UNIT II

MUSIC OF MINDORO, PALAWAN, AND VISAYAS

I. MUSIC OF THE CORDILLERA
The mountain ranges of the Cordilleras in the Northern Luzon is the homeland of different ethnic groups which
are culturally and linguistically related.
Cordillera is a row of great mountain ranges half of Northern Luzon in the Philippines. It is both the highest and
the single largest mass of mountains in the entire Philippines.
Composed of six (6) provinces:
1. Apayao
4. Mountain Province
2. Kalinga
5. Benguet
3. Abra
6. Ifugao
Chartered City:
1. Baguio
6 Ethnic Groups of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
1. Abra: Tinguian.Itneg
4. Ifugao: Ifugao
2. Apayao: Apayao/Isneg
5. Kalinga: Kalinga
3. Benguet: Ibaloi
6. Mountain Province: Bontoc
All of the six indigenous groups from CAR are collectively referred to as IGOROTS.
Rituals and music are part of their daily lives. Every wthnic group has different names and melodies used in their
work and rituals.
ISNEG:
Oggayam song of the Isneg
Dissodi courting song of the Isneg
BONTOC:
Fal-lukay/Fallugay head hunting song.
Ayegka song of a swan who goes to the ulog to court a maiden/ a love song.
Chay-assa pounding song.
Kwel-la/Kudya song for a loved one in a far away land.
Ayoweng/mangayuweng song of a farmer who works in the fields.
Bagbagto/Fagfagto play song of men at the start of camote planting.
KALINGA:
Adding, Dango, Oggayam sung on weddings, feasts, and peace gatherings.
Salidummay, Dangdang-ay or Dewas song for two voices.
Ullalim epic song of Northern Kalinga that deals with the adventure of a make-believe hero.
Ibi and Dandannag song and praise for the dead.
Wiyaw or Wig-wis lullaby.
Mambayu group pounding song.
IBALOI:
Dujung praise for the dead.
Angba sung during bindayan ceremony.
IFUGAO:
Alim ritual song.
Liwliwa, Salidummay non-ritual songs (Liwliwa and Salidummay express ones deep emotion for love)
Hudhud is recited and chanted among the Ifugao people-known for their rice terraces during the sowing,
and harvesting of rice, funeral wakes, and other rituals.
TINGGUIAN:
Balaguyos for high class people.
Ngayoweh sung in free verse.
Oggayam sung in almost all occasions.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE CORDILLERA HIGHLANDS:
1. Gangsa A single hand-held smooth-surfaced gong with a narrow rim.
- The number of gangsa in a set varies with availability, and depends on the tradition of a particular ethnic
group.
- toppaya and patting style.
2. Kalaleng or Tongali Nose flute
- is long and has a narrow internal diameter
3. Tongatong a bamboo percussion instrument used by the people of Kalinga to communicate with spirits during house
blessing.
4. Diwdiw-as 5 or more different size of slender bamboo that is tied together.
5. Saggeypo a bamboo pipe that is closed on one end by a node with the open end held against the lower lip of the
player as he blows directly across the top.
6. Solibao a hallow wooden Igorot drum topped with pig skin or lizard skin this is played by striking the drum head
using the palm of the hand.
7. Bungkaka a bamboo buzzer.

