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January 2016
FOREWORD
The IAEA Water Availability Enhancement (IWAVE) Project is intended to build capacity in
Member States for gathering and using scientific information to fully assess the availability
and quality of water resources. The Philippine IWAVE Pilot Study is the first Member State
pilot of the IWAVE Project, and the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI), together
with the National Water Resources Board (NWRB), has partnered with the IAEA in the
Philippine IWAVE Pilot Study from the outset.
The Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Mines and Geoscience
Bureau (MGB) has launched a national Groundwater Resource and Vulnerability Assessment
project conducted in collaboration with the Philippine IWAVE Pilot Study. The MGB focused
its project first on two of the twelve Philippine Water Resources Regions (WRR) by
implementing new technical approaches and techniques to improve and accelerate the
collection and interpretation of hydrogeological data.
This project funded through the IAEA Technical Contract No. 17220/R0 has enabled the PNRI
to collaborate with the MGB in the design and application of isotope hydrology techniques
with data analysis and interpretation in Water Resources Regions 2 and 10 to demonstrate
effective and efficient approaches to groundwater resource assessment. Data collected and
information generated under this project are expected to be useful to MGB, the National
Water Resources Board (NWRB), and the concerned water districts by providing better
understanding of the sources and dynamics of groundwater recharge and in the assessment
of the vulnerability of groundwater system to contamination.
An important outcome of this undertaking is the enhanced appreciation of the NWRB, MGB,
and the water districts involved in the investigation, of the importance of isotope hydrology
approaches in improving the understanmding of groundwater processes. The water districts
realization of the vulnerability of the water supply to contamination and overexploitation have
elicited further interest in continuing investigations using isotope techniques in their
respective coverage areas. Moreover, the NWRB has declared the integration of isotope
techniques in the Philippine national groundwater assessment program.
The results of this investigations are reported in two chapters: Chapter 1 for Region 10 and
Chapter 2 for Region 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION TEAM/AUTHORS
Soledad S. Castaeda, Ph.D
PNRI-DOST
PNRI-DOST
Raymond J. Sucgang
PNRI-DOST
Jennyvi D. Ramirez
PNRI-DOST
Lutgardo Larao
MGB-DENR2
Aniano Torres
MGB-DENR
Susan P. Abao
NWRB-DENR3
Ferdie Billones
NWRB-DENR
Joey C. Castro
NWRB-DENR
Luis S. Rongavilla
NWRB-DENR
ADVISERS
Alumanda M. Dela Rosa, Ph.D
Director, PNRI-DOST
Vicente S. Paragas
ii
COLLABORATING AGENCIES
Water Districts in Region 2
iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) recognizes the importance of water on the
international agenda as water shortages and competition for water becomes greater around
the world (IAEA, 2012). Hence, the IAEA Water Availability Enhancement Project (IWAVE)
was initiated, aimed at enabling Member States to enhance the availability of freshwater
through science based, comprehensive assessments of national water-resources. The
IWAVE Project was undertaken to build capacity within Member States and assist them in
gathering and using scientific information to fully assess the availability and quality of water
resources. It provides assistance to improve national capacity for collecting, managing, and
interpreting water-resources data, and to use advanced techniques to simulate hydrologic
systems for resource management. The IWAVE Project focuses on the fundamental
hydrological data and understanding that are essential for conducting a comprehensive
national water-resources assessment.
The Philippines, although endowed with abundant water resources, faces the threat of
resource scarcity, particularly with respect to groundwater for which demand has been
perceived to substantially exceed supply. The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016
recognizes the problems concerning the water resources in the country which include, among
others, the lack of investment in water, inefficient water resource management, and the threat
to water security and sustainability of the impact of climate change. Rapid and uncontrolled
urban development has reduced aquifer recharge and has in some cases resulted in the
decline of groundwater levels and saltwater intrusion.
In view of the situation, the National Water Resources Board of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR-NWRB) and the Philippine Nuclear Research
Institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-PNRI) have joined with the
IAEA in leading the IAEA Water Availability Enhancement Project (IWAVE) in the
Philippines, which has been underway since 2010.
A specific remedy identified to address the data and information gap particularly on
groundwater resources is the formulation and implementation of the optimum methodology
iv
for application of nuclear and isotope techniques in water resources assessment. Isotope
hydrology techniques are currently underutilized in the Philippines for the assessment of
groundwater resources. To demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of these approaches to
groundwater resource assessment, the DENR MGB which has launched its Groundwater
Resource and Vulnerability Assessment Project (GRVAP), collaborated with the DENRNWRB and DOST-PNRI, under the Philippine IWAVE Project, in the design and application
of isotope hydrology techniques with data analysis and interpretation in Water Resources
Regions (WRR) 2 and 10. The isotope hydrology approaches that are developed and tested
will be replicated by the MGB into the assessment of the remaining WRRs in the future. The
application of isotope techniques is expected to accelerate and enhance the assessment of
groundwater resources in the country.
Field investigations were conducted with successful engagement of the Water Districts, the
regional offices of DOST, DENR-MGB, DPWH, NIA, and the LGUs through awareness
seminars and training on the application of isotope techniques in water resources
assessment.
The study areas covered Region 2 in Northern Luzon (which consists of the provinces of
Cagayan, Isabela, Quirino, Nueva Viscaya, Ifugao and Kalinga Apayao), Region 10, Northern
Mindanao (Bukidnon, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental), and Caraga Region (Agusan
Del Norte, Agusan Del Sur, Surigao del Norte and Surigao Del Sur)
Stable isotopic
composition (oxygen and hydrogen) and chemical composition (major ions) of groundwater
and surface water were determined before and after the rainy season whenever possible, to
assess seasonal variations. Rain stations for isotope measurements in precipitation were
installed at selected areas. Samples of rainwater collected represented the integrated
precipitation for a one-month period and analyzed for stable isotope and tritium composition.
Mean residence time and age of selected groundwater samples were determined by tritium,
tritium-helium, and C-14 dating techniques. Isotope ratio of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in
water was performed using laser stable isotopes spectrometer and a continuous flow isotope
ratio mass spectrometer. Tritium analysis was performed by electrolytic enrichment prior to
determination of tritium activity by low level liquid scintillation counting. Carbon 14 activity
was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). 3He was determined at the Isotope
Hydrology Laboratory of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, Austria.
v
Benchmark isotopic composition of the water sources in the regions were obtained and
mapped. The isotopic indeces of freshwater sources were established.
In Region 10, water samples from springs, deep wells, hand pumps and dug wells, and river
water were collected within the study area from September 2012 to June 2014. Monthly
integrated precipitation samples were also collected at different points within the study area
from October 2012 to March 2015. A total of 85 boreholes, 29 handpump/dugwell, 59 spring
and 36 river samples were collected.
The local water meteoric water line (LMWL) was established for Region 10 and this was
according to the equation, 2H = 8 18O + 10. Weighted means of -6.94 for 18O and 44.66 for 2H were obtained for the Agusan Basin and weighted means of 8.58 for
18O and -59.4 for 2H were obtained for the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin. These were used
as the isotopic indices for precipitation in the two basins within the study area.
Based on the isotopic signatures of the water sources in WRR 10, the region can be divided
into two major basins, namely the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin, covering the provinces of
Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon, and the Agusan Basin, covering the provinces of Agusan del
Sur and del Norte, and Surigao del Norte. The two watersheds exhibit significantly distinct
groundwater isotopic signatures. Local meteoric water lines of 2H = 7.86 18O + 9.93 was
established for Agusan Basin and 2H = 8.08 18O + 10.06 for the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin.
Agusan Basin groundwater are relatively enriched in the heavy isotopes compared to the
groundwater in Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin. This is attributed to different moisture source of
precipitation that feeds the two watersheds. The strong influence of precipitation on the
groundwater recharge is evidenced by the signature of precipitation during the high rainfall
months reflected in most groundwater and springs. Deep groundwater in the Agusan Basin
reflects the isotopic signature of rainfall in the rainy months of November to May,
corresponding to the Northeast Monsoon or Amihan. On the other hand, groundwater in the
Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin, carries the isotopic signature of rainfall in the rainy months in this
basin, from May to July.
There are no apparent seasonal changes in the isotopic signature of deep groundwater in
vi
this area. C-14 dating of the deep groundwater in the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin appear to be
relatively young, from 80 pMC to more than 99 pMC. Groundwater dating in Cagayan de Oro
City using Tritium-helium resulted in water ages between 18 to 72 years. Recharge rates of
422 to 625 mm/year were calculated for Cagayan de Oro City. Chemical analysis also
suggests that the deep groundwater of the area can be classified under Ca-Mg-HCO3 type
of water which is also characteristic of dynamic groundwater systems.
In the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin, groundwater flows from the uplands of Bukidnon down to
the coastal areas of the Misamis Oriental, probably originating from the KalataganKalatungan mountain ranges. In the Agusan Basin, water flows from the eastern mountain
ranges down to the plains of Agusan provinces.
An isotopic lapse rate of -0.06 /100 m was obtained for 18O and -0.53 /100 m for 2H was
calculated using the long-term weighted average of the isotopic signatures of the precipitation
samples versus elevation. However, these values are significantly small compared with the
global average and observed data in the Philippines. Isotopic lapse rates were calculated
using springs, assuming their elevations as the point of recharge. Using the springs as
proxies, isotopic lapse rates of -0.17 18O and -1.06 2H /100 m were calculated for
Agusan Basin. For Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin, isotopic lapse rate -0.24 18O and -1.4
2H /100 m were calculated using springs from Bukidnon. These values are in agreement
with the global average and observed values in some areas in the Philippines.
Shallow groundwater in both basins appear to be recharged by local precipitation, being more
enriched in the heavy isotopes compared to the deep groundwater. Shallow groundwater in
the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin fall also under the Ca-Mg-HCO3 type of water.
Spring samples for both watersheds also appear to be recharged by local precipitation with
a few exceptions which may be recharged at higher elevations.
CDO West groundwater is different from CDO East groundwater. CDO East water may be
influenced by the water coming from the Bukidnon area. While water in CDO West appears
to be influenced by local recharge as seen in the comparability of the isotopic signature of
shallow and deep wells. This may be due to the interaction between the unconfined and semiconfined aquifers.
vii
In Region 2, field investigations were conducted from 2012 to 2013 covering the provinces of
Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Viscaya, and Kalinga Apayao. A total of 49 samples from shallow
wells, 107 samples from boreholes or deep wells, 3 samples from springs and 21 river water
samples were collected. In August 2013, selected deep groundwater in Cagayan, Isabela
and Nueva Vizcaya were resampled for tritium-helium groundwater age dating technique (3H3He).
Rain stations for isotope measurements in precipitation were installed at Calamagui (23
m.a.s.l.), Maguilling (40 m.a.s.l), Namaballan (32 m.a.s.l.) and Natallad, Watershed (221
m.a.s.l.) and integrated samples of monthly precipitation were collected
from June to
December 2012.
The WRR2 LMWL was established to follow the best fit line, 2H = (8.6 0.2) 18O + (13.3
1.8) with a correlation coefficient (r2) of about 0.984. This coincides both with the Philippine
Meteoric Water Line (PMWL). The annual rainfall index for WRR2 was estimated to be about
-7.3 18O and -50.5 2H.
Stable isotope values of deep and shallow groundwater from Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva
Vizcaya and Kalinga provinces generally plotted along the Philippine Meteoric Water Line
(PMWL) reflecting the effect of altitude and the proximity to the ocean on the isotopic
signatures.
Shallow groundwater in municipalities near the coast are most enriched in the heavy isotope
while shallow groundwater in municipalities near mountain slopes in Nueva Viscaya and
Aurora are most depleted in the heavy isotope. The shallow groundwater in Isabela exhibit
intermediate O-18 values. This trend indicates high contribution of local recharge recharge
from percolation of rain or influent water from river or irrigation water.
For Cagayan deep wells, the 18O values ranged from -5.4 to -8.4 , most lying along the
LMWL. The good permeability of soil favors local recharge. The enrichment in heavy isotope
in the coastal groundwater that was also observed in the shallow groundwater further reflects
the influence of local precipitation on the recharge. Meanwhile, the wide 18O range could be
attributed to the characteristic of well design (tapping multiple aquifers) or the heterogeneity
of geologic overlay throughout the Cagayan plains.
groundwater 18O values ranged from -5.4 to -9.0 . The more enriched values are
believed to be influenced by evaporation possibly from the contribution of river water. The
viii
deep groundwater in Kalinga Apayao Province exhibited of 18O values between -6.4 to 8.0. The relatively depleted isotope values are attributed to the fractionation of light to
heavy isotopes due to altitude effects.
Isotope values of samples collected from various segments of the Cagayan River, traversing
the provinces of Isabela and Cagayan, and the rivers in Nueva Viscaya and Kalinga Apayao,
mostly lie along the PMWL. The relatively depleted isotope values in rivers from higher
elevation, particularly in Kalinga Apayao and Mountain Province are consistent with altitude
effects.
Only a few springs were sampled from the elevated areas of Kalinga Apayao and Nueva
Viscaya. The 18O values ranged from -8.8 to -9.8.
Groundwater samples collected from boreholes in Tuguegarao, Ilagan and Nueva Vizcaya
were determined to have detectable tritium and groundwater ages estimated using
3H-3He
dating technique ranged from 3 to 38 years old. Groundwater ages obtained reveal mixed
groundwater ages of about 9 to 28 years in Isabela, 33 to 38 years in Cagayan and about 3
years in Nueva Vizcaya.
groundwater flow, from the elevated area of Nueva Vizcaya to Isabela and downstream to
Cagayan.
The results of investigations in Region 2 provided insight on the general hydrological features
of groundwater and surface water alike. Findings based on isotope technique were found to
be consistent with previous hydrogeological investigations. Both shallow and deep
groundwater were found to be recharged locally by rain. The wide variability in stable isotope
range in shallow and deep wells can be attributed to differences in geological overlay along
the plains of Cagayan and Isabela province. Furthermore, factors such as borehole design
could have influenced the wide range in isotope values in deep wells as different aquifers
may had been tapped for freshwater production.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Subject
Page
FOREWORD
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF TABLES
xv
1-1
I.
INTRODUCTION
1-2
II.
METHODOLOGY
1-3
1. Theoretical framework
1.1 . Principles of isotopic measurement
1-3
1-3
1-4
1.4.
1-6
Groundwater dating
2. Study Site
1-7
1-7
2.2 . Hydrogeology
1-9
2.3.
1-10
III.
1-3
1-17
1-17
1-18
1-20
1-20
1-24
1-25
1-26
1-28
1-28
x
Agusan Basin
1-33
Cagayan-Tagaloan
1-35
1-40
Agusan Basin
1-43
Cagayan-Tagaloan
1-44
3.3. Springs
1-47
Agusan Basin
1-51
Cagayan-Tagaloan
1-54
3.4. Rivers
1-56
4. Moisture source
1-63
5. Groundwater dating
1-63
5.1. Tritium He
1-63
1-70
1-70
1-70
1-72
4. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
1-73
1-76
Abstract
2-1
I.
INTRODUCTION
2-2
II.
METHODOLOGY
2-3
1. Study Site
2-3
Site Description
2-3
2-4
2-6
2-8
xi
III.
2-8
2. Shallow Wells
2-14
2-22
2-23
2-24
3. Deep Wells
IV.
2-8
2-25
2-27
2-32
2-34
4. Rivers
2-35
5. Springs
2-40
2-42
CONCLUSIONS
2-44
REFERENCES
2-45
SUPPLEMENTAL FIGURES
2-46
2-50
3-1
II.
3-2
III.
3-2
xii
List of Figures
1-1
1-5
1-2
1-8
1-3
1-13
1-4
Geological Cross Section drawn using lithologic logs of COWD wells along
A A
1-5
Geological Cross Section drawn using lithologic logs of COWD wells along
B B
1-6
1-15
Geological Cross Section drawn using lithologic logs of COWD wells along
C C
1-7
1-15
1-16
Geological Cross Section drawn using lithologic logs of COWD wells along
D D
1-16
1-8
1-20
1-9
1-23
1-10
1-24
1-11
Isotopic Gradient for 18O and 2H calculated from the wt. ave
1-27
1-12
1-32
1-13
1-33
1-14
1-34
1-15
1-35
1-16
1-36
1-17
1-37
1-18
1-38
1-19
1-39
1-20
1-42
1-21
1-43
1-22
1-44
1-23
1-45
1-24
1-46
1-25
1-47
1-26
1-51
xiii
1-27
1-52
1-28
1-53
1-29
1-54
1-30
1-55
1-31
1-56
1-32
1-59
1-33
1-60
1-34
1-60
1-35
1-62
1-36
1-37
1-63
1-64
1-38
3H/3He
1-68
1-39
1-73
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-3
2-7
2-4
2-10
2-5
2-11
2-6
2-7
2-12
WRR2 LMWL showing individual data points from each of the rain
collection stations
2-13
2-8
2-14
2-9
2-10
2-22
Stable isotope data of Cagayan shallow wells sorted down to its municipal
xiv
locations
2-11
2-23
2-12
2-24
2-25
2-13
2-26
2-14
Stable isotope data of deep wells (boreholes with depth more than 35
mbgl) within Cagayan province
2-15
2-32
Stable isotope data of deep wells (boreholes with depth more than 35
mbgl) within Isabela province
2-33
2-16
2-34
2-17
Stable isotope data of groundwater from deep wells (boreholes with depth
more than 50 mbgl) within Kalinga province
2-35
2-18
2-36
2-19
2-39
2-20
2-40
2-21
Stable isotope data of the spring water samples (n=3) collected from
2-41
2-43
List of Tables
1-1
1-2
1-11
1-21
1-3
1-26
1-4
1-28
1-5
1-28
1-6
1-40
1-7
1-47
1-8
1-57
1-9
1-65
xv
2-2
2-6
2-27
Stable isotope values of deep wells (boreholes > 35 mbgl) in Cagayan and
Isabela, Kalinga and Nueva Vizcaya under WRR2
2-5
2-19
Stable isotope values of deep wells (boreholes > 35 mbgl) in Cagayan and
Isabela, Kalinga and Nueva Vizcaya under WRR2
2-4
2-9
Stable isotope values of shallow wells (boreholes <35 mbgl) in Cagayan and
Isabela Provinces under the Water Resources Region 2 (WRR2)
2-3
1-66
2-38
2-41
2-42
xvi
CHAPTER 1
APPLICATION OF ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES IN THE
ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCE IN
REGION 10, PHILIPPINES
CHAPTER 1
APPLICATION OF ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF
GROUNDWATER RESOURCE IN REGION 10, PHILIPPINES
1Racadio,
ABSTRACT
Groundwater samples from springs, deep wells, hand pumps and dug wells, and river water
were collected within the study area from September 2012 to June 2014. Monthly integrated
precipitation samples were also collected at different points within the study area from
October 2012 to March 2015. Samples were analyzed for stable isotopes ( 2H and 18O)
tritium, helium, and C-14 for groundwater dating. Results showed that aquifers in the study
area are recharged by infiltrated rain during the heavy rainfall months (May to November for
Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin, and December to April for Agusan Basin). Water in Agusan Basin
is isotopically enriched compared with the water in Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin. There appears
to be Interaction between shallow unconfined aquifer and deep semi-confined aquifer in
Cagayan de Oro City. Shallow aquifers appear to be recharged by local precipitation.
Groundwater in the study area is of Ca-Mg-HCO3 type, which is characteristic of dynamic
water with short residence time. Tritium-helium aging puts the water at ages between 18 to
72 years. Recharge rates of 422 to 625 mm/year were calculated for Cagayan de Oro City.
Keywords: isotope hydrology, groundwater resources assessment, Region 10 Philippines
I.
INTRODUCTION
1-1
In the Master Plan Study of Water Resources Management of the Philippines (JICA, et al.,
1998). Cagayan de Oro City (CDO), one of the municipalities in Water Resources Region 10
(WRR 10), was one of nine major cities listed as water-critical areas. Groundwater is the
citys primary source of municipal water. With its fast growing population and booming
economy, its stock of groundwater is suspected to be already being over-utilized. This is
manifested by the drop in static and pumping levels of the water districts production wells in
recent years (Palanca-Tan and Bautista, 2003). The CDO Water District distributes water
throughout the city for domestic and commercial use. However, big companies and residential
subdivisions in the city which use large amounts of water daily operate their own wells.
Additionally, a large number of wells in the city do not have permits or are not registered with
the National Water Resources Board (Palanca-Tan, 2011). Aside from CDO, most of the
municipalities in the provinces within the WRR 10 also depend on groundwater, either from
deepwells or springs, as their source of water. Only two municipalities, Malaybalay City in
Bukidnon, and Butuan City in Agusan del Norte, are known to use river water as their bulk
water supplies as of present. Aside from deepwells or springs, some households also have
also their own dugwells or handpumps.
One of the prerequisites for efficient management of a water resource is reliable information
about the quantity, flow and circulation of water within the resource that is being exploited.
The results of this study will provide policy-makers with this information to make sciencebased decisions and policies. This study aims characterize the groundwater systems in WRR
10 in terms of the sources of recharge and its recharge dynamics - groundwater residence
time and recharge rate.
1-2
II.
METHODOLOGY
1. Theoretical framework
1.1.
