Safetunnel Concept Eng PDF

New technology for new challenge
SafeTUNNEL
concept
ORBI
ARK
SafeTUNNEL group founder
Liberr/
8
6nalird
Frotornitd
Bron, le
Le Directeur du Centre d'Etudes des Tunnels
ministbe
de l'fquipement
des Transports
de I AmCagement
du territoire
du Tourisrne
et de la Mer
ORBIPARK d.o.0.
Zgosa 52
SI-4275 BEGUNJE, SLOVENIE
direction
des Routes
centre df6tudes
des Tunnels
Cetu
Subject: Study of principles, systems and materials for fire control in road tunnels
Re.:
File investigated by:
Marc Tesson - P61e S6curit6
Phone (33) 04 72 14 34 76 -Fax (33) 0 4 72 14 34 70
E-mail marc.tesson@eauiuement.prouv.fr
Lutte contre le feu-anglais.doc
Dear Sir,
-- .-
.-
- .
CETU' has been informed of interesting research works conducted by your Firm in
the field of the optimised design of fixed water sprinkling systems (spraying or
sprinklage). We therefore would like you to help us identifying to what extent these
works could be used to improve safety in road tunnels.
This improvement must be understood within the framework of a global safety
strategy. As a matter of fact - especially regarding the field of aeraulics - the
underground structures often show specificities which diverge largely from the other
confined premises currently used where this system is better known. Even if some
countries like Japan frequently use this type of system, the modalities of its
utilisation remain complex. France, like other European countries, always observed
some reservation about installing such an equipment in the French tunnels. As a
matter of fact starting the system may induce under some circumstances additional
risks for the exposed people. Also its actual efficiency to ensure extinguishing of
vehicle fires in tunnels has not yet been demonstrated with sufficient accuracy and
certitude.
For a correct qualification of the fixed water sprinkling systems in order to use them
in vehicle tunnels, additional knowledge proves quite necessary. This is the reason
why the Home Ministry (DDSC)l and Ministry for Public Works (CETU) started a
study co-operation in 2002.
' Tunnel Design Centre

Directorate of Defense and Civil Security
A first working phase allowed to identify scenarios for which a water sprinkling
system could be of interest, and define the objectives to use such systems.
To cany on with this study it was decided to favour a pragmatic approach by
reflections focused on the case of a two-way traffic tunnel, with a length between
1,000 and 1,200 m, a ventilation system either longitudinal or transverse, and a
significant lorry traffic proportion. After having consulted the specialised research
consultancies, this second study phase was given to Mssrs. Bonnard & Gardel. The
objective of the performance will be to analyse - both on the economic level and
global improvement of safety conditions level - the benefit of a possible installation
of fixed water sprinkling systems.
Assuming that this reflection would confirm the perspective of development
considered for these systems, it will then be necessary to prepare the schedule of the
further studies (including full-scale tests if this option is selected) that will allow to
validate some results or confirm some advanced hypotheses.
Within the flamework of the requested performance, Bonnard & Gardel will soon
contact you in order to gather information on the systems developed by your Firm.
I thank you in advance to welcome their request. I remain, along with Marc Tesson
who is charged with leading this action, to your disposal for any further
complementing information you may need.
Yours sincerely
OrbiPark, ineniring biro d.o.o.

Zgoa 52, SI-4275 Begunje, Slovenija
tel 386 (0)4 5333 206, fax 386 (0)4 5333 202, orbipark@orbipark.com
OrbiPark d.o.o. SI-4275 Begunje na Gorenjskem
Centre d'Etudes des Tunnels

Monsieur le Directeur Michel DEFFAYET
25 avenue Franois Mitterrand Case no1
69674 BRON Cedex
France
Begunje, March 15, 2005

Dear Sirs,
Thanks for your letter dated October 22, 2004. I would like to apologize for long response time; it was due to some
patents date. Thank you for your interest in our SafeFOG system.
As requested, here is some information about the SafeTUNNEL concept and especially about 3K SafeVENT and
SafeFOG. All fire fighting systems in tunnels, especially water mist, cannot be efficient and safe if we do not have an
appropriate ventilation system.
I will try to answer the questions in your letter (marked yellow) as well as adding some comments. I have also enclosed
a DVD and a CD of our 1:10 scale model testing and some presentations.
In collaboration with several Slovene, Croatian, Austrian, German, Danish, Swedish companies, I have created the
safety concept called SafeTUNNEL that offers fire safety for tunnels and includes:
SafeSIGNAL
SafeVENT 3K two tube or 3K+ for mono tube tunnels
SafeFOG
SafeAIR
TLA SafeHYDRANT
There are four goals that tunnel safety has to achieve:
Development of automotive industry (hybrid and hydrogen propelled cars) will probably bring additional fire
risks.
To be in control of any fire that starts and to be able to control largest fires in tunnels with no catastrophic
consequences.
Protect human lives and their health.
Prevention of large damages to the tunnel structure and equipment, so traffic can resume after the damaged
vehicles have been removed from the fire zone (typically 100m) and the area has been cleaned.
If you have further interest in our SafeTUNNEL concept, we would appreciate your invitation to discuss it in
more detail and talk about specific projects or testing.
Best regards
Andrej ufer
andrej.cufer@orbipark.com
http://www.OrbiPark.com
Page 1 / 25
ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS:
1. The water flow you would recommend for:

i. Extinguishing the fire (max HRR = 100MW).
ii. Keeping the fire under control (i.e. to avoid fire propagation to other vehicles).
We are talking about 1000-3000 litters/minute for a 100m fire & smoke zone.
We cannot talk about extinguishing fire inside vehicles (e.g. a bus).
There are several important factors regarding water flow that could increase it by 500% or even more.
Factors:
Air velocity
Water additives
Nozzle design and mist circulation in tunnel
Response times of detection and pump system installed
Materials on fire
2. The length of the spraying section and the disposition of the nozzles in the tunnel (with the
assumption that the fire can be detected with an accuracy of +/- 20 m in the tunnel).
SafeFOG is designed for 100m fire & smoke zone. Our standard nozzle has 200-250 l/minute and we have
10-20 m of distance between the nozzles. We use only one SafeFOG nozzle per cross section of the
tunnel. (Attachment SafeFOG installation, DVD video SafeFOG section). For 1000m of tunnel we need
2000m (A) or 3000m (B) tubes. All tubes of same installation segment are of the some diameter. Inside
diameters: 50mm, 65mm and 80mm, depending on tunnel design, length, altitude difference, position of
pumps in tunnel and number of pumps.
3. The distribution of the droplet size (or the median diameter) you would consider.
We use a nozzle based on the water splitting principle differently and we have wide spectrum of water droplet
diameters. In fire condition the drops are bending and evaporating so it is difficult to talk about precise
diameter. We did most of our tests on the basis of practical experiments of fire fighting and analyzing videos to
compare our mist movement in the air and comparing fire fighting with other producers nozzles.
4. The size of the water tank, the water quality required (particles, chemical composition).
The water tank depends on the tunnel project and has to allow minimal operation time of 30-60 minutes. High
pressure pump requires minimum 3 bar water pressure on inlet. There are no special requirements for water
quality. Pump has filters for removal of particles that could block the nozzles. Beside that, we have small jolly
pump and calcium cleaning device that is used to fill the installation to prevent long-term deposition of calcium.
In fire mode operation hard water is not a problem. We have developed three basic systems for frost
protection one of them uses anti frost additives that are injected by jolly pump.
5. The general schematic or list of the water network (pumps, filters, valves, pipes ).
Please refer to Attachment of installation.
We have two versions, A - 2 tube installation and B - 3 tube installation. One advantage of our system is that
we use one size of tubes and joints with as few screw connections as possible. Most of the joints are
preassembled outside the tunnel and transported into tunnels 3K shaft.
We are collaborating with 5 high pressure pump manufacturing companies and have performed testing with all
of them. Most testing of the nozzle was done with a 200 bar nitrogen discharge high pressure tank. All
components are made of high quality stainless steel sponsored and supplied by SANDVIK. Special high
pressure bowl valves were developed in cooperation with our partner company and tested. Opening and
closing can be done manually, electrically or hydraulically by water (Danfoss Nessie) attachment installation
schema.
Page 2 / 25
6. The electrical power required to drive the pumps (if not diesel driven).
Pump Hammelman
Q=1129 l/min
p=270 bar
P=550 kW
Diesel 575 kW DIN 6270A
Price 341.250
Pump Woma
Q=1464 l/min
p=285 bar
P=756 kW
Diesel 907 kW DIN 6271A
Price 287.618
Depending on tunnel location, number of pumps, availability of electricity and pump producer.
In future fuel cells might be the solution to offer fast power when needed.
http://www.mtu-online.com/cfc/en/cfcs/cfcs.htm
7. The general dimension (volume) of the pump houses.
Standard pump - diesel powered engine is installed in standard container of 20 feet, beside that we need place
for installation or water tanks and water treatment section.
8. A budget price of the complete fixed water fire fighting system (including installation and
commissioning tests) +/- 20%.
Price is about 1000-3000 /m. This depends on the tunnel conceptual design and length, which strongly
affects the pumping price/m. Installation in twin bore tunnels is immediately 20-50% cheaper, because of
better pumping price/m factor and ladder tube connection layout that results water supply through 4 tubes.
For your exemplary 1500m tunnel including software and automatics, price is about 1600/m.
Comparing to the cars (price car/m) driving trough the tunnel, much less if I may ad.
9. A budget of the maintenance costs.
SafeFOG was designed deliberately to present the least inconvenience possible to traffic. So the best
materials, like Sandvik special tubes, titanium, and hard alloy and pumps of best producers are used.
3K lowered ceiling makes it easy and simple to install tubes above. Inspection and maintenance is possible
without closing the tunnel for traffic.
SafeFOG nozzle consists of 5 pieces and one of them is a screw. It is easy and cheap to open and clean or
exchange the nozzle. We use only 50 or 100 nozzles per 1 km of tunnel (depending on the distance to pump
and tubing connection layout). Some other producers that use nozzle heads need 800 or more nozzle
heads with 4800 or more nozzles.
10. Estimation of the reliability and availability of the water mist system.
In tunnel fires most victims are claimed by smoke. Water mist systems cool down hot smoke and trap particles.
If we can reduce air velocity under 0,5 m/s and limit smoke & fire zone to its minimum extent of 50 or 100m,
then a robust and simple water mist system that is properly designed will be of huge advantage to tunnel
safety.
The only possible successful disaster prevention is using a well coordinated package of
integrated systems and technologies, to create an efficient fire intervention system like the
SafeTUNNEL system.
SafeSIGNAL
3K - SafeVENTILATION
SafeFOG
SafeAIR
TLA - SafeHYDRANT
Page 3 / 25
COMMENTS ON EXISTING TUNNEL SITUATION AND SafeTUNNEL CONCEPT

