s

COAL FIRED POWER PLANT

Project Description:
`
A coal-fired power plant burns coal to produce electricity. In a
typical coal-fired plant, there are pulverisers to mill the coal to a fine
powder for burning in a combustion chamber of the boiler. The heat
produced from the burning of the coal generates steam at high
temperature and pressure. The high-pressure steam from the boiler
impinges on a number of sets of blades in the turbine. This produces
mechanical shaft rotation resulting in electricity generation in the
alternator based of Faradays principle of electromagnetic induction. The
exhaust steam from the turbine is then condensed and pumped back into
the boiler to repeat the cycle. This description is very basic, and in
practice, the cycle is much more complex and incorporates many
refinements.
A typical coal plant schematic is presented in Figure 1. It shows that
the turbine of the power plant has three stages: high-pressure,
intermediate-pressure and low-pressure stages.
The exhaust steam from the high-pressure turbine is reheated in the
boiler and fed to the intermediate-pressure turbine. This increases the
temperature of the steam fed to the intermediate-pressure turbine and
increases the power output of the subsequent stages of the turbine. Steam
from different stages of the turbine is extracted and used for boiler feed
water heating. This is regenerative feed water heating, typically known as
regeneration. The improvement of the thermal performance of the power
generation cycle with reheat and regeneration is a trade-off between work
output and heat addition and it can be evaluated through the efficiency
of the power generation cycle.
In a typical pulverised coal power plant, there are three main
functional blocks as shown in Figure 1. They are (1) the boiler; (2) the turbogenerator and (3) the flue gas clean up. The boiler burns coal to generate
steam. The combustion chamber of the boiler is connected with the coal
pulverisers and air supply. The water pre-heater (also known as the
economiser), the super heater and the reheater are all included in this
block. The steam produced in the boiler is used in the turbine as shown in
Figure 1. The generator is coupled with the turbine where mechanical shaft
rotation of the turbine is converted into electrical power and supplied to
the power distribution grid through a transformer. The purpose of the
transformer is to step up the voltage of the generated power to a level
suitable for long distance transmission. The steam leaving the turbine is
condensed in the condenser as shown in the Figure 1using cooling water
which discharges low temperature heat to the environment. The condensate
produced is pumped back to the boiler after heating through the feed
water heaters. The feed water heaters use regenerative steam extracted
from the turbine.

The burning of coal in the boiler of a power plant produces flue gas.
The main constituents the of flue gas are nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide
(CO2) and water (H2O). It carries particulate matter (PM) and other
pollutants. There are traces of some oxides such as oxides of sulphur (SOx)
and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) depending on the combustion technology and
fuel used. The flue gas clean-up block comprises all the equipment needed
for treating the flue gas. The power plant shown in Figure 1includes a DeNOx
plant for NOx removal, followed by electrostatic precipitation (ESP) to
remove particulate matter (PM), and wet flue gas desulfurisation (FGD) to
remove SOx from the flue gas. An air-preheating unit is situated between
the DeNOx and the electrostatic precipitator (ESP). There is a significant
amount of heat energy leaving through the flue gas, some of which is
recovered by using the air preheater. This improves the thermal
performance of the process.
The properties of the coal used in the boiler and the environmental
legislation and/or environmental management policy of a plant are two
major factors that determine the nature of the flue gas treatment
process. In some countries, due to stringent environmental regulation, coalfired power plants need to install denitrification plants (DeNOx) for
nitrogen oxide (NOx) and flue gas desulphurisation plants (FGD) for
sulphur oxide (SOx) removal. In Australia, the coal used has a very low
sulphur content and therefore, the concentration of SOx from the burning
of coal in Australia is relatively low. Dave et al. Report an absence of
stringent regulatory requirements for limiting NOx or SOx in flue gas
streams in Australia.
Therefore, Australian coal plants in the past have not been required
to have deNOx or deSOx equipment to clean up flue gas.
In this research, a pulverized coal-fired power plant in Central
Queensland, Australia has been considered as a case study. One of the units
of the said plant was used to develop a process model and to perform
energy analysis. This unit has Maximum Continuous Rating (MCR) of 280 MW.
It spends less that 5% of its operating time at loads greater than 260 MW.
Operation of the unit is mostly in the range of 100 to 180 MW range. The unit
plant is a sub-critical power plant having steam outlet pressure of 16.2
MPa. The unit/plant uses thermal coal supplied from the nearby Bowen
basin.

SUBSTATION
Our substation will grid to a 36 kV cable. Short circuit current of
this network is 15,3 kA , Rated operational current is 525 A. Rated
operational voltage is 31,5 kV.
A new indoor type transformer substation will be built by the Company,
and including the following switchboard.
- A load break switch feeder as incoming
- A circuit breaker feeder as outgoing
-A circuit breaker cubicle in order to isolate and protect of customer side
- A metering cubicle
- A transformer protection cubicle with CB
a) Decide transformer power and ratings?
b) Draw single line diagramed including all necessary and related ratings
of all devices

Standard ratings of Measurement current transformers

Powers: 10 VA, 15 VA, 20 VA, 30 VA
Currents (A/A): 5/5,10/5,15/5,20/5,25/5,30/5,40/5,50/5
75/5,100/5,150/5,200/5,250/5,300/5,350/5,400/5,450/5,500/5,600/5,700/
5,800/5,900/5,
1000/51250/5, 1500/5
Types:
0, 5 Fs 5 - 0, 5 Fs 10 - 1 Fs 5 - 1Fs 10
5P10, 10p10, 5P20, 10P20
Thermal Withstand currents
100 In, 150 In, 200 In, 250 In, 300 In, 350 In, 400 In, 450 In, 500 In, 600 In, 700
In,
800 In, 900 In, 1000 In
Standard ratings of Measurement voltage transformers in Medium
Voltage
Powers: 10 VA, 15 VA, 20 VA, 30 VA, 60 VA
Classes: 0, 5, 1, 5

Primary voltages: (phase to phase) 6kV, 7, 2 kV,10 kV,12 kV, 22 kV, 24 kV, 31,5
kV, 33kV, 34,5 kV, 35 kV, 36 kV
Secondary voltages: (phase to phase): 100 V, 110 V, 220 V

Standard ratings of HRC fuses in Medium Voltage

Rated nominal currents: 1 A, 5 A, 10 A, 15 A, 20 A, and 25 A
Rated nominal voltages: 6 kV, 7, 2 kV, 12 kV, 24 kV, 36 kV
Standard ratings of Distribution Transformers in Medium Voltage
Powers: 25 kVA, 50kVA, 100kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVA, 800 kVA, 1000
kVA,
1250 kVA, 1600 kVA, 2000 kVA, 2500 kVA
Primary voltages: (phase to phase): 6kV, 7,2 kV,10 kV,12 kV, 22 kV, 24 kV, 31,5
kV,
33 kV, 34, 5 kV, 35 kV, 36 kV
Secondary voltages: (phase to phase): 380 V, 400 V
Standard ratings of Switchgears in Medium Voltage
Short circuit currents: 8 kA, 12, 5 kA, 16 kA, 20 kA, 25 kA
Rated nominal currents: 630 A, 800 A, 1250 A, 1600 A, 2000 A, 2500 A
Rated nominal voltages: 6 kV, 7, 2 kV, 12 kV, 24 kV, 36 kV

Substation Design:

PROTECTION SYSTEM

METERING SYSTEM

MONITORINGSYSYSTEM