SAFE MOORING OPERATIONS

Prepared by : Capt.Goran Belamaric, Mag. Eng.

Master Mariner

SHIPBOARD TRAINING
Split, listopad.2011.

Handlingg of moorings
g

G
Greatest
t t risk
i k off injury
i j
to
t
yourself
you
se a
and
d you
your shipmates
s p ates
i during
is
d i mooring
i
operations
p
2

OBJECTIVES

TO RAISE AWARENESS OF
THE HAZARDS
ASSOCIATED
SSOC
WITH
MOORING OPERATONS
3

TOPICS

Vessel Security
Winches
Wires
Synthetic Ropes
Snapback zone
Stoppers
Tug lines

VESSEL SECURITY

WHAT DOES A MOORING SYSTEM DO?

- Assists in heaving the ship alongside

- Prevents the ship from moving away
from the berth
- Holds the ship in place in relation to
loading arms

FORCES INVOLVED

Wind
Current
Tide
Surge due to passing ships
Waves and swell
Change of freeboard

The only reliable defence against these forces

g
line tending
g while the ship
p is
is regular
moored

SECURITY OF THE VESSEL

Good knowledge & use of ships

equipment.
Awareness of good mooring
principles.
Careful planning

This continues all the time ship is alongside.

WINCHES

Safetyy reminders
Ensure:

(Steam pipes are lagged and guarded.)

Operator platforms are secure.

Winch
Wi
h area iis ffree ffrom oil.
il L
Leaks
k tto b
be
rectified.
Heave/slack directions are clearly marked
marked.
10

Winches

ON COMPLETION OF MOORING

BRAKE ON

OUT OF GEAR

11

Winch brakes
The force at which the brake will slip is
dependent on:

The number of layers of rope on the drum (more

(more
llayers LESS brake
b k h
holding
ldi power).
power).
)

How well the brake has been applied

applied.

Condition of the brake

brake.

12

Winch brakes

No. of Layer Brake Holding CapacityExample

No
1st Layer
100%
45 Tonnes
2nd Layer
88%
40 Tonnes
3rd Layer
80%
36 Tonnes
4th Layer
73%
33 Tonnes
5th Layer
67%
30 Tonnes
6th Layer
61%
27 Tonnes
13

Winch brakes
Rope must be reeled on the drum in the correct direction

Incorrect direction could reduce brake holding power by 50%!

14

Winch brakes
Slacking down a rope

Winch in gear

Release brake

Rope walked back under power

The line should never be slacked back by releasing the brake. This
causes u
uneven
e e wear
ea o
on tthe
eb
brake.
a e Itt is
sa
also
so u
uncontrolled
co t o ed a
and
d
therefore

UNSAFE!
15

Split
p drum winches

16

Split
p drum winches

Minimise crush damage

Brake holding quoted for 1st layer

17

Safetyy reminders

Do not:

U a wire
Use
i di
directt ffrom a stowage
t
reel that has been designed only for
stowing.

18

Safetyy reminders

Do not:

St d ttoo close
Stand
l
tto drum
d
end
d when
h
holding a line. If line surges you
could be drawn into the drum.

19

Safetyy reminders
Handling wire from storage drum to tension drum

Pull wire towards the body.

If the wire jumps it will jump away
from the body.
body
20

Safetyy reminders
Familiarise yourself with the mooring equipment.

21

Safetyy reminders
Ensure Heave and Slack controls are clearly marked.

22

Safetyy reminders
Never leave the winch running unattended.

23

Safetyy reminders

When operating a winch:

Operator must understand the controls

Have a clear view of the person giving
instructions

24

Safetyy reminders

When operating a winch:

Operator must understand the controls

Have a clear view of the person giving
instructions

25

ROPES

26

 Postoje dva tipa upletanje koja ovise o smjeru uvijanja, Z-Iay I S-lay.
Kada pogleda konopac vidjeti e "Z" oznaku na konopu, takav konop
naziva se Z-lay (Z-pleteni ili livo pleteni) konop. Gdje vidi oznaku S" na
konopu, takav konop naziva se S-lay (S-pleteni ili desno pleteni) konop.

Z
Z-lay
lay coil je smotan u smjeru kazaljke na satu (clockwise)
S-lay, coil je smotan obrnuto od kazaljke na satu (anti clockwise

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 Dvostruko
D
t k pleteni
l t i / Double
D bl Braided
B id d konop
k
Ovajj konop
p je
j lagan
g za rukovanje,
j , dobre savitljivosti
j
i sa
mogunou manjih deformacija.
Prekidno optereenje je znaajno poveano. Ovo se jo zove Tafle
Rope ili Doubler
Rope
Doubler Rope
Rope ovisno o proizvoau.

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29

WIRES

30

Care of wire
Avoid - leading wire around sharp edges
Damages wire,
wire seriously reduces strength

Avoid - crossing the wire on the drum

C hi or fl
Crushing
flattening
i also
l d
damages wire
i & seriously
i
l reduces
d
strength

A oid - kinking the wire

Avoid
ire
This opens the lay and leaves the wire permanently weakened.

Avoid - leading the wires through excessive angles

Forces acting on the wire could exceed the wires MBL.

Always check the wire for snags before use.

The practice of sighting a wire before use could also prevent an injury or accident
accident.
31

Safetyy reminders
Always - stand clear of a wire under load
Never - stand in the bight of a wire or rope
Always - wear gloves when handling wires

32

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34

35

SYNTHETIC FIBRE ROPES

36

Rope care

Must be kept clear of chemicals, paint, thinners or

thinner vapours
vapours.