In our opinion the tunnels (one, two or more tubes) have to be equipped with standardized integrated safety system
that will make tunnels as safe for all fire scenario varieties as possible. There has been relatively small number of
casualties so far in tunnels, but the destruction, traffic-jam and loss of toll should be the reason enough to invest
more in the safety equipment in tunnels, not to mention terrorist threat.
The infrastructures taken into consideration are single tube two ways road tunnels,
My opinion is:
In current state one tube tunnels with two direction traffic are: Titanic with no life jackets and no life-boats at all.
or
Accident in two tube tunnel by Salzburg (A)
This photography of real accident in two tube tunnel demonstrates the chaos and possibility of fire ignition in one way
two or more lane tunnels.
At this point my prediction might look too dark and an overstatement. Some tunnel experts will be of opposite opinion,
but I do believe two tubes tunnels have also potential for enormous catastrophes that will happen some time in the
future, with lots of casualties and massive destruction of tunnel if we do not change our understanding about safety in
tunnels and future tunnel design.
Page 4 / 25
3m/s
Bidirectional (one tube) tunnel; schematic presentation, just seconds after the accident
3m/s
3m/s
Two or more lane (double tube) tunnel; schematic presentation, just seconds after the accident
At the present time tunnel operators are satisfied and they feel safe if they have two tube tunnels.
Unfortunately this is not enough. In two tube tunnels, especially in cities with dense traffic the two tube tunnels are a big
trap and a potential disaster too.
The fire load is larger (double) - two or more lanes full of traffic.
Fire has 4 directions to spread left and/or right to the second lane and to back and front of the tunnel.
Chance of different combination of fire dangerous materials increases.
Escaping is in spite of second tube difficult, because mass collision prevents evacuation.
Fire usually starts in the middle of a traffic river so one side of the fire is lost in smoke.
Arriving of rescue teams and fire fighters into a two tube tunnel might be theoretically better, but sometimes is it
also difficult because we have two full lanes of crashed stopped traffic.
Two tube tunnels are not safer against terrorist attacks.
Beside that, installation of water mist in two tube tunnels/m is 30-50% cheaper (depending on length) because
high pressure pumps are used for both tubes of tunnel.
Page 5 / 25
TRUE PROBLEM AND FACTS

Fire fighters are too far away from fast smoke & fire development in tunnel, to be efficient at bigger fire load
fires. Statement based on real situation, past experience, and distance between firehouses and tunnels in Slovenia.
THREE LEVELS OF FIREFIGHTING IN TUNNEL
?
Smoke and Fire detection time is 1 -15 minutes (based on data of different fire scenario and different detection systems)
+ alarm confirmation and communication that takes additional 1 - 7 minutes (data based on real fires)
TLA hydrant can be used safely within 1-4 minutes by people in tunnel
SafeVENT, SafeFOG and SafeAIR can start operating in 1-3 minutes after the confirmation of alarm
Fire fighters need 7-24 minutes to arrive to tunnel portals after alarm is given (according to SLO tunnel data base and real tunnel
fires in EU) in ideal weather and traffic conditions. This time is definitely too long if no previous levels of fire fighting have been
undertaken.
10
20
30
40
50 Minutes
Growth of traffic, our mobility, vehicle development, urban and city tunnels, long tunnels under geographic barriers and
terrorist threats are all factors that will force us to rethink tunnel safety concepts and pay more for fire safety in tunnels.
The question is how long and how many catastrophes will have to happen, to make us change our existing practice and
systems.
Page 6 / 25
Existing water hydrants are normally locked and are not suitable for simple public and safe self use.
Karavanke tunnel (SLO) water pressure

16bar - dangers for self users. Water
without additives not efficient enough.
Textile tubes in locked hydrant niche not fast and simple enough.
Not acceptable for self rescuing
Dekani tunnel (SLO) new version of non

efficient water only hydrants.
Border tunnels among two countries with

two languages are especially dangerous
in case of emergency.
ADAC expert on French-Spanish border:

communication problem due to
loud environment and different
languages.
Loudspeakers are due to laws of physics

useless in tunnel (echoes), not to mention
different languages.
Communication in tunnel is still difficult and some solutions are not efficient
New lighting of the tunnels
New signs - tunnel dwarfs are not

saying from which direction the smoke is
coming.
New lighting and sign systems in

tunnels use red, white, yellow, green,
blue, lights and create Las Vegas like
impression and thus reducing drivers
attention.
Informative value of visual signs in tunnel
Read light is lost among other red lights

in tunnel. Its likely to be overseen and is
not saying what danger and where is it
coming from.
Complicated to install, requires frequent

cleaning.
Obstacles on every 15 to 20m in tunnel

service pavement that serves as escape
route are not safe for tunnel personnel nor
for escaping people in pour visibility of
smoke filled tunnel.
In mono tube tunnels eider escape

direction is to long.
Page 7 / 25
Ventilation in tunnels is designed for normal operation and limited small fires.
Tunnel fire in Norway
Tunnel fire Baltimore USA 2001
We suggest that pushing smoke in a fire event through the tunnels traffic area toward one end of the tunnel is not
sufficient. Tunnel ventilation could be designed better, without significant increase of costs.
Ventilation was not dimensioned adequately for big fire events and there is a lack of automatic fire extinguishing
systems and fire fighting equipment for self intervention.
At the past catastrophes in Tunnels (Mt.Blanc, Tauern, Gotthard) fire fighters were not able to enter and reach fire in
time - in first crucial minutes (3-7minutes).
Powerless fire fighters in front of Tauern tunnel during the fire.
To concentrate all fire safety in tunnels on external fire fighters help is not acceptable any more and it is from
todays point of knowledge wrong.
Page 8 / 25
COMPARISON OF TUNNEL VENTILATION SYSTEMS
No.1
No.2
No.3
No.4
No.5
Most systems of ventilation in Slovenia and Austria (No.1-No.4)

No.1 No artificial ventilation - fire is influenced only by weather situation and fire dynamic
No.2 Longitudinal ventilation - like bellows blowing in the cement oven
No.3 Transverse ventilation (first version) no blinds - lets spin the smoke
No.4 Transverse ventilation improved 3rd generation with big blinds
No.5 3K SafeVENT ventilation has, when it operates in fire mode 3 times more smoke extracting profile
In Memorial tunnel program (1993 USA) that included testing of different ventilation concepts
Full Transverse Ventilation
Partial Transverse Ventilation
Partial Transverse Ventilation with Single Point Extraction
Partial Transverse Ventilation with Oversized Exhaust Ports
Point Supply and Point Exhaust Operation
Natural Ventilation
Longitudinal Ventilation with Jet Fans
Oversized Exhaust Ports is not the same as 3K ventilation which therefore could be considered as new concept
and needs to be computer simulated and tested in 1:1 scale in interests of all parties considering tunnel safety.
Page 9 / 25
Comparison of some additional tunnel ventilation systems from French literature.