8. Kulitong a polychordal bamboo tube zither.

9. Ulibaw A bamboo jaws harp.
10. Patangguk a bamboo quill-shaped tube.
11. Pateteg a bamboo leg xylophone.
12. Paldong a bamboo lip-valley flute.
The traditional music of Mindoro, Palawan, and Visayas are non-Westernized. It is indigenous like their
counterpart in Luzon. Indigenous music before the colonial era was largely functional. Expressed either instrumentally or
vocally or a combination of both, music was deeply integrated with the activities of the natives. The ancient Filipinos had
music practically for all occasions, for every phase of life, from birth to death. Their musical traditions include vocal and
instrumental music.
LESSON 1: Music of Indigenous Groups of Mindoro
Mindoro is the seventh largest island in the Philippines. It is located off the coast of Luzon, and northeast of
Palawan. The southern coast of Mindoro forms the northeastern extremum of the Sulu Sea.
In the past times, it has been called Ma-I or Mait by Chinese traders and, by Spaniards, as Mina de Oro (meaning
gold mine) from where the island got its current name. The island was once a single province from 1920 to 1950 when
it was divided into its two present-day provinces, Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro.
In the island of Mindoro lives the indigenous groups of the Hanunoo, the Alangan and the Iraya. They are
collectively called Mngyans. They were once the occupants of the lowlands but were forced to withdraw to the mountains
when the Christians arrived.
The following are some vocal music of the Mangyans:
Iyaya lullabies
Ngayung ritual chanting
Ambahan poem song
Igway song
Marayaw spirit song
Pambuyen legend; it means fear of water
Musical Instruents:
Bangsi (flute) is an external duct flute, which has a chip glued on to the tube of the flute.
Subing (jaws harp) is a bamboo jaw harp.
Gitgit (lute) a three-string indigenous violin with human hair for strings.
Agong (gongs) a metal shaped like a pail with a circle in the middle.
Kalutang (sticks) this is percussion sticks played in pairs to produce harmonies on seconds, thirds, and fourths.
LESSON 2: Music of Palawan
Palawan is a paradise and sanctuary to a variety of fauna and flora found nowhere else in the world. It is blessed
with incredibly awesome landscapes that amazed even the most indifferent tourist.
Palawan is the countrys biggest province and is composed of 1, 768 islands and islets surrounded by a coral shelf
with an exceptionally rich marine life. Its steeply-sloped mountains are covered with virgin forests.
The ethnic groups found in Palawan are the Batak, Molbog, Palawanon, Tagbanwa, and Taawt Bato.
The Tagbanwas are original race of people inhabiting Palawan. They are by far the numerous ethnic group that
inhabited Palawan during pre-hispanic time. They are the most cultured of the original people because they have an
alphabet of their own.
The Tagbanwas are found in the western and eastern coastal areas of central Palawan. Their name means people
of the world. Their songs and dances are distinct from other tribes and minority group in the Philippines because of its
beat and rhythm.
Palawan music reveals general similarities with the remaining Indo-Malayan musical heritage before the advent
of Islam.
There are two kinds of Tagbanwa songs:
Oiman ballad song
Dagoy love song
Vocal Music:
Bagit
Kulial (songs) The Kudaman epics starts with a long narrated prelude in a tale pattern (50 typewritten pages)
before the six to seven nights can develop. The nights repeat the span of seven years that frames the ritual of
commemoration of the Master of Rice, Tamway at Ampuq at Paray.
Tultul (epic chant) to sing tultul is to be possessed by a Taw Tultultulan. These Epic Heroes are a type og
humanity who live in the median space and intercede between people on this earth and Ampuq. They are a
benevolent humanity protecting the Real Men. The act of chanting thus doubles with the embodiment, in the
very person of the bard, of these heroic and semi-divine Beings. One can interpret this relationship as an act of
possession in which the bard becomes a medium. Epics are always chanted at night, ending at daybreak; it is
forbidden to sing when the sun shines and during the day.

 Ulit (shamanic chant) the shaman songs the difficult experience o the voyage of his double, kurudawa, by a
specific chant, the lumbaa, whose melody is in all points assimlable to any epic melodic line. And it is precisely
the ordeals that the soul of the shaman overcomes in the course of his voyage the encounters with the evil doers,
Lanagam or Saaitan, the discussions, the bargaining engaged in with the invisible beings that constitute the
shamanic chant.
Instrumental Music:
Aruding (jaws harp)
Babarak (ring flute)
Suling (banded flute)
Basal (gong)
Kusyapiq (lute)
Pagang (Bamboo zither)
LESSON 3: Music of the Visayas
Visayas is one of the three island groups in the Philippines, along with Luzon, and Mindanao. It consists of
several islands such as Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Masbate, and Romblon. It is the middle part of the
Philippine archipelago.
In the small areas of Panay and Negros, another minority ethnic group resides called the Negritos or Ati.
Like the Mangyans, the Negritos were forced to withdraw into the mountains. Most of their music are improvised.
The wide repertoire of Visayan folk songs include ballads, lullabies, haran (serenade), childrens songs. Working
songs, drinking songs, and a lively ssong and dance debate called the balitaw.
The following are some Visayan songs:
Ili-ili Tulog Anay lullaby
Ahay Tubaran song about nature
Lawiswis Kawayan song about nature
Pen Pen de Sarapen narrative song
Si Pilemon work song
Pakitong kitong childrens song
Ako Anak ni Tatay- childrens song
Ilo ang Bata childrens song
Ako Kini si Angi work song
Sa Lungsod ng Buenavista ballad
Matud Nila Love song
Adiyos Nanay ug Tatay wedding song
Dandansoy drinking song
Balitaw debate song
Vocal Music
BALITAO is a love debate in song and dance by a man and a woman. It is more sung than danced.
COMPOSO a narrative song with a recurrent refrain; a short musical compositions with words; a narrative
poem of popular origin
TAYUYON song and dance music
PASTORES christmas carols/songs

