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Buckboost converter

1 Principle of operation

This article is about the type of switched-mode power


supply. For the autotransformer, see buckboost transformer.
The buckboost converter is a type of DC-to-DC con-

IS

ID

S
Vi

L
IL

VD

D
VL

Vo

Fig. 1: Schematic of a buckboost converter.


The basic schematic of an inverting buckboost converter.

verter that has an output voltage magnitude that is either


greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude. It is
equivalent to a yback converter using a single inductor
instead of a transformer.[1]

On-State

Two dierent topologies are called buckboost converter.


Both of them can produce a range of output voltages,
from an output voltage much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the input voltage, down to almost zero.

O-State

The inverting topology The output voltage is of the


opposite polarity than the input. This is a switchedmode power supply with a similar circuit topology
to the boost converter and the buck converter. The
output voltage is adjustable based on the duty cycle
of the switching transistor. One possible drawback
of this converter is that the switch does not have a
terminal at ground; this complicates the driving circuitry. Another drawback is of any consequence if
the power supply is isolated from the load circuit (if,
for example, the supply is a battery) because the supply and diode polarity can simply be reversed. The
switch can be on either the ground side or the supply
side.
A buck (step-down) converter combined with a boost
(step-up) converter
The output voltage is typically of the same polarity
of the input, and can be lower or higher than the
input. Such a non-inverting buck-boost converter
may use a single inductor which is used for both
the buck inductor and the boost inductor,[2][3][4]
sometimes called a four-switch buck-boost
converter,[5] it may use multiple inductors but
only a single switch as in the SEPIC and uk
topologies.

Fig. 2: The two operating states of a buckboost converter:


When the switch is turned on, the input voltage source supplies
current to the inductor, and the capacitor supplies current to the
resistor (output load). When the switch is opened, the inductor
supplies current to the load via the diode D.

The basic principle of the buckboost converter is fairly


simple (see gure 2):
while in the On-state, the input voltage source is directly connected to the inductor (L). This results in
accumulating energy in L. In this stage, the capacitor supplies energy to the output load.
while in the O-state, the inductor is connected to
the output load and capacitor, so energy is transferred from L to C and R.

The rest of this article describes the inverting topology.


1

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Compared to the buck and boost converters, the charac- At the end of the On-state, the increase of IL is therefore:
teristics of the buckboost converter are mainly:
polarity of the output voltage is opposite to that of
ILOn =
the input;
the output voltage can vary continuously from 0 to
(for an ideal converter). The output voltage
ranges for a buck and a boost converter are respectively Vi to 0 and Vi to .

DT

d IL =
0

DT

Vi
Vi D T
dt =
L
L

D is the duty cycle. It represents the fraction of the commutation period T during which the switch is On. Therefore D ranges between 0 (S is never on) and 1 (S is always
on).

During the O-state, the switch S is open, so the inductor


current ows through the load. If we assume zero voltage
drop in the diode, and a capacitor large enough for its
Like the buck and boost converters, the operation of the voltage to remain constant, the evolution of IL is:
buck-boost is best understood in terms of the inductors
reluctance to allow rapid change in current. From the
Vo
initial state in which nothing is charged and the switch is d IL
=
open, the current through the inductor is zero. When the d t
L
switch is rst closed, the blocking diode prevents current
Therefore, the variation of IL during the O-period is:
from owing into the right hand side of the circuit, so it
must all ow through the inductor. However, since the
inductor doesn't like rapid current change, it will initially
(1D)T
(1D)T
Vo (1 D) T
Vo d t
keep the current low by dropping most of the voltage pro- IL =
=
d IL =
O
L
L
vided by the source. Over time, the inductor will allow
0
0
the current to slowly increase by decreasing its voltage
As we consider that the converter operates in steady-state
drop. Also during this time, the inductor will store enconditions, the amount of energy stored in each of its
ergy in the form of a magnetic eld.
components has to be the same at the beginning and at
the end of a commutation cycle. As the energy in an inductor is given by:
1.2 Continuous mode

1.1

Conceptual overview

T
Switch state

On
O

0n
0
-V

Vi

E=

VD

Voltage

Vi

max

min

Current

av

D.T

VO

VO
I
I
I

1 2
LI
2 L

it is obvious that the value of IL at the end of the O state


must be the same with the value of IL at the beginning of
the On-state, i.e. the sum of the variations of IL during
the on and the o states must be zero:

VL
IL
ID
IS t

Fig 3: Waveforms of current and voltage in a buckboost converter operating in continuous mode.