Ministre de lquipement, des Transports, du
Logement, du Tourisme et de la Mer direction
des routes
Dossier pilote des tunnels quipements
Ventilation
IBSN 2-11-084740-9
CENTRE DTUDES DES TUNNELS
25, avenue Franois Mitterrand - 69674 Bron
cedex - France
http://www.cetu.gouv.fr
04 72 14 34 00
cetu@equipement.gouv.fr
section 4.1
novembre 2003
These concepts hare one important disadvantage: the smoke extraction openings are limited to 10-15% of the
tunnel width.
The speed of air in smoke extraction opening would have to be 10 times faster to extract the same volume of smoke as
3K SafeVENT ventilation operating in fire mode.
In above tunnels the smoke extraction is not able to create air curtains, as 3K SafeVENT ventilation does.
The air curtains have important role in isolating fire zone in a tunnel. Similar principle is used at shopping moll entrance
to protect air-conditioned space.
As the result of small ventilation openings most of the smoke will just go by the first ventilation opening. Smoke will be
rotated because of extraction and bigger vehicles creating aerodynamic vortex.
The aperture of second blind will be able to extract some more smoke, but opening of more blinds causes less efficient
ventilation and creates longer smoke & fire zone.
Bigger fires will cause opening of more ventilation apertures due to low extraction per aperture.
Smoke escaping ventilation apertures will extend through the whole of the tunnel, so escape and rescuing will
become dangerous.
Page 10 / 25
SafeSIGNAL a visual system for guidance and communicating

Product developed by Andrej ufer for www.AKA-PCB.COM established producer of PCBs for 40 years, cooperating
with EU automotive industry, among other production of 3rd (diodes) stop lights for cars.
"Indicating sides of the tunnel or road" Signal light on tunnel wall provides better road recognition for drivers, similar
as SWAROFLEX. Partially activated light body (diodes), easy cleaning of profile on the tunnel wall. (Normal operation
mode)
"Speed restriction mode:" (stroboscopic indication of driving speed)
Partially activated light body with additional function by means of individual lights flashing in intervals, creating an optical
wave of specific speed; which could be used to help regulating driving speed in tunnel.
Alarm trigger function:
There is a "control switch" on each SafeSIGNAL light, for individual activation of the alarm. Not dependent on language.
(on every 15 - 20 m of the tunnel).
Alert mode:
Flashing of lights trough the whole length of the tunnel can alert drivers about changes in traffic conditions and help
prevent a traffic jam. In this mode all diodes are flashing in a rhythm; the alarm is activated at the spot of the accident
and it signals to other cars in the tunnel to stop immediately. Not dependent on language.
Escape direction mode:
Guiding towards shortest escape direction. Computer calculated on base of online data of traffic counter (image
recognition), wind speed, air velocity in tunnel, availability of electric power for ventilation, accident location just
seconds after first alarm is given. Flashing arrows point towards the nearest safe area - the use of diode lights permits
different shapes to be illuminated.
Normal mode
Alert mode
Escape direction mode

Page 11 / 25
SafeVENT 3K and 3K+ ventilation

Product developed by Josip Paveti & sons, established Croatian producer of industrial ventilation systems and jet fans
for 35 years. Reference: His jet fans are working in more than 80 countries, his fans were installed also in Euro-tunnel
TBMs and Chicago Subway builders were using his jet fans.
Existing transverse ventilation system with long smoke and fire zone. At increased air velocity from one direction the smoke will
extend in the other direction. Existing ventilation openings can not extract smoke trough whole width of the tunnel, so smoke will
spread trough the rest of the tunnel. Back layering problems will also occur.
One of the advantages of SafeVENT is shown when a fire breaks out. At that time ventilation apertures in front and
behind the fire open and create air curtains. Air curtains isolate smoke to the fire zone, where it is additionally cooled and
automatically extinguished. SafeVENT also keeps area between the portals and the fire zone clear of smoke; so
rescuing groups have easy and safe access.
3K SafeVENT creates air curtains, reduces air movement in between, isolates smoke & fire in the fire zone, and mixes cold air with
smoke in order to reduce tunnel damage.
Mr. Davor Paveti at test tunnel inspection

Page 12 / 25
SafeVENT 3K ventilation testing in Zagreb
simulation of longitudinal ventilation

(theatre smoke)
simulation of longitudinal ventilation

(theatre smoke)
simulation of 3K SafeVENT ventilation

(theatre smoke)
3K SafeVENT ventilation is keeping

smoke clear access to the fire zone
Making the air movement visible with

styro-foam particles. They are collected
under ventilation openings. SafeFOG
installation in fire zone
Maximum ventilation speed is creating

vortex under the ventilation openings
Testing of SafeFOG without fire
Fire load
Fire on its peak, simulated air velocity in

tunnel was 3m/s
Fire is burning; visible smoke layer in fire

zone, all smoke was extracted by 3
ventilation openings.
SafeFOG was activated and temperature

dropped immediately, fire was put out in
next seconds.
Fire was put out, styro-foam marker

particles were stopped under ventilation
openings
Page 13 / 25
3K ventilation during normal mode operation
Schematic of 3K ventilation in fire mode
3K ventilation in fire mode operation
Normal mode operation
Fire mode operation
Page 14 / 25
Typical 3K+ cross section for single tube tunnels with

integrated smoke free escape corridor
Typical 3K cross section for two or more tube tunnels
Existing tunnel comparison with possible 3K ventilation solution Sv. Rok Tunnel (5,7km) by Zadar (Croatia)
Ventilation system
Longitudinal ventilation
3K ventilation
Layout of tunnel
Traffic tube
One tube 3K ventilation
second tube in process of construction
Installed ventilators 88 x 37 kW installed (3,256 MW total)
6 x 360 kW (2,16 MW total)
Regulation of electric power
Operation mode
No power regulation
Normal mode:
Air extraction:
Working 24 hours daily at 10% 4 x 36 kW
Large energy switch peaks

Switching jet fan pairs as needed
just on-off option 100% power
74 kW
148 kW
222 kW
296 kW
370 kW
444 kW
518 kW
592 kW
666 kW
740 kW
814 kW
Author of the
ventilation project
888 kW
962 kW
1036 kW
1110 kW
1184 kW
1258 kW
1332 kW
1406 kW
1480 kW
1554 kW
1628 kW
1702 kW
1776 kW
1850 kW
1924 kW
1998 kW
2072 kW
2146 kW
2220 kW
2294 kW
2368 kW
2442 kW
2516 kW
2590 kW
2664 kW
2738 kW
2812 kW
2886 kW
2960 kW
3034 kW
3108 kW
3182 kW
3256 kW
Miodrag Drakuli, MSc.M.E.