UNIT II
MARINDUQUE, MINDORO, AND ROMBLON
The islands of Marinduque, Oriental Mindoro, Occidental Mindoro, and Romblon are known for fine
baskets and mat weaving. For example, the Iraya Mangyan in Mindoro are fond of making baskets with intricate
patterns and designs of men, animals, trees, and other objects. In Marinduque, mat weaving from buri or raffia
plant is the popular craft. They are also known for their Moriones Festival celebrated every Lenten season.
On the other hand, Romblon is known not onyly for its MARBLE PRODUCTS but also for their
beautifully woven mats and bags out of Romblon plant.
PALAWAN
Known as the countrys last frontier, Palawan is rich in cultural and natural diversity. The Puerto Princesa
Underground River is one of the recently recognized Seven Wonders of Nature ofiicially confirmed on January
28, 2012. This subterranean river runs 8.5 kilometers and is a part of the Puerto Prinsesa National Park inscribed
in the UNESCO World Heritage List in December 4, 1999. It is the longest underground river in the world and an
important site for ecological conservation and awareness.
Palawan is also known for its largest marine habitat the Tubbataha Reef located some 98 nautical miles
at the heart of the Sulu Sea. This marine sanctuary is listed as one of the UNESCO World Heritage sites because
of its rare and phenomenal rock formations, flora, and fauna. Because it is literally surrounded by bodies of water,
Palawan is popular for its diving areas, hotels, resorts and summer getaway amenities.
Arts & Crafts
It is said that the first inhabitants of Palawan are the Tagbanuas. There are two groups of Tagbanuas in
Palawan each group speak a different language that belongs to Austronesian Palawan language group. The
Tagbanuas are believed to be the descendants of Tabon Man and most civilized indigenous people to live in
Palawan because they already have a writing system that they used in communication. Similar to the Buhid and
Hanuno scripts of Mangyans in Mindoro, this ancient writing system can be the earliest attempt to the Filipinos to
document their own history.
The traditional Tagbanua attire is from pounded bark of trees called salugin. In the olden times, the men
wear a piece of loin cloth called ambalad. Basketry is an important craft in the province. The most important art
piece from Palawan is the Manunggul jar.
Manunggul jar is considered as one of the precious artifact in Philippines pre-colonial era. The jar serves as
container for secondary burial of the deceased loved ones. Found in Quezon point in the northern
part of Palawan, manunggul jar mirrors the rich culture of the past.
II. FOLK ARTS FROM THE VISAYAS
A. Folk Arts of Eastern, Western & Central Visayas
PANAY
Panay island is one of the largest islands of the archipelago lying south of Romblon. The name Panay islands was
given by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi which his team moved there after experiencing food scarcity in Cebu. Panay literally
means there is food in Spanish.
Arts and Crafts
Weaving is the primary form of arts and crafts in Panay island.
ILOILO
Patadyong is a wrap-around piece of cloth worn by women. This type of clothing is often colorful and features
linear and geometric designs.
AKLAN
Cloth Weaving made from pinya fiber. The pinya weaving of Aklan requires a weaver to become almost saintly
because of its delicate and sharp fibers that often cause multiple cuts to the hands.
Pandan and Bariw a type of pandan to make their products, like baskets, trays and mats.
CAPIZ
Kapis (Capiz) shell the shell are often collected from the sea, bleached, and dried before pressing or cutting
into desired shapes.
NEGROS ISLANDS
Negros is an island of so many festivals. One of the famous festivals is the Maskara Festival in Bacolod, the most
spectacular display of colors and beauty of the Negrenses.
Sinamay - is made from abaca (musa textiles) twine and indigenous plant similar to banana.
CEBU

