1/12/16

Evolu+on of Food Produc+on

Part 1 - Where does food come from
and how is it regulated?

FD SC 105

Course Goals

With regular aEendance, reading and studying, and

comple+on of all assigned work, at the end of this
course, you should be able to describe and/or
iden+fy examples of:

the major components of the food system

examples of legal and economic constraints on foods
and of government in food produc+on/sale
techniques used in food processing/manufacture and
how they relate to nutri+onal value
ethical, cultural, and individualis+c inuences on food
values and consump+on
common hazards associated with foods and our role
(as consumers) in food safety

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Specic Objec+ves:
1. Iden+fy the origins food produc+on

2. Explain the role food produc+on plays in
society

3. Iden+fy examples of technologies impac+ng
food produc+on

Food System

Campbell-PlaE, 2009, Food Science and Technology

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All beings have a fundamental need for sustenance

Even before we were human, we needed food
Preface to Mo+va+on Theory, Maslow A., Psychosoma+c Medicine 1943 vol. 5 no. 1: 85-92
A theory of human mo+va+on., Maslow A., Psychological Review 1943 Volume 50, Issue 4: 370-396

>4
million
yrs ago

walking upright

~2 mil.
yrs ago

use tools
~1 mil.
yrs ago

used fire

~200k
yrs ago

produced tools and artwork

~50,000
yrs ago

cooking was likely an imp. part of our transition to homo sapiens

hEps://www.ted.com/talks/suzana_herculano_houzel_what_is_so_special_about_the_human_brain?language=en

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/evolution/indext.htm

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Homo sapiens

~500,000 - 10,000 years ago

Lifestyle
hunter-gatherer
nomadic

Eects
unstable food supply
little meat
little or no food processing

life span?
health?
http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/teaching-the-food-system/
Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication, J. Diamond, Nature, 2002.
Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human by R. Wrangham, ISBN 9780465013623, 2009.

*FOOD TREND ALERT*

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Is it healthier to eat like our ancestors did?

not
substantially

human

brain development linked

longer

to increased caloric intake

higher

rate

of childhood
mortality
hEp://www.ny+mes.com/2012/12/18/science/ancient-bones-that-tell-a-story-of-compassion.html?_r=0
hEp://www.ny+mes.com/2013/03/24/magazine/who-lives-longest.html?_r=0
hEp://www.anth.ucsb.edu/faculty/gurven/papers/GurvenKaplan2007pdr.pdf
hEps://www.youtube.com/watch?t=84&v=5lWVVFHzuLE
hEp://www.ny+mes.com/2015/08/13/science/for-evolving-brains-a-paleo-diet-full-of-carbs.html?_r=0

Homo sapiens

~10,000-~2,500 years ago

settlements (fertile crescent)
shift
to permanent
animal domestication
plant domestication

hEp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/HarranPlains/

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wild corn

Plant Domes+ca+on: Teosinte vs. Maize/Corn

Thousands of years ago ..Today

hEp://learn.gene+cs.utah.edu/content/selec+on/corn/
hEp://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=19120&page=5

Plant Domes+ca+on: Tomatoes

Domes+catedWild

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Emergence of Domes+cated Plants and Animals

Southwest
U.S. 4,200 BCE
Central Mexico
c. 9,000 BCE.

North China
Southern Europe
8,700 BCE
5,700 BCE.
Near
east
(fertile
Eastern U.S.,
Crescent) 9,500
South China
4,500 BCE
8,500 BCE

- societies popped up all

around the world
- earliest in moderate
climates

Sub-Saharan
Africa 4,000 BCE.

South Central Andes,

7,000 BCE

*Adapted from Food, Farming and Community

Eects of Early Agriculture

(~10,000-2,500 years ago)

HUGE
population grows
more
stable food supple
less
variety (more restricted to what we grow)
but
some new foods

(milk)

food
processing begins

Other consequences?
Societal? Environmental? Etc.

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Global Popula+on Es+mates

YOU are here

hEp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/popula+on/popula+on_change_structure_rev1.shtml

Eects of Explora+on:
Marco Polo (1200-1300s)

hEp://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~vaucher/Genealogy/Documents/Asia/EuropeanExplora+on.html

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Eects of Explora+on:
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
Sponsored by Spain, traveled to New World
Plant/animal exchange
Spurred changes in agriculture

Image originally by: Phirosiberia

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Viajes_de_colon_en.svg

What dya mean tomatoes arent Italian??

