias
Emitter feedback bias
Review Question:
38. A small signal amplifier
a. Uses only a small portion of its
loadline
b. Always has an output signal in the mV
range
c. Goes into saturation once on its input
cycle
d. Is always common emitter amplifier
Review Question:
39. Equivalent circuit model
commonly used in small signal
analysis at high frequencies
a.
b.
c.
d.
Ebers-Moll
Ideal model
Hybrid-Pi or Giacoletto
H parameters
Review Question:
40. The smallest of the four hparameters of the transistor is
a.
b.
c.
d.
Hr and Ho
Hi and Ho
Hr and Hf
Hi and Hf
Review Question:
41. The main consideration in the
output stage of an amplifier is the
a.
b.
c.
d.
Power output
Power gain
Voltage gain
Fidelity
Review Question:
42. _____ amplifiers are usually placed
at the input stages
a.
b.
c.
d.
Voltage
Resistance
Current
Power
Review Question:
43. The output stage in an amplifier is
also called
a.
b.
c.
d.
Mixer stage
Power stage
Detector stage
RF stage
Review Question:
44. Semiconductor which is
considered to be low power or
small signal usually have power
dissipation ratings of
a.
b.
c.
d.
1 watt or less
5 watts or less
Exactly 1 watt
10 watts or less
Review Question:
45. Which transistor configuration has
the highest input resistance?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Common base
Common emitter
Common collector
Common transistor
Review Question:
46. In CC amplifier, voltage gain
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
47. Which of the following
configurations can be used as
buffer?
a.
b.
c.
d.
CE
CB
CC
CG
Review Question:
48. Which of the following
combinations has no phase
inversion of the signal?
a.
b.
c.
d.
CB and CE
Two CEs
CC and CE
Any of these
Review Question:
49. The collector current flows for
____ in a class A amplifier
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
50. A class A circuit would not work
well as
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
51. The Q point will be located at ____
if the base resistor is open
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review Question:
52. The transistor in class B amplifier
is biased at
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cut-off
Reverse
Saturation
Midpoint of the loadline
Review Question:
53. Crossover distortion is a problem
of what amplifier class?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
C
AB
Review Question:
54. The maximum efficiency of a
resistance loaded class A amplifier
is
a.
b.
c.
d.
50%
30%
25%
78.5%
Review Question:
55. The maximum efficiency of a
transformer coupled class A
amplifier is
a.
b.
c.
d.
78.5%
100%
25%
50%
Review Question:
56. A transistor amplifier with 85%
efficiency is likely to be class
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
C
AB
Review Question:
57. Which is the characteristic of AC
loadline?
a. It always saturated
b. It is usually of less slope than that of
the DC loadline
c. It always cut-off
d. It is usually steeper than DC loadline