Cebu City is the oldest settlement established by the Spaniards and second most important metropolitan
center of the Philippines. It is also known by many nicknames such as Queen City of the South, City of Fashion
and Designs and ASEAN City of Culture/ASEAN Cultural City.
Arts and Crafts
Guitars from Cebu are also popular in many parts of the country because of its unique blend of sound,
craftsmanship, and durability.
SAMAR, LEYTE, AND BILIRAN
Kasadyaan Festival City a celebration of colors, beauty, and artistry.
Arts and Crafts
Banig made from tikog. Tikog is the Waray term for briw or romblon.
Two process involved in making banig:
o Lara weaving
o Burda embroidery
BOHOL AND SIQUIJOR
Arts and Crafts
Basketry is among the earliest industries that have been established in Bohol particularly in the twon of
Antequera where most of the weavers are women.
III. FOLK ARTS FROM MINDANAO
A. Folk Arts from Different Groups of Mindanao
BUTUAN AND AGUSAN
Butuan is known for its crafts in GOLD such as the golden sash found in the area. Aside from the golden
sash is a golden dagger handle with fantastic asymmetric forms.
AGUSAN MANOBO
The Manobosare great weavers and artisans. They make beads and necklaces, baskets, and other items
that they use in their daily lives.
The Lumads are the un-Islamized and un-Christianized Asutronesian people composed of around 18 ethnolinguistic
groups found in Mindanao.
The Okkir or Okkil refers to a geometric and flowing designs based on leaf and vine patterns.
Okir a datu male designs
Okir a bay female designs
Okkirs prominence in the Maranao art can be found in the torogan, an ancestral home for the highest title holder
in a Maranao village which symbolizes power and prestige.
Other variations of okkir involves the use of naga or serpent motif and the sarimanok, the rooster-like figure that
carries a fish in its beak.
LANAO
The center of Maranao arts and culture is believed to be the municipality of Tugaya in Lanao del Sur.
Living in the town of Tugaya are mostly skilled artisans and craftsmen specializing in almost every craft from
woodcarving, instrument making, textile weaving, brass and silver casting, gold, and mother-of-pearl in lay works. They
are also skilled in adorning torogan and wooden boxes called baul.
Malong a tubular garment; multi-colored garment is the first companion of every Maranaos throughout their life
from birth until such time that he breathers his last. It has many uses and designs. It can be used as an
umbrella, wrap around, basket, blanket, curtain, table cloth, babys hammock, and prop in theatrical
presentations that may represent a mountain, a cave, a tunnel or woven the waves of the raging sea.
Tnalak Weaving of Tbolis
Tnalak hand-woven cloth made from finest abaca fibers. This cloth is considered to be the expression of warm
acceptance to welcome and honor to guests aside from being a decorative tapestry.
ZAMBOANGA AND BASILAN
Yakans are among the best weavers in the Peninsula and in the neighboring province of Basilan.
Seputangan cloth and Sinaluan cloth
JOLO, SULU
Their art expression is usually in the forms of dance, weapon and clothing. Their barong sword are styled
according to the Maranao okir traditions.
BUKIDNON
Indigenous groups of people in Mindanao that belongs to the lumads.
Two distinct ethnic origins:
1. Binukid slightly built, with slanting eyes, high nose with lips that are ranges from medium and light brown

skin color, they live in the flatland plateaus of Bukidnon.