ILOn + ILO = 0
Substituting ILOn and ILO by their expressions yields:

ILOn + ILO =

Vi D T
Vo (1 D) T
+
=0
L
L

If the current through the inductor L never falls to zero This can be written as:
during a commutation cycle, the converter is said to operate in continuous mode. The current and voltage waveforms in an ideal converter can be seen in Figure 3.
D
Vo
=
From t=0 to t=D T , the converter is in On-State, so the Vi
1D
switch S is closed. The rate of change in the inductor
This in return yields that:
current (IL) is therefore given by
d IL
Vi
=
dt
L

D=

Vo
Vo Vi

1.4

Limit between continuous and discontinuous modes

From the above expression it can be seen that the polarity of the output voltage is always negative (because the
duty cycle goes from 0 to 1), and that its absolute value
increases with D, theoretically up to minus innity when
D approaches 1. Apart from the polarity, this converter
is either step-up (a boost converter) or step-down (a buck
converter). Thus it is named a buckboost converter.

to the inductor current during the o-state. Therefore, the


output current can be written as:

1.3

IL
Io = ID = max
2
Replacing ILmax and by their respective expressions
yields:

Discontinuous mode
Io =

Vi D T Vi D
V 2 D2 T
= i
2L
Vo
2L Vo

Therefore, the output voltage gain can be written as:


Vi D2 T
Vo
=
Vi
2L Io
Compared to the expression of the output voltage gain
for the continuous mode, this expression is much more
complicated. Furthermore, in discontinuous operation,
the output voltage not only depends on the duty cycle,
but also on the inductor value, the input voltage and the
output current...

In some cases, the amount of energy required by the load


is small enough to be transferred in a time smaller than
the whole commutation period. In this case, the current
through the inductor falls to zero during part of the period. The only dierence in the principle described above
is that the inductor is completely discharged at the end of
the commutation cycle (see waveforms in gure 4). Although slight, the dierence has a strong eect on the
output voltage equation. It can be calculated as follows:
Because the inductor current at the beginning of the cycle
is zero, its maximum value ILmax (at t = D T ) is

1.4 Limit between continuous and discontinuous modes


1

Vi D T
L

During the o-period, IL falls to zero after .T:

ILmax +

Vo T
=0
L

Using the two previous equations, is:

Vi D
Vo

discontinuous

-1

D=0.6

-2

continuous

-3
-4

D=0.8

-5
-6

ILmax =

D=0.0
D=0.2
D=0.4

0
Normalized voltage

Fig 4: Waveforms of current and voltage in a buckboost converter operating in discontinuous mode.

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Normalized current
Fig 5: Evolution of the normalized output voltage with the normalized output current in a buckboost converter.

As told at the beginning of this section, the converter operates in discontinuous mode when low current is drawn
by the load, and in continuous mode at higher load current
levels. The limit between discontinuous and continuous
modes is reached when the inductor current falls to zero
exactly at the end of the commutation cycle. with the notations of gure 4, this corresponds to :

The load current Io is equal to the average diode current (


ID ). As can be seen on gure 4, the diode current is equal D T + T = T

0.0

D+ =1

IL
= ID = max (1 D)
2

Replacing ILmax by the expression given in the discontinuous mode section yields:

-1.0

Normalised Voltage

In this case, the output current Iolim (output current at


the limit between continuous and discontinuous modes)
is given by:

Iolim

-2.0

-3.0

-4.0

-5.0

-6.0
0.0

Iolim

NON-IDEAL CIRCUIT

Ideal inductor (R L =0)


Non-ideal inductor (R/R L =100)
Inductor no ideal (R/R L =10)
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Duty Cycle

Vi D T
(1 D)
=
2L

Fig 6: Evolution of the output voltage of a buckboost converter

As Iolim is the current at the limit between continuous and with the duty cycle when the parasitic resistance of the inductor
discontinuous modes of operations, it satises the expres- increases.
sions of both modes. Therefore, using the expression of
the output voltage in continuous mode, the previous ex- 2.1 Eect of parasitic resistances
pression can be written as:

Iolim =

Vi D T Vi
(D)
2L Vo

Lets now introduce two more notations:

In the analysis above, no dissipative elements (resistors)


have been considered. That means that the power is transmitted without losses from the input voltage source to the
load. However, parasitic resistances exist in all circuits,
due to the resistivity of the materials they are made from.
Therefore, a fraction of the power managed by the converter is dissipated by these parasitic resistances.

the normalized voltage, dened by |Vo |= VVoi . It corFor the sake of simplicity, we consider here that the inresponds to the gain in voltage of the converter;
ductor is the only non-ideal component, and that it is
L
the normalized current, dened by |Io |= T Vi Io . The equivalent to an inductor and a resistor in series. This
term TLVi is equal to the maximum increase of the assumption is acceptable because an inductor is made of
inductor current during a cycle; i.e., the increase of one long wound piece of wire, so it is likely to exhibit
the inductor current with a duty cycle D=1. So, in a non-negligible parasitic resistance (RL). Furthermore,
steady state operation of the converter, this means current ows through the inductor both in the on and the
that |Io | equals 0 for no output current, and 1 for the o states.
maximum current the converter can deliver.
Using the state-space averaging method, we can write:
Using these notations, we have:
Vi = VL + VS
D
in continuous mode, |Vo |= 1D
;

where VL and VS are respectively the average voltage


across
the inductor and the switch over the commuta in discontinuous mode,
;
tion cycle. If we consider that the converter operates in
the current at the limit between continuous and dis- steady-state, the average current through the inductor is
I
i T D(1D)= olim D(1D) .
constant. The average voltage across the inductor is:
continuous mode is Iolim = V2L
2|Io |
Therefore the locus of the limit between continuous
and discontinuous modes is given by 2|I1o | D(1D)=1
dIL
.
VL = L
+ RL IL = RL IL
dt
D2
|Vo |= 2|I
o|

These expressions have been plotted in gure 5. The dif- When the switch is in the on-state, VS =0 . When it is
ference in behavior between the continuous and discon- o, the diode is forward biased (we consider the contintinuous modes can be seen clearly.
uous mode operation), therefore VS =Vi Vo . Therefore,
the average voltage across the switch is:

Non-ideal circuit

VS = D 0 + (1 D)(Vi Vo ) = (1 D)(Vi Vo )

5
The output current is the opposite of the inductor current during the o-state. the average inductor current is
therefore:
Io
IL =
1D
Assuming the output current and voltage have negligible
ripple, the load of the converter can be considered purely
resistive. If R is the resistance of the load, the above expression becomes:
Vo
(1 D)R

IL =

Using the previous equations, the input voltage becomes:

Vi = RL

Vo
+ (1 D)(Vi Vo )
(1 D)R

This can be written as:


Vo
=
Vi

D
+1D

RL
R(1D)

If the inductor resistance is zero, the equation above becomes equal to the one of the ideal case. But when RL increases, the voltage gain of the converter decreases compared to the ideal case. Furthermore, the inuence of RL
increases with the duty cycle. This is summarized in gure 6.

See also
uk converter
SEPIC converter

References

[1] The Flyback Converter - Lecture notes - ECEN4517 - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering - University of Colorado, Boulder.
[2] Non-inverting Buck-Boost Regulator (p.9)
[3] ST AN2389: An MCU-based low cost non-inverting
buck-boost converter for battery chargers
[4] Motorola Semiconductor. Application note AN954: A
Unique Converter Conguration provides step-up/down
functions. 1985. "... a unique step-up/down conguration can be created ... which still employs a single inductor
for the voltage transformation.
[5] Haifeng Fan. Wide VIN and High-Power Challenges
with Buck-Boost Converters. 2015.

5 Further reading
Daniel W. Hart, Introduction to Power Electronics, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
USA, 1997 ISBN 0-02-351182-6
Christophe Basso, Switch-Mode Power Supplies:
SPICE Simulations and Practical Designs. McGrawHill. ISBN 0-07-150858-9.

6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

6.1

Text

Buckboost converter Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter?oldid=727340276 Contributors: Glenn,


Giftlite, DavidCary, Filceolaire, Vadmium, TedPavlic, Hooperbloob, DavideAndrea, Krishnavedala, SmackBot, Bmearns, Vadim tr,
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6.2

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