The water molecule contains hydrogen, with stables isotopes 1H and 2H and radioactive
isotope 3H, and oxygen, with stable isotopes 16O, 17O and 18O. Isotope ratio analysis involves
precise measurement, usually by mass spectrometry, of the less abundant heavy isotope to
the more abundant light isotope (e.g. 2H/1H, 18O/16O). This ratio (R) is reported relative to the
isotopic ratio of a reference standard. In the case of hydrogen and oxygen, the reference
standard is the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW). The isotopic composition is
expressed in terms of the isotopic ratio delta value, , defined as (Mook, 2000):
={[
] 1 } 1000
(1)
1.2.
Isotope fractionation
With the advent of sufficiently sensitive and accurate mass spectrometers, it has been
possible to detect differences in chemical as well as physical behavior of so-called isotopic
molecules or compounds, i.e. molecules containing different isotopes of the same
elements, such as HD16O and H218O. This phenomenon is called isotopic fractionation.
Changes in the isotopic composition occur during the transition of a compound from one
state to another (liquid water to water vapor) or into another compound (CO 2 to plant
organic carbon). Differences in isotopic composition can also be observed between two
compounds in chemical equilibrium (dissolved bicarbonate and carbon dioxide) or in
physical equilibrium (liquid water and water vapor). The extent of fractionation can be used
to explain various environmental phenomena (Mook, 2000).
The differences in physical and chemical properties of isotopic compounds are brought
1-3
about by mass differences of the atomic nuclei. The consequences of these mass
differences are two-fold (Mook, 2000):
2. The heavier isotopes generally have higher binding energies, thus having higher
heat of evaporation.
As a result of kinetic and equilibrium processes during evaporation from the ocean and
subsequent condensation, the ratios of the stable isotopes of hydrogen (H and 2H or
deuterium) and oxygen (16O and
18O)
temperature during condensation and with relative humidity during evaporation (Clark and
Fritz, 1997). The stable isotope ratios of water vapor in an air mass reflect the origin of the
air mass, and the ratios in the precipitation that evolves from the air mass reflect both the
origin of the air mass and the conditions under which condensation occurs. As an air mass
travels away from the ocean (or other source areas for water vapor) and precipitation
occurs, precipitation that is enriched in the heavier isotopes leaves the airmass first. The
remaining water vapor then is composed of lighter isotopes. Subsequent precipitation has
an increasingly lighter stable isotope composition.
1.3.
1-4
Figure 1-1 Global relationship between monthly means of D and 18O in precipitation, derived for all
stations of the IAEA global network. Line indicates the global meteoric water line (MWL) (after Rozanski et
al. 1993)
Therefore, the hydrogen and oxygen isotope distributions are correlated for meteoric
waters. Craig (1961) first defined the generalized relationship:
= 8 18 + 10
Neither the numerical coefficient 8 nor the constant 10, also called the deuterium excess
d, are constant in nature. Both may vary depending on the conditions of evaporation,
vapor transport and precipitation and, as a result, offer insight into climatic processes. The
deuterium excess d is a valuable tool to derive information on relative humidities.
1-5
A meteoric water line provides the benchmark for determining the origin of fluids and the
processes that have taken place to reflect the dynamics of flow or mixing. As such, it is
considered as a fundamental pre-requisite for interpreting isotopic results. A local
meteoric water line shows the correlation between the isotopic composition of hydrogen
and oxygen in local precipitation. Deviation from the line indicates mixing or isotopic
exchange with other sources such as mixing with evaporated water or mixing with
seawater, water-rock interaction, or microbial degradation.
1.4.
Groundwater dating
Groundwater age or residence time is defined as the time that a water parcel spent in the
saturated subsurface between the recharge and sampling at a well or natural discharge
point, or the time since the last contact with the atmosphere. For dating young
groundwater, tritium or 3H is usually employed.
Tritium is the radioactive isotope of hydrogen and is naturally produced in the upper
atmosphere through the interactions between cosmic ray neutrons and nitrogen
(Ravikumar and Somashekar, 2011). Another source is the thermonuclear bomb tests
during the 1960s. It decays to helium-3 by emission of beta particle and has a half-life of
about 12.32 years. It behaves like stable hydrogen and can replace one or both of
hydrogen in the water molecule. Being part of the water, tritium is an ideal tracer to date
groundwater with residence time of less than 50 years.
14C
is employed. Carbon-14 or
radioactive carbon is naturally formed in the upper atmosphere through the interaction of
cosmic ray neutrons and nitrogen. Anthropogenic sources include the thermonuclear
bomb tests during the 1960s. Carbon-14 decays to nitrogen-14 through the emission of
beta particles. It has a half-life of about 5730 years. Carbon-14 is oxidized into 14CO2 and
mixes with the inactive CO2.
14CO
organisms and some are assimilated by plants (Clark and Fritz, 1997; Kazemi, Lehr and
Perrochet, 2006).
Although rainwater contains some 14CO2 from the atmosphere, it is the soil zone that gives
1-6
14C
is incorporated into
vegetation by photosynthesis and later released in the soil by decay and root respiration.
The result is a huge reservoir of 14C in the soil zone. As groundwater passes through the
soil zone, it dissolves some of these carbon-14 containing materials and thus becomes
part of water as dissolved inorganic carbon. If the 14C gained in the soils remains with the
groundwater along the flow path without subsequent dilution, its decay can be used as a
measure of age. However, this is rarely the case as dilutions and loss by geochemical
reactions occurs both within the soil and along the flow path and therefore corrections
must be made to obtain a more accurate 14C age.
2. Study Site
2.1.
Site description
This study is conducted on the Water Resources Region 10 (WRR 10) of the Philippines
(Figure 1-2). It is located south of the Philippines at the northern part of Mindanao Island
within the latitudes 8 20 0E to 10 10 0E and longitudes 124 20 0N to 126 10 10N.
It covers the provinces of Bukidnon, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental (Region 10);
Agusan Del Norte, Agusan Del Sur, Surigao del Norte and Surigao Del Sur (Caraga
Region). It has an area of about 25,000 km2. A mountain range crosses the middle of the
study area, effectively dividing it into two major basins, the Agusan River Basin in the east,
and the Cagayan-Tagaloan River Basins in the west. The region is characterized by
mountainous areas, flat and rolling lands. More than 60% of Northern Mindanao's total
land area are classified as forest land. Figure 1-2 shows the delineation of these basins
and the location of sampling points.
1-7
Figure 1-2 Water Resources Region X. On the east is the Agusan River Basin (blue color). On the west, is the
Cagayan and Tagaloan River Basins (pink and green, respectively)? For the purposes of the study, the study
area is divided into Agusan Basin and Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin.
1-8
2.2.
Hydrogeology
1-9
2.3.
Based on the Modified Coronas Climate Classification, three climates prevail in the
Cagayan Tagaloan Basin: Type II climate is experienced by the provinces of Camiguin
and Misamis Occidental. This is characterized by no dry season but with a very
pronounced maximum rain period from November to January. Type III climate prevail in
Misamis Oriental and central Bukidnon, characterized by relatively dry periods from
November to April and wet during the rest of the year. Areas covered are partly sheltered
from trade winds (Amihan or Northeast Monsoon) but are open to Habagat (Southwest
Monsoon) and are frequented by tropical cyclones.
Northeastern Misamis Oriental and the rest of Bukidnon where rain has more or less even
distribution throughout the year (Source: http://cagayandeoro.da.gov.ph/about-us/da-rfu10/). Type II climate prevails in the Agusan Basin. Data from the rainfall monitoring of the
Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA),
the Philippine weather authority, at their Butuan City and Cagayan de Oro City Stations,
show monthly average of more or less 200 mm of rain for both basins.
2.4.
Cagayan de Oro City and the enclosing watersheds are underlain by a sequence of
volcanic rocks and overlain by alluvial deposits with limestones intrusives, metamorphic
rocks and ultramatic rocks.
Table 1-1 presents the inferred stratigraphic sequence including the presumptive
hydrogeological characteristics.
1-10
Table 1-1. Stratigraphic sequence in Cagayan de Oro City and its watersheds (adapted from NWRB, 2014)
Formation
Lithology/
Geomorphologic
Hydrogeological
Composition
Location
Characteristics
Method
Tapping
Quaternary
Sands, Silts,
River valleys,
Shallow and
Alluvium
Clays, Gravels
coastal area
water bearing
deepwells
layers
Terrace
Consolidated
Gravel
sands, gravels,
silts, clays
slopes
Unnamed
Basaltic flows
Volcanics
Volcanic cone,
Recharge area
dissected upper
lopes
Bukidnon
Sedimentary Rocks
Formation
Dissected hills at
Deepwell
bearing Layers;
and springs
Plateaus at Middle
multilayered Aquifer
slopes
Opol
Sedimentary Rocks
Formation
Hilly areas at
Lower slopes
Shallow wells
of alluvium
Indang
Limestone
Limestone
Capping at middle
slopes
Other
Metamorphic,
Inliers at middle
Formations
ultramafic, volcanic,
slopes
recharge to downslope
igneous
formations
The geologic map of study area is shown in Figure 1-3. Based on the geologic map and the
results of hydrogeologic mapping and analysis of available logs and well designs, three (3)
1-11
key geological formations which significantly affect the occurrence and movement of
groundwater in Cagayan de Oro City are identified. These are the quaternary Alluvium which
is the main aquifer, Terrace Gravel and Bukidnon Formation which is of sediments of
boulders, gravel, sand and silt. Groundwater occurrence within these formations is principally
controlled by their respective soil and rock components and their mode of deposition. The
Quaternary alluvium refers to unconsolidated interlayers of sands, clays, silts and gravels
which underlie the flat coastal area and valleys of Cagayan de Oro City. This formation
contains a permeable layer which corresponds to an unconfined aquifer that has been tapped
by the shallow and deep wells of various establishments. Based on the drilled depths of wells,
the alluvium is inferred to have thickness of 10 to 30 meters.
1-12
Figure 1-3 Geologic map of WRR 10. Deep wells are drilled in Quaternary Alluvium (R), volcanic plain (QVP),
and marine and terrestrial deposits (N3+Q1).
The Terrace gravel corresponds to the consolidated layers of sands, gravels, boulders set
in a matrix of sand, silt and clay which underlies elevated areas immediately adjacent to
the coastal areas of the valleys. It has the same composition as the Quaternary Alluvium
except for the higher degree of consolidation and higher elevation. The estimated
1-13
thickness of this formation could reach 170 meters but does not constitute a significant
aquifer. It acts as a recharge medium to the underlying Bukidnon formation. It contains
clayey and consolidated layers with limited permeability.
The Bukidnon formation underlies the Quaternary Alluvium along the coastal area, which
corresponds to tuffaceous sandstone, agglomerate, and conglomerate. The gravelly to
sandy layers within the Bukidnon formation corresponds to the multi-layered aquifers
tapped by the major production wells of Cagayan de Oro City. The lower stratigraphic
position with respect to the Quaternary Alluvium and the Terrace Gravel and the presence
of low permeability clayey and massive horizons favored the formation of semi-confined
aquifers.
The geological cross sections using well data from Cagayan de Oro was drawn using
Golden Software Strater 4 (Figure 1-4 to 1-7).
1-14
Figure 1-4 Geological Cross Section drawn using lithologic logs of COWD wells along A A. Unconfined and semi-confined
aquifers can be delineated in the cross-section.
Figure 1-5 Geological Cross Section drawn using lithologic logs of COWD wells along B B. An unconfined aquifer can be
delineated in the cross-section.
1-15
Figure 1-6 Geological Cross Section drawn using lithologic logs of COWD wells along C C. Unconfined and semi-confined
aquifers can be delineated in the cross-sections.
Figure 1-7 Geological Cross Section drawn using lithologic logs of COWD wells along D D. A semi-confined aquifer can
be delineated in the cross-sections.
The geologic formation is mostly quaternary alluvial and unconfined aquifer. There are
areas with unconfined to semi- confined consisting of rock type such as tuff, limestone
and sandstone. The middle layer is clay, identified as aquitard sandwiched by the upper
unconfined aquifer and the semi-confined aquifer. The unconfined aquifer corresponds to
the layers of gravel which underlie the coastal area and the valleys. This aquifer had been
tapped by shallow wells along the north to the east. This aquifer thickness is estimated
ranging from 10 to 30 meters.
1-16
Four sampling campaigns were conducted to cover the whole WRR 10. Sampling in
Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental, was done in September 2012, and in Agusan del Norte
and Agusan del Sur in November 2012. In January 2013, Surigao del Norte and Cagayan
de Oro City (CDO) were sampled. Samples were collected from boreholes (deep
production wells) dugwells (shallow domestic wells), springs, and rivers. Samples were
collected for
13C,
and
14C.
In June
2014, CDO was sampled for the second time. A total of 85 boreholes, 29
handpump/dugwell, 59 spring and 36 river samples were collected.
Sample collection for 18O, 2H, 3H, is simple, no sample filtration or preservation is required.
Double capped, glass or polyethylene bottle were completely filled directly from the source
or from a secondary container (a pail) making sure that there was no headspace. The
detailed procedures for collection of water samples for isotopic and chemical analysis are
described in an earlier paper (Castaneda, et al., 2012).
For
14C
containers, fully filled and completely sealed. These were preserved by adding by adding
5 drops of an I2-KI solution per 100 ml sample. These were kept at low temperature until
ready for shipment to testing laboratory.
Samples for helium measurements were collected only from closed boreholes using
copper tubes to avoid leakage of gas in or out of the sample during transport and storage.
Before sampling, the well was sufficiently flushed (until electrical conductivity values
stabilized). After flushing the well, a tight connection to the copper tube was established.
A tight connection between well and sampler was ensured to avoid gas exchange with the
atmosphere. The water was allowed to flow through the connectors and copper tube until
no air bubbles were observed to avoid air contamination. The sampling system was kept
at sufficient pressure to suppress degassing to avoid loss of dissolved gases. The details
of the sampling procedure for helium and other noble gases are described by Matsumoto
1-17
et al., 2012.
Rain stations for isotope measurements in precipitation were installed at Agusan del Sur
(installed on November 2012; 195 masl); Malaybalay City, Bukidnon (installed on October
2012; 658 masl), Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon (installed on September 2012; 570 masl), and
Cagayan de Oro City (installed on April 2014 at Bugo and Macasandig, 18 and 6 masl,
respectively). The selection was made based on elevation and ease of logistics. Each
sample collected represent the integrated precipitation for a one-month period. Within a
month, rainwater was collected in the installed rain gauges. To prevent evaporation,
medicinal paraffin oil was placed on top of the rainwater to prevent evaporation. At the
end of each month, the total volume of the rain collected is recorded, and samples for
tritium and stable isotopes were taken. A total of 10, 13, 13, 9 and 7 month samples were
collected from San Francisco, Malaybalay City, Manolo Fortich, Macasandig (CDO) and
Bugo (CDO) stations, respectively.
3.2.
Isotope ratio mass spectrometry of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in water was performed
using laser stable isotopes spectrometer at Isotope Hydrology Laboratory of the
International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, Austria and at Philippine Nuclear Research
Institute Environmental Laboratory, Quezon City, Philippines. The equipment measures
absorption around an optimum wavelength. Isotopic compositions are given as values,
the relative deviations to calculate molecular concentrations of 2HHO, HH18O, and HHO.
Molecular concentrations are converted into atomic ratios 2H/1H and 18O/16O and a post
processing procedure is used to calculate the delta scale () values with respect to the
Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW2). Uncertainty of analysis were 0.2 for
18O
and 1.5 for deuterium. Isotopic compositions are given as values, the relative
deviations with respect to the standard value, the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water
(VSMOW 2).
Tritium analysis was performed at the HYDRSYS LABOR Analytical Laboratory Ltd. In
Budapest, Hungary. The analytical method used is based on MSZ 19387:1987 standard.
The volume of the water samples was reduced from 250 mL to 14-15 mL by electrolytic
1-18
enrichment with an enrichment factor of about 15-16. The tritium activity was determined
by a superlow level liquid scintillation counter with a detection limit of 0.5 TU. Some
samples were analyzed at Philippine Nuclear Research Institute Environmental
Laboratory, Quezon City, Philippines based on Mendoza et al., 2010. Volume of water
samples was reduced from 500 to about 15 ml by electrolytic enrichment with an
enrichment factor of about 28-32. The tritium activity was determined by a Packard low
level liquid scintillation counter with a detection limit of 0.3 TU.
Carbon-14 activity was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at the Centrum
voor Isotopenonderzoek in Groningen, Germany. Activities were reported in pmC.
3He
Major ions in water (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, and SO4) were determined at the Mines and
Geosciences Bureau Petrolab and Fast Laboratories Inc. Bicarbonates were measured in
the field by titration to pH 4.5.
1-19
III.
A total of 52 rainwater samples were collected from the five rain stations, the locations of
which are shown in Figure 1-8. Stable isotope signatures of these rainwater samples
collected were used to establish the local meteoric water line (LMWL) in the study area.
Figure 1-8 Locations of rainwater collection stations. Selection of locations was made based on altitude and
accessibility.
1-20
The raw isotope data for precipitation were weighted by multiplying the monthly isotope
signature with the monthly rain amount divided by the total rain amount. These data set
was subsequently filtered by computing the deuterium excess for each rain sample, D
excess = 2H 18O. A small deuterium excess (< 5 ) reflects evaporation in the
sample (Dansgaard, 1964). Three rain samples from Malaybalay City, Bukidnon were
discarded (Table 1-2).
Table 1-2. Stable isotopes signature of precipitation samples collected from the five rainwater collection
stations from October 2012 to August 2013
Station
Latitude
Longitude
Name
Elevation
Starting
Ending
Rain
(masl)
Period
Period
amount
18O
2H
Dexcess
(mm)
San
28-Nov-12
27-Dec-12
315.22
-5.37
-30.87
12.1
Francisco,
28-Dec-12
27-Jan-13
507.09
-4.71
-28.16
9.5
Agusan del
28-Jan-13
27-Feb-13
287.81
-5.42
-31.51
11.9
Sur
28-Feb-13
27-Mar-13
123.35
-3.62
-17.30
11.7
27-Mar-13
30-Apr-13
137.05
-5.48
-33.41
10.4
30-Apr-13
30-May-13
137.05
-4.86
-29.36
9.5
30-May-13
1-Jul-13
239.84
-8.02
-53.79
10.4
1-Jul-13
1-Aug-13
246.69
-11.83
-82.79
11.9
1-Aug-13
30-Aug-13
267.25
-11.94
-83.10
12.4
30-Aug-13
30-Sep-13
178.17
-7.87
-53.9
9.1
1-Oct-12
31-Oct-12
84.29
-7.17
-44.54
12.8
City,
1-Nov-12
30-Nov-12
50.71
-4.62
-35.84
1.1
Bukidnon
1-Dec-12
30-Dec-12
163.09
-9.54
-71.75
4.6
1-Jan-13
31-Jan-13
216.13
-8.74
-62.85
7.1
1-Feb-13
28-Feb-13
147.33
-11.67
-86.56
6.8
1-Mar-13
31-Mar-13
32.89
-2.28
-21.12
-2.9
1-Apr-13
30-Apr-13
90.73
-5.24
-35.74
6.2
1-May-13
31-May-13
99.36
-7.65
-52.51
8.7
1-Jun-13
30-Jun-13
185.91
-8.23
-55.43
10.4
1-Jul-13
31-Jul-13
186.40
-10.69
-74.13
11.4
01-Aug-13
31-Aug-13
241.89
-11.31
-81.4
9.1
01-Sep-13
30-Sep-13
58.22
-5.4
-36
7.2
01-Oct-13
31-Oct-13
143.66
-5.52
-36.4
7.8
26-Sep-12
25-Oct-12
111.70
-8.19
-52.6
12.9
Fortich,
26-Oct-12
25-Nov-12
59.62
-7.02
-46.69
9.5
Bukidnon
26-Nov-12
25-Dec-12
145.27
-11.90
-85.71
9.5
5-Jan-13
5-Feb-13
79.76
-7.66
-54.44
6.8
5-Feb-13
5-Mar-13
106.08
-10.99
-80.47
7.5
5-Mar-13
5-Apr-13
43.03
-4.59
-25.97
10.8
Malaybalay
Manolo
8.46697
8.16096
8.35625
125.99044
125.11923
124.86342
195
658
570
1-21
Station
Latitude
Longitude
Name
Elevation
Starting
Ending
Rain
(masl)
Period
Period
amount
18O
2H
Dexcess
(mm)
Macasandig
21-Mar-14
20-Apr-14
82.23
-6.31
-44.9
5.6
Booster,
21-May-14
20-Jun-14
54.82
-11.49
-81.8
10.1
CDO
21-Jun-14
20-Jul-14
199.00
-7.35
-49.9
8.9
21-Jul-14
20-Aug-14
63.18
-6.04
-41.1
7.2
21-Aug-14
20-Sep-14
128.13
-9.72
-66.2
11.6
21-Sep-14
20-Oct-14
130.73
-5.13
-30.1
10.9
21-Nov-14
20-Dec-14
64.72
-14.81
-109.2
9.3
21-Dec-14
20-Jan-15
97.17
-10.73
-77.5
8.3
21-Jan-15
20-Feb-15
33.17
-5.13
-29.3
11.7
21-Mar-14
20-Apr-14
68.53
-5.4
-34.2
9.0
Booster,
21-Jun-14
20-Jul-14
49.69
-10.96
-76
11.7
CDO
21-Jul-14
20-Aug-14
40.90
-6.37
-38
13.0
21-Aug-14
20-Sep-14
21.71
-8.56
-55.9
12.6
21-Sep-14
20-Oct-14
78.32
-5.21
-28.2
13.5
21-Nov-14
20-Dec-14
70.72
-11.68
-86.9
6.5
21-Dec-14
20-Jan-15
132.25
-11.04
-81.9
6.4
Bugo
8.46969
8.50885
124.64267
124.7711
18
The relationship of the isotopic composition of hydrogen and oxygen in local precipitation
in the Agusan Basin is shown in Figure 1-9. A simple regression analysis yielded a LMWL
of 2H = (7.86 0.14) 18O + (9.93 1.05), which can be rounded off to 2H = 8 18O +
10. A weighted mean of -6.94 for 18O was obtained by dividing the sumproduct of 18O
and monthly rainfall amount with the total rainfall amount. The same is done with 2H,
which yielded a weighted mean of -44.66 . These weighted means were used as the
isotopic index for precipitation in the basin. These values are comparable with the
established long-term isotopic index at the nearest GNIP station, Tugbok, Davao City, of
almost the same altitude, 240 masl. Tugbok, Davao City has isotopic index of -6.70 for
18O and -43.99 2H.
