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1 Principle of operation
IS
ID
S
Vi
L
IL
VD
D
VL
Vo
On-State
O-State
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Compared to the buck and boost converters, the charac- At the end of the On-state, the increase of IL is therefore:
teristics of the buckboost converter are mainly:
polarity of the output voltage is opposite to that of
ILOn =
the input;
the output voltage can vary continuously from 0 to
(for an ideal converter). The output voltage
ranges for a buck and a boost converter are respectively Vi to 0 and Vi to .
DT
d IL =
0
DT
Vi
Vi D T
dt =
L
L
D is the duty cycle. It represents the fraction of the commutation period T during which the switch is On. Therefore D ranges between 0 (S is never on) and 1 (S is always
on).
1.1
Conceptual overview
T
Switch state
On
O
0n
0
-V
Vi
E=
VD
Voltage
Vi
max
min
Current
av
D.T
VO
VO
I
I
I
1 2
LI
2 L
VL
IL
ID
IS t
Fig 3: Waveforms of current and voltage in a buckboost converter operating in continuous mode.
ILOn + ILO = 0
Substituting ILOn and ILO by their expressions yields:
ILOn + ILO =
Vi D T
Vo (1 D) T
+
=0
L
L
If the current through the inductor L never falls to zero This can be written as:
during a commutation cycle, the converter is said to operate in continuous mode. The current and voltage waveforms in an ideal converter can be seen in Figure 3.
D
Vo
=
From t=0 to t=D T , the converter is in On-State, so the Vi
1D
switch S is closed. The rate of change in the inductor
This in return yields that:
current (IL) is therefore given by
d IL
Vi
=
dt
L
D=
Vo
Vo Vi
1.4
From the above expression it can be seen that the polarity of the output voltage is always negative (because the
duty cycle goes from 0 to 1), and that its absolute value
increases with D, theoretically up to minus innity when
D approaches 1. Apart from the polarity, this converter
is either step-up (a boost converter) or step-down (a buck
converter). Thus it is named a buckboost converter.
1.3
IL
Io = ID = max
2
Replacing ILmax and by their respective expressions
yields:
Discontinuous mode
Io =
Vi D T Vi D
V 2 D2 T
= i
2L
Vo
2L Vo
Vi D T
L
ILmax +
Vo T
=0
L
Vi D
Vo
discontinuous
-1
D=0.6
-2
continuous
-3
-4
D=0.8
-5
-6
ILmax =
D=0.0
D=0.2
D=0.4
0
Normalized voltage
Fig 4: Waveforms of current and voltage in a buckboost converter operating in discontinuous mode.
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Normalized current
Fig 5: Evolution of the normalized output voltage with the normalized output current in a buckboost converter.
As told at the beginning of this section, the converter operates in discontinuous mode when low current is drawn
by the load, and in continuous mode at higher load current
levels. The limit between discontinuous and continuous
modes is reached when the inductor current falls to zero
exactly at the end of the commutation cycle. with the notations of gure 4, this corresponds to :
0.0
D+ =1
IL
= ID = max (1 D)
2
Replacing ILmax by the expression given in the discontinuous mode section yields:
-1.0
Normalised Voltage
Iolim
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
-6.0
0.0
Iolim
NON-IDEAL CIRCUIT
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Duty Cycle
Vi D T
(1 D)
=
2L
As Iolim is the current at the limit between continuous and with the duty cycle when the parasitic resistance of the inductor
discontinuous modes of operations, it satises the expres- increases.
sions of both modes. Therefore, using the expression of
the output voltage in continuous mode, the previous ex- 2.1 Eect of parasitic resistances
pression can be written as:
Iolim =
Vi D T Vi
(D)
2L Vo
the normalized voltage, dened by |Vo |= VVoi . It corFor the sake of simplicity, we consider here that the inresponds to the gain in voltage of the converter;
ductor is the only non-ideal component, and that it is
L
the normalized current, dened by |Io |= T Vi Io . The equivalent to an inductor and a resistor in series. This
term TLVi is equal to the maximum increase of the assumption is acceptable because an inductor is made of
inductor current during a cycle; i.e., the increase of one long wound piece of wire, so it is likely to exhibit
the inductor current with a duty cycle D=1. So, in a non-negligible parasitic resistance (RL). Furthermore,
steady state operation of the converter, this means current ows through the inductor both in the on and the
that |Io | equals 0 for no output current, and 1 for the o states.
maximum current the converter can deliver.
Using the state-space averaging method, we can write:
Using these notations, we have:
Vi = VL + VS
D
in continuous mode, |Vo |= 1D
;
These expressions have been plotted in gure 5. The dif- When the switch is in the on-state, VS =0 . When it is
ference in behavior between the continuous and discon- o, the diode is forward biased (we consider the contintinuous modes can be seen clearly.
uous mode operation), therefore VS =Vi Vo . Therefore,
the average voltage across the switch is:
Non-ideal circuit
VS = D 0 + (1 D)(Vi Vo ) = (1 D)(Vi Vo )
5
The output current is the opposite of the inductor current during the o-state. the average inductor current is
therefore:
Io
IL =
1D
Assuming the output current and voltage have negligible
ripple, the load of the converter can be considered purely
resistive. If R is the resistance of the load, the above expression becomes:
Vo
(1 D)R
IL =
Vi = RL
Vo
+ (1 D)(Vi Vo )
(1 D)R
D
+1D
RL
R(1D)
If the inductor resistance is zero, the equation above becomes equal to the one of the ideal case. But when RL increases, the voltage gain of the converter decreases compared to the ideal case. Furthermore, the inuence of RL
increases with the duty cycle. This is summarized in gure 6.
See also
uk converter
SEPIC converter
References
[1] The Flyback Converter - Lecture notes - ECEN4517 - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering - University of Colorado, Boulder.
[2] Non-inverting Buck-Boost Regulator (p.9)
[3] ST AN2389: An MCU-based low cost non-inverting
buck-boost converter for battery chargers
[4] Motorola Semiconductor. Application note AN954: A
Unique Converter Conguration provides step-up/down
functions. 1985. "... a unique step-up/down conguration can be created ... which still employs a single inductor
for the voltage transformation.
[5] Haifeng Fan. Wide VIN and High-Power Challenges
with Buck-Boost Converters. 2015.
5 Further reading
Daniel W. Hart, Introduction to Power Electronics, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
USA, 1997 ISBN 0-02-351182-6
Christophe Basso, Switch-Mode Power Supplies:
SPICE Simulations and Practical Designs. McGrawHill. ISBN 0-07-150858-9.
6.1
Text
6.2
Images
File:Buck-boost_continuous_discontinuous.svg Source:
continuous_discontinuous.svg License: GFDL Contributors:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Buck-boost_
6.3
Content license