Marine Research & Special Technologies
Special Design Department
Traffic peaks:
Air extraction:
4 x 36-360 kW
Optional inducing fresh air
2 x 36-360 kW
Fire mode operation:
Air extraction:
4 - 6 x 36-360 kW
Josip Paveti M.E. & sons

owner of company EKOVENT producing special
industry fans for 35 years
Page 15 / 25
Project comparison for Biokovo tunnel (4,1 km) by Makarska (Croatia)

Ventilation system
Longitudinal ventilation
3K+ ventilation
Layout of tunnel
Traffic tube + escape tube*
Traffic tube with built in
escape smoke corridor
Building technology
Mould concrete cast in tunnel
Tribo SafeBETON
prefabricated fire proof sections
main ventilation
Installed ventilators
main ventilation
6 x 132 kW (0,792MW)
14 x 30 kW (0,42 MW)
positive pressure in escape corridor
positive pressure in escape corridor
2 x 7,5 kW (0,015 MW)
6 x 30 kW (0,18 MW)
Regulation of electric power
Operation mode
No power regulation
just on-off option 100% power
Normal mode:
Air extraction:
Working 24 hours daily at 10% 4 x 13,2 kW
Escape corridor jet fans:
Working 24 hours daily at 30% 2 x 2,25 kW
60 kW
120 kW
180 kW
240 kW
300 kW
360 kW
420 kW
Traffic peaks:
Air extraction:
4 x 13,2-132 kW
2 x 2,25 kW
Optional inducing fresh air
2 x 13,2-132 kW
Large energy switch peaks

Switching jet fan pairs as needed
Fire mode operation:

Air extraction jet fans:
4 - 6 x 13,2-132 kW
2 x 7,5 kW
Price
Approx. 60.000.000
Approx. 50.000.000
Author of the
Prof. Dr. Jurij Modic, Faculty of
Josip Paveti M.E. & sons
ventilation project
Mechanical Engineering University
owner of company EKOVENT producing special
Ljubljana
industry fans for 35 years
* According to new RVS 9.261(Austria) tunnels longer then 3km will need separate escape route
3K ventilation has several advantages in comparison with other systems:
The piston effect caused by traffic is bigger than in longitudinal ventilated tunnels.
Much bigger smoke extraction as existing transversal ventilations.
Short smoke zone (100m).
Clear escape and rescue ways from both portals of the tunnel.
3K ventilation can be adapted to any traffic or weather situation.
In normal traffic operation 3K ventilation is consuming much less energy, energy peaks are significantly smaller
3K ventilation can be used as efficient air stopper in strong wind conditions.
It is only ventilation known to me that is really efficient in fire conditions and offers maximum safety for
people in tunnel, tunnel construction and rescue teams.
It reduces air pollution, 3K SafeVENT ventilation concept makes possible filtering in normal as well as
in fire operation mode.
Integrated tunnel fire extinguishing is not commercially efficient for tunnels with longitudinal ventilation or ventilation
that cannot reduce air velocity during fire and at the same time extract smoke.
So any tunnel that will have water mist extinguishing system installed will need to have an appropriate ventilation
system, capable of reducing air movement and removing smoke out of tunnel during the fire event.
Page 16 / 25
SafeFOG automatic extinguishing

We started to consider fire extinguishing with water mist in 1997, after the fire in Euro-tunnel.
The problem is, that tunnels are not closed space and air velocity makes efficiency in fire control an important problem.
Longitudinal ventilation causes high speed of air and water mist is just having a cooling effect without any oxygen
separation effect. Air movement is not allowing build up of a steam cover above fire surface so the fire is getting bigger
and bigger and an enormous quantity of steam builds up. In this case temperatures are lower and some smoke will bind
to water drops.
Schematic of 3K SafeVENT ventilation and water mist SafeFOG in fire mode during fire control / extinguishing
Schematic of 3K SafeVENT ventilation - opening of blinds, air and smoke mixing, reducing of fresh air flow in to fire zone
Water mist advantages:

Safe for people
Safe for the environment
Effective and is already used in gas, oil and electricity power stations as a fire extinguisher
Isolates the burning material from oxygen
Reduces the rapid rise of temperature in event of fire
Water consumption is about 10% of conventional sprinkler system
Water mist absorbs smoke and toxic gasses
Smoke absorption and fire extinguishing capability can be increased by adding additives to the water
Page 17 / 25
There was no water mist nozzle on the market that would be capable of producing the quantity of water mist we were
looking for.
We contacted several companies active on field of water mist extinguishing and all of the answers were Our installations
are too weak to fill a section of a tunnel.
Because we didnt find suitable nozzles on the market we started to develop our own nozzles, which were continuously
improved since.
Testing of SafeFOG nozzle in Germany 200 bar 220l/minute
Water mist is a fire-extinguishing medium suitable for most types of fire. The unique SafeFOG nozzle generates water
mist for extinguishing fires in tunnels. SafeFOG high-pressure water nozzles are designed especially for tunnels and
each of them can cover a circle of about 20m in diameter. SafeFOG installation is designed for 100m fire & smoke
zone. Our standard nozzle has 200-250 l/minute and we place them in tunnel every 10-20 m.
We can easily increase mist production by using bigger nozzle. The only limit is actually the installation and
pump unit.
The basic principles for production of water mist
Ultra sound (humidifying and inhalation devices) produce insufficient quantities of water for fire fighting
Gas expansion (paint gun)
Water rotation
Water splitting
Aerosol created by explosion (CoolBomb by OrbiPark)
There are several different types of nozzles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
MeeFog nozzle 6 l/h