The climate of the basin is Type II with no dry season and a very pronounced maximum
rainfall. The maximum rainfall period occurs from November to February and coincides
with the northeast monsoon season or locally known as Amihan. Northeast monsoon is
characterized by cool and dry winds as opposed to the humid winds of the southwest
monsoon. Mountain ranges shield some of the effects of the southwest monsoon or
Habagat to the basin.
1-22
Figure 1-9 Local meteoric water line of Agusan Basin established from 10 monthly integrated samples from
November 28, 2012 to September 30, 2013 at San Francisco, Agusan del Sur
The relationship of the isotopic composition of hydrogen and oxygen in local precipitation
in the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin is shown in Figure 1-10. A LMWL of 2H = (8.08 0.14)
18O + (10.06 1.22) was calculated by simple linear regression using the precipitation
samples from Malaybalay City and Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon, and Bugo and Macasandig,
CDO. Weighted means for 18O and 2H were also calculated for the data set. Values of
8.58 for 18O and -59.4 for 2H were obtained. These values were used as the
isotopic index for precipitation in the basin. A significant difference was observed when the
values are compared to the long-term weighted means at the nearest GNIP stations,
Lomundao, Davao City, and Ilomavis at Mt. Apo Geothermal Field, of about the same
altitudes, 505 and 740 masl, respectively. Lomundao, Davao City has isotopic index of 7.40 for 18O and -49.03 2H. Ilomavis has isotopic index of -8.06 for 18O and 50.23 2H. The basin falls under two climate types. Misamis Oriental and northern
Bukidnon, which includes Manolo Fortich, are classified under Type III which has no
pronounced rain period but relatively dry during the months of November to May.
Northeastern Misamis Oriental and southern Bukidnon, beginning from Malaybalay City,
have Type IV climate which has no very pronounced maximum rain period and no dry
1-23
seasons. These areas are partly sheltered from the tradewinds or Amihan but vulnerable
to southwest monsoon and tropical cyclones.
Figure 1-10 Local meteoric water line of Cagayan-Tagoloan Basin established from four rainfall collection
stations at Manolo Fortich and Malaybalay Bukidnon, and Bugo and Macasandig, CDO for the period of October
2012 to February 2015, excluding the discarded rain samples suspected of evaporation.
Isotopic variations can be used to infer the atmospheric conditions at the precipitation site.
To this end the relationship between isotopes and precipitation amount and isotopes and
altitude were examined.
1-24
2.1.
To determine whether an amount effect can be observed in the dataset, 18O values are
compared with rainfall amount for each rainfall collection station. The data are fitted into a
model defined by:
18 = + ,
(2)
Where P is the precipitation amount of the sample and the parameters a and b are
determined by least squares fit. Using all the data for each station to fit into the model
showed that amount effect is relatively strong for Manolo Fortich (r2 = 0.66, 0.49) and
almost absent with the San Francisco, Bugo and Macasandig precipitations (r 2 = 0.002,
0.06 and 0.02, repectively). Variations in the isotopic composition of precipitations may be
cause by other factors other than the amount effect.
The relationship between precipitation amount and 18O has been considered also
separately for the two seasons as identified by PAGASA in the country: dry season
(December to May) and wet season (June to November). From table 1-3b it can be seen
during the dry season, variations in 18O of precipitation can be explained by amount effect
for Manolo Fortich, Malaybalay City and Macasandig, CDO. Amount effect is very weak in
the dry season for San Francisco. During the wet season, both San Francisco and
Malaybalay City exhibited fairly strong amount but absent in Manolo Fortich. The supposed
dry season is the period when rainfall maxima occur within the Agusan Basin.
1-25
Table 1-3. Parameters of fit of raw 18O values and precipitation amount for (a) all data; (b) dry season data
and (c) wet season data together with the standard error on the parameters and the r2 value.
a
r2
San Francisco
-0.001
0.01
-6.48
2.71
0.002
Malaybalay City
-0.03
0.01
-3.00
1.09
0.66
Malaybalay City*
-0.03
0.01
-4.12
1.56
0.49
Manolo Fortich
-0.01
0.01
-6.54
1.41
0.12
Macasandig, CDO
0.01
0.02
-9.40
2.62
0.02
Bugo, CDO
-0.02
0.03
-7.17
2.55
0.06
San Francisco
-4.12
104.40
50.19
517.00
0.04
Malaybalay City
-0.04
0.02
-1.96
2.62
0.65
Malaybalay City*
-0.03
0.04
-4.70
7.12
0.25
Manolo Fortich
-0.04
0.02
-4.61
2.41
0.40
Macasandig, CDO
-0.07
0.05
-2.31
3.90
0.66
San Francisco
-4.54
4.49
203.12
48.33
0.51
Malaybalay City
-0.03
0.01
-3.62
1.11
0.73
Malaybalay City*
-0.03
0.01
-3.96
1.44
0.65
Manolo Fortich
-0.01
0.01
-7.01
2.03
0.06
Macasandig, CDO
0.03
0.03
-12.27
3.41
0.21
Bugo, CDO
0.01
0.07
-8.83
3.98
0.002
Bugo, CDO**
2.2.
Altitude effect
To determine the altitude effect for Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin, the weighted means of the
rainfall samples from Manolo Fortich, Malaybalay and Macasandig are plotted against the
elevation of the stations. The weighted means of each rainfall collection station (Table 14) are defined by the following equations exclusive of the discarded data having correlation
coefficients (r2) of 0.70 and 0.60 (Figure 1-11) respectively:
1-26
( 188.27)
0.0006
( 256.82)
0.0053
(3)
(4)
where h is the mean elevation of meteoric recharge (Gonfiatini et al., 1976) for 18O and
2H. The equations indicate that the average rainfall at sea level would have isotopic
composition of -8.27 18O and -56.82 2H. They correspond to a decrease of 0.06
and 0.53 , respectively, for every 100 m increase in altitude. These values are
significantly lower compared to the isotopic lapse rate obtained in Davao City, -0.22
18O/100m and -1.6 2H/100 m (Castaeda et al., unpublished report); Palinpinon,
Negros Island, -0.19 18O/100m for and -1.14 2H/100 m, (Gerardo, 1993); and
Leyte, -0.10 18O/100m and -2.5 2H/100 m (Alvis-Isidro et al., 1993). The global
average isotopic lapse rate reported by Porage and Chamberlain (2001) is -0.28
18O/100m. No isotopic lapse rate is calculated for Agusan Basin.
Figure 1-11 Isotopic Gradient for (a) 18O and (b) 2H calculated from the weighted
averages of the isotopic signature of rainwater samples against their elevation.
1-27
Table 1-4. Weighted and unweighted means of isotopic signature of rainfall collected from WRR 10
Station Name
Period Covered
Elevation (masl)
Malaybalay City,
Bukidnonb
Weighted Average
D-
18O
2H
excessa
195
-6.94
-44.66
10.89
658
-8.63
-61.10
7.96
658
-8.81
-61.69
8.82
570
-8.48
-58.20
9.61
Macasandig, CDO
-8.30
-57.07
9.32
Bugo, CDO
18
-8.78
-60.75
9.45
a D-excess
b with
= 2H 8 18O
3.1.
Deep groundwater
PROVINCE
CITY
BRGY
Agusan del
Cabadbaran
Panlasian
Norte
City
Agusan del
Nasipit
Camagong
Buenavista
Malpok
SOURCE
ELEV,
D-
18O
2H
13
-7.25
-45.3
12.7
125.3352
13
-5.87
-37.32
9.64
8.9455
125.3983
14
-5.94
-37.01
10.51
8.947111
125.569
-6.29
-38.38
11.94
8.434417
125.7431
19
-6.34
-39.39
11.33
LAT
LONG
9.091306
125.5432
PS
8.963222
Deepwell No.
NAME
SRTM
excess
Norte
Agusan del
Norte
Agusan del
3
Butuan City
Baan
Talacogon
Zillovia
Norte
Agusan del Sur
Deepwell No.
14
PS
1-28
PROVINCE
CITY
BRGY
Surigao del
Surigao City
Serna
Bacaug
Bugsangon
Bukidnon
Manolo Fortich
Kilaog
Bukidnon
Manolo Fortich
Kisolon
Bukidnon
Manolo Fortich
Alae
Bukidnon
Manolo Fortich
Alae
SOURCE
D-
2H
14
-5
-28.81
11.19
125.6349
13
-5.55
-31.31
13.09
8.279194
124.9525
764
-8.1
-55.45
9.35
8.287583
124.9691
708
-9.19
-62.63
10.89
8.421833
124.8118
426
-7.87
-53.24
9.72
8.421833
124.8118
426
-8.08
-53.7
10.94
LONG
9.736722
125.488
Deepwell
9.579361
Kilaog-2A
NAME
ELEV,
18O
LAT
SRTM
excess
Norte
Surigao del
Norte
Artajo Subd.
PS
Artajo Subd.
PS
Bukidnon
Manolo Fortich
Damilag
PCH-1 PS
8.363194
124.8124
574
-8.12
-55.54
9.42
Bukidnon
Manolo Fortich
Damilag
PCH-1 PS
8.363194
124.8124
574
-8.06
-54.7
9.78
Bukidnon
Manolo Fortich
Poblacion
Kihare PS
8.35625
124.8634
570
-8.28
-55.49
10.75
Bukidnon
Manolo Fortich
Poblacion
Kihare PS
8.35625
124.8634
570
-8.26
-55.52
10.56
Bukidnon
Manolo Fortich
Poblacion
Kihare PS
8.35625
124.8634
570
-8.12
-55.2
9.76
Bukidnon
Manolo Fortich
Poblacion
Mulberry PS
8.361139
124.8619
544
-8.06
-55.16
9.32
Bukidnon
Manolo Fortich
Poblacion
Mulberry PS
8.361139
124.8619
544
-8.1
-54.5
10.3
Bukidnon
Libona
Poblacion
Sitio Yungkog
8.397972
124.7914
470
-8.3
-56.13
10.27
PS
Bukidnon
Libona
Poblacion
PS
8.333278
124.746
601
-8.02
-54.83
9.33
Bukidnon
Libona
Poblacion
PS
8.333278
124.746
601
-8.06
-54.4
10.08
Bukidnon
Impagsug-ong
La Fortuna
8.269722
125.0001
752
-8.85
-59.07
11.73
Bukidnon
Malaybalay City
Dalwangan
BSWM Well
8.210083
125.0332
906
-8.63
-57.63
11.41
Bukidnon
Malaybalay City
Dalwangan
BSWM Well
8.210083
125.0332
906
-8.69
-57.76
11.76
Bukidnon
Malaybalay City
Dalwangan
BSWM Well
8.210083
125.0332
906
-8.15
-53.5
11.7
Bukidnon
Malaybalay City
Patpat
8.221472
125.0753
838
-8.24
-55.18
10.74
Bukidnon
Malaybalay City
Patpat
8.221472
125.0753
838
-8.34
-57
9.72
Bukidnon
Impagsug-ong
Kibangan
8.278528
125.0018
714
-6.58
-46.7
5.94
Misamis
Lugait
8.332361
124.2517
17
-7.38
-47.69
11.35
El Salvador
8.55775
124.5156
47
-6.84
-48.36
6.36
8.77325
124.7939
39
-8.36
-52.85
14.03
Pump # 1
Oriental
Misamis
Oriental
Misamis
Balingasag
Napalisan
Gingoog City
23
PS
8.818917
125.1022
15
-6.26
-38.36
11.72
Gingoog City
25
Pandan PS
8.824944
125.0895
11
-6.09
-37.4
11.32
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Bugo
Deepwell No.
8.511222
124.7722
19
-8.01
-53.11
10.97
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
8.511222
124.7722
19
-7.93
-52.85
10.59
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
8.511222
124.7722
19
-8.15
-53.6
11.6
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
8.504528
124.7565
-8.05
-53.22
11.18
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
8.504528
124.7565
-7.88
-53.2
9.84
Oriental
City
Oriental
Misamis
Oriental
Misamis
Oriental
21
Bugo
Deepwell No.
21
Bugo
Deepwell No.
21
Bugo
Deepwell No.
11
Bugo
Deepwell No.
11
1-29
PROVINCE
CITY
BRGY
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Bugo
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
SOURCE
NAME
Deepwell No.
ELEV,
D-
18O
2H
17
-7.84
-53.2
9.52
124.7763
27
-7.93
-53.5
9.94
8.509667
124.7629
-8.07
-54.4
10.16
8.481917
124.7393
13
-8.4
-54.66
12.54
8.481917
124.7393
13
-8.26
-54.5
11.58
8.494806
124.7511
14
-8.1
-54.34
10.46
8.494806
124.7511
14
-8.2
-54.64
10.96
8.494806
124.7511
14
-8.17
-53.8
11.56
8.480889
124.7366
10
-8.16
-54.1
11.18
LAT
LONG
8.509806
124.7698
8.510861
SRTM
excess
20
Bugo
Deepwell No.
22
Bugo
Deepwell No.
5
Tablon
Deepwell No.
29
Tablon
Deepwell No.
29
Agusan
Deepwell No.
23
Agusan
Deepwell No.
23
Agusan
Deepwell No.
23
Tablon
Deepwell No.
28
Bugo
DW # 4
8.506694
124.7522
-7.32
-51.3
7.26
Bugo
DW # 5
8.507333
124.7635
13
-7.75
-53.9
8.1
Agusan
PS-1
8.496472
124.7447
-7.41
-50.7
8.58
Tablon
DW # 2
8.476167
124.7316
12
-7.13
-48.9
8.14
Bugo
DW # 1
8.500011
124.7506
-7.56
-53.4
7.08
Carmen
Deepwell No.
8.469111
124.6317
-7.86
-54.24
8.64
8.469111
124.6317
-7.95
-53.8
9.8
8.446083
124.6383
11
-7.88
-53.86
9.18
8.446083
124.6383
11
-7.97
-53.4
10.36
8.457361
124.6314
22
-8.04
-53.19
11.13
8.457361
124.6314
22
-8.18
-53.81
11.63
8.457361
124.6314
22
-8.06
-52.8
11.68
8.459556
124.629
50
-7.76
-53.8
8.28
8.470917
124.6503
10
-7.93
-54.24
9.2
8.470917
124.6503
10
-7.92
-53
10.36
27
Carmen
Deepwell No.
27
Balulang
Deepwell No.
19
Balulang
Deepwell No.
19
Balulang
Deepwell No.
14
Balulang
Deepwell No.
14
Balulang
Deepwell No.
14
Balulang
Deepwell No.
26
Macasandig
Deepwell No.
8
Macasandig
Deepwell No.
8
1-30
SOURCE
ELEV,
D-
18O
2H
-7.99
-53.5
10.42
124.6053
17
-8.01
-53.7
10.38
8.464361
124.6053
17
-7.86
-53.19
9.69
8.464361
124.6053
17
-7.85
-53.6
9.2
8.461722
124.6093
21
-7.6
-51.3
9.5
Bulua
8.507583
124.6081
10
-7.47
-51.99
7.77
Bulua
8.507583
124.6081
10
-6.58
-46.7
5.94
PROVINCE
CITY
BRGY
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Macasandig
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Upper
Oriental
City
Carmen
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Grand
Oriental
City
Europa
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Oriental
City
Misamis
NAME
Deepwell No.
LAT
LONG
8.469694
124.6427
8.464361
SRTM
excess
1
Canitoan
Deepwell No.
10
Canitoan
Deepwell No.
10
Canitoan
Deepwell No.
10
Canitoan
Deepwell No.
18
Patag
PS
8.490333
124.6207
30
-7.4
-49.9
9.3
Tinib
Deepwell No.
8.461583
124.6346
-7.92
-53.5
9.86
PS-N1
8.452944
124.6199
111
-7.35
-52.4
6.4
DW
8.431278
124.6106
148
-7.41
-52.4
6.88
Poblacion
DW
8.487889
124.6508
-7.75
-53.1
8.9
Cagayan de Oro
Upper
DW
8.451167
124.614
115
-7.69
-52.9
8.62
Oriental
City
Carmen
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
PS-S1
8.441167
124.6133
123
-7.48
-52.5
7.34
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Lumbia
DW
8.425
124.605
140
-7.46
-52.6
7.08
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Lower
PS-1
8.448333
124.6296
90
-7.63
-52.2
8.84
Oriental
City
Balulabg
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Pueblo
PS-S3
8.446722
124.6158
98
-7.32
-51
7.56
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Pueblo
PS-S5
8.436
124.6138
130
-7.61
-52.9
7.98
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Lapasan
DW
8.484333
124.6552
-7.48
-51.3
8.54
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Lower Mid.
PS 2
8.475167
124.6273
53
-7.63
-53.1
7.94
Oriental
City
Balulang
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Balulang
DW
8.454639
124.6312
45
-7.6
-52.6
8.2
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Cugman
DW # 1
8.473194
124.6905
-7.44
-50.6
8.92
Oriental
City
Misamis
Cagayan de Oro
Gusa
DW
8.470444
124.6724
37
-7.46
-50.6
9.08
Oriental
City
Note: Samples in Blue belong to CDO East while samples in Purple belong to CDO West.
1-31
Figure 1-12 Sampling locations of borehole samples and their 18O signatures. Borehole samples from Agusan
Basin have relatively enriched 18O values than Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin which may be due to the mountain
range crossing between the two designated basins and the source of precipitation. The difference is clearly
manifested in the generated contour lines. A general trend of depletion in 18O values from the coast towards
inland and upland can be observed in the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin
1-32
Agusan Basin
Borehole samples from Agusan Basin have isotopic signatures ranging from -7.25 to -5.00
18O and -45.3 to -28.81 2H. These isotopic signatures are plotted on the
established LMWL and are shown on Figure 1-13. Values plot along the meteoric water
line suggesting infiltrated rain as the primary source of recharge.
Figure 1-13 Isotopic signatures of deepwell samples from Agusan Basin plotted on the LMWL. Deepwell
samples from Surigao (upper two circles) are relatively enriched in heavier isotopes than samples from Agusan.
Surigao is nearer to the coast than Agusan. All samples plot, except the sample from Cabadbaran City, above
the isotopic index which may indicate local recharge or recharge from rains at altitude lower than 195 masl.
Sample from Cabadbaran City is recharged by rains at altitude higher than 195 masl.
A boxplot of the 18O signatures of the deepwell samples is shown in Figure 1-14. Isotopic
signature of Agusan Basin deepwell samples cluster between -6.5 to -5.5 18O. This
corresponds to the rain falling on the months of November to May, the rainiest months in
the Basin. To further establish the importance of rain falling on these months on the
recharge of the aquifers tap by the deepwells, meteoric water lines for the wet months
(November to May) and dry months (June to October) were established and the isotopic
signatures are plotted on them (Figure 1-15). All samples fall on the wet months meteoric
1-33
water line. Agusan Basin has Type II climate in which heavy rains fall from November to
May. This corresponds to the Northeast Monsoon or Amihan.
Figure 1-14 Boxplot of 18O of samples from the Agusan Basin. Reference lines depicting weighted means
are also drawn.
1-34
Figure 1-15 Plot of 18O vs. D of borehole samples from Agusan Basin. The local meteoric water lines (in wet
season and dry season) are added. All samples plotted on the local meteoric water line for the wet season. The
wet season corresponds to the months of November to May.
Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin
Borehole samples from Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin have isotopic signatures ranging from 9.19 to -6.09 18O and -62.63 to -37.4 2H. Essentially, Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin is
two major basins: The Cagayan Basin and Tagaloan Basin, which divides Cagayan de
Oro City into the western and eastern parts, respectively. Tagaloan Basin is subdivided
into two parts: Bukidnon and east CDO. Isotopic signatures are plotted on the established
LMWL and is shown on Figure 1-16.