2. Manobos living in the mountains and refused to mingle with the Christianized counterpart.
Traditional Bukidnon costumes are composed of alternate horizontal striped of red, white, and black with
jewelries accented with yellow and gold. Wooden beads necklace from Bukidnon. Male costumes usually
different in patterns and designs from those of the women. Male attire are darker in shade.
DAVAO
Davao City is the center of the region and the largest city outside Metro Manila. The name of the region
signifies mountainous and rolling hills along the waterways if Davao river that empties into Davao Gulf.
Weaving in Davao
To the Mandayas, the good god Tagamaling taught a Mandaya woman how to weave abaca fibers to
make the design. This art of producing textile took her three months to master the craft locally called dagmay.
The Bagobos believed however that Baipandi taught the weavers the tie-dyeing technique called ikat and
the designs are woven into fabrics. The same spirit taught them the art of embroidery and beadwork.
MAGUINDANAO
The Maguindanaos are easily distinguished through their color scheme red, yellow, green and black. These
colors signify royalty among them and strictly observed in all their buntings, curtains, and decorations. Likus and
lalansay - are displayed indoor and often accented with sequins.
ARTS (PAINTING & PRINTMAKING IN THE PHILIPPINES)
ELEMENTS OF ART:
1. LINES a line is a mark made by a moving point. There are five main kinds of lines: horizontal, vertical, diagonal,
curved and zigzag.
2. SHAPE is a two-dimensional figure enclosed by a line. Shapes are flat. They have only height and width.
a. Geometric shape are precise shapes that look as if they were made with a ruler or other drawing tools.
b. Organic shape are not regular or even. Their outlines curve to make free-form shapes.
3. COLOR is the element of art that is derived from reflected light.
Three Properties of Color:
a. Hue the colors name
b. Value concerned with the lightness or darkness of a hue.
c. Intensity concerned with the brightness and dullness of a hue.
Different Color Schemes
a. Complementary Color Scheme are colors opposite to each other on the color wheel.
b. Monochromatic Color Scheme are a harmony of one color and its variations.
c. Analogous Color Scheme colors that are side by side on the color wheel and share a hue.
d. Warm colors red, yellow, and orange.
e. Cool colors blue, green and violet
f. ROYGBIV rainbow color (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet)

4. FORM is an element of art that refers to an object with three dimensions height, width and depth. It can be freestanding or relief.
5. SPACE is an element of art that refers to the distance or area between, around, above and below within objects. It
can be wide or narrow.
6. TEXTURE is the surface quality of an object. Texture is perceived through two senses touch and sight.
Three Kinds of Texture:
a. Tactile real textures which you can touch and feel.
b. Artificial human-made surface quality that is supposed to look and feel like some material.
c. Visual textures evoked by a photograph or picture depicting an object.
PRINCIPLES OF ART
1. BALANCE it is the placement of all the elements of the compositions so that their visual weights seem evenly
distributed.
Three Kinds of Balance:
a. Formal Balance/Symmetrical is a type of balance in which the contents on either side of a center line are

EXACTLY the same.

b. Informal Balance/Assymetrical is a type of balance in which the two sides of an artwork are not exactly alike,
yet still appears pleasant even.
c. Radial Balance occurs when all the elements in the composition radiate toward from the center or toward it.

Formal Balance

Informal Balance

Radial Balance

2. EMPHASIS is the principle of art concerned with making an element or object in a work standout.
3. HARMONY is the principle of art concerned with coming related art elements to create a pleasing appearance.
4. PROPORTION deals with the proper relation between two objects or parts.
5. UNITY is the arrangement of elements to create a feeling of oneness.
6. VARIETY is the principle of art concerned with combining different art elements like colors, lines, shapes and
textures.
7. RHYTHM is the regular repetition of lines, shapes, colors, and other art elements in the same or similar ways to
suggest flowing movement.
8. MOVEMENT is the principle of art used to create the look and feel of action, and to guide the viewers eyes
throughout a work of art.
PAINTINGS DURING THE SPANISH COLONIZATION
Philippine Paintings: SYMBOLISM refers to images with hidden meaning that can only be deciphered by those who
lived during that time or those who are keen observers and with knowledge in
history and symbology.
The Philippines is also rich in mythology. These are some of the mythological creatures of the Philippines:
1. SIPAY is said to be a man carrying a sack where he put children and bring them to faraway places as
sacrifice to the spirits especially when building a bridge.
2. PUGOT is a headless man walking in the darkness of the night usually in the priests garb. It is also depicted
as a ruthless creature scaring travelers.
3. TIGBALANG or TIKBALANG is a mythical creature, half man, half horse with a golden beard when owned
by a person can make him rich.
4. SIGBIN is a mythical creatures from the Visayas sometimes depicted as a beast with horrible eyes and claws.
One of the early form of painting in the Philippines is PORTRAIT PAINTING.
Maestro Damian Domingo a self-made artist and teacher from Tondo, Manila founded the first art school in the
Philippines, the Escuela del Dibujo y Pintura in 1821. He was born to a Spanish father and a
Filipina mother. He became famous for his tipos al pais I these are sketches of the natives,
Chinese traders, foreigners and Spaniards in their day to day activities.
PAINTINGS BEFORE THE REVOLUTION
1849 Spaniards opened the ACADEMY FOR DRAWING AND PAINTING which is similar to the art schools in
Madrid. Spanish painters such as CORTINA and NIETO stayed here until 1860 when they were succeeded by another
SPANISH painter, AGUSTIN SAEZ. The art school taught new methods, theoretical, and practical subjects. From this
academy emerged important Filipino artists.
First among the Filipinos and pride of their race are JUAN LUNA and FELIX RESURECCION HIDALGO

