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STUDY PACKAGE
Subject : Mathematics
Topic : HIGHLIGHTS ON PARABOLA,
ELLIPSE & HYPERBOLA
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Roll No.
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1.HIGHLIGHTS OF PARABOLA
CHORD WITH A GIVEN MIDDLE POINT :General method for finding the equation
of a chord of any conic with middle point (h, k).
Example: Let the parabola be y2 = 8x and (h, k) (2, 3)
we have to find the equation of AB
y + 3 = m(x 2) ....(1)
now y12 = 4ax1
and
y 22 =4ax2
Subtraction
y12 y 22 = 4a(x1 x2)
but
or
y1 y 2
4a
=
y1 + y 2 = m
x1 x 2
y1 + y2 = 2k = 6 and 4a = 8
m=
8
4
=
6
3
4
(x 2)
4x + 3y +1 = 0
3
Conversely : To find the mid point of given chord :Let the equation
of the line be 4x + 3y + 1= 0 given.To find the mid point (h, k) of AB
4a
4
4
8
here m = = y + y =
k=3
3
3
2k
1
2
since 4h + 3k + 1 = 0 4h 9 + 1= 0 h = 2 hence M is (2, 3)
Hence equation of AB = y + 3 =
a
2a
yk=
(x h)
k
(t1 + t2) =
mAB =
2a
k
....(2) or
....(1)
2
ky 2a ( x + h ) k
4
ah
=
S1
EXAMPLES :Ex-1Find the locus of the middle point of chords of the parabola y2 = 4ax which
(i)
passes through the focus
[Ans. y2 = 2a(x a) ]
(ii) are normal to the parabola
[Ans. y2(y2 2ax + 4a2) + 8a4 = 0 ]
(iii)subtend a constant angle at the vertex(Homogenise)Ans.(8a2+y22ax)2tan2 =16a2(4ax y2)]
(iv)are of given length (say 2l )
(v) are such that the normals at their extremities
2
meet on the parabola
[Ans. y = 2a (x + 2a) ; Hint : use t1t2 = 2 ]
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2k = 2a(t1 + t2)
2h
k2 = a2 2
= 2ah 2a2
y2 = 2a(x a)
a
This could also be spelled as locus of the middle point of all focal chords of all the particles
y2 = 4ax. or Locus of the middle point of all the chord of contact of the pair of tangents
drawn from any point on this directrix.
(ii)
2h = a( t12 + t 22 )
alsot2 = t1
....(1)
; k = a (t1 + t2)
2
2
t1 + t2 =
t1
t1
using (2),
.....(2)
k
2a
2
= t1 =
a
k
t1
2k
k
2a
2a
2 a 2a k
4a 2
+
t2 = +
+
t2 =
+ t1t2 =
= 2 2 ....(3)
2a
a
k
k
k k a
k
k2
8a 2
4a 2
+
4
+
+ 2 2+ 2 = a 2
=a
k 2
k
a
a
k
from (1)2h = a [(t1 + t2)2 2t1t2] = a 2
2ahk2 = k4 + 4a2k2 + 8a4
k 4 + 4a 2k 2 + 8a 4
a 2k 2
Ans. ]
Ex-2 A series of chords is drawn so that their projections on the straight line which is inclined at
an angle to the axis are of constant length c. Prove that the locus of their middle point is
the curve
(y2 4ax)(y cos + 2a sin )2 + a2c2 = 0
[Sol. Let n = cos i + sin j
PQ = v = (at 2 at 2 ) i + 2a ( t t ) j ;;;2h = a ( t 2 + t 2 ) ; a(t + t ) = k
2
alsoprojection of v on n = c
v n
= c;;;
| n |
Ex-3Through each point of the straight line x = my + h is drawn the chord of the parabola y2 = 4ax
which is bisected at the point. Prove that it always touches parabola(y + 2am)2 = 8a(x h).