1-35
Figure 1-16 Isotopic signatures of borehole samples from Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin plotted on the LMWL.
Borehole samples from Gingoog City (upper two diamonds) have relatively enriched signatures. These samples
are nearer to Agusan Basin and may have different climate regime. All samples, except a few samples from
Bukidnon, fall above the isotopic index.
The isotope signatures of the borehole samples in the basin fall above the established
isotopic index, which may suggest that the boreholes in the area are either recharged by
rains lower than 330 masl (average elevation of the basin) or by local rainfall. However, if
the long-term weighted mean from Ilomavis, Mt. Apo (740 masl), the nearest GNIP station,
is used as reference isotopic index (-7.84 18O, -48.83 2H), it appears that groundwater
from deepwells in Bukidnon, and east and west CDO are recharged from rainfall falling at
altitudes greater than 740 masl, while deepwells in West CDO are recharged by rainfall at
a slightly lower altitude (Figure 1-17). Certain samples from West CDO have isotopic
signatures that deviate from the LMWL, which may suggest evaporative enrichment.
These samples are private wells owned by subdivisions. It can be speculated that these
wells may be tapping a shallow aquifer in which rainwater do not infiltrate easily and may
be subjected to evaporation before reaching the water table. However, this speculation
needs to be supported by concrete such as well logs of these private wells, which are
1-36
lacking as of writing. Another possibility is that these wells are overpumping, leading to
down shallow water down-draft in the well. Shallow water, in most cases, are recharged
by rainwater which have been subjected to evaporation while infiltrating the soil matrix
before reaching the water table. This can be verified by time-series groundwater aging.
Figure 1-17 Boxplot of 18O of samples from Cagayan-Tagoloan Basin. Reference lines depicting weighted
means were also drawn
The isotopic signatures of the borehole samples are plotted on the established LMWL for
wet and dry season and are shown in Figure 1-18. Majority of the samples fall on the
LMWL for the wet season (May to November) suggesting the significance of rainfall falling
on these months on the recharge of the aquifers. These months are the rainiest in the
basin and correspond to the Habagat or Southwest Monsoon. The same samples which
deviate from the LMWL (Figure 1-16) fall in between the LMWL for wet and dry seasons,
while some fall on the LMWL for dry season. However, it is hard to speculate that these
1-37
wells get recharge during the dry month. It is useful to have these well monitored for
seasonal variations by sampling for stable isotope analysis at a monthly basis for at least
a year.
Figure 1-18 Plot of 18O vs. D of borehole samples from Cagayan-Tagoloan Basin. The local meteoric water
lines (in wet season and dry season) are added. Majority of the samples fall on the LMWL for the wet months.
Some samples from CDO West appear to be recharged by rainfall falling on the dry months. This rain may be
subjected to evaporation prior to infiltration to the water table, which in part may explain the deviation from the
LMWL.
A few boreholes have been sampled twice or thrice and their isotopic signatures are
compared (Figure 1-19a-c). Taking into account the error of analysis at 0.2 , only two
samples gave significantly different isotopic signatures (e.g. Sagatech and Artajo PS).
Only small variations are found in the other samples which are well within the error of
analysis. This variation was due to the hydrological features of the aquifer, which causes
the water bodies to be relatively homogeneous and not influenced by the seasonal
variation of the meteoric recharge (Mandal et al., 2011).
1-38
Figure 1-19 (a-c) Measured 18O of selected wells sampled at different times. No significant difference is
observed suggesting homogenous mixing of the aquifer
1-39
3.2.
Shallow well samples are important in establishing local recharge in shallow aquifers and
determine if there is an interconnection between shallow and deep aquifers. A total of 29
shallow well samples have been collected for the entire study area, with 5 from Agusan
Basin and 24 from Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin (Table 1-6). The well locations and their 18O
are shown in Figure 1-20.
Table 1-6. Shallow well water samples collected within WRR 10 showing their coordinates, elevation and
isotopic signatures.
PROVINCE
CITY
BRGY
Agusan del
Magallanes
Caloc-an
SOURCE
NAME
Dugwell
LAT
LONG
9.0456
125.5286
ELEV,
SRTM
18O
-5.89
Norte
Agusan del
Butuan City
Taligoman
Handpump
8.9373
125.6325
36
-6.32
Malimono
Cantapay
Handpump
9.5453
125.4265
10
-5.54
excess
8.48
10.92
39.64
Norte
Surigao del
D-
38.64
Norte
Surigao del
2H
10.23
34.09
Surigao City
Ipil
Handpump
9.7932
125.4397
-4.09
-22
10.72
Surigao del
San
Diaz
Handpump
9.7689
125.4209
15
-5.63
13.82
Norte
Francisco
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Norte
31.22
Gusa
Handpump
8.4712
124.6805
16
-7.45
9.97
49.63
Iponan
Handpump
8.4946
124.6028
-7.54
9.68
50.64
Iponan
Handpump
8.4946
124.6028
-7.57
-51.4
9.16
Bulua
Handpump
8.5045
124.6037
-7.77
8.8
53.36
Bulua
Handpump
8.5045
124.6037
-7.82
-53.4
9.16
Pagatpat
Handpump
8.4477
124.5821
21
-7.84
-53.2
9.52
Bulua
Handpump
8.5045
124.6037
-7.9
10.06
53.14
Lumbia
Dugwell
8.3983
124.5958
159
-7.92
-53.5
9.86
Kauswagan
Dugwell
8.5024
124.6332
-7.93
-54.7
8.74
1-40
SOURCE
ELEV,
D-
18O
2H
15
-7.93
-53.5
9.94
124.6663
249
-8.07
-54.4
10.16
8.5059
124.6609
-8.26
-55.2
10.88
Handpump
8.3090
124.5814
277
-9.03
-59.5
12.74
Gusa
Dugwell
8.4786
124.6812
-7.4
-51.1
8.1
Bulua
Dugwell # 2
8.5051
124.6043
-7.72
-51.6
10.16
Bayabas
Shallow
8.5153
124.6379
-7.2
-47.9
9.7
PROVINCE
CITY
BRGY
LAT
LONG
Misamis
Cagayan de
Camanman-
Handpump
8.4677
124.6586
Oriental
Oro City
an
Misamis
Cagayan de
Indahag
Dugwell
8.4241
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Macabalan
Dugwell
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Dansolihon
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Tagaloan
NAME
SRTM
excess
Well
Kauswagan
Dugwell # 1
8.5049
124.6292
-7.31
-49.7
8.78
Maribuhok
Handpump
8.5162
124.8254
40
-7.97
10.2
Oriental
53.56
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Tablon
Handpump
8.4821
124.7379
-7.91
10.62
Misamis
Opol
Iponan
Dugwell # 4
8.5057
124.5979
-7.43
-49
10.44
Opol
Igpit
Dugwell # 5
8.5107
124.5859
-7.37
-51.7
7.26
Opol
Barra
Dugwell # 3
8.5094
124.6044
-7.79
-52.8
9.52
Opol
Taboc
Dugwell # 7
8.5188
124.5774
-7.32
-48.3
10.26
Opol
Poblacion
Dugwell # 5
8.5232
124.6379
-7.26
-51.1
6.98
52.66
Oriental
Misamis
Oriental
Misamis
Oriental
Misamis
Oriental
Misamis
Oriental
Note: Samples in Blue belong to CDO East while samples in Purple belong to CDO West.
1-41
Figure 1-20 Sampling locations of shallow well samples and their 18O signatures. Shallow well samples from
Agusan Basin have relatively enriched 18O values than Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin which may be attributed to
the mountain range dividing the two designated basins and the source of precipitation. This is also manifested
in the drawn contour lines. A general trend of depletion in 18O values from the coast towards inland and upland
can be observed in the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin.
The isotopic signature of shallow well samples during the study period range from 9.03
to -7.2 18O and -59.5 to -47.90 2H for the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin, and -6.32 to 4.09 18O and -39.64 to -22.00 2H for the Agusan Basin. Similar to deepwell
1-42
samples, shallow well samples in Agusan Basin are relatively enriched compared to the
shallow well samples in Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin.
Agusan Basin
Isotopic signatures of shallow well samples are plotted on the established LMWL and are
shown on Figure 1-21. Values plot along the meteoric water line suggesting infiltrated
rain as the primary source of recharge. Precipitation during the months of November to
May appear to have the most significant contribution to the recharge of shallow aquifers
(Figure 1-22).
Figure 1-21 Isotopic signatures of shallow well samples from Agusan Basin plotted on the LMWL. Shallow well
samples from Surigao (upper three triangles) are relatively enriched in heavier isotopes than samples from
Agusan. Surigao is nearer to the coast than Agusan. All samples plot above the isotopic index which may
indicate local recharge or recharge from rains at altitude lower than 195 masl.
1-43
Figure 1-22 Plot of 18O vs. D of shallow well samples from Agusan Basin. The local meteoric water lines (in
wet season and dry season) are added. All samples plot along the LMWL for the wet months (November to
May) except for one dugwell from Caloc-an, which is near the coast. The dugwell may be subjected to
evaporative enrichment.
Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin
Due to high altitude, no shallow well can be found in Bukidnon. Shallow wells in CDO
have slightly enriched isotopic signature than their borehole neighbors. However, the
difference is only about 0.5 . Assuming that shallow wells are primarily recharged by
local rainfall, the small difference in the isotopic signatures can suggest that the boreholes
may be getting water also from the shallow aquifer. Intermixing of water from the
unconfined and semi-confined aquifers in the boreholes due to multi-aquifer tapping or
through leakage from unconfined to the semi-confined aquifer are the possibilities. A plot
of the isotopic signatures of the shallow well samples on the LMWL is shown in Figure 123.
1-44
Figure 1-23 Isotopic signatures of shallow well samples from Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin plotted on the LMWL.
All samples fall above the isotopic index except the handpump from Dansolihon (277 masl), which is near
Talakag, Bukidnon. Two dugwell samples from Opol, Misamis Oriental exhibit evaporative enrichment.
The significance of rain falling on the rainier months in the basin (May to November) is
examined by plotting the isotopic signatures on the LMWL for wet and dry season (Figure
1-24). All samples, except two dugwell samples from Opol, MisOr, fall on the LMWL for
the wet season (May to November) suggesting the significance of rainfall falling on these
months on the recharge of the shallow aquifers. The dugwell samples appear to be
recharge by rains during the dry season, which may be subjected to evaporation prior to
infiltration due to higher temperature.
1-45
Figure 1-24 Plot of 18O vs. D of shallow well samples from Cagayan-Tagoloan Basin. The local meteoric
water lines (in wet season and dry season) are added. All samples, except two dugwell samples from Opol,
MisOr, fall on the LMWL for the wet months. Groundwater flowing to the dugwells may be recharged by rainfall
falling on the dry months. This rain may be subjected to evaporation prior to infiltration to the water table.
Two shallow wells have been sampled at least twice and is shown in Figure 1-25. The
small difference may suggest a homogenous mixing in the shallow aquifer due to aquifer
properties and not due to seasonal changes.
1-46
Figure 1-25 Measured 18O of selected wells sampled at different times. No significant difference is observed
suggesting homogenous mixing in the shallow aquifer due to aquifer properties and not due to seasonal
changes.
3.3.
Springs
A spring is a site where the water table of shallow aquifers meets the ground surface. A
total of 59 spring samples have been collected for the entire study area, with 27 from the
Agusan Basin and 32 from the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin (Table 1-7).
Table 1-7. Spring water samples collected within WRR 10 showing their coordinates, elevation and isotopic
signatures
PROVINCE
CITY
BRGY
SOURCE NAME
LAT
LONG
Agusan
Santiago
Curva
Curva Spring
9.25956
125.56214
ELEV,
SRTM
79
del Norte
Agusan
Nasipit
Camagong
Camagon Spring
8.96325
125.33517
13
del Norte
Agusan
San
del Sur
Francisco
Agusan
Bunawan
Karaos
San Andres
Karaos Spring
Alfred Spring
8.48922
8.19842
125.98558
126.01031
74
110
18O
2H
7.42
47.12
5.86
38.27
5.69
33.83
-6.1
-37
Dexcess
12.24
8.61
11.69
11.8
del Sur
1-47
ELEV,
PROVINCE
CITY
BRGY
SOURCE NAME
LAT
LONG
Agusan
Prosperidad
Poblacion
Gibong Spring
8.61119
125.91406
51
Rosario
Sta. Cruz
Maputi Spring
8.34556
126.06075
417
SRTM
del Sur
Agusan
del Sur
Agusan
San
Tinggagawan
del Sur
Francisco
Spring
Agusan
San
del Sur
Francisco
Agusan
Prosperidad
Salvacion
Bayobo Spring
8.59408
125.93047
108
Agusan
Bayugan
Pinagalaan
Pinagalaan
8.76483
125.80564
568
del Sur
City
Ormaca
Anagasian
8.48778
126.00083
148
D-
18O
2H
6.09
37.14
6.28
36.66
-34.3
12.5
12.68
5.85
34.12
6.19
38.44
6.97
43.88
-38.6
9.56
-31.4
12.12
12.5
5.47
31.26
5.95
34.73
5.37
29.58
-5.3
excess
11.58
13.58
5.85
8.45694
125.98917
91
Spring
del Sur
Spring Source #
11.08
11.88
3
Agusan
Bayugan
del Sur
City
Surigao
Claver
Makiangkan
Daywan
125.82833
244
Balibayon
9.55875
125.70844
29
Spring
Bacaug
Poblacion
Mainit
Binga
del Norte
Surigao
8.71667
6.02
del Norte
Surigao
Labao Spring II
Kag-alimpay
5.44
9.60378
125.63764
26
9.58022
125.49453
201
Spring
Binga Spring
del Norte
Surigao
Placer
Anislagan
del Norte
Surigao
9.61689
125.54100
231
Spring
Taganaan
del Norte
Surigao
Anislagan
Butuan
Payo Spring
9.67808
125.57458
34
Aurora
Lipata
del Norte
Surigao
Surigao
del Norte
City
Surigao
Malimono
Sison
Upper
Labjca/Dacuman
Dacuman
Spring
Serna
Soma Spring
9.81561
125.44897
65
9.72517
125.48050
52
Surigao
Cagti-nae
Cagti-nae Spring
9.64861
125.39372
13
Banda Banda
9.62183
125.50647
164
Patag
Spring
Del Carmen
Sayak
Botong Spring
9.85683
126.02931
37
San Isidro
Buhing
Bangon Spring
9.93806
126.06167
18
del Norte
Surigao
del Norte
Surigao
Kalipay
Del Carmen
Katipunan
Katsanon Spring
9.88406
126.01886
12
del Norte
Surigao
13.38
12.05
5.11
27.69
-5.3
13.19
13.74
28.66
Upper
del Norte
12.87
30.35
del Norte
Surigao
13.08
6.08
35.56
5.42
30.26
5.18
30.32
4.98
29.57
-30.6
10.68
10.36
5.15
30.84
-31.4
13.1
11.12
10.27
5.16
Del Carmen
Bagacay
Bagacay Spring
9.87250
126.03506
83
del Norte
Surigao
Surigao
del Norte
City
Rizal
Lumaban Spring
9.77192
125.44914
183
12.44
5.48
1-48
ELEV,
PROVINCE
CITY
BRGY
SOURCE NAME
LAT
LONG
Dinagat
San Jose
Cuarenta
Magkono Spring
10.02250
125.61278
192
San Jose
Cuarenta
Kamagong
10.01639
125.61694
280
SRTM
Islands
Dinagat
Islands
Spring
Bukidnon
Baungon
Bukidnon
Manolo
Pualas
Manolo
Mantibugao
Fortich
Bukidnon
Manolo
Mantibugao
Bukidnon
Manolo
Talakag
5.42
30.15
5.47
31.08
13.21
12.68
293
-7.4
-49.9
9.3
Minsoro Spring
8.50897
124.83333
114
10.4
7.68
51.04
7.82
53.21
-53.2
9.52
-54.7
8.74
-55.2
10.88
11.6
8.51
56.48
-56.1
12.06
-57.1
11.3
12.18
8.58
56.46
-56.4
12.72
-58.5
12.54
-59.5
12.74
13.34
9.05
59.06
-52.1
10.7
12.83
7.81
49.65
8.34
55.38
-52
11.92
11.39
8.33
55.25
-46.7
Tagbalola
8.42947
124.82822
390
Tagbalola
8.42947
124.82822
390
Mangima Spring
9.35
7.84
8.37803
124.87722
471
Fortich
Bukidnon
excess
124.65169
Spring
Mangima
D-
8.40742
Spring
Fortich
2H
Pualas Spring
Fortich
Bukidnon
18O
7.93
San Isidro
Linsahan Spring
8.25797
124.59692
382
8.26
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Malaybalay
Uno
Kaamulan
8.16047
125.13206
628
City
Spring
Manolo
Kisabong Spring
8.33342
124.80569
537
Kisabong Spring
8.33342
124.80569
537
Fortich
Bukidnon
8.52
Manolo
Fortich
Bukidnon
Manolo
8.55
San Roque
Kilabong Spring
8.35042
124.91475
639
Fortich
Bukidnon
Malaybalay
Uno
City
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Impagsug-
Kaamulan
8.16047
125.13206
628
Spring
Impalutao
Natigbasan
ong
Spring
Talakag
Bulangat Spring
8.64
8.25242
125.03439
773
8.09822
124.62122
597
8.88
9.03
Bukidnon
Impagsug-
Impalutao
ong
Misamis
Jasaan
Natigbasan
8.25242
125.03439
773
Spring
Kimaya
Spring
8.64372
124.77058
50
Oriental
Misamis
7.85
Lagonglong
Sapong Spring
8.79492
124.79414
Balingasag
Musimusi Spring
8.72297
124.79889
13
Oriental
Misamis
Oriental
Misamis
Jasaan
Corrales
Oriental
Misamis
Dumagang
8.61806
124.83083
299
Spring
Claveria
Barros Spring
7.99
8.62972
124.90694
785
Oriental
Misamis
Oriental
Opol
Taboc
Spring
11.34
8.51544
124.57242
17
7.22
6.74
1-49
ELEV,
PROVINCE
CITY
BRGY
SOURCE NAME
LAT
LONG
Misamis
Cagayan de
Cugman
Malasag Spring
8.44311
124.74636
428
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Cugman
Malasag Spring
8.44311
124.74636
428
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
Misamis
Cagayan de
Oriental
Oro City
SRTM
D-
18O
2H
8.12
51.94
-51.4
11.48
-52.6
10.04
-51.4
9.72
8.63
7.35
50.17
-54.1
11.18
-53.5
10.42
-53.8
8.28
excess
13.02
7.86
Agusan
Spring
8.48867
124.73642
7.83
Agusan
Spring
8.49739
124.74558
7.64
Baikingon
Bineyawan
8.45958
124.55700
64
8.38614
124.55239
82
Spring
Pagalungan
Sacolawa Spring
8.16
Pagalungan
Pagalungan
8.40556
124.56503
124
Spring
Bayanga
Monigue Spring
7.99
8.34978
124.55239
171
7.76
Mambuaya
Mambuaya
8.31869
124.59047
272
-7.6
-51.3
9.5
8.31878
124.59011
272
-52.7
9.3
-52.2
9.56
-51
8.68
Spring
Mambuaya
Mambuaya
Spring
Bayanga
Spring
7.75
8.35689
124.59581
206
7.72
Indahag
Spring
8.42425
124.63503
20
7.46
Note: Samples in Blue belong to CDO East while samples in Purple belong to CDO West.
Figure 1-26 shows the distribution of the springs in the study area and their respective
18O signatures. The isotopic content of spring samples during the study period range
from -9.05 to -6.74 18O and -59.50 to -46.70 2H for the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin,
and -7.42 to -4.98 18O and -47.12 to -27.69 2H for the Agusan Basin. Similar to
deepwell and shallow well samples, spring samples in Agusan Basin are relatively
enriched compared to the spring samples in Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin. Additionally,
springs located in higher elevation generally exhibits depleted 18O signature than lower
elevation springs in both basins. For example, Bukidnon samples have more depleted
isotopic signature than CDO samples (see Figure 1-17). Agusan samples have also more
depleted isotopic signature than Surigao and Dinagat samples (see Figure 1-14).
1-50
Figure 1-26 Sampling locations of spring water samples and their 18O signatures. Spring samples from Agusan
Basin have relatively enriched 18O values than Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin which may be attributed to the
mountain range dividing the two designated basins and the source of precipitation. The difference is also
manifested in the drawn contours. A general trend of depletion in 18O values from the coast towards inland and
upland can be observed in the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin.
Agusan Basin
Isotopic signatures of spring samples are plotted on the established LMWL and are
shown on Figure 1-27. Values plot along the meteoric water line suggesting infiltrated
rain as the primary source of recharge. Precipitation during the months of December to
1-51
April appears to have the most significant contribution to the recharge of springs (Figure
1-28).
Figure 1-27 Isotopic signatures of spring samples from Agusan Basin plotted on the LMWL. Spring samples
from Surigao (upper cluster of diamonds) are relatively enriched in heavier isotopes than samples from Agusan.
Surigao is nearer to the coast than Agusan. All samples plot above the isotopic index which may indicate local
recharge or recharge from rains at altitude lower than 195 masl. Only Curva Spring appear to be recharge by
rain at altitude higher than 195 masl.