Reduce exposure to sunlight to a minimum.

Must be visually inspected regularly.

M st be stored in well
Must
ell ventilated,
entilated dr
dry conditions
conditions.

Avoid chaffing and friction damage to the ropes.

37

Synthetic fibre mooring ropes

When making fast to bitts, two round turns then figure of 8.

38

Safetyy reminders

Do not - surge fibre ropes on drum end.

This may cause the rope to stick and
jump.
Do not - apply too many turns
turns. In general
general,
not less than 3, but not more than 4
turns. If too many turns the line cannot
be released in a controlled manner
manner.
39

Messengers
g
Messenger should be a least 28-32mm diameter, 8
stranded square line polypropylene
polypropylene.
Submerged moorings require the use of larger
messengers up to 40 mm diameter. Such messengers are
still to be 8 stranded polypropylene square line.
All messengers are to be thoroughly examined for signs of
excessive wear and localised damage.
T
To avoid
id excessive
i exposure tto ultra-violet
lt
i l t rays,
polypropylene messengers are to be stored under cover
as soon as possible
40

Heavingg Lines

Constructed with a Monkeys Fist at one end.

Monkeys
Monkey s Fist
Fist to be made of rope

No added weights

41

SNAPBACK
SNAPBACK

42

Snapback

Keep
p clear of snapback
p
zone

Snapback is common to all lines

Synthetic lines will break suddenly

suddenly.
43

Snapback
p
zone

44

Safetyy reminders
Do not - leave loose objects in the handling
area.
a
ea If line
eb
breaks
ea s itt may
ay tthrow
o up objects as
it snaps back.

Do not - have more p

people
p than necessary
y in
the vicinity of a line.
45

Snap back zone

When moorings are under strain all personnel should
remain in positions of safety.

Keep
p clear of the

Snap
p Back Zone
46

This poster was created

by the Officers and Crew
of the Puteri Zamrud

47

STOPPERS

48

49

Stoppers
Ropes must never be used as a stopper on wires as it does not grip.

Secure a chain stopper

pp with a Cow hitch ((Lanyard).
y
)
50

Stoppers
For synthetic rope a synthetic rope stopper must be used.

The stopper should be used on

on the double
double
51

52

TUG LINES

53

Synthetic fibre mooring ropes

54

Hazards

Condition of Tugs line unknown

N t kknowing
Not
i when
h T
Tug will
ill h
heave

Load applied to line unknown

55

Line handling

Person in charge should monitor the

operation to ensure no load is applied
before securing or letting go
Never let a Tug go until instructed, do not
respond to directions from Tug crew.
Stopper off the line before securing to the
bitts.
b
tts
56

Line handling
Wh making
When
ki fast
f t or letting
l tti go the
th tug,
t

ALWAYS KEEP THE

TUG BOAT IN YOUR
SIGHT!
until everyone is clear from danger
danger.
57

Safetyy reminders
Do - stay well clear of the tow line at all times
times.
Do not - try to hold a slack line by standing on
it. If the Tug
g moves away,
y, so will you.
y
Do not - simply throw the line off the bitts
when letting go. Lower the line to the Tug
deck in a controlled manner
manner.

58

O
OTHER
WARNINGS
GS ON
O
BERTHUNG STATION

59

To Summarise
Remember: Greatest risk of injury to yourself and
your shipmates is during mooring operations.
- Good communications
- Knowledge of mooring equipment
- Knowledge of mooring principles
- Care of wires and ropes
- Keep clear of Snapback Zone
- Additional care during Tug handling operations.
operations
78

TYPICAL MOORING
EQUIPMENT AND
ARRANGEMENTS

79

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101

SHIP RUDDERS AND

STEERING GEARS

102

 Rudders
A rudder allows the ship to turn, simple plates have been superseded by
y
plates welded to cast or fabricated frame.
If the rudder has its entire area aft of the rudder stock then it is unbalanced .
A rudder with between 20 and 40% of its area forward of the stock is balanced
since there will be some angle at which resultant moment on the stock due
water force will be zero.
Most modern rudders are of the semi-balanced
semi balanced design
design.
This mean that a certain proportion of the water force acting on the after part
of rudder is counter acted by the force acting on the forward half of the
rudder; hence,
hence the steering gear can be lighter and smaller.
smaller
Fully balanced rudder
To reduce the amount of torque
q required
q
to turn a rudder the pivot
p
point
p
is
moved back from the leading edge.
The amount of torque then varies depending on the angle of attack.
Zero torque leads to instability with rudder moving within its clearance
clearance"
103

1. Ordinary;
2. Hanging;
3. balanced,
4 semi
4.
semi-balanced,
balanced
5. non-balanced

104

105

 This
Thi d
device
i is
i especially
i ll valuable
l bl for
f tugs,
t
trawlers, special vessels and more recently
,VLCC,
VLCC which
hi h are required
i d to
t manoeuvre
well , particularly at slow speed , and have
th best
the
b t propulsive
l i efficiency.
ffi i
pull gains
g
between 30 and 50% ,
Bollard p
equivalent to re-engining up to 1 3/4 times
the original
g
power
p
, have been obtained in
tugs and trawlers and in VLCC in
propulsive
p
p
efficiency
y between 6% to 13%
can be expected.
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