Maths Extension 1 Miscellaneous

Finding the (acute) Angle Between Two Lines

tan

=
= tan( )
=

tan tan
1 + tan tan

m1 m2
1 + m1m2

m 1 = tan
m 2 = tan

The gradients of the lines must be taken in y = mx + b form

Example 1
Find the acute angle between the lines 4x + y = 6, x 7y = 3
4x + y
y
m 1 = 4

x 7y
7y
y

=6
= 4x + 6
m2 =

=3
=x3
= 7x 73

1
7

tan

m1 m2
1 + m1m2

4 17
1 + (4)( 17 )

297
3
7

29
3
= 84 6
=

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Maths Extension 1 Miscellaneous

3D Trigonometry
! Draw a neat sketch
1
tan x
! Pythagoras, Cosine or Sine rule?
! Use cot x instead of

a 2 = b2 + c 2

a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A

Example 1
The elevation of the top of a television tower is 50 from point A and 60 from point B. The
points are 120m apart and A is due north and B is due east of the tower.
Find the height of the tower.
C

50

120m
60
O

tan 60

BO

h
BO
= h cot 60
=

tan 50

h
AO
= h cot 50 h cot 50
=

AO
1202 = BO2 + AO2
14400 = h2 cot260 + h2cot250
= h2(cot260 + cot250)
14400
h2 =
2
cot 60 + cot 2 50
14400
h =
2
cot 60 + cot 2 50
= 117.82m

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Maths Extension 1 Miscellaneous

Division of an Interval Given a Ratio

Finding the co-ordinates
kx + lx1
x= 2
k +l

y=

ky2 + ly1
k +l

An interval may be divided internally or externally.

Internally:
Co-ordinates should be chosen appropriately according to the ratio
! A (x1, y1)
! B (x2, y2)
l
! P (x, y)
B

Externally:
If:
k :l >1

k + __ l

k :l <1

k __ l +
k

A
P

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Maths Extension 1 Miscellaneous

Dividing the Interval INTERNALLY

l

! A (x1, y1)
! B (x2, y2)
! P (x, y)

Example 1
The interval AB has end points at A(-2, 3) and B(10,11).
Find the co-ordinates of the point P which divides the interval AB 3:1 internally.
kx + lx1
ky + ly1
xp
yp
= 2
= 2
k +l
k +l
3(10) + 1(2)
3(11) + 1(3)
=
=
3 +1
3 +1
30 2
33 + 3
=
=
4
4
28
36
=
=
4
4
=7
=9
The co-ordinates of P are (7, 9)

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Maths Extension 1 Miscellaneous

Dividing the Interval EXTERNALLY

k :l >1
k
k + __ l
B

k :l <1
k __ l +

Example 2
The interval AB, where A(1, 2) and B(2, 5) is divided externally by P in the ration 3:1. Find
the co-ordinates of P.
kx + lx1
ky + ly1
xp
yp
= 2
= 2
k +l
k +l
3(3) + (1)(1)
3(5) + (1)(2)
=
=
3 + (1)
3 + (1)
9 +1
15 2
=
=
2
2
10
13
=
=
2
2
=5
= 6.5
The co-ordinates of P are (5, 6 12 )

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Maths Extension 1 Miscellaneous

Limits of Sin, Cos, Tan

sin x
x 0
x

lim

Example 1
tan 4 x
lim
x 0 sin 2 x

tan x
x 0
x

= lim

= lim cos x
x 0

=1

tan 4 x 4 x
2x

4x
2 x sin 2 x
4
=
2
=2
=

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Maths Extension 1 Miscellaneous

Mathematical Induction
! Normal addition
! Inequality
! Divisible
Proof by induction consists of three steps:
Step 1
Show that the result is true for n = 1 or (n = 1, 2, 3)
Step 2

Assume the result is true for n = k.

Then use the assumed result to prove that n = k + 1

Step 3

Conclusion:
If the statement is true for n = 1
And true for n = k, n = k + 1
Then the statement holds true for all positive integer n

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Maths Extension 1 Miscellaneous

Normal Addition
Prove 13 + 23 + 33 + + n3 = 14 n 2 (n + 1) 2
Step 1: Let n = 1
LHS = 13 = 1

RHS = 14 (1) 2 ((1) + 1) 2 = 1

LHS = RHS

True for n = 1
Step 2: Assume n = k
13 + 23 + 33 + + k3 = 14 k 2 (k + 1) 2
Prove n = k + 1
13 + 23 + 33 + + k3 + (k+1)3 = 1 (k + 1) 2 ((k + 1) + 1)2
4
1
4
1
4

k 2 (k + 1) 2 + (k+1)3 = 14 (k + 1) 2 (k + 2) 2

(k + 1) 2 k 2 + 4(k + 1)

1
4

(k + 1) 2 (k 2 + 4k + 4)
1
4

(k + 1) 2 (k + 2) 2
LHS = RHS

Step 3:
True for n = 1
True for n = k, n = k+1
True for all positive integer n

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Maths Extension 1 Miscellaneous

Divisible
Prove that 34n 1 is divisible by 80
Step 1: Let n = 1
34(1) 1 = 81 1
= 80_is divisible by 80
True for n = 1
Step 2: Assume n = k
Assume 34k 1 is divisible by 80
So: 34k 1 = 80M______where M is an integer
Prove n = k + 1

34(k+1) 1 = 34k+4 1
= 34.34k 1
= 81.34k 1
= 81(1 + 80M) 1
= 81 1 + 81.80M
= 80 + 81.80M
= 80(1 + 81M)____is divisible by 80

Step 3:
True for n = 1
True for n = k, n = k + 1
True for all positive integer n

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Maths Extension 1 Miscellaneous

Inequalities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Find asymptotes
Multiply both sides by denominator2
Equate to 0
Factorize
Solve
State and graph solution

Example 1

Example 2

2
x 1
( x 1) 2 2
x 1
2(x 1)
2(x 1) (x 1)2
(x 1)[2 (x 1)]
(x 1)(3 x)

x2 4
x
2
2
x ( x 4)
x
x( x 2)( x + 2)

1
1 ( x 1) 2

(x 1)2
0
0
0

>0
>0
>0

y
5

5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

x 1
x 1 < 0
x <1

x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

-5

3 x 0
3 x
x0

x=0

x2 > 0
x>2

2< x < 0

&

x+2 > 0
x > 2

x>2

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