2a
[Sol. Equation of var. chord ABy yi = y (x my1 h)
i
2
yyi yi = 2ax 2amy1 2ah
yi2 (y + 2am)yi + 2a(x h) = 0
(y + 2am)2 = 8a(x h) ]
DIAMETER :
The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel chords of a
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k
2a
k =
= constant
m
a
2a
Hence equation of the diameter is y =
i.e. a line parallel to
m
a
2a
4a 2
2
the axis of the parabola. Solving y =
with y = 4ax, we have, 2 = 4ax orx =
Hence
m2
m
m
also 2k = 2a (t1 + t2) t1 + t2 =
a 2a
coordinates of Q are 2 , Hence the tangent at the extremity of a diameter of a
m m
parabola is parallel to the system of chords it bisects.Since point of intersection of the two
(a)
2a
tangents are A and B is at1t2, a(t1 + t2)or a t1t 2 , Hence the tangent at the ends of any
m
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m1 =
2at
2
at a
2t
2
t 1
a ( t 2 1)
( t 2 1)
m2 =
=
t 2a
2t
(c)
m1 m2 = 1
Note : (1)
(d)
Any tangent to a parabola & the perpendicular on it from the focus meet on the tangent at
the vertex.
i.e. locus of the feet of the perpendicular drawn from focus upon a variable tangent is the
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ST = SG = SP where S is the focus. In other words the tangent and the normal at a point P on
the parabola are the bisectors of the angle between the focal radius SP & theperpendicular
from P on the directrix. From this we conclude that all rays emanating from S will become
parallel to the axis of the parabola after reflection.
Deduce that, if Q is any point on the tangent and QN is the perpendicular from Q on focal
radius and QL is the perpendicular on the directrix then QL = SN.
Note : Circle circumscribing the triangle formed by any tangent normal and x-axis,
has its centre at focus.
(b) The portion of a tangent to a parabola
cut off between the directrix & the curve
subtends a right angle at the focus.
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|||ly
Now (ii)
= a | t1 t2 |
p2 = a | t2 t1 | = , Hence proved.
SP SQ = (a + a t12 )(a + a t 22 ) = a2(1 + t12 )(1 + t 22 )
also (ST)2 = a2(t1t2 1)2 + a2(t1 + t2)2 = a2[ t12 t 22 + 1 + t 22 + t 22 ]
(iii)
(f)
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page 7 of 30
[Hint:
(1)
Note :
The two tangents at the extremities of focal chord meet on the foot of the directrix.
(2)
(g)
[Sol.
2bc
i.e.
b+c
b = a + at2
b = a(1 + t2)
2a =
1 1 1
= +
a b c
1
a
=
....(1)
b 1 + t2
c=a+
a
t2
c = a 1 + 2
t
from (1) and (2)
2bc
1 1 1
i.e. + = .
b+c
b c a
a
t2
= 2
....(2)
c
t +1
a
a
1 1 1
= +
+ =1
]
b
c
a b c
(h) The circle circumscribing the triangle formed by any three tangents to a parabola passes
through the focus.
TPT =
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tan 1 tan 2
tan = 1 + tan tan
1
2
tan = | tan(1 2) |
....(1)
a ( t 3 + t1 )
t 3 + t1
m1 = at t a = t t 1
31
31
1 1
+
tan 1 + tan 3
t1 t 3
=
= 1 tan tan
1
1
3
1
t1t 3
|||ly
m1 = tan (1 + 3)
m2 = tan (2 + 3)
tan(1 + 3 ) tan(2 + 3 )
tan = 1 + tan( + ) tan( + )
1
3
2
3
tan = | tan (1 2) |
....(2)
from (1) and (2), we get
= hence proved
]
(i)
The orthocentre of any triangle formed by three tangents to a parabola y2 = 4ax lies on the
directrix & has the coordinates a , a (t1 + t2 + t3 + t1t2t3).
(j)
The area of the triangle formed by three points on a parabola is twice the area of the
triangle formed by the tangents at these points.
Refer figure of point (h)
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1
1
1
t1 = tan1 ; t 2 = tan2 ; t 3 = tan3
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2at1 1
at 22
at 32
2at 2 1
2at 3 1
at1t 2 a ( t1 + t 2 ) 1
at 2 t 3 a ( t 2 + t 3 ) 1
at 3t1 a ( t 3 + t1 ) 1
=2
a (m12 + m 22 + m32 )
x1 =
3
2a ( m1 + m 2 + m3 )
y1 =
=0
3
a
now x1 = [(m1 + m2 + m3)2 2 m1m 2 ]
3
2a (2a h )
2
=
= (h 2a)
3
3
a
2
2
centroid is (h 2a), 0
but
(h 2a) > 0
3
3
h > 2a
Hence abscissa of the point of concurrency of 3 concurrent normals > 2a.
EXAMPLES :
Ex.1 Find the locus of a point which is such that (a) two of the normals drawn from it to the
parabola are at right angles, (b) the three normals through it cut the axis in points whose
distances from the vertex are in arithmetical progression.