1-52
Figure 1-28 Plot of 18O vs. D of spring samples from Agusan Basin. The local meteoric water lines (in wet
season and dry season) are added. All samples plot along the LMWL for the wet months (November to May)
except Camagong Spring and Labao Spring. These springs appear to be recharge by rains falling on the months
of June to October.
Springs can be used as proxy for establishing altitude effect under the assumption that
springs are recharged locally. Elevation of the springs is extracted from the Philippine
SRTM map and is assumed to be the elevation of recharge. Isotopic signatures of the
springs are plotted against elevation and the slope is the isotopic lapse rate. Using the
spring samples of Agusan Del Norte and Del Sur, a fairly good isotopic lapse rate of 0.17
18O and 1.06 2H /100 m was calculated. One point (i.e. Curva Spring) was
discarded in the calculation of isotopic lapse rate.
1-53
Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin
Isotopic signatures of spring samples are plotted on the established LMWL and are
shown on Figure 1-29. Values plot along the meteoric water line suggesting infiltrated
rain as the primary source of recharge. Using the weighted mean of Ilomavis, Mt. Apo,
groundwater from springs in Bukidnon and East CDO appear to be recharged at altitudes
greater than 740 masl, while springs in West CDO are recharged at a marginally lower
altitude than 740 masl (see Figure 1-17). Precipitation during the months of May to
November, the rainiest month in the basin, appears to have the most significant
contribution to the recharge of springs (Figure 1-30).
Figure 1-29 Isotopic signatures of spring samples from Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin plotted on the LMWL. All
samples fall above the isotopic index except some samples from Bukidnon.
1-54
Figure 1-30 Plot of 18O vs. D of shallow well samples from Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin. The local meteoric
water lines (in wet season and dry season) are added. All samples, except a spring from Opol, MisOr, fall on
the LMWL for the wet months, suggesting a significant contribution of rainfall from these months to the recharge
of the springs.
An isotopic lapse rate was also calculated for this basin using the spring samples from
Bukidnon. Elevation of the springs is extracted from the Philippine SRTM map and is
assumed to be the elevation of recharge. Isotopic signatures of the springs are plotted
against elevation and the slope is the isotopic lapse rate. An isotopic lapse rate of 0.24
18O and 1.4 2H /100 m was calculated. This has good agreement with the global
average lapse rate. Springs samples from CDO were also used to calculate isotopic lapse
rate but yielded unreliable results.
A few spring samples have been sampled twice and their isotopic signatures are compared
(Figure 1-31). Only small variations are found in the samples which are well within the error
of analysis (0.2 ). This variation was due to the hydrological features of the aquifer, which
causes the water bodies to be relatively homogeneous and not influenced by the seasonal
variation of the meteoric recharge (Mandal et al., 2011).
1-55
Figure 1-31 Measured 18O of selected springs sampled at different times. No significant difference is
observed suggesting homogenous mixing in the aquifer due to aquifer properties and not due to seasonal
changes.
3.4.
Rivers
Spatial distribution of the 18O in 36 stream water samples across the study area are shown
in Figure 1-32 (see Table 1-8 for the list). Rivers in the Agusan Basin exhibited relatively
enriched signature compared to the rivers in the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin. This reflects the
different source of precipitation inputs of the rivers in the two basins. The signatures are highly
variable and no clear pattern can be observed in the isotope signature of the major rivers and
their tributaries.
In general, river samples obtained at higher altitudes have relatively depleted isotopic
signature compared to the samples obtained at lower altitudes, reflecting the gradient in
precipitation signature with respect to altitude. Isotopic signature of rivers near its mouth may
reflect the intermixed isotope signatures from the river headwaters, its tributaries and other
sources of recharge.
All samples, except one from Agusan Basin, fall on the meteoric water line for both basins
with little evidence of evaporative enrichment (Figure 1-33 & 1-34). Almost all sampling date
corresponds to the heavy rainfall months in both basins. Only Calinawan River from Jabonga,
Agusan del Norte exhibit some evaporative enrichment (Figure 1-33).
1-56
Table 1-8. River water samples collected within WRR 10 showing their coordinates, elevation and isotopic
signatures.
PROVINCE
CITY
BRGY
SOURCE
LAT
LONG
NAME
Agusan del
Jabonga
Bangonay
Norte
Agusan del
Jabonga
Colorado
Butuan City
SRTM
Dexcess
9.31950
125.55525
50
-5.97
-34.46
13.3
Calinawan
9.31794
125.52836
41
-4.44
-28.59
6.93
Baan
Agusan
8.94828
125.54708
-5.76
-35.39
10.69
8.17475
125.99361
24
-5.91
-35.21
12.07
8.16211
126.00942
30
-6.02
-35.96
12.2
8.43625
125.73792
17
-5.62
-33.68
11.28
8.44975
125.78931
16
-5.62
-34.02
10.94
8.61089
125.91428
52
-5.87
-35.74
11.22
8.27722
125.80894
21
-5.72
-34.97
10.79
8.73078
125.73003
21
-6.15
-38.23
10.97
8.67739
125.65967
12
-6.28
-39.05
11.19
9.77458
125.48031
-5.17
-29.3
12.06
9.55631
125.70942
17
-5.13
-28.06
12.98
9.57836
125.64108
12
-5.47
-31.1
12.66
9.55419
125.56817
54
-5.12
-29.35
11.61
9.55272
125.42331
-5.9
-35.57
11.63
9.62828
125.40147
22
-5.87
-34.02
12.94
9.62653
125.46756
129
-5.8
-32.7
13.7
RIver
Bunawan
Sur
Agusan del
2H
River
Norte
Agusan del
18O
River
Norte
Agusan del
Puyo
ELEV,
San
Simulao
Teodoro
River
Bunawan
Bunawan
Sur
Brook
River
Agusan del
Talacogon
Casilayan
Sur
Agusan del
River
Talacogon
Sur
Agusan del
San
Agusan
Agustin
River
Prosperidad
Gibong
Sur
Agusan del
River
La Paz
Poblacion
Sur
River
Agusan del
Bayugan
Sur
City
Agusan del
Esperanza
Andanan
Poblacion
Surigao
Norte
City
Surigao del
Claver
Daywan
Luna
Bacaug
Campo
Tubod
Poblacion
Tubod
River
Malimono
Cantapoy
Norte
Dinaligan
River
Malimono
Cagti-nae
Sison
Mayag
Norte
Norte
Bacauag
River
Norte
Surigao del
Baoy
River
Norte
Surigao del
Surigao
River
Norte
Surigao del
Wawa
River
Surigao del
Surigao del
Andanan
River
Sur
Surigao del
Adgaoan
Cuyangan
River
Mayag
River
1-57
PROVINCE
CITY
BRGY
Bukidnon
Manolo
Mantibugao
SOURCE
18O
2H
384
-8.1
-55.31
9.49
124.82828
384
-8.06
-54
10.48
124.80731
591
-70.84
11.72
LAT
LONG
8.42964
124.82828
8.42964
8.32147
NAME
Fortich
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Manolo
Lunokan
ELEV,
SRTM
Dexcess
River
Mantibugao
Lunokan
Fortich
River
Manolo
Agusan
Fortich
Canyon
10.32
River
Bukidnon
Manolo
Agusan
Fortich
Canyon
8.32147
124.80731
591
-8.85
-57.3
13.5
8.33351
124.80583
537
-9.41
-63.37
11.91
8.14447
125.11850
614
-9.77
-65.72
12.44
8.14447
125.11850
614
-8.65
-56.4
12.8
8.18092
125.13542
701
-9.13
-59.8
13.24
8.19289
125.15350
654
-8.76
-58.31
11.77
8.19289
125.15350
654
-8.3
-54.2
12.2
8.57017
124.47642
15
-7.08
-48
8.64
8.50303
124.60486
-8.05
-54.38
10.02
8.50303
124.60486
-7.79
-50.9
11.42
8.77211
124.78336
16
-9.03
-58.61
13.63
8.46033
124.63503
-8.79
-58.69
11.63
8.46033
124.63503
-8.07
-51.8
12.76
8.54408
124.75961
11
-8.78
-58.86
11.38
8.54408
124.75961
11
-8.27
-51.8
14.36
River
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Misamis
Manolo
Agusan
Fortich
River
Malaybalay
Sawaga
City
River
Malaybalay
Sawaga
City
River
Malaybalay
Kibalabag
City
River
Malaybalay
Can-ayan
City
River
Malaybalay
Can-ayan
City
River
Alubijid
Alubijid
Oriental
River
Misamis
Cagayan de
Iponan
Oriental
Oro City
River
Misamis
Cagayan de
Iponan
Oriental
Oro City
River
Misamis
Balingasag
Balatukan
Oriental
River
Misamis
Cagayan de
Cagayan
Oriental
Oro City
de Oro
River
Misamis
Cagayan de
Cagayan
Oriental
Oro City
de Oro
River
Misamis
Tagaloan
Sta. Cruz
Oriental
Misamis
Oriental
Tagaloan
River
Tagaloan
Sta. Cruz
Tagaloan
River
Note: Samples in Blue belong to CDO East while samples in Purple belong to CDO West.
1-58
Figure 1-32 Sampling locations of river samples and their 18O signatures. River samples from Agusan Basin
have relatively enriched 18O values than Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin. The difference in the isotopic signature of
the two basins is manifested in the drawn contour lines.
1-59
Figure 1-33 Isotopic signatures of river samples from Agusan Basin plotted on the LMWL. All samples except
the sample from Calinawan River, Jabonga, Agusan del Norte, fall on the LMWL with no apparent evidence of
evaporative enrichment.
Figure 1-34 Isotopic signatures of river samples from Cagayan-Tagoloan Basin plotted on the LMWL. All
samples fall on the LMWL with no apparent evidence of evaporative enrichment.
1-60
4. Moisture source
Deepwell, shallow well and spring samples from Agusan Basin exhibit more enriched
isotopic signature than samples from Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin (Figure 1-35). This
apparent difference was largely due to the mountain range dividing the two basin which
effectively shields the two basin from each other. Alternatively, the variance reflects the
difference in the climate regimes of the two basins. Based on their climate classification,
Agusan Basin is highly affected by Amihan or Northeast Monsoon while CagayanTagaloan Basin by Habagat or Southwest Monsoon. A snapshot of the isotopic signature
of moisture over oceans and island masses are provided in Aggarwal et al. (2004).
1-61
In Figure 1-36, it is shown than the Pacific Ocean (East) side of the Philippines has
moisture which have enriched isotopic signature while the Philippine Sea (West) side has
relatively depleted isotopic signature. It is highly likely that the Agusan Basin precipitation
are largely influenced by moisture from the Pacific Ocean while Cagayan-Tagaloan
precipitation by moisture from the West Philippine Sea. Another possibility is that the
mountain range forces rainout of precipitation travelling from East to West, thereby
precipitation falling on Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin are depleted of heavier isotopes.
1-62
Figure 1-36 Correlation between air circulation and moisture transport patterns and isotope distributions in the
Asian summer monsoon region (Aggarwal et al., 2004)
5. Groundwater Dating
Groundwater age or residence time is defined as the time that a water parcel spent in the
saturated subsurface between the recharge and sampling at a well or natural discharge
point, or the time since the last contact with the atmosphere. For dating young
groundwater, tritium or 3H is usually employed.
Tritium is the radioactive isotope of hydrogen and is naturally produced in the upper
atmosphere through the interactions between cosmic ray neutrons and nitrogen
(Ravikumar and Somashekar, 2011). Another source is the thermonuclear bomb tests
during the 1960s. It decays to 3He by emission of beta particle and has a half-life of about
12.32 years. It behaves like stable hydrogen and can replace one or both of hydrogen in
the water molecule. Being part of the water, tritium is an ideal tracer to date groundwater
with residence time of less than 50 years.
1-63
Residence time of 30 samples from Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin was estimated using tritium.
Tritium values these samples are shown on Figure 1-37 and listed in Table 1-9. Due to the
absence of tritium input function for the Philippines and lack of tritium measurements of
same samples for different years, only qualitative information may be made to the obtained
tritium values.
Figure 1-37 Measured tritium expressed in TU of some water samples from Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin
1-64
Table 1-9. Measured tritium (TU), 3H-3He and C-14 ages of some deepwell samples.
3
Tritium
Source Name
(TU)
Error
H-3He
pM
age
(Percent
(NGT)
Modern)
Libbys
Age
Conventional
Radiocarbon
Age (CRA)
B O R E H O L E
Kihare PS
<0.5
BSWM Well
0.6
0.2
Deepwell No. 14
0.6
0.1
Deepwell No. 14
0.9
0.3
Deepwell No. 23
0.3
0.2
Deepwell No. 23
<0.5
Deepwell No. 21
<0.3
Deepwell No. 21
<0.5
Deepwell No. 10
0.3
Deepwell No. 10
<0.5
Deepwell No. 19
<0.3
Deepwell No. 8
<0.3
Deepwell No. 29
0.5
0.2
Pump # 1
1.1
0.3
Pepito Farms
0.9
0.2
Camp Evangelista
<0.3
31*
96.8
198
259
99.9
-53
39
84.3
1304
1365
68*
91.3
671
732
10*
91.0
696
757
26*
80.9
1645
1707
35
99.98
-59
1.4
0.1
PS
Sagatech Resort
0.7
0.2
S H A L L O W
Bulua Handpump
0.3
0.2
Bulua Handpump
0.4
0.2
Maribuhok
1.2
0.6
Tablon Handpump
1.0
0.3
Camanman-an
0.8
0.1
0.6
0.1
W E L L
Handpump
Handpump
Indahag Dugwell
S P R I N G
Malasag Spring
0.6
0.1
Bineyawan Spring
0.8
0.2
Sacolawa Spring
1.3
0.2
Pagalungan Spring
1.2
0.2
Mambuaya Spring
0.8
0.1
1-65
Tritium
Source Name
(TU)
Error
H-3He
pM
age
(Percent
(NGT)
Modern)
Libbys
Age
Conventional
Radiocarbon
Age (CRA)
R I V E R
Kibalabag River
1.7
0.4
Iponan River
0.7
0.2
R A I N
San Francisco
0.6 2.4
Manolo Fortich
0.5 0.9
Malaybalay City
0.6 1.5
Macasandig, CDO
0.6
Bugo, CDO
1.0
Tritium concentration alone cant be used to date groundwater without the tritium input
function, but can be used to qualitatively determine whether groundwater is modern (less
than about 50 years in age) or submodern (older than about 50 years of age) (Clark et al.,
1997). Table 1-10 provides the tritium based categorization of groundwater age.
Table 1-10. Tritium based categorization of groundwater age (Clark et al, 1997; Zouari et al, 2003).
Categorization
< 0.8
0.8 4.0
5 15
15 30
> 30
modern water (e.g. <0.3 to 1.1 TU) and therefore have ages of at least 50 years old.
Shallow well generally have relatively higher measurable tritium concentration than their
neighboring deep well samples, which is expected since they tap shallower aquifers than
deepwells. Spring samples are the youngest in age compared with deepwell and shallow
wells. Nevertheless, in general, all groundwater samples are young with ages of at least
50 years.
Another method which uses the daughter of tritium, Helium-3, is the 3H-3He age. By
measuring 3H together with its daughter 3He, true ages can be determined through
calculations that do not rely on complicated tritium input function. In ideal circumstances,
the method is remarkably accurate for groundwater up to about 50 years old. Groundwater
ages can be estimated using the following equation:
3
() = 17.8 ln (1 +
)
3
where: 3Hetrit = component of 3He from the decay of tritium corrected for other 3He
sources such as the Earths atmosphere, small contributions from
spontaneous fission of lithium-6, and from uranium and thorium decay
3H
= tritium concentration in TU
Analysis of the tritiogenic helium of the same samples measured for tritium yielded ages
of 18 72 years (Table 1-9; Figure 1-38).
1-67
1-68
It is expected that water in recharge areas will have young ages while water in discharge
areas will have relatively older ages. This is particularly exhibited by water from the well
located upland of Bukidnon with an apparent age of 8 years relative to water from lowland
Cagayan de Oro with an apparent age of 68 years. However, in proximity to the well where
the 68 year old water was extracted is a well where groundwater drawn was determined
to have an age of 10 years. This can be explained by the fact that the production wells in
the study area are multi-screened so that the ages determined represent those of mixed
water from different aquifers tapped by the well. Based on lithological logs, the well with
groundwater age of 10 years is tapping the depths of 64 190 m which is similar to the
depths tapped by the well with groundwater age of 68 years. It can be hypothesized that
there may be a case of overpumping in this particular well field which causes shallow water
down-draft. In addition to taking water from several layers of the deeper aquifer, overproduction is taking some water from the shallower layers of the aquifer. The well field
(Bugo, CDO) where this well is located has a total of 5 production wells of varying
discharge rates compared to only 1 to the other well (Agusan, CDO). Alternatively, the
wells may be located in two different formations, which are sourcing groundwater
differently.
= ( ) ln (
)
(5)
Assuming that the thickness of the aquifer saturated zone is the same that is tapped by
the borehole samples (72 130 m) and using average porosity of 0.38 for sand and gravel,
recharge rates of 422 to 645 mm/yr were calculated.
1-69
Carbon-14 age was determined by measuring the C-14 of dissolved inorganic carbon in water
samples by atomic mass spectrometry. The obtained C-14 activity is corrected with C-13
activity to obtain the percent modern and finally the estimated Conventional Radiocarbon Age
(CRA). CRA is calculated using the following formula (Stuiver and Polach, 1977):
5568
100
1950
ln (
)
ln 2
1.029
14C
half-life
Table 9 shows that the percent modern component of the groundwater samples 80 percent
to more than 99 percent. This means that the groundwater samples have relatively young
ages. Conventional Radiocarbon Ages obtained ranged from 246 to about 1700 years with
two samples giving negative values. The negative values are probably caused by
contamination from 14C emitted from atomic bomb tests after 1950. This indicates that the
14C
in these samples is quite young, and the water must have been recharged (at least
partly) after 1950. This agrees with the tritium age as these same samples have
measurable tritium.
6. Water Chemistry
samples (500 mg/L limit as set by PNSDW 2007), range from 271 1090 for deepwell,
264 1094 for shallow well, and 124.6 1097 for spring. No standard is set for EC.
In the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin, pH ranges from 4.35 9.52 for deep groundwater, 6.13
9.52 for shallow groundwater, and 4.75 8.84 for spring water. The lower and upper
limits are below and above the permissible limits of 6.5 and 8.5 for all samples,
respectively (PNSDW 2007) Electrical conductivities (EC, S/cm) range 6.19 to 2490 for
deep groundwater, 223 2130 for shallow groundwater, and 25.3 1530 for spring water.
Among the cations, calcium concentration ranges from 4.22 to 127.47 mg/L for deep
groundwater, 2.17 154.69 mg/L for shallow groundwater, and 28.52 180.82 mg/L for
spring water. Magnesium concentration ranges from 1.42 1281 mg/L for deep
groundwater, 1.64 94.51 mg/L for shallow groundwater, and 1.06 42.13 mg/L for spring
water. Potassium concentration ranges from 0.54 18.72 mg/L for deep groundwater,
0.38 146.07 mg/L for shallow groundwater, and 0.08 16.45 mg/L for spring water.
Sodium concentration ranges from 1.7 1072.3 mg/L for deep groundwater, 2.69 -360.92
mg/L for shallow groundwater, and 1.52 170.34 mg/L for spring water. No standard for
Philippine drinking water is set for calcium, magnesium and potassium concentrations.
For sodium, a limit of 200 mg/L is set. Based on the data, the upper limits of the ranges
for sodium concentration for deep and shallow groundwater exceed the PNSDW limit.
The sodium concentration for spring water is well within the accepted limit.
Among the anions, chloride concentration ranges from 0 2096 mg/L for deep
groundwater, 1.44 335.78 mg/L for shallow groundwater, and 3.49 141.35 mg/L for
spring water. The upper limit of the ranges for deep and shallow groundwater exceeds
the PNSDW limit of 250 mg/L. Sulfate concentration ranges from 0.21 55.36 mg/L for
deep groundwater, 1.03 92.2 mg/L for shallow groundwater, and 1.03 45.31 mg/L for
spring water. These ranges do not exceed the PNSDW limit of 250 mg/L for sulfate
concentration. Almost negligible nitrate concentrations are measured for the samples.
groundwater system. For the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the major and minor
ions with a view of determining the groundwater types and visualizing trends of
groundwater chemistry, the Piper trilinear diagrams are used (Piper, 1944).
Samples were analyzed for major ions and the results are plotted on a Piper Diagram
(Figure 1-39). Results shows that majority of the samples are Ca-Mg-HCO3 type, with a
few shallow wells falling under the Na-HCO3 type. The Ca-Mg-HCO3 type water can be
further subdivided into Ca-subtype and Ca-Mg-subtype. Some of the spring samples fall
on the Ca-subtype.
Dissolution of calcite and dolomite is the most important chemical process in the
generation of Ca-Mg-HCO3 type water. The Ca-subtype water is generally
undersaturated with respect to both calcite and dolomite. Ca-Mg-HCO3 type is
characteristic of water of dynamic water with short residence time.
1-72
Figure 1-39 Piper Diagram of depicting the chemical characteristics of the water samples collected within WRR
10. Majority of the samples are Ca-Mg-HCO3 type, with a few shallow wells falling under the Na-HCO3 type.
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the isotopic signatures of the water sources in WRR 10, the region can be divided
into two major basins, namely the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin, covering the provinces of
Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon, and the Agusan Basin, covering the provinces of Agusan del
Sur and del Norte, and Surigao del Norte. The two watersheds exhibit significantly distinct
groundwater isotopic signatures. Local meteoric water lines of 2H = 7.86 18O + 9.93 was
established for Agusan Basin and 2H = 8.08 18O + 10.06 for the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin.
1-73
Agusan Basin groundwater are relatively enriched in the heavy isotopes compared to the
groundwater in Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin. This is attributed to different moisture source of
precipitation that feeds the two watersheds. The strong influence of precipitation on the
groundwater recharge is evidenced by the signature of precipitation during the high rainfall
months reflected in most groundwater and springs. Deep groundwater in the Agusan Basin
reflects the isotopic signature of rainfall in the rainy months of November to May,
corresponding to the Northeast Monsoon or Amihan. On the other hand, groundwater in the
Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin, carries the isotopic signature of rainfall in the rainy months in this
basin, from May to July.
There are no apparent seasonal changes in the isotopic signature of deep groundwater in
this area. The deep groundwater in the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin appear to be modern to
pre-modern with 3H-3He ages ranging from 18 to 68 years. Chemical analysis also suggests
that the deep groundwater of the area can be classified under Ca-Mg-HCO3 type of water
which is also characteristic of dynamic groundwater systems.
In the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin, groundwater flows from the uplands of Bukidnon down to
the coastal areas of the Misamis Oriental, probably originating from the KalataganKalatungan mountain ranges. In the Agusan Basin, water flows from the eastern mountain
ranges down to the plains of Agusan provinces.
An isotopic lapse rate of -0.06 /100 m was obtained for 18O and -0.53 /100 m for 2H was
calculated using the long-term weighted average of the isotopic signatures of the precipitation
samples versus elevation. However, these values are significantly small compared with the
global average and observed data in the Philippines. Isotopic lapse rates were calculated
using springs, assuming their elevations as the point of recharge. Using the springs as
proxies, isotopic lapse rates of -0.17 18O and -1.06 2H /100 m were calculated for
Agusan Basin. For Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin, isotopic lapse rate -0.24 18O and -1.4
2H /100 m were calculated using springs from Bukidnon. These values are in agreement
with the global average and observed values in some areas in the Philippines.
Shallow groundwater in both basins appear to be recharged by local precipitation, being more
enriched in the heavy isotopes compared to the deep groundwater. Shallow groundwater in
1-74
the Cagayan-Tagaloan Basin fall also under the Ca-Mg-HCO3 type of water.
Spring samples for both watersheds also appear to be recharged by local precipitation with
a few exceptions which may be recharged at higher elevations.
CDO West groundwater is different from CDO East groundwater. CDO East water may be
influenced by the water coming from the Bukidnon area. While water in CDO West appears
to be influenced by local recharge as seen in the comparability of the isotopic signature of
shallow and deep wells. This may be due to the interaction between the unconfined and semiconfined aquifers.
1-75
REFERENCES
Aggarwal, P.K., Frhlich, K., Kulkarni, K.M. and Gourcy, L.L. 2004. Stable Isotope
Evidence for Moisture Sources in the Asian Summer Monsoon Under Present and Past
Climate Regimes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 (8): 1 4.
Castaeda, S., Fernandez, G.L., Ascao, L., Ramos, A., Conjares, A.E. and Africa, L.
Application of Isotope and Chemical Techniques in the Study of Davao City Groundwater
Resources. Unpublished Report.
Clark, I. and Fritz, P. 1997. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. Lewis Publ., Boca
Raton. 328.
Gerardo, J.Y., Nuti, S., DAmore, F., Seastres Jr., J.S. and Gonfiantini, R. 1993. Isotopic
Evidence for Magmatic and Meteoric Water Recharge and the Processes Affecting the
Reservoir Fluids in the Palinpinon Geothermal System, Philippines. Geothermics 22(5/6):
521-533.
James, ER, Manga, M, Rose, TP and Hudson, GB. 2000. The use of temperature and
the isotopes of O, H, C, and noble gases to determine the pattern and spatial extent of
groundwater flow. J. Hydrol. 237: 100-112.
Kendall, C. and McDonnell, J.J., 1998. Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology. Elsevier
Science, The Netherlands, p. 840.
Ma, J. Z.; Ding, Z.; Gates, John B.; and Su, Y. 2008. Chloride and the Environmental
Isotopes as the Indicators of the Groundwater Recharge in the Gobi Desert, Northwest
China.
Papers
in
the
Earth
and
Atmospheric
Sciences.
Paper
269.
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/269
Mandal, A.K., Zhang, J. and Asai, K. 2011. Stable isotopic and geochemical data for
inferring sources of recharge and groundwater flow on the volcanic island of Rishiri,
Japan. Applied Geochemistry 26: 1741-1751.
1-76
Mendoza, N.DS., Sucgang, R.J. and Castaeda, S.S. 2010. Low-level tritium
measurement in freshwater sources in the Philippines using electrolytic enrichment and
liquid scintillation spectrometry. Phil. Nucl. J. 15: 15-22.
Palanca-Tan, R. 2011. Designing a Raw Water Fee Scheme for Groundwater Extraction
in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. EEPSEA Technical Report August 2011, Singapore.
Palanca-Tan, R. and Bautista, G.M. 2003. Metering and a Water Permit Scheme for
Groundwater Use in Cagayan de Oro. EEPSEA Research Report 2003-RR8, Singapore.
Rao, S.M., Kulkarni, K.M., 1997. Isotope hydrology studies on water resources in western
Rajasthan. Curr. Sci. 72: 55-61.
World Bank. 2003. Philippines - Environment monitor 2003. Washington D.C. - The
Worldbank.
World Bank. 2004. Philippines - Environment monitor 2003. Washington D.C. - The
Worldbank.
Zouari, K., Hkir, N. and Ouda, B.. 2003. Palaeoclimatic Variation in Maknassi Basin
(Central Tunisia) during Holocene Period Using Pluridisplinary Approaches. Technical
document. IAEA, Vienna. 2:80e88.
1-77
CHAPTER 2
Application of Isotope Techniques in the Assessment
of Freshwater in Water Resource Region 2,
Philippines
CHAPTER 2
Application of Isotope Techniques in the Assessment of
Freshwater in Water Resource Region 2, Philippines
Mendoza, N. DS.2, S. S. Castaeda1, C.D.T. Racadio1, R. J. Sucgang1, A. Torres3, F. Billones4,
S. P. Abao3, and F.A. M. Lowe5
Abstract
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Commonwealth Ave., Diliman,
Quezon City 1101, Philippines
3
Mines and Geosciences Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, MGB Compound, North
Avenue, Quezon City 1100, Philippines
4
National Water Resources Board, 8th Floor, NIA Building, EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
Local Water Utilities Administration, MWSS-LWUA Complex, Katipunan Avenue, Balara, Quezon City 1101,
Philippines
2-1
I.
INTRODUCTION
Freshwater plays a vital role in every aspect of human life. However, most of the
worlds freshwater resources have been stress due to increasing population and food
demand as well as continuous industrial development (UNESCO, 1987). Unlike these
factors, natural freshwater resources are limited and do not increase with the
population or development; instead, these are being used up and often exploited. For
instance, watersheds that may hold springs and groundwater diminish appreciably due
to deforestation and land use change (Dessie & Bredemeier, 2013; Ranada, 2014). It
is in such instances where water resource management becomes highly relevant in
enable to secure and protect such natural freshwater sources.
In the following sections, attention was focused on Water Resources Region 2 (WRR2)
one of the largest basins in the Philippines. The groundwater from the basin is one of
the main sources of freshwater particularly in Isabela and Cagayan. In Cagayan alone,
the basin provides freshwater for more than 3.2 million residents (about 70,000
households), a number of industries, and agriculture which irrigates about 5.4 sq. km.
of agricultural land mainly for corn and rice production (NSO, 2010).
2-2
II.
METHODOLOGY
1. Study site
Site Description
The study was conducted on the Water Resources Region 2 (WRR 2) of the
Philippines.. It is located northeastern part of the Luzon island, Philippines within east
longitudes 120 50 and 122 17 and north latitude 15 45 and 18 23. It covers the
provinces of Apayao, Cagayan, Kalinga, Isabela, Mountain Province, Ifugao, Nueva
Vizcaya, Quirino and some parts of Aurora (Figure 2-1). It has a total area 34,500 sq.
km with groundwater and surface water potential of about 2,825 and 8,510 million
cubic meter (MCM) per year , respectively (NWRB, 2012).
Figure 2-1. Map of Water Resource Region 2 showing provincial boundaries and administrative regions
namely Region-2 (R-2), Region-3 (R-3) and Cordillera Autonomous Region (CAR).
2-3
Figure 2-2. Geologic Map of Water Resources Region 2 done by Quiazon and De Luna
(unpublished).
2-4
According to Quiazon and De Luna7, the general geologic feature of the basin is
underlain at its forested periphery mainly by Cretaceous to Oligocene andesitic to
basaltic volcanic and intercalated sedimentary rocks. These mountain ranges include
the Cordillera Central on the west, Sierra Madre on the east, and Caraballo Mountains
on the south. The central part of its valleys is in younger Miocene to Recent
sequences, except where the basement rocks were uplifted, separating Bayombong
Valley from Cagayan Valley proper, and at the Cassigayan nose where the basement
rocks extends from northern Sierra Madre to Lal-lo, Cagayan.
In terms of hydrogeology, the study claimed that the basin is generally favorable to the
storage of pumpable groundwater in the interconnected interstices of its sedimentary
rocks and in the fractured and/or weathered zones in the igneous rocks. Pumpable
groundwater occurs primarily within the interstices and bedding plane openings of the
sedimentary and pyroclastic rocks and to a lesser extent within secondarily produced
openings in weathered or fractured zones, which occur in all rock types. Special
features are interconnected limestone formation channel ways which are sources of
strong springs within the basin. Alluvial deposits are sources of easily obtainable
groundwater. The shallow unconfined groundwater normally moves towards streams
channelways, swamps, ponds, low areas and to the sea unless drawn or captured by
artificial withdrawal. The observed dug wells in the saturated zone show a rate of
decline of 0.011 to 0.043 meter per day.
The artesian water moves from the intake to the discharge point under the combined
effect of its weight and atmospheric pressure. A coefficient of permeability value of 3
to 50 meter per day is obtained from the upper 50 meters of the Quaternary aquifers.
Based on 5 percent effective porosity, this means a rate of flow of 60 to 1,000 meters
per day at a hydraulic gradient of unity. Actual hydraulic gradients range from less than
one per 1,000 meters to more than 10 per 100 meters (<0.001 to >0.01).
Saturated zones are most likely to occur at the lowland valley and gently sloping land
surfaces covered with vegetation or developed for paddy rice culture. Percolation from
rainfall, influent river water from rivers and irrigation water are the immediate source
2-5
The WRR2 falls under the Climate Type III zone (PAGASA, see Figure 2-3) which is
described as being relatively dry from December to April. The rainfall pattern varies
widely throughout the region. The recorded annual average rainfall in the northern,
central, and southern portions of the region are 2.259 mm. 1,763 mm. and 2.228 mm,
respectively. Mean annual temperature is about 26C to 23.6C and the average
relative humidity is about 85 to 75%.
2-6
total of 49 samples from shallow wells, 107 samples from boreholes or deep wells, 3
2-7
III.
2-8
Table 2-1. Stable Isotope abundance of rain samples collected in WRR2 from June to December 2012. Samples were
analyzed by IAEA Isotope Hydrology Lab. Lab uncertainties (1-) for Oxygen-18 (18O) and Deuterium (2H) were
about 0.1 and 1.0 per mil (), respectively
Station
Lat.
Long.
Elev.
(masl)
Calamagui
17.64750
121.78528
23
Start
End
Code
06-Jun-12
28-Jun-12
C6
C7
28-Jun-12
25-Jul-12
Amount
rain
(mm)
18O
()
2H
()
Deuterium
excess
(D-excess)
117.5
-8.7
-60.7
8.7
117.5
-8.5
-58.7
9.4
303.5
-10.0
-72.0
7.8
58.7
-9.6
-68.8
8.1
146.9
-5.8
-35.6
11.0
78.3
-5.8
-37.7
8.7
176.2
-10.3
-71.5
10.7
274.1
-9.1
-66.2
6.6
274.1
-9.1
-66.0
6.8
29.4
-7.7
-55.3
6.6
156.6
-6.1
-35.2
13.9
176.2
-5.7
-32.1
13.5
97.9
-6.0
-40.4
7.8
88.1
-7.4
-53.1
6.4
127.3
-8.0
-56.4
7.4
293.7
-8.8
-65.3
5.4
88.1
-10.1
-72.6
8.4
C8
25-Jul-12
22-Aug-12
C9
22-Aug-12
17-Sep-12
C10
11-Oct-12
30-Oct-12
C11
Namabbalan
17.54639
121.78417
32
30-Oct-12
20-Dec-12
06-Jun-12
04-Jul-12
04-Jul-12
31-Jul-12
N6
N7
N8
31-Jul-12
22-Aug-12
N9
22-Aug-12
20-Sep-12
N10
20-Sep-12
11-Oct-12
N11
11-Oct-12
08-Nov-12
N12
Maguilling
17.76500
121.49889
40
08-Nov-12
20-Dec-12
06-Jun-12
06-Jul-12
06-Jul-12
25-Jul-12
M6
M7
M8
25-Jul-12
29-Aug-12
M9
Natallad,
Watershed
17.66940
121.82717
221
29-Aug-12
18-Sep-12
18-Sep-12
11-Oct-12
M10
127.3
-6.4
-41.8
9.2
11-Oct-12
10-Dec-12
M11
88.1
-5.4
-34.0
9.4
07-Jun-12
08-Jul-12
W6
205.6
-6.4
-43.5
7.7
08-Jul-12
12-Aug-12
W7
293.7
-8.9
-62.7
8.8
12-Aug-12
02-Sep-12
W8
283.9
-9.0
-66.1
5.7
02-Sep-12
30-Sep-12
W9
127.3
-11.1
-80.7
7.7
30-Sep-12
31-Oct-12
W10
293.7
-5.7
-34.8
10.8
31-Oct-12
16-Dec-12
W11
97.9
-6.2
-39.1
10.8
2-9
Figure 2-4. Rain water sampling locations in Water Resources Region 2 (WRR2). Red boundary shows
the WRR2 basin; Blue lines depicts major stream networks; Rain collection stations were marked in
green.
The WRR2 LMWL was determined using regression analysis. Figure 2-5 shows the
linear relationship between delta Oxygen-18 (18O) and delta Hydrogen-2 (2H)
values, expressed in per mil () units, of all the rain samples collected from each site.
The best fit line was then found to be 2H = (8.6 0.2) 18O + (13.3 1.8) with a
correlation coefficient (r2) of about 0.984. The WRR2 LMWL coincides both with the
Philippine Meteoric Water Line (PMWL) and the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL)
which was about 2H = 8 18O + 12 (Gerardo-Abaya, 2005) and 2H = 8 18O + 10
(Craig, 1961), respectively.
2-10
Figure 2-5. The WRR2 Local Meteoric Water Line (WRR2 LMWL) derived from 2H and 18O
isotope data in rain samples collected from stations in Calamagui, Maguilling, Namabbalan and
Nattalad, Watershed, between the months of June to December 2012. The WRR2 LMWL was
found to be about 2H = 8.6 18O + 13.3. WRR2 annual mean was then estimated (i.e., 18O =
-7.3; 2H = 50.5) using the isotope data from rain collected in Diliman (Diliman LMWL; 2H =
7.8 18O + 9.0), Quezon City, National Capital Region.
The WRR2 annual mean was estimated using the isotope data from rain collected in
Diliman area from January to November 2012. The local meteoric water line for
Diliman as estimated to be 2H = 7.8 18O + 9.0. The annual rainfall index for WRR2
was then estimated and was calculated to be about -7.3 18O and -50.5 2H.
The effect of the amount of rainfall, or the amount effect, on the isotope values for
18O in rain water samples in Cagayan was not as evident as compared to that of the
data gathered from Diliman (Figures 2-6A and 2-6B). This may be due to the
differences in climatic conditions between the two regions; that is, WRR2 can be
classified to have a Type III weather condition while Diliman which is in Metro Manila
2-11
has Type I weather condition (see Figure 2-3). Based on PAGASA8, the annual rainfall
average in WRR2 ranged from less than 2000 mm in the northern-most parts and
more than 3000 mm in the southern mountainous part. In 2012, Cagayan province
experienced a prolonged dry weather and barely received any rainfall between
January to May. However, the amount of rainfall collected from June to December
2012 ranged from 800 mm to 1300 mm, only. This was probably less than what was
being expected when compared to historical annual rainfall averages identified by
PAGASA.
2-6A)
2-6B)
Figures 2-6A and 2-6B. Rainfall pattern in Namaballan, Tuguegarao, Cagayan in WRR2 (6A) and
Diliman area in Metro Manila (6B). These two figures show the relationship between the amount of
rainfall and Oxygen-18 (18O) in rain water.
There seem to be slight difference on the stable isotope signatures of rain samples
collected between the onset of the monsoon (e.g. June to September) and the postmonsoon months (e.g. October to December) (see Figure 2-7). Rain samples that
covered the months of October to December had relatively more enriched isotope
values as compared to rain samples collected from June to September. The behavior
may be attributed to the shift in the prevailing winds systems in the Philippines namely
the Southwest monsoon (SW), which usually prevails from July to September, and the
2-12
Figure 2-7. WRR2 LMWL showing individual data points from each of the rain collection stations. The
code represents the station where the samples were collected (e.g.: C-Calamagui; N-Namaballan; MMaguilling; W-Natallad, Watershed) and the period of collection (e.g.: 6-June; 7-July; 8-August; 9September; 10-October; 11-November; 12-December. In general, rain samples that were collected from
period of October to December were relatively more enriched as compared to that of June to September
2012.
2. Shallow wells
The details of the location of shallow wells and stable isotope analysis are listed in
Table 2-2 while the spatial distribution of O-18 values are shown in Figure 2-8. The
trend in isotopic values reflects the effect of elevation and the proximity to the ocean.
Shallow groundwater in municipalities near the coast are most enriched in the heavy
isotope while shallow groundwater in municipalities near mountain slopes in Nueva
Viscaya and Aurora are most depleted in the heavy isotope. The shallow groundwater
in Isabela exhibit intermediate O-18 values. This trend indicates high contribution of
2-13
local recharge recharge from percolation of rain or influent water from river or irrigation
water.
Figure 2-8. Map location of shallow wells in WRR2 with Oxygen-18 values.
2-14
Table 2-2. Stable isotope values of shallow wells (boreholes <35 mbgl) in Cagayan and Isabela Provinces under the Water Resources Region 2 (WRR2).
Province
Cagayan
City/
Municipality
Allacapan
Aparri
Ballesteros
PNRI Code
NWRB Code
Date
sampled
WSI-12-183
2-CAG-ALLA-65
9-May-13
WSI-12034a
WSI-12034b
WSI-12-151
WSI-12-152
WSI-12-153
WSI-12-154
2-CAG-APAR-76
2-CAG-APAR-76
2-CAG-APAR-78
2-CAG-APAR-74
2-CAG-APAR-75
5-Jun-12
6-May-13
6-May-13
6-May-13
6-May-13
6-May-13
Elevation
(masl)
Well max.
depth
(mbgl)
18O
()
2H
()
Deuterium
excess
(D-excess)
-5.4
-30.3
12.6
Latitude
Longitude
Centro
18.22633
121.55492
Punta
18.36122
121.63258
46
-6.0
-38.9
9.0
Punta
San Antonio
San Antonio
Centro
Centro
18.35931
18.35817
18.35856
18.35731
18.35422
121.63403
121.63767
121.63894
121.64339
121.64669
46
51
44
42
24
6
6
6
6
12
-5.7
-5.8
-6.0
-5.8
-4.8
-35.3
-35.3
-37.0
-35.5
-28.2
9.9
10.7
11.1
11.2
10.5
Centro West
Centro East
Sta. Cruz
Centro East
Centro East
Mabuttal
West
18.41606
18.40808
18.40486
18.40889
18.40889
121.51019
121.51539
121.51853
121.51808
121.51586
22
22
24
24
25
18
12
15
9
10
-6.0
-5.6
-5.9
-6.0
-7.1
-37.0
-35.6
-36.7
-37.8
-46.1
10.9
9.4
10.8
10.2
11.0
18.36900
121.50817
27
24
-5.2
-29.4
12.1
WSI-12-188
WSI-12-189
WSI-12-190
WSI-12-191
WSI-12-192
2-CAG-BALL-166
2-CAG-BALL-165
2-CAG-BALL-162
2-CAG-BALL-164
2-CAG-BALL-163
WSI-12-193
2-CAG-BALL-161
Buguey
WSI-12-171
WSI-12-172
WSI-12-173
WSI-12-174
2-CAG-BUGU-90
2-CAG-BUGU-89
2-CAG-BUGU-92
2-CAG-BUGU-93
8-May-13
8-May-13
8-May-13
8-May-13
Centro
Centro
Malaweste
Centro
18.29058
18.28992
18.28353
18.28756
121.83067
121.83150
121.84589
121.83089
28
19
30
34
12
6
9
12
-6.3
-6.7
-6.8
-6.5
-37.8
-42.4
-43.0
-42.1
12.2
11.0
11.5
9.9
Calamaniugan
WSI-12-155
WSI-12-156
WSI-12-157
WSI-12-158
WSI-12-159
2-CAG-CAMA-95
6-May-13
6-May-13
6-May-13
6-May-13
6-May-13
Dacal-Lafugu
Gen. Batallia
Gen. Batallia
Dugo
Dugo
18.26686
18.23981
18.24314
18.25875
18.25808
121.68478
121.68136
121.68286
121.68786
121.68839
29
36
32
24
23
9
6
30
6
22
-4.6
-5.9
-5.7
-5.8
-5.3
-31.1
-35.0
-33.6
-35.4
-33.9
5.8
12.0
11.7
11.3
8.6
2-CAG-CAMA-96
10-May-13
10-May-13
10-May-13
10-May-13
10-May-13
Source
Name
10-May-13
Lal-Lo
WSI-12-181
8-May-13
Catayauan
18.17694
121.66175
31
-3.8
-25.2
4.9
Lasam
WSI-12-185
9-May-13
Centro 3
18.06022
121.58775
32
-6.7
-42.9
10.6
Piat
WSI-12-003
5-Jun-12
Maguiling
17.76756
121.49919
39
18
-6.6
-45.6
7.5
2-19
Table 2-2
Continued
Province
City/
Municipality
Sta. Ana
2H
()
-26.9
-17.0
-17.5
-16.5
-22.5
Deuterium
excess
(D-excess)
11.5
15.0
15.6
13.7
10.6
12
-6.2
-6.0
-39.4
-37.5
10.2
10.2
121.56806
35
-7.6
-46.9
14.3
16.99253
121.64286
12
-5.5
-38.6
5.6
12
12
12
-6.0
-6.7
-4.4
-42.1
-46.6
-34.0
5.5
6.6
1.5
PNRI Code
WSI-12-053
WSI-12-160
WSI-12-161
WSI-12-162
WSI-12-163
2-CAG-STA.-57
2-CAG-STA.-60
2-CAG-STA.-61
2-CAG-STA.-62
WSI-12-169
WSI-12-170
2-CAG-STA.-71
2-CAG-STA.-73
7-May-13
7-May-13
Sto. Nio
WSI-12-039
2-CAG-STO.-199
8-Jun-12
Aurora
WSI-12-134
15-Apr-13
Burgos
WSI-12-114
WSI-12-115
WSI-12-116
3-Apr-13
3-Apr-13
3-Apr-13
San Antonio
San Antonio
Caliguian
17.08947
17.09128
17.06431
121.70142
121.70467
121.69339
Cabatuan
WSI-12-143
16-Apr-13
La Paz
16.92086
121.66444
18
-7.4
-51.8
7.5
Gamu
10-Apr-13
10-Apr-13
6-Jun-12
Pintor
Mabini
Bagumbayan
17.11000
17.10025
17.15336
121.75653
121.73711
121.88644
18
25
Ilagan
WSI-12-127
WSI-12-135
WSI-12-009
52
-6.4
-7.1
-7.2
-43.6
-48.7
-45.5
7.4
8.4
11.8
Mallig
WSI-12-108
2-Apr-13
Centro
17.20964
121.61033
93
-6.9
-48.7
6.5
Naguillan
WSI-12-133
13-Apr-13
Quirino
17.02817
121.83192
24
-7.3
-48.5
10.2
Quezon
WSI-12-103
2-Apr-13
Arellano
17.31619
121.60475
123
24
-7.3
-51.0
7.1
Roxas
WSI-12-018
7-Jun-12
Vira
17.12331
121.62278
80
30
-6.4
-38.6
12.3
San Pablo
WSI-12-090
21-Mar-13
Ballacayu
17.51511
121.79850
Sta. Teresita
Isabela
8
8
8
9
18O
()
-4.8
-4.0
-4.1
-3.8
-4.1
NWRB Code
Source
Name
Mayor
Parada-Batu
Parada-Batu
Parada-Batu
San Vicente
Latitude
18.48525
18.46131
18.46139
18.46150
18.50039
Longitude
122.15317
122.17089
122.17067
122.17083
122.15111
Centro East
Centro East
18.24997
18.24789
121.90994
121.90544
17.88611
Sta. Rita
Elevation
(masl)
Well max.
depth
(mbgl)
Date
sampled
7-Aug-12
7-May-13
7-May-13
7-May-13
7-May-13
30
26
68
68
73
15
No
data
-47.2
2-20
Table 2-2
Continued
Province
City/
Municipality
Sto. Tomas
Nueva
Vizcaya
Diadi
PNRI Code
WSI-12-092
WSI-12079a
WSI-12079b
NWRB Code
Date
sampled
21-Mar-13
22-Feb-13
23-Aug-13
Source
Name
Latitude
Longitude
Poblacion
17.46969
121.7515
Elevation
(masl)
Well max.
depth
(mbgl)
18O
()
2H
()
24
No
data
-50.2
Deuterium
excess
(D-excess)
Scoting
16.70444
121.35600
275
-7.4
-50.7
8.3
Scoting
16.70444
121.35600
275
-7.6
-51.2
9.7
Bambang
WSI-12-082
22-Feb-13
Buag
16.38075
121.10600
346
-8.4
-56.2
11.2
Aritao
WSI-12-083
22-Feb-13
Poblacion
16.300389
121.034111
397
-9.0
-62.4
9.6
2-21
The isotopic data of shallow groundwater in Cagayan were plotted against that of the
PMWL, GMWL and WRR2 to identify which wells were similar in terms of recharge
source as well as to identify possible group end members (see Figure 2-9).
Figure 2-9. Stable isotope data of shallow wells (depths ranging from 6 to 35 mbgl) within Cagayan
province. Data were plotted against that of the PMWL (2H =8 18O + 12; Abaya, 2005), GMWL (2H
=8.0 18O + 10; Craig, 1961) and WRR2 LMWL (2H =8.6 18O + 13.3). Nearly all data points were
within the limits of the PMWL and GMWLwith minimal shift (2H =8.0 18O + 11, rounded figures) which
indicate local recharge process.
Shallow groundwater in Cagayan province exhibited 18O values that ranged from
-3.8 to -7.1, all lying along the PMWL with a best fit line estimate of about 2H =
8.0 18O + 10.7 , with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.925 (n=33). The stable isotope
data sorted down to its municipal locations, Allacapan, Aparri, Ballesteros, Buguey, Calamaniugan,
Lallo, Lassam, Piat, Sta. Ana, Sta. Teresita, and Sto. Nio) are shown in Figure 2-10. It can be seen
that wells from same municipality generally cluster together which suggests a more localized
recharge mechanism even at a municipal boundary scale attributed to their respective local
geological overlay. This is consistent wit the dynamics of groundwater recharge described
2-22
Figure 2-10. Stable isotope data of Cagayan shallow wells sorted down to its municipal locations (e.g.
Allacapan, Aparri, Ballesteros, Buguey, Calamaniugan, Lallo, Lassam, Piat, Sta. Ana, Sta. Teresita,
and Sto. Nio). It can be seen that wells from same municipality generally cluster together which may
be attributed to their respective local geological overlay.
2-23
Figure 2-11. Stable isotope data of shallow wells (depths ranging from 12 to 30 mbgl) within Isabela
province. Data were plotted against that of the PMWL (2H =8 18O + 12; Abaya, 2005), GMWL (2H
=8.0 18O + 10; Craig, 1961) and WRR2 LMWL (2H =8.6 18O + 13.3). Noticeably, some shallow wells
from Burgos may have been recharged by evaporated waters as wells from these areas pulled the trend
line away from both the PMWL and GMWL.
Groundwater samples from shallow wells in Nueva Vizcaya slightly deviated from the
GMWL and PMWL with a best fit line estimate of about 2H = 7.1 18O + 2.7 at an r2
of 0.967 (n=4) ( see Figure 2-12). The range of 18O values were within -7.4 to 9.0 . The relatively depleted isotope values of 18O from Nueva Vizcaya is attributed
to isotope fractionation of heavy isotopes in rain water due to altitude effects.
2-24
Figure 2-12. Stable isotope data of shallow wells (depths ranging from 2 to 9 mbgl) within Nueva
Vizcaya. Data were plotted against that of the PMWL (2H =8 18O + 12; Abaya, 2005), GMWL (2H
=8.0 18O + 10; Craig, 1961) and WRR2 LMWL (2H =8.6 18O + 13.3).
3. Deep wells
The specific location of deep wells and the results of water isotope analysis are
summarized in Table 2-3 while the map location of these wells as well as their
corresponding Oxygen-18 values are shown in Figure 2-13.
2-25
Figure 2-13. Map location of deep wells in WRR2 with Oxygen-18 values.
2-26
Samples drawn from deep wells with maximum depths of more than 35 m.b.g.l. were
analyzed for water stable isotopes. Nearly all of the wells in these areas were designed
and constructed with multiple screens that would allow groundwater to be drawn at
different depths10. Nevertheless, the data could serve as a benchmark and could even
provide valuable insight about the characteristic or the nature of the source of
recharge.
Similar approach to that of the shallow wells, isotopic data of groundwater in deep
wells were plotted against that of the PMWL, GMWL and WRR2 (see Figure 2-14).
For deeper groundwater sources, the isotopic values of groundwater are expected to
cluster very close to the long-term annual mean of isotopes in precipitation (i.e. -7.3
18O). This is because deeper aquifers are mixture of water that originated from
various recharge processes or events within certain period of time. (Clark and
Araguas, personal communication, 2014).
For Cagayan deep wells, groundwater data fitted well with that of the PMWL with best
fit line estimate of 2H = 7.4 18O + 7.0 with an r2 of 0.813 (n=22). The 18O values
ranged from -5.4 to -8.4 . The closeness of isotopic values of groundwater to that
of water coming from meteoric origin (i.e GMWL) may be attributed to the good
permeability of soil as described by Quiazon and De Luna (MGB report, unpublished)
thus favoring local recharge. Meanwhile, the wide 18O range could be attributed to
the characteristic of well design (tapping multiple aquifers) or the heterogeneity of
geologic overlay throughout the Cagayan plains.
10
See SUPPLEMENTAL Figures for samples of well strata records. Source: Research Division, Local Water
Utilities Administration (LWUA).
2-27
Table 2-3. Stable isotope values of deep wells (boreholes > 35 mbgl) in Cagayan and Isabela, Kalinga and Nueva Vizcaya under WRR2.
Province
City/
Municipality
PNRI Code
NWRB Code
Date
sampled
Cagayan
Allacapan
WSI-12-182
2-CAG-ALLA-66
9-May-13
Gattaran
WSI-12-175
WSI-12-176
WSI-12-177
2-CAG-GATT-68
2-CAG-GATT-69
2-CAG-GATT-70
Gonzaga
WSI-12-165
WSI-12-167
WSI-12-168
Iguig
Lal-Lo
Lasam
Elevation
(masl)
18O
()
2H
()
Deuterium
excess
(Dexcess)
81
-6.2
-37.2
12.5
Latitude
Longitude
Dagupan
18.21122
121.55506
8-May-13
8-May-13
8-May-13
Centro Norte
Centro Norte
Centro Sur
18.06486
18.06414
18.06156
121.64431
121.64383
121.06306
26
29
49
50
70
80
-6.9
-6.8
-7.0
-44.8
-45.7
-46.4
10.1
9.0
9.9
2-CAG-GONZ-83
2-CAG-GONZ-84
2-CAG-GONZ-85
7-May-13
7-May-13
7-May-13
Pateng
Pateng
Sta. Clara
18.25792
18.25533
18.24623
121.98817
121.98844
122.02247
36
34
112
41
56
60
-6.3
-6.5
-6.7
-38.2
-38.3
-40.1
12.4
13.5
13.1
WSI-12-040
2-CAG-IGUI-24
9-Jun-12
Malabbac
17.72000
121.73889
110
-7.5
-48.3
11.3
WSI-12-178
WSI-12-179
2-CAG-LALL-86
2-CAG-LALL-87
18.13028
18.12994
121.67058
121.68289
43
84
80
80
-6.1
-6.2
-39.9
-39.8
8.6
10.0
WSI-12-180
2-CAG-LALL-88
18.11794
121.67911
45
78
-6.5
-41.4
10.2
WSI-12-184
2-CAG-LASA-154
Centro 2
18.06833
121.60547
55
-6.1
11.2
Nabannagan West
18.07014
121.53464
38
-5.4
Centro 1
18.06933
121.59619
80
-6.2
-37.6
34.77
41.37
8-May-13
8-May-13
8-May-13
9-May-13
9-May-13
WSI-12-186
9-May-13
Source Name
Well
max.
depth
(mbgl)
Lower Magapit
Norte
Upper Magapit
Lower Magapit
South
45
8.3
WSI-12-187
2-CAG-LASA-150
Piat
WSI-12-002
2-CAG-PIAT-7
5-Jun-12
Maguiling
17.76858
121.49894
46
93
-7.1
-47.2
10.0
Solana
WSI-12-005
2-CAG-SOLA-8
5-Jun-12
Calamagui
17.64142
121.68639
29
72
-7.3
-48.2
10.6
Tuguegarao
WSI-12-001a
WSI-12-001b
WSI-12-006
WSI-12-036a
WSI-12-036b
WSI-12-038
2-CAG-TUGU-6
2-CAG-TUGU-6
2-CAG-TUGU-1
2-CAG-TUGU-13
2-CAG-TUGU-13
2-CAG-TUGU-4
4-Jun-12
23-Aug-13
5-Jun-12
6-Jun-12
23-Aug-13
8-Jun-12
Linao Norte
Linao Norte
Buntun
Namabbalan
Namabbalan
Larion Bajo
17.65883
17.65883
17.61447
17.55250
17.65883
17.62306
121.72658
121.72658
121.69967
121.78194
121.72658
121.75361
41
41
33
32
32
91
91
100
82
82
83
-7.6
-8.4
-7.2
-7.4
-7.2
-6.0
-54.1
-53.5
-40.7
-46.6
-51.9
-37.1
6.7
13.3
16.6
12.4
5.8
10.7
2-27
8.1
Table 2-3
Continued
(1)
Province
Isabela
City/
Municipality
PNRI Code
NWRB Code
Date
sampled
Source Name
Latitude
Longitude
Elevation
(masl)
Well
max.
depth
(mbgl)
18O
()
2H
()
Deuterium
excess
(Dexcess)
Alicia
WSI-12-013
WSI-12-014a
WSI-12-014b
6-Jun-12
6-Jun-12
11-Mar-12
Calaocan
Antonino
Antonino
16.78361
16.78558
16.78556
121.69175
121.69439
121.69447
30
50
50
-7.0
-7.1
-7.0
-43.1
-44.4
-48.9
12.6
12.3
6.8
Aurora
WSI-12-138
WSI-12-140
15-Apr-13
15-Apr-13
Poblacion
Nampicuan
16.99061
17.02461
121.63503
121.69444
36
115
-7.3
-7.3
-49.5
-48.3
8.6
9.8
12-Apr-13
12-Apr-13
Benito Soliven
Yeban Sur
District 1
17.00625
16.97664
16.97592
121.94733
121.96128
121.96100
80
46
52
-7.3
-7.2
-7.5
-45.7
-47.2
-48.3
12.4
10.1
11.7
San Antonio
Masigun
Bacnor
San Antonio
17.08861
17.09731
17.03317
17.08956
121.70269
121.68647
121.70522
121.71194
96
115
110
-7.0
-6.7
-7.2
-7.0
-47.7
-42.9
-50.6
-47.8
8.7
10.9
7.3
8.5
Benito
Soliven
WSI-12-031
WSI-12-130
WSI-12-198
11-Mar-12
Burgos
WSI-12-111
WSI-12-112
WSI-12-113
WSI-12-120
3-Apr-13
3-Apr-13
3-Apr-13
3-Apr-13
Cabagan
WSI-12-025a
WSI-12-025b
WSI-12-093
WSI-12-094
12-Mar-12
22-Mar-13
22-Mar-13
22-Mar-13
Ugad
Ugad
Catabayungan
San Juan
17.43825
17.43825
17.43950
17.40828
121.77528
121.77528
121.75447
121.74256
48
48
48
60
-7.0
-6.6
-7.5
-7.0
-44.7
-45.6
-51.3
-50.7
11.1
7.2
8.5
5.0
Cabatuan
WSI-12-020
WSI-12-142
7-Jun-12
16-Apr-13
Del Pilar
Saranay
16.95622
16.95753
121.65869
121.67558
108
150
-7.7
-8.2
-53.2
-54.5
8.4
11.4
Cauayan City
WSI-12-011
WSI-12-012
WSI-12-032
WSI-12-145
WSI-12-146
WSI-12-200
6-Jun-12
6-Jun-12
13-Mar-12
18-Apr-13
18-Apr-13
13-Apr-13
District 2
District 2
Barbers
San Fermin
Tagaran
San Fermin
16.93758
16.92397
16.94389
16.94078
16.96733
16.91986
121.76992
121.76817
121.76733
121.76619
121.77142
121.75967
93
80
64
64
-6.8
-6.9
-6.6
-6.7
-6.8
-6.7
-43.3
-40.7
-44.0
-43.6
-43.2
-45.2
10.8
14.3
8.8
10.2
11.2
8.6
WSI-12-026
13-Mar-12
Magsaysay
16.67000
121.46556
-7.1
-46.9
9.9
Cordon
77
72
73
126
88
74
111
2-28
Table 2-3
Continued
(2)
Province
Isabela
City/
Municipality
Delfin Albano
PNRI Code
WSI-12-095
WSI-12-096
NWRB Code
Date
sampled
22-Mar-13
22-Mar-13
Source Name
Villaluz
San Antonio
Latitude
17.31750
17.27583
Longitude
121.76961
121.79025
Elevation
(masl)
Well
max.
depth
(mbgl)
60
60
18O
()
-7.4
-7.1
2H
()
-51.6
-47.8
Deuterium
excess
(Dexcess)
7.8
8.7
Gamu
WSI-12-128
WSI-12-136
WSI-12-137
12-Apr-13
10-Apr-13
10-Apr-13
Upi
Mabini
Guibang
17.03772
17.09794
17.04719
121.87314
121.73703
121.85775
90
170
-7.3
-6.9
-6.7
-47.6
-45.7
-42.5
10.5
9.4
10.9
Ilagan
WSI-12-010a
WSI-12-010b
WSI-12-030
WSI-12-084
WSI-12-085
WSI-12-086
WSI-12-087
WSI-12-097
WSI-12-098
WSI-12-099
WSI-12-124a
WSI-12-124b
WSI-12-125
WSI-12-126
6-Jun-12
23-Aug-13
15-Mar-12
19-Mar-13
19-Mar-13
19-Mar-13
19-Mar-13
5-Apr-13
5-Apr-13
5-Apr-13
4-Apr-13
23-Aug-13
4-Apr-13
4-Apr-13
Alibagu
Alibagu
Calamagui
Guinatan
Sto. Tomas
Bagumbayan
San Felipe
Alibagu
Alibagu
Baligatan
Guinatan
Guinatan
Guinatan
Guinatan
17.10261
17.10261
17.13911
17.14117
17.13775
17.15117
17.12017
17.09608
17.09139
17.11289
17.13947
17.13931
17.13869
17.13992
121.85864
121.85864
121.86647
121.88483
121.88542
121.88722
121.88025
121.85978
121.86014
121.86403
121.88242
121.87797
121.87061
121.87781
80
80
50
42
60
44
110
-7.2
-7.1
-6.9
-6.8
-7.7
-6.4
-6.5
-6.9
-7.2
-7.1
-7.5
-7.3
-7.4
-7.3
-43.3
-47.0
-46.0
-48.2
-52.1
-45.7
-44.9
-45.9
-47.9
-47.9
-48.5
-48.2
-49.1
-47.6
13.9
9.8
9.5
5.9
9.2
5.2
7.2
9.4
9.5
9.0
11.1
10.2
10.4
10.5
Luna
WSI-12-144
16-Apr-13
Centro 2
16.96772
121.72906
110
-6.8
-46.8
7.6
Mallig
WSI-12-027a
WSI-12-027b
WSI-12-105
WSI-12-106
WSI-12-107
WSI-12-109
WSI-12-110
16-Mar-12
2-Apr-13
2-Apr-13
2-Apr-13
2-Apr-13
2-Apr-13
2-Apr-13
Centro
Centro
Rang-ayan
San Pedro
Siempre Viva Sur
17.21353
17.21353
17.32636
17.20150
17.17878
17.23397
17.22944
121.61058
121.61058
121.61475
121.60675
121.58072
121.60856
121.63175
130
-7.2
-7.3
-7.6
-6.2
-7.2
-7.4
-7.3
-48.6
-50.6
-53.1
-42.9
-50.3
-51.2
-49.7
9.3
8.1
8.0
6.7
7.1
8.0
8.4
WSI-12-131
WSI-12-132
WSI-12-199
13-Apr-13
13-Apr-13
13-Apr-13
Magsaysay
Roxas
Quezon
17.01128
17.02406
17.02342
121.84475
121.83817
121.83186
72
60
60
-6.8
-6.5
-6.8
-47.0
-44.6
-45.2
7.0
7.7
8.9
Naguillan
84
80
55
100
156
2-29
Table 2-3
Continued
(3)
Province
Isabela
City/
Municipality
Quezon
Quirino
Ramon
Reina
Mercedes
Roxas
San
Guillermo
San Manuel
18O
()
-6.9
-7.6
-7.4
2H
()
-48.3
-51.9
-51.0
Deuterium
excess
(Dexcess)
7.0
8.9
7.8
Date
sampled
2-Apr-13
2-Apr-13
2-Apr-13
Source Name
Santos
Samonte
Samonte
Latitude
17.31633
17.30464
17.31175
Longitude
121.60642
121.60528
121.60011
WSI-12-117
WSI-12-118
WSI-12-119
3-Apr-13
3-Apr-13
3-Apr-13
Luna
Luna
Sto. Domingo
17.12806
17.12936
17.15450
121.72050
121.71997
121.75664
80
81
77
130
180
-6.9
-6.9
-7.3
-47.6
-48.6
-50.8
7.2
6.7
7.3
WSI-12-021a
WSI-12-021b
7-Jun-12
20-Mar-12
Centro
Centro
16.783722
16.783722
121.532139
121.532139
127
127
120
120
-6.7
-6.8
-45.0
-45.6
8.9
9.0
17-Apr-13
Tallungan
Napaccu Grande
16.99333
16.99356
121.81206
121.78953
113
106
-6.7
-6.6
-42.9
-44.3
10.6
8.4
4-Apr-13
4-Apr-13
4-Apr-13
San Antonio
Muoz East
Rizal
17.09414
17.15722
17.12206
121.61703
121.61636
121.62081
80
57
80
-6.8
-6.8
-6.4
-47.2
-47.1
-44.0
7.3
7.4
7.2
Centro
16.72286
121.80814
-7.3
-45.3
12.8
106
-7.4
-6.7
-6.7
-45.2
-47.6
-45.4
13.6
6.0
8.1
-7.2
-7.4
-47.4
-48.6
10.1
10.5
PNRI Code
WSI-12-104
WSI-12-195
WSI-12-196
WSI-12-201
WSI-12-202
WSI-12-121
WSI-12-122
WSI-12-123
WSI-12-033
NWRB Code
17-Apr-13
22-Mar-12
Elevation
(masl)
123
Well
max.