Classic sprinkler
Danfoss 70 bar 3-11l/h
Lechler 2-20 bar 0,6-0,742l/h
Sword 7 bar / 41.000 l/h used for oil platforms protection
Wap-Alto 120bar 480l/h Hi pressure cleaning
Snowmaking nozzle air expansion nozzle
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
CoolFOG 70 bar 1-25l/h for cooling of stables for animals

Lechler 2-20 bar 0,6-0,742l/h
SafeFOG 50-200 bar,12.000-30.000 l/h (symbolic photo)
Lechler 0,5-10 bar 210-8040l/h
7x Danfoss 25-189l/h
Water mist sprinkler nozzle head 480l/h
Ultrasound 0,7l/h
Page 18 / 25
Water mist automatic fire extinguishing systems are already established on ships, in hotels and in industrial buildings.
The problem in tunnel is creating enough water mist when needed.
An example of standard water mist

nozzle head composed out of seven
nozzles produces limited quantity of
water mist.
Example
Water +air nozzle 7 bar
two installations required
small openings - easy to get blocked
limited quantity of water mist
Presentation for HTV Croatia in front of

second tube of Sv.Rok tunnel (5,7km)
Standard water mist nozzle head
with 7 nozzles
Flow 8l/minute
1m2 of fire was hardly controlled
extinguishing was possible only with
additives
limited quantity of water mist
On the contrary the SafeFOG nozzle designed especially for tunnels produces grater quantities of water mist. It is
designed to use fire dynamic for extinguishing the fire. The pressure drop caused by length of installation can be
compensated with changing the distance between the nozzles.
SafeFOG testing in Germany

only one nozzle can cover 20m of the tunnel ( 314m2 area)
US company in Germany test

several nozzle heads in a line
Benefits of SafeFOG systems:

SafeFOG nozzles are able to produce large volumes of water mist so a reduced number of nozzles is required per
tunnel
The high-pressure system can be controlled and opened in required sections during an emergency
Robust installation
Installation is laid on fire proof concrete 3K ceiling no other support construction is needed
SafeFOG installation can be also useful for high pressure tunnel cleaning
Binding particles of smoke at traffic peaks.
Opening more nozzles at a time will reduce pressure and create a safe way to stop cars in tunnel in an
emergency or stop them from driving in the wrong lane
Page 19 / 25
16
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14
13
12
11
10
Drawn
Date
4.7.2003
Name
Andrej
Checked
Standard
Safe Tunnel 04
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
State
Changes
Date
Name
A0
There are several companies that performed testing and have developed fire control concepts for tunnels.
Most of them are using nozzles that are spinning water trough small holes and they need multiple nozzles packed in
nozzle heads. This is still small quantity of water mist per nozzle head, so they need several parallel installations to cover
the tunnel width. Some companies are using twin pressure installation, where primary tubing is used for triggering
system. This network of tubing makes system expensive and vulnerable to false alarms.
Page 20 / 25
Firemen fighting flames (800oC) when water sprays on melting

aluminium felloe it generates white metal Fireflies (2700oC)
Fire test in Dekani tunnel; a lot of smoke from relative small

fire (approx. 5 litres diesel burned, air velocity 2,3m/s burning
time 1,5 minutes)
Water mist covers fuel and causes rapid drop of temperature,

oxygen is kept away by continuous steam creation. We are left
with fuel only one out of three factors responsible for fire. The
smaller the water drops are, the higher fire-extinguishing power
is achieved by the same amount of water.
Existing water hydrants installed in tunnels use strong jet of