Juan Lunas SPOLARIUM

won gold medal in a competition in Spain.

Felix Hidalgos LAS VIGENES CHRISTIANAS EXCUESTAS AL PAPULACHO

medal in a competition in Spain.
PAINTINGS DURING THE AMERICAN PERIOD AND POST-WORLD WAR ERA
Artist who flourished and made names in visual arts during the American period were

won silver

1. FERNANDO AMORSOLO - He raised genre art to new heights because he was able develop his own way of
expressing it by the use of incandescent lighting in his ideal landscapes and portraits.

Rice Planting
2. VICENTE MANANSALA - His works are characterized by simplicity of subject matter but at the same time it showed
the intellectual compositions in his art and his ability to analyze forms. He combined realism with overlapping and
interlocking shapes that was his own style that he was considered one of the most progressive Filipino artist.

Give us This Day

3. CARLOS BOTONG FRANCISCO - His canvas celebrated the lives of people in the barrios while working in the
fields, eating, enjoying, relaxing and attending fiesta celebrations. His concern is the spirit of the community which is
evident in his portrayal of countryside scenes and events in the Philippine history that he avidly researched.

Andres Bonifacio
4. MAURO MALANG SANTOS - He is an illustrator and cartoonist for Manila Chronicle and creator of two comic
strip characters Kosme the Cop and Chain Gang. He transitioned from illustrational art to a lightweight genre of paintings
portraying the urban folks like the flower vendors, market sellers, and street characters.

Vendors
5. JOSE JOYA - He was an able exponent of abstract expressionism on Philippine art. He painted using generous and
vigorous dabs of colors and lines that look freewheeling and improvisational.

6. ANG KIUKOK - His paintings are characterized by strong tension and angst. His paintings are expression of dismay
from the prevailing condition of life and the changing society.

Last Supper
PRINTMAKING
- Is an art of transferring printed images from a surface.
Three Broad Categories of Printmaking (According to Surface Type)
1. Relief Printing uses woodcut, wood engraving, rubber stamps, and linoleum cut.
2. Intaglio what is removed in the plate ends up to be printed. The lines are cut in the surface of a metla plate using a
sharp tool called bruin or using acids.
3. Planographic Process the artist prints from a plane surface unlike in the intaglio and relief printing. This includes
lithography, silkscreen and other forms of stenciling.
PRINTMAKING IN THE PHILIPPINES

The beginning of printmaking can be seen in out clay pots dating as far back as 2, 000 BC, which were imprinted
with the textures and shapes of cord, shells, stones or textile. (example: Manunggul Jar)
DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA EN LENGUA ESPANOLA Y TAGALA
-the first book published in the Philippines used a wood block printing techniques.
TOMAS PINPIN
- The first Filipino printers occupation is placing and arranging the wooden block tiles for printing a frame.
DOMINGO LOAG
- Companion of Pinpin who disassembles the frame to allow the arranger to assemble new set of text printing.
NICOLAS CRUZ BAGAY
- An engraver and a magnificent artist for his drawing which he engraved. One of his notable engravings is the map of the
Philippines, CARTA HYDROGRAFICA Y CHOROGRAPHICA DE LAS YSLAS FILIPINAS.