[Ans : (a) y2 = a(h 3a) ; (b) 27ay2 = 2(x 2a)3 ] [Ex.237, Pg.212, Loney]
[Sol. (a) we have
m1 m2 = 1
k
also m1 m2 m3 =
a
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A1
=
A2
at12
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page 10 of 30
k
a
k
put m3 =
is a root of
a
am3 + (2a h)m + k = 0
y = mx 2am am3
(b)
m3 =
2( h 2a )
a
2( h 2a )
which is root of am3 + (2a h)m + k = 0
]
3a
Ex.2 If the normals at three points P, Q and R meet in a point O and S be the focus, prove that SP
SQ SR = a SO2.
[Ex.238, Pg.213, Loney]
m 22 =
2
[Sol. SP = a (1 + m1 ) ;
2
SQ = a (1 + m 2 ) ;
2
SR = a (1 + m3 )
SP SQ SR
a
1 +
2
2
2
= (1 + m1 ) (1 + m 2 ) (1 + m3 )
(( m )
2
2
2 m1m 2 + ( m1m 2 ) 2m1m 2m3 ( m1 ) + (m1m 2 m3 )
zero
Ex.3 A circle circumscribing the triangle formed by three conormal points passes through the
vertex of the parabola and its equation is, 2(x2 + y2) 2(h + 2a)x ky = 0.
[Q.13, Ex-30, Loney]
[Sol. Equation of the normal at P
y + tx = 2at + at3
passes through (h, k)
at3 + (2a h)t k = 0
....(1)
t1 + t2 + t3 = 0
2a h
k
, t1t2t3 =
a
a
Let the circle through PQR is
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
t1t2 + t2t3 + t3t1 =
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....(3)
2f =
and 4f = k
2
Hence the equation of the circle is
k
x2 + y2 (h + 2a)x y = 0
2
Ex.4 Three normals are drawn to the parabola y2 = 4ax cos from any point on the straight line y
= b sin . Prove that the locus of the orthocentre of the triangle formed by the corresponding
tangent is the ellipse
x2
a2
y2
b2
[Sol.
y2
b sin
A
also h = A = a cos
....(1)
and k = A (t1 + t2 + t3 + t1 t2 t3)
t1 + t2 + t3 = 0
= A (0 +
b sin
)
A
k = b sin
from (1) and (2) locus is
x2
a2
y2
b2
; t1 t2 t3 =
....(2)
=1 ]
LEVEL 3 PROBLEMS
Ex.1 Locus of a point P when the 3 normals drawn from it are such that area of the triangle
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am12
2am1 1
am 22
2am 2 1 = C
am32
2am3 1
....(1)
2
2
(m1 m2)2 = m1 2m1m 2 + m 2
= [m1 (m2 + m3) + 2m1m2 + m2(m1 + m3)
= [( m1m 2 ) + 3m1m2]
=
( m 1m 2m 3 =
k
)
a
h 2a 3 k
+
a
am3
3k
3k
3k
2a ) +
(h
( h 2a ) +
( h 2a ) +
m3
m2
m1
x
m
n
l
hence equation (1) becomes
(x + l) (x + m) (x + n) = constant
x3 + (l + m + n)x2 + (lm + mn + nl)x + lmn = 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
27k 3
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and
t1 + t3 =
t1 t3 =
a 2 t 22 4bc
a
t 2 (2b a )
a
hence
t (2b a )
k
= 2
a
a
at 22 4bc
h
ah + 4bc 2
= t2
=
a
a
a2
hence locus is ay2 = (2b a)2 (ax + 4bc) ]
t2 =
k2
(2b a )
k
2b a
=
ah + 4bc
a
Ex.3 Circles are drawn through the vertex of the parabola to cut the parabola orthogonally at the
other point of intersection. Prove that the locus of the centres of the circles is the curve,
2y2(2y2 + x2 12ax) = ax(3x 4a)2
[Q.26, Ex.28 (Loney)]
Ex.4 If the normal at P and Q meet on the parabola, prove that the point of intersection of the
tangents at P and Q lies either on a certain straight line, which is parallel to the tangent at the
vertex, or on the curve whose equation is y2(x + 2a) + 4a3 = 0.
[Q.11, Ex.29 (Loney)]
Ex.5 (a)
Prove that infinite number of triangles can be constructed in either of the parabolas
y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4by whose sides touch the other parabola.
(b)
Prove that the locus of the centre of the circle, which passes through the vertex of a
parabola and through its intersections with a normal chord, is the parabola
[Q.25, Ex.30 (Loney)]
2y2 = ax a2.
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a 2 t 2 2abt 2
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