water without additives. Higher temperature causes explosive
steam creation which raises fuel into the air and thus increases
the fire several times.
Automatic systems
These systems respond normally much faster as any fire brigade can, or could hope to respond.
Basically there are two optional tubing installations: sprinklers or open nozzle system.
Heavy foam might be efficient but foam itself disables movement in the tunnel and could be a big problem in false
alarms.
Water mist with additives has advantage of reducing heat and smoke. 3K ventilation has the advantage that the fire zone
is confined and isolated from the rest of the tunnel. Water mist is cooling down the smoke and binding particles and toxic
gases so people have the chance to get out of fire zone (100m) and the rest of the tunnel stays clear of smoke. Cooling
and mixing smoke with fresh air protects tunnel from damage. All other tunnel equipment (lights, signs, surveillance
system... ), except in fire zone remains undamaged.
Page 21 / 25
SaveAIR
System for introducing oxygen reduced air into fire zone. This is not dangerous for people but reduces fire spreading.
System was developed in Austria and is patented.
SafeHYDRANT TLA
TLA hydrants for public and professional use in tunnels are using special multi purpose nozzle, special light tube (25mm)
that doesnt fold and additives for best performance.
Product was developed in Austria (andreas.zeller@rosenbauer.com) and is now produced by Rosenbauer (Austria).
SafeCONSTRUCTION
Tunnels could be built out of fire proof concrete with addition of thermoplastic fibres. The best quality and fastest building
method is using prefabricated lost panelling. This method could be also used for renovation and upgrading of older
tunnels as well as for installing 3K ventilation ceiling only. System was developed in Croatia and is patented.
Page 22 / 25
TUNNELS IN FUTURE
A political decision has to be made on EU level, should we build fire safe tunnels for the future or risk disasters like
Mt.Blanc, Eurotunnel in the time when mobility is important and tunnels are stitches of Europe.
Efficient fire disaster integrated prevention system includes:
Self rescue of drivers and passengers (fire fighting with efficient accessible equipment (such as the TLA hydrant
and not just the normal 5 kg handheld fire extinguishers of today), alarming and evacuation.
Automatic ventilation and extinguishing systems which do not increase fire and smoke, and keep escape and
rescue ways clear to both portals, even in mono-tube tunnels. (not like longitudinal ventilation system or
transversal ventilation with small ventilation openings)
Well-trained, good equipped fire fighters and rescue teams, located nearby. They will be always last to arrive on
the scene. (After self rescue and automatic extinguishing systems are engaged)
Tunnels in future must be built regarding new technologies of fire proof building based on recent fire experience
from tunnel fires.
All listed above to a degree runs counter to todays standard and practice, but it is the only possible logical order of acts
considering the available procedure to respond on accidents with available means in shortest possible time. Only
integrated fire prevention system may be capable to prevent big catastrophic tunnel fires in future.
SafeTUNNEL concept is developed but it needs 1:1 scale testing to be accepted and recognized as safe for public use.
The companies involved and concept creator tried in many ways to get sponsorship to build a test tunnel or find an
existing one and install 3K ventilation.
In Slovenia most of tunnels build recently are two tube tunnels 2-3km. Responsible authority does not consider building
something that is not required by international tunnel building standards and not proved on 1:1 scale yet. The same
happened in Croatia. Both countries are struggling to finance their ambitious road building programme.
We proposed our project to IFA tunnel test site in Switzerland.
We applied to become UPTUN project member and were refused because Slovenia was not EU member at the time.
But that did not stop TNO from Holland to take advantage from materials we have sent in our application.
Our domain "www.SafeTUNNEL.com inspired them, to use for their project named "SafeT, "www.SafeTUNNEL.net.
Among others they used picture of SafeSIGNAL and presented it on a conference in Sweden as their project.
That is not exactly what we imagined us cooperation in new EU.
Tunnels are built for decades and if we want be of use for EU tunnel building industries that is strongly developed
(In Norway, France, Italy, Austria, Switzerland . . .) we need to stay on the edge of technology and offer the best.
Growth of traffic, our mobility, urban city tunnels, long tunnels under geographic barriers and terrorist threats are all
factors that will force us to rethink tunnel safety concepts and pay more for tunnel fire safety. The question is how long
and how many catastrophes will have to happen to make us change our existing practice.
The dance of Death - Dance Macabre fresco in Hrastovlje Church, Slovenia by Janez from Kastva, painted in 1490
In tunnels we are all exposed!
Page 23 / 25
SafeTUNNEL history
November 1997 first testing of SafeFOG nozzles on a fire in small tunnel
Test site of the first test

pumps sponsored by Wap
First fire test and windy conditions
IR video of smoked tunnel
December 1999
First time presented to the public at SafeTUNNEL 2000 meeting in Bled (SLO) and to our special guest ITA president
Prof. Dr. Alfred Haack STUVA Germany.
Mr.Alfred Haack and Mr. Eisenbeiss
Mr.Josip Paveti
Mr. Haack and Mr.ufer in front of Loica

tunnel
December 2001, a test model in scale 1:10 was built and presented to Croatian transportation minister and on Croatian TV
Mr.Josip Paveti
Tunnel Sv.Rok Croatia
Ministers are exchanged, but the tunnels are

still built in old unsafe way
April 2002, Ventilation test model was presented to Austrian fire fighters at Tunnel Manifest
April 2002, unofficial presentation outdoors at first Tunnel safety and ventilation International Conference
in Graz University of Technology in 2002.
Mr. Davor and Josip Paveti
Tunnel Manifest opening ceremony
3K ventilation presentation at TU Graz
Page 21 / 22
Reference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Fire and smoke control in road Tunnels 1999 PIARC Committee on Road Tunnels (C5)
TUNEL ZA SIGURAN PROMET marec 2002 Ekovent
Prijedlog izvedbe poprene + poluprene ventilacije tunela Sv.Rok s proraunom za dvosmjerni promet
Computational fluid dynamics simulation of fire-generated flows in tunnels and corridors Peter Woodburn
1995
European Commission NEDIES Project, Lessons Learnt from Tunnel Accidents Alessandro G. Colombo
DER PLABUTSCHTUNNEL ENTLASUNG EINER STADT Amt der Steiermarkischen Landesregierung
juni 1987
PREDOR KARAVANKE in dovozni cesti Republika uprava za ceste - maj 1991
Predor Karavanke; Andrej Borko, Ljubljana: Pegaz 1992
Predor Karavanke; Geologija in Geotehnika; Cestni ineniring p.o., Ljubljana 1991
2RS-System, Explosive Hose methode for Forest, Bush and Grassland Fires; 04/97; DVS System, Philips
Fire Safety Concept for an Open Plan Office; Zurich, Switzerland
Gasilni Sistem Microdrop; Total Walther
Ifex 3000 Impulzna gasilska tehnologija
Installation of Sprinkler Systems; NFPA 13, 1994 Edition
Mission administrative denquete techbique sur lincendie survenu le 24 mars 1999 au tunnel routier du Mont
Blanc; Rapport detape du 13 Avril 1999; Ministere de lInterieur, 1999
Poar, strokovna revija za varstvo pred poari; 1997<
TUNNEL, strokovna revija za predore 1998<
BLAULICHT strokovna revija avstrijskih gasilcev 1998<
Proceedings of the International Conference on Fires in Tunnels; Boras, Sweden, October 10-11, 1994; SPSwedish National Testing and Research Institute
Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems, NFPA 750 1996 Edition; National Fire Protection Association,
Inc.; USA, Boston, May 1996
Task Force for Technical Investigation of the 24 March 1999 Fire in the Mont Blanc Vehicular Tunnel; Status
Report of 13 April 1999; Sergiu F. Luchian, Boston, September 27,1999
Task Force for Technical Investigation of the 24 March 1999 Fire in the Mont Blanc Vehicular Tunnel; Report of
30 June 1999; Sergiu F. Luchian, Boston, September 26, 1999
Tod im Tunnel / das Tauern-Drama; pg.10, News; 2. June 1999
DESIGN GUIDELINES TUNNEL VENTILATION RVS 9.261 Fundamentals
DESIGN GUIDELINES TUNNEL VENTILATION RVS 9.262 Calculating the Fresh Air Demand
Modernization of safety equipment in Austrian road tunnels illustrated by the Tauern Tunnel Gerhard Eberl
ASFINAG
STUVAtec PROMATECT H Brandschutzbekleidungen fr Verkehrstunnel
Mednarodne konference
1. SafeTUNNELS 2000 4.-5. December 1999, Bled Slovenija
2. Poarna varnost v cestnih predorih, 28.-29. September 1999, Ig Slovenija
3. Sicherheit im Tunnel, 23.Oktober.1999, Graz Avstrija
4. Fire Safety in hazardous enclosed spaces, 8.-9. November 1999, Vernon France
5. 5.Mednarodno posvetovanje o gradnji predorov in podzemnih prostorov, 20.-22. September 2000 Ljubljana
Slovenija
6. 5.Slovenski kongres o cestah in prometu Bled 25. 27. Oktober 2000, Bled Slovenija
7. International Water Mist Conference, 4.-6. April 2001, Vienna Austria
8. International Conference on Traffic and Safety in Road Tunnels, 28-29 May 2001, Hamburg Germany
9. Progress in tunnelling after 2000, June 10.-13. June 2001, Milano
10. International Conference on Traffic and Safety in Road Tunnels, 11.-15. Jun 2001, Paris France
11. Tunnel safety and ventilation 2002 New Developments in Tunnel Safety, 8.-10. April 2002, Graz Austria
Page 25 / 25
SafeTUNNEL
c oncept
ORBI
ARK
Andrej ÛFER dipl.ing.arch.MBA

