Computer Material

1
COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
Why we are using computers:
To store the data, to perform all type of calculations like scientific and commertial
applications,for entertainment, etc..
Where we are using computers:
In small organisation and big organisations like banks, hotels, petrol bunks, colleges,
institutes, cinema industry etc..
1) Computer
The full form of computer tells us what the exact use of the computers is.
C- Commonly
O- Operated
M- Machine
P- Particularly
U- Used for
T- Trade & Technical
E- Education &
R- Research
2) System:
Computer performs any operation depending upon a principle called IPO cycle. Hence it is
called as System.
3) IPO cycle:
Input
Process
Output
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
Charles Babbage was invented this principle and he was also given memory to the
computer. Hence he is considered as father of the computers.
Computer: A computer is an electronic device. That takes the data, process the data and
gives the information.
Data: It is the collection of Facts, graphics, Images, sound and video segments that have
meaning in the user`s environment.
Process: It refers an activity carried on data to get the information.
Information: Processed data is knows as information
Computer functions:
Input: It is process of entering data into the computer.
Output: The information that is received from the computer is an output.
Features of computers:
Speed
Storage
Accuracy
Veracity
Disadvantages of computers:
Lack of common sense

Good environment should be provided
Depends on human instructions
Block diagram:
CPU
ALU
INPUT DEVICES
CU
OUTPUT DEVICES
MU
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
CPU- Central Processing Unit

ALU- Arithmetical & Logical Unit
MU- Memory Unit
CU- Control Unit
Input devices:
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Webcam
Joy stick
Keyboard:
It is an input device. Used to input the data into the computer. When a key is pressed the
keyboard generate a numeric code known an ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange)
Key board layout:
Function keys (F1 F12)

General keys (A- Z and some more keys)
Cursor movement keys ( )
Navigational keys( Page UP, Page Down, Home, End)
Special keys (Shift, Esc, Ctrl, Alt)
1) Esc: To exit from the application in the middle.
2) Function keys:
These keys are used to perform special functions and these keys are Starts from F1
F12.
E.g.:
F1 To get the Help for respective application.
3) Alpha-Numeric keys:
These keys are used to enter all the characters from a-z and A Z and to enter all
the numbers from 0 9.
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
4) Control keys:
Control keys are used to implement some short cut steps like to close the
applications,
etc.
Eg: Ctrl, alt, shift, caps lock, etc
5) Special keys:
To perform some special operations like to move the cursor position to end of the
sentence or to home of the sentence, etc.
Eg: End, home, delete, backspace, insert, page down, page up, etc
6) Navigation keys:
Navigation keys are used to move the cursor position in all directions
such as left(), right (), up() and down()
7) Numerical pad:
Here the arrangement of keys is same like as calculator. So that we Can enter
numbers easily and we can also perform all arithmetical Operations easily.
2) Mouse:
It is the input device and used to move the cursor position in all directions easily.
Left Key
(To Select the Objects)
Right Key
(To open the properties)
Different types of mousses:

1)
2)
3)
4)
3) Scanner:
2 keys mouse(left, right)

3 keys mouse(left, center, right)
Scroll mouse
Optical mouse
Scanners are used to scan our photographs into the system.

Joystick: It is especially used to play the games.
Barcode Reader: It is used to read the barcodes. It is also used to play the games
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
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Eg. Light Pen ,,Track Ball , Digital Pen , Modem, Etc
ALU (Arithmetical & Logical Unit): It performs the all arithmetical & logical calculations.
+
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
(By repetition of addition)
Division
(By repetition of subtraction)
CU (Control Unit):
The name itself indicates it controls all the devices of C.P.U. to do their respective jobs only.
Simply it will organize the devices of the C.P.U.
MU (Memory Unit):
The main function of this unit is to store the data and Programs.
Computer memory
Primary memory
Secondary memory
Floppy disk,
RAM
ROM
Hard disk, CD, DVD.
1)
RAM(Random Access Memory) :

Other name given for this memory is primary storage device where data stored
temporarily.
Ram is of following 2 types,
Static Ram:
In this type of memory information stored temporarily until the power supply is off or
respective application is closed.
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
Dynamic Ram:
In this type of memory information stored temporarily and the lifetime of this
memory is very short even though there is a power supply.
2)
ROM (Read only Memory)

