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A positive result
indicates the function is
Concave Up on that
interval.
A negative result
indicates the function is
Concave Down on that
interval.
The function has an Inflection Point at any value where the sign changes
from positive to negative or negative to positive.
Example 1:
12x2 12 = 0
12(x2 1) = 0
12(x 1)(x + 1)= 0
x=1, x = 1
Plot these numbers on a number line and test the regions with the Second Derivative.
Lets select a convenient number in the interval less than 1, between 1 and 1, and greater than 1. How
about 2, 0, and 2, respectively?
2
When we test 2 in the Second Derivative, we obtain 12(-2)2 12 = 36; when we test 0 in the Second
Derivative, we obtain 12(0)2 12 = 12; and finally, when we test 2 in the Second Derivative, we obtain
12(2)212 = 36. Therefore, the graph is concave up for x values less that 1 and greater than 1, and
concave down between -1 and 1.
Concave Up
Concave Down
1
Concave Up
1
The function has Inflection Points at -1 and 1 since the concavity changes.
Plug these two values into the original function to obtain the y-coordinates of the Inflection Points:
f(1)=(1)4 6(1)2 + 8(1) + 10 = 3
f(1)=(1)4 6(1)2 + 8(1) + 10 = 13
So, (1, 3) and (1, 13) are Inflection Points.
Example 2:
f''(x) = 12x2
12x2= 0
X=0
Plot this number on a number line and test the regions with the Second Derivative.
Lets select a convenient number in the interval less than zero. How about -1? Then we
select a convenient number in the interval greater than zero, How about 1?
-1
1
0
Now, when we test -1 and 1 in the Second Derivative, we obtain 12(-1)2 = 12,
and 12(1)2 = 12
Since both results are positive, the graph is concave up on both intervals
Concave Up
Concave Up
0
Example 3:
2
9
53 =
9 53
1
0
9(1)53
2
9
9(1)53
=9
Since the first result is positive and the second is negative, the graph is concave up for
all values less than 0 and concave down for all values greater than 0.
Concave Up
Concave Down
0
Example 4:
f''(x) = 2x-3
2
= 3
Therefore, there are NO INFLECTION POINTS due to the fact that the original function, f, is not
defined at 0.
Lets say you did perform the number line test:
-1
1
0
(1)3
= 2 and
Concave Up
(1)3
=2
0
It is very tempting to conclude that since the graph is concave down for all x values less than 0, and
concave up for all x values greater than 0, then 0 must be a point of inflection.
However, the fact that a change in concavity occurs is not, of itself, a guarantee that there is an
Inflection Point. You must make sure that the function is defined at the number, and in this
problem, it was not. Therefore, there is no Inflection Point.