Inèniring biro d.o.o.
Nori vozniki v predorih Zgo{a 52, SI-4275 Begunje
The creasy tunnels drivers
Slovenija
Die verulkte Tunneln Fahrer
tel + 386 (0)4 53 33 206

fax + 386 (0)4 53 33 202
GSM + 386 (0)41 733 206
www.skype.com / orbipark
by OrbiPark
format CD: Mpeg 1

format DVD
SafeHIDRANT
TLA TUNNELLSCHANLAGE
Rvs Test Tunel Dekani 18.11.2004

Tunnel saftey remarks
Video: Andrej ufer, arhiv MORS
Foto: Davor Paveti
proizvajalec:
zastopnik:
Andrej ÛFER dipl.ing.arch. MBA
ORBI
ARK
tel + 386 (0)4 53 33 206

fax + 386 (0)4 53 33 202
GSM + 386 (0)41 733 206
www.skype.com / orbipark
ARK

Zgo{a 52, SI-4275 Begunje
Slovenija
tel + 386 (0)4 53 33 206
fax + 386 (0)4 53 33 202
GSM + 386 (0)41 733 206
Program:
Run file:
ORBI
Andrej ÛFER dipl.ing.arch. MBA

Zgo{a 52, SI-4275 Begunje
Slovenija
PowerPoint
TLA VIDEO CD.ppt
by OrbiPark
For personal use only!
DVD format: Mpeg 1
Track fire in
Semmering tunnel
15.12.04

Safetunnel Concept Eng PDF

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New technology for new challenge

SafeTUNNEL group founder

' Tunnel Design Centre

OrbiPark, ineniring biro d.o.o.

Centre d'Etudes des Tunnels

Begunje, March 15, 2005

ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS:

1. The water flow you would recommend for:

COMMENTS ON EXISTING TUNNEL SITUATION AND SafeTUNNEL CONCEPT

Accident in two tube tunnel by Salzburg (A)

TRUE PROBLEM AND FACTS

Karavanke tunnel (SLO) water pressure

Dekani tunnel (SLO) new version of non

Border tunnels among two countries with

ADAC expert on French-Spanish border:

Loudspeakers are due to laws of physics

New lighting of the tunnels

New signs - tunnel dwarfs are not

New lighting and sign systems in

Informative value of visual signs in tunnel

Read light is lost among other red lights

Complicated to install, requires frequent

Obstacles on every 15 to 20m in tunnel

In mono tube tunnels eider escape

Tunnel fire in Norway

Tunnel fire Baltimore USA 2001

Powerless fire fighters in front of Tauern tunnel during the fire.

COMPARISON OF TUNNEL VENTILATION SYSTEMS

Most systems of ventilation in Slovenia and Austria (No.1-No.4)

Comparison of some additional tunnel ventilation systems from French literature.

SafeSIGNAL a visual system for guidance and communicating

Escape direction mode

SafeVENT 3K and 3K+ ventilation

Mr. Davor Paveti at test tunnel inspection

SafeVENT 3K ventilation testing in Zagreb

simulation of longitudinal ventilation

simulation of longitudinal ventilation

simulation of 3K SafeVENT ventilation

3K SafeVENT ventilation is keeping

Making the air movement visible with

Maximum ventilation speed is creating

Testing of SafeFOG without fire

Fire on its peak, simulated air velocity in

Fire is burning; visible smoke layer in fire

SafeFOG was activated and temperature

Fire was put out, styro-foam marker

3K ventilation during normal mode operation

Schematic of 3K ventilation in fire mode

3K ventilation in fire mode operation

Normal mode operation

Fire mode operation

Typical 3K+ cross section for single tube tunnels with

Typical 3K cross section for two or more tube tunnels

Large energy switch peaks

Miodrag Drakuli, MSc.M.E.

Josip Paveti M.E. & sons

Project comparison for Biokovo tunnel (4,1 km) by Makarska (Croatia)

just on-off option 100% power

Large energy switch peaks

Fire mode operation:

SafeFOG automatic extinguishing

Water mist advantages:

Testing of SafeFOG nozzle in Germany 200 bar 220l/minute