depth
(mbgl)
100
150
150
69
68
77
WSI-12-019
WSI-12-139
WSI-12-141
7-Jun-12
15-Apr-13
15-Apr-13
District 4
Babanuang
Isabela
17.02556
17.04503
17.07164
121.63478
121.63339
121.63744
San Mariano
WSI-12-129
WSI-12-197
11-Apr-13
11-Apr-13
Mallabo
Sta. Filomena
16.99111
16.98592
121.99256
122.00114
120
54
San Pablo
WSI-12-088
Auitan
17.470333
121.790278
52
Ballacayu
17.491028
121.808917
150
WSI-12-089
21-Mar-13
21-Mar-13
61
116
No
data
No
data
-51.8
-49.7
2-30
Table 2.3
Continued
(4)
Province
City/
Municipality
Santiago City
Kalinga
11
PNRI Code
NWRB Code
WSI-12-022
Date
sampled
7-Jun-12
7-Jun-12
Latitude
Longitude
Elevation
(masl)
Well
max.
depth
(mbgl)
Divisoria
16.696833
121.597944
98.1
158
-6.5
88.7
88.7
88.7
74.5
131
131
131
150
-6.6
-6.8
-6.6
-6.8
-39.6
33.611
-46.2
-45.2
-39.3
-7.3
-51.7
6.4
-6.4
-6.3
-6.5
-43.3
-40.4
-40.8
8.0
10.3
11.1
-6.4
-7.5
-8.0
-47.3
-51.8
-53.6
3.6
7.9
10.4
Source Name
WSI-12-023a
WSI-12-023b
WSI-12-023c
WSI-12-024
26-Mar-12
24-Aug-13
7-Jun-12
Mabini
Mabini
Mabini
Rizal
16.701889
16.701889
16.701889
16.722778
121.569194
121.569194
121.569194
121.550361
Sta. Maria
WSI-12-091
21-Mar-13
Poblacion 1
17.469722
121.751528
Tumauini
WSI-12-028a
WSI-12-028b
WSI-12-101
27-Mar-12
20-Mar-13
5-Apr-13
San Pedro
San Pedro
District 1
17.281667
17.281667
17.275556
121.807333
121.807333
121.809389
WSI-12-068
WSI-12-069
WSI-12-070
19-Feb-13
19-Feb-13
19-Feb-13
Upper Bulanaw
Bulanao
Dagupan
17.40267
17.40972
17.47194
121.44156
121.43914
121.46689
Tabuk City
63
63
52
148
92
18O
()
2H
()
Deuterium
excess
(Dexcess)
0.0
12.7
2-31
19.0
8.1
7.9
14.8
Figure 2-14. Stable isotope data of deep wells (boreholes with depth more than 35 mbgl) within
Cagayan province. Data were plotted against that of the PMWL (2H =8 18O + 12; Abaya, 2005),
GMWL (2H = 8.0 18O + 10; Craig, 1961) and WRR2 LMWL (2H =8.6 18O + 13.3). Similar to isotope
data from Cagayan shallow wells (see Figure 3.2.1.1.) nearly all data points were within the limits of
the PMWL and GMWL with a best fit line of 2H =7.5 18O + 7.0, rounded figures) which indicate local
recharge process.
A slight deviation from the GMWL and PMWL was observed from the isotope values
of groundwater from Isabela (Figure 2-15). When grouped together, the data gave a
best fit line estimate of 2H = 6.8 18O + 1.1 with an r2 of 0.604 (n=82). The 18O values
ranged from -5.4 to -9.0 .
The results were consistent to that of what has been observed in Isabela shallow wells
wherein some groundwater tend to point towards the evaporation mixing line. As
mentioned previously, most of the wells were constructed in such a fashion that will
enable it to draw groundwater from multiple aquifers.
2-32
Figure 2-15. Stable isotope data of deep wells (boreholes with depth more than 35 mbgl) within Isabela
province. Data were plotted against that of the PMWL (2H =8 18O + 12; Abaya, 2005), GMWL (2H
= 8.0 18O + 10; Craig, 1961) and WRR2 LMWL (2H =8.6 18O + 13.3). One data point from Santiago
deep wells was ommitted. When taken as a group, Isabela deep wells slightly deviated from PMWL and
GMWL with a best fit line of 2H = 6.8 18O + 1.1 (rounded figures) which indicate most wells may have
been recharged by slightly evaporated waters.
12
Data analysis by Mr, Aniano Torres, Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB)
2-33
Figure 2.16. Piper Plot of Isabela Groundwater Chemistry. Generally, waters driven from shallow and
deep wells are of Ca-Mg-HCO3 type which are indication of short mean residence time.
Groundwater samples from deep wells in Kalinga were generally within the limits of
GMWL and PMWL which indicate local recharge (Figure 2-17). The range of 18O
values were between -6.4 to -8.0. The relatively depleted isotope values is
attributed to the fractionation of light to heavy isotopes due to altitude effects.
2-34
Figure 2-17. Stable isotope data of groundwater from deep wells (boreholes with depth more than 50
mbgl) within Kalinga province. The data were plotted against that of the PMWL (2H =8 18O + 12;
Abaya, 2005), GMWL (2H = 8.0 18O + 10; Craig, 1961) and WRR2 LMWL (2H =8.6 18O + 13.3).
4. Rivers
Specific locations of river where water samples were collected as well as the results
of water isotope analysis are listed in Table 2-4. The map location of sampling sites
as well as its corresponding Oxygen-18 values are shown in Figure 2-18.
2-35
Figure 2-18. Map location of river samples in WRR2 with Oxygen-18 values.
2-36
Table 2-4. Stable isotope values of river water samples collected within WRR2.
Pinacanaun River
Cagayan River
Cagayan River
Latitude
17.62886
17.62889
17.59083
Longitude
121.77114
121.77111
121.67361
Elevatio
n (masl)
28
28
19
18O
()
-6.4
-7.6
-5.7
2H
()
-41.0
-36.9
-39.2
Deuteriu
m excess
(Dexcess)
10.4
23.8
6.5
Baggao
Tuguegaro River
17.91250
121.82861
49
-5.8
-44.2
1.9
7-May-13
Pateng
Wangag River
18.25489
121.98806
27
-5.7
-35.1
10.7
WSI-12-004
5-Jun-12
Sta. Barbara
Chico River
17.75919
121.48333
39
-8.3
-53.2
13.4
Lamut
WSI-12-077
WSI-12-078
21-Feb-13
21-Feb-13
Hapid
Baguinge
16.72753
16.78406
121.24381
121.12103
257
438
-8.61
-8.86
-56.23
-57.84
12.7
13.0
Ilagan
WSI-12-008
WSI-12-194
6-Jun-12
5-Apr-13
Alinguigan
Passa
Malalam Bridge
Passa Creek
17.12419
17.18925
121.90636
121.95522
35
74
-7.1
-6.9
-41.0
-44.1
15.6
10.7
San Isidro
WSI-12-015
6-Jun-12
Camarag
Ganano River
16.73231
121.64669
74
-7.9
-52.5
10.3
Kalinga
Tabuk City
WSI-12-066
WSI-12-067
WSI-12-071
WSI-12-072
WSI-12-073
19-Feb-13
19-Feb-13
20-Feb-13
20-Feb-13
20-Feb-13
Pinukpuk
Bulanaw
Dupag
Bagumbayan
Anbato
17.61586
17.40292
17.40664
17.40772
17.27050
121.40686
121.41839
121.26119
121.26111
121.15411
72
192
292
290
492
-7.62
-8.1
-8.24
-9.32
-9.37
-52.36
-56.99
-52.13
-60.19
-63.88
8.6
7.8
13.8
14.4
11.1
Mountain
Province
Sabangan
WSI-12-075
Lagan
17.00778
120.92736
1018
-10.12
-69.91
11.1
Bayombong
WSI-12-080
Magapuy
16.43353
121.11258
305
-5.8
-42.4
3.6
Bambang
WSI-12-081
San
Leonardo
16.38603
121.08572
336
-7.8
-54.4
8.2
Nagtipunan
WSI-12-016
Aglipay
WSI-12-017
Source
Name
Larion Alto
Namabbalan
Cataggaman
10-Jun-12
WSI-12-166
Piat
Ifugao
Isabela
Province
Cagayan
Nueva
Vizcaya
Quirino
City/
Municipality
Tuguegarao
PNRI Code
WSI-12-007
WSI-12-035
WSI-12-037
Date sampled
5-Jun-12
6-Jun-12
7-Jun-12
Baggao
WSI-12-041
Gonzaga
20-Feb-13
22-Feb-13
22-Feb-13
7-Jun-12
7-Jun-12
Dipantan
Cagayan River,
Abbag Bridge
16.25850
121.65142
170
-7.9
-39.6
23.3
Palacian
Addalam River
16.47114
121.62725
97
-7.3
-44.4
13.8
2-38
River water samples from Ifugao, Isabela, Kalinga, Mountain Province, and
Nueva Vizcaya, have had barely signs of evaporation as most data points lie
within the limits of GMWL and PMWL (Figure 2-19). The behavior is consistent
during the loss of groundwater from the saturated zone as described by
Quiazon and De Luna (unpublished). Moreover, relatively depleted isotope
values from higher elevation particularly in Kalinga, Mountain Province and
Nueva Vizcaya were also observed as part of isotope fractionation due to
altitude effects. On the other hand, some river waters, particularly those that
were sampled in Cagayan and Quirino, lay on top of GMWL and PMWL which
may indicate runoff coming from artificial sources such as water from dams,
pools, or irrigation waters.
Figure 2-19. Stable isotope data of river waters within WRR2. The data were plotted against that of the
PMWL (2H =8 18O + 12; Abaya, 2005), GMWL (2H = 8.0 18O + 10; Craig, 1961) and WRR2 LMWL
(2H =8.6 18O + 13.3).
2-39
5. Springs
Three (3) spring water samples were collected from the provinces of Ifugao (1250
m.a.s.l.), Mountain Province (1020 m.a.s.l.) and Nueva Vizcaya (1314 m.a.s.l.).
Details of the location can be seen in Table 2-5 while the map location is shown in
Figure 2-20. The data lie within the limits of GMWL and PMWL as seen in Figure 221. The relatively depleted isotope values is attributed to the fractionation of water
isotopes due altitude effects (Gerardo-Abaya, 2005).
Figure 2-20. Map location of spring samples in WRR2 with Oxygen-18 values.
2-40
Figure 2-21. Stable isotope data of the spring water samples (n=3) collected from provinces of Ifugao,
Mountain Province, and Nueva Vizcaya. The data were plotted against that of the PMWL (2H =8 18O
+ 12; Abaya, 2005), GMWL (2H = 8.0 18O + 10; Craig, 1961) and WRR2 LMWL (2H =8.6 18O +
13.3).
Table 2-5. Stable isotope values of spring water samples collected within Ifugao, Mountain Province and Nueva
Vizcaya of WRR2.
Province
Ifugao
City/
Municipality
Banaue
PNRI Code
WSI-12-076
Mt.
Province
Bontoc
WSI-12-074
Nueva
Vizcaya
Sta. Fe
WSI-12-203
Date
sampled
21-Feb-13
20-Feb-13
22-Feb-13
Long.
121.05692
Elev.
(masl)
1250
18
O
()
-8.8
2H
()
-56.6
D-excess
13.5
17.01950
120.93353
1020
-9.8
-66.8
11.4
16.12833
120.90278
1314
-9.4
-65.1
9.9
Source
Name
Amganad
Lat.
16.89725
Gonogon
Spring
2-41
6. Groundwater Dating
A total of six (6) groundwater samples were collected from boreholes in Tuguegarao,
Ilagan and Nueva Vizcaya (See Table 2-6). The map distribution of the samples
indicating the groundwater ages obtained from 3H-3He is shown in Figure 2-22.
Table 2-6. Groundwater samples with Tritium and Tritium-Helium-3 data for estimation of mean residence time.
City/
Municipality
Tuguegarao
Ilagan
Diadi, NV
Station
Linao
Namabbalan
Guinatan
Alibagu
Mabini
Scoting
Lat.
17.65883
17.55250
17.13931
17.10261
16.70033
16.66039
Long.
121.72658
121.78194
121.87797
121.85864
121.56308
121.36950
Elev.
(masl)
28
20
53
76
92
235
Max. well
depth
(mbgl)
63
50
80
131
6
18O
()
-8.35
-7.21
-7.30
-7.11
-6.63
-7.62
2H
()
-53.53
-51.92
-48.17
-47.04
-45.19
-51.24
Tritium
conc.
(TU)
0.7
0.5
0.8
0.7
0.8
2.1
Age in years
(Tritum/Helium-3)
33
38
9
28
12
3
2-42
33y
38y
28y
3y
9y
12y
Figure 2-22. Groundwater ages in WRR2 based on 3H/3He dating. Groundwater drawn from shallow well (6 mbgl)
from Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya had the shortest mean residence time of about 3 years which may be expected of shallow
wells(6 mbgl) from recharge areas. Mixed groundwater ages of about 9 to 38 years were observed in the plains with
elevation of about 20m to 50 m.a.s.l.
2-43
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
Majority of isotope values from river water samples were found within that of the
GMWL and PMWL but with relatively depleted values. This could be an indication of
some saturated unconfined aquifers leaking to the streams, a groundwater-to-surface
water mechanism which was previously suggested by Quiazon and De Luna.
The limited data on springs may not be enough to draw generalized conclusion but the
relatively depleted values of water from three springs in Ifugao, Mountain Province
and Nueva Vizcaya and were nonetheless consistent with the typical values expected
from groundwater at high elevation areas (Gerardo-Abaya, 2005).
Similarly, the limited precipitation may not be enough to clearly establish the local
meteoric water line for WRR2. However, it was shown that either Philippine meteoric
water line (Gerardo-Abaya, 2005) or the Global meteoric water line (Craig, 1969) may
be used for convenience especially on initial investigations. The long term annual
mean of Oxygen-18 in rain was estimated to be -7.3. This value was used
throughout the isotope graphs to qualitatively identify which groundwater systems
share similar recharge processes.
2-44
REFERENCES
Aggarwal, P.K., Frhlich, K., Kulkarni, K.M. and Gourcy, L.L. 2004. Stable Isotope
Evidence for Moisture Sources in the Asian Summer Monsoon Under Present and Past
Climate Regimes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 (8): 1 4.
Castaeda, S., Fernandez, G.L., Ascao, L., Ramos, A., Conjares, A.E. and Africa, L.
Application of Isotope and Chemical Techniques in the Study of Davao City
Groundwater Resources. Unpublished Report.
Clark, I. and Fritz, P. 1997. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. Lewis Publ.,
Boca Raton. 328.
Craig, H. (1961). Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science, 133, 1702-1703.
Dessie A. & Bredemeier M. (2013). The Effect of Deforestation on Water Quality: A
Case Study in Cienda Micro Watershed, Leyte, Philippines, Resources and
Environment, Vol. 3 No. 1, 2013, pp. 1-9. doi: 10.5923/j.re.20130301.01.
Gerardo-Abaya, J. (2005). Determination of recharge from stable isotope data to the
hydrological systems in the Southern Negros Geothermal Field and its environs,
Philippines. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Turkey, 24-29
April 2005.
Kendall, C. and McDonnell, J.J., 1998. Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology.
Elsevier Science, The Netherlands, p. 840.
Mendoza, N.DS., Sucgang, R.J. and Castaeda, S.S. 2010. Low-level tritium
measurement in freshwater sources in the Philippines using electrolytic enrichment
and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Phil. Nucl. J. 15: 15-22.
Quiazon, H.P. & De Luna, E. (unpublished report). Groundwater in Cagayan Basin
Northeastern Luzon by Hernando P. Quiazon (Supervising Geologist I) and Efren De
Luna (Geologist). Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Philippines.
Rao, S.M., Kulkarni, K.M., 1997. Isotope hydrology studies on water resources in
western Rajasthan. Curr. Sci. 72: 55-61.
Ranada, Pia (2014). Bulacan deforestation drying up Metro Manila water supply.
Retrieved online at: http://www.rappler.com/science-nature/environment/60761-ipowatershed-mismanagement-denr-mwss. Last accessed: 30 January 2016
UNESCO (1987). The role of water in socio-economic development. Report 1 of IHPII Project. W.E. Cox, ed.. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization. 7, place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris
Yurtsever, Y and Araguas-Araguas, L. 1993. Environmental Isotope Application in
Hydrology: An Overview of the IAEAs Activities, Experiences, and Prospects. Tracers
in Hydrology (Proceedings of the Yokohama Symposium, July 1993). IAHS 215: 3-19.
2-45
SUPPLEMENTAL FIGURES
The following figures are examples of well designs and strata records in Cagayan and
Isabela Wells.
Supplemental Figure 1. Well Record of Deep Production well (100m mbgl) in Cagayan
2-46
2-47
2-48
2-49
GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF PROVINCES IN WATER RESOURCES REGION 2 FROM MINES & GEOSCIENCES BUREAU (1)
2-50
GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF PROVINCES IN WATER RESOURCES REGION 2 FROM MINES & GEOSCIENCES BUREAU (2)
2-51
GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF PROVINCES IN WATER RESOURCES REGION 2 FROM MINES & GEOSCIENCES BUREAU (3)
2-52
GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF PROVINCES IN WATER RESOURCES REGION 2 FROM MINES & GEOSCIENCES BUREAU (4)
2-53
CHAPTER 3
CONCLUDING REMARKS
I.
Appreciation of the results of the study and the advantage of isotope techniques in
accelerating information gathering and understanding of hydrological processes has
prompted the National Water Resources Board in integrating isotope hydrology
techniques in the national groundwater resources assessment program.
3-1
II.
Limitations in the sampling network, particularly of the surface water, and the
difficulty in accessing some water sources, particularly upstream, precluded the
collection of more resolved spatial and temporal data to make quantitative
assessment of groundwater recharge components. Further work in the area is
required to evaluate the use of isotope data to quantitatively assess the relative
contribution of surface water to the groundwater recharge.
To establish tritium time-series data for representative aquifer type in the area to
be used as a calibration reference point for the particular aquifer type. This will
enable accurate age determination and prediction of arrival of contaminants from
the surface.
III.
3-2
conducted. Results also show that rainfall during the rainy months contribute
significantly to the recharge. Focus monitoring on periods towards the end of
wet seasons or following excessive rainfall events such as when floods occur.
Measures to minimize surface water contamination should be implemented.
A monitoring program for groundwater quality status around the vicinity of rivers
is suggested. Monitoring wells should be sited both in the up gradient and down
gradient of the river.
3-3