The other name given for this memory is secondary storage device where data stored
permanently.
Types of ROMs:
PROM (Programmable read only Memory):
In this type of memory we can write some new programs.
EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only Memory):
In this type of memory we can write some new programs and also erase
previous programs by writing some new programs in the place of existing programs.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable read only Memory):
In this type of memory we can write some new programs and also erase previous
programs by applying some electrical signals or high voltage signals like sunlight, etc.
Storage Devices:
There are following two types of storage devices
1) Internal Storage Devices:
Ram, registers, Buffer, etc.
2) External storage devices:
1) Hard disk (Online storage device)
2) C.D (Compact Disk)
3) Floppy (Removable Disk)
4) Re- writeable CDs (Removable Disk)
5) Pen drives (Removable Disks)
6) DVD(Digital versatile disk)
CD ROM:
This device is used to read the information of a CD.
DVD ROM:
This device is used to read the information of both the CD and DVD.
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
CD WRITER:
This device is used to read the information of a CD and we can also write the
information on to a CD.
DVD WRITER:
This device is used to read the information of both the CD and DVD and we can
also write the information on to the CD and DVD.
Memory Units (Memory Measurements) :
In Computers information or Data stored in the form of 0s and 1s.
1 letter/character
8 bits 1 byte.
4 bits Nibble
1KB (Kilo Byte)
1024 bytes
1MB (Mega Byte)
1024 KB
1GB (GIGA Byte)
1024 MB
1TB (Tetra Byte)
1024 GB
Eg:
CD (Compact Disk)
Floppy
Re - writable CD
DVD(Digital versatile Disk)
Pen Drives
Hard Disk
700 MB
1.44 MB
700 MB
4.7 GB
1GB,2GB,4GB,8GB
20GB, 40GB, 80GB, 160 GB, 256 GB
GENERATIONS OF THE COMPUTERS:
I Generation:
The duration starts from 1946 to 1955 and used hard ware component is Vacuum
tubes.
Uses
calculations, storage of information, etc
Problems
In this generation system size is very large and very less speed
II Generation:
The duration starts from 1956 to 1965 and used hard ware component is Transistors
in the place of vacuum tubes.
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
Calculations, storage of information, etc
Uses
In this generation the size of the computer is decreased and speed is

increased.
III Generation:
The duration starts from 1966 to 1975 and used hard ware component is large scale
integrated chips (LSIC). In this generation languages and some multi user operating systems
had developed.
Uses calculations, storage of information, business applications, scientific
applications, etc
IV Generation:
The duration starts from 1976 to 1985 and used hard ware component is Very large
scale integrated chips (VLSIC).
Uses Calculations, storage of information, business applications, scientific
applications, etc
V Generation:
The duration starts from 1985 and till now running. Used hard ware component is
Micro processors.
Uses calculations, storage of information, And these computers are
specially used for special applications like Robots, population calculating, etc.
TYPES OF COMPUTERS:
There are mainly 3 types of computers
1) Analog computers:
These computers are used to just process the information that is continuously
varying like measurement of temperature, voltages, etc. It has no storage capacity. But
it has little bit of memory.
2) Digital computers:
These computers work on discreet numbers and have large amount storage
capacity. These computers are particularly used for data processing, scientific
calculations, commercial applications, etc.
There are following 3 types of digital computers
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
a) main frame computers:

These computers are specially used in huge networks. It has large
amount
of storage capacity. Especially these computers are used for
population
calculating, etc.
b) Mini computers:
These computers are used in smaller networks and it has large amount
of
storage capacity but less than that of main frame computers.
c) Micro computers:
These computers are the general-purpose computers used for smaller
applications like preparing Documents, Data storing, etc.
There are following 3 types of Microcomputers.
I) Personal computers.(PC)
II) PC/XT(Extended Technology)
III) PC/AT(Advanced Technology)
1) Hybrid Computers:
These computers have both the properties of analog computers and digital
computers.
SOFTWARE:
Software is a program or collection of several programs
This Software is further classified into following 2 types
1) System software:
The Software that provides environment between the user and system is called
system software.
(OR)
The software that readies the system to perform any application is called
System software.
Eg:
Operating systems
2) Application software:
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
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The Software that is used for particular purpose is called as application

software.
Generally languages and packages are the categories of this application softwares.
Eg:
Ms-office, Ms-paint, Calculator, etc
Hardware:
System components are called as Hardware like Hard Disk, Ram, Motherboard, etc.
these are existed in the PC as physically. Where as software existed logically.
Operating systems:
Operating systems are mediators between software and hardware. And it provides an
interface or environment between user and system to complete his requirements.
There are following 2 types of operating systems
1) Single user operating system:
In this operating system user can provide one and only one command or
instruction to the system at any time. We are unable to implement networking
concepts using this type of Operating System..
Eg:
Ms-Dos
2) Multi user Operating system:

In this operating system user can give multiple commands or instructions to
the system at the same time. For Networking concept we need to use any one of Multi
user operating systems.
Eg:
Ms-Windows, LINUX, UNIX, etc
Networking:
Network means connectiong All electronic devices to a common link. So that all the
devices can share the data between them.
Three are following 3 Types of Networkings:
1) LAN ( local area network)
2) WAN(Wide area network)
3) MAN(Metropoliton area network)
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
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VIRUS:
VIRUS stands for Vital information resource under seaze. It is a software which
corrupt the System files. If any VIRUS found on the system then system speed will be slow
Anti VIRUS:
Anti VIRUSes