1 coffee
2 sugar cane
3 apples
4 chocolate
5 corn
6 rice
7 potatoes
8 tomatoes
9 peanuts
10 wheat

*Adapted from Food, Farming and Community

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Renaissance & Scien+c Revolu+on:

~15-16th century
Shift in cultural values

Rapid technological
development
Mechanical
Chemical
Biological

*Adapted from Food, Farming and Community

PRE- Industrial Revolu+on (17-1800s)

Mechanical technologies

10

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Industrial Revolu+on (17-1800s)

Mechanical technologies

hEp://www.columbiariverimages.com/Regions/Places/steam_trains.html

Post-Industrial Revolu+on, early 1900s

Ex. other mechanical feats:

Image by: Shannon1

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/CVP_Map.png
hEp://oldtractors-engines.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-ice-industry-american-phenomenon.html

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Post-Industrial Revolu+on, today

More mechanical technologies:

Eects Beyond Agriculture

Campbell-PlaE, 2009, Food Science and Technology

12

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Post Industrial Revolu+on, today

hEp://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspec+ve/2013/09/gao-usda-took-shortcuts-poultry-inspec+on-plan
hEp://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2006-june/meat-processing-rms-aEract-hispanic-workers-to-rural-america.aspx#.Ui3PHVOoVZU

Chemical Technologies


Insecticides
Herbicides

hEp://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-ins+tutes/teaching-the-food-system/

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Biological Technologies
Green Revolution (1950s-70s)
Norman Bourlag and others
Nobel Peace Prize

*Adapted from Food, Farming and Community

http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/topics/borlaug/borlaug-green.html

Biological Technologies, contd

Biotechnology
Genetically Modied
Organisms (GMO)

hEp://www.aliexpress.com/store/product/Free-shipping-Japan-square-watermelon-seeds-in-two-colors-
yellow-and-red-watermelon-seeds-20-small/1234042_1823319262.html

hEp://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-ins+tutes/teaching-the-food-system/
hEp://www.japalangblog.com/2014/04/07/square-watermelons-how-they-are-made/

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Mechanical, Chemical, Biological

What are the eects of these technologies?

hEp://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-ins+tutes/teaching-the-food-system/
hEps://courseware.e-educa+on.psu.edu/courses/egee101/L10_climate_sample/214_PopReduc+on.html

.on Farms

15

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.on Land

Daniel J. Hillel, Out of the Earth: Civiliza+on and the Life of the Soil, 1991
hEp://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-ins+tutes/teaching-the-food-system/
hEp://www.nature.org/ourini+a+ves/regions/northamerica/when-the-dust-seEled.xml

.on Water

hEp://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-ins+tutes/teaching-the-food-system/

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....on Farmers

100

250

90
200

70
60

US Population Millions

Percent US Population
Employed on a Farm

80

150

50
40

100

30
20

50

10
0

1780

1835

1890

1945

2000

.on Food Produc+on

60

120

50

100

40

80

30

60

20

40

10

20

People Fed per Farm Worker

Hours Farmwork
per Acre Planted

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

17

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.on Food Produc+on contd

hEp://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-ins+tutes/teaching-the-food-system/

.on us?
An+bio+c resistance?
Detachment from food produc+on?
Obesity?

hEp://content.healthaairs.org/content/29/3/405.full
hEp://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-ins+tutes/teaching-the-food-system/
hEp://www.cbsnews.com/news/perdues-humanely-raised-chicken-the-latest-misleading-food-claim/

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Mechanical, Chemical, Biological

What are the eects of these technologies?
Before

Posi+ve & Nega+ve

Ater

Posi+ve & Nega+ve

hEp://www.smallfarmsuccess.info/

hEps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
hEp://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-ins+tutes/teaching-the-food-system/
File:Dorothea_Lange,_Farmers_who_have_bought_machinery_coopera+vely,_West_Carlton,_Yamhill
hEps://courseware.e-educa+on.psu.edu/courses/egee101/L10_climate_sample/214_PopReduc+on.html
_County,_Oregon,_1939.jpg

Summary: Mechanical, Chemical, &

Biological Eects
Positive?

Negative?

In the history of
civiliza+on.the
plowshare has been
far more destruc+ve
than the sword.

Daniel J. Hillel, Out of the Earth: Civiliza+on and the Life of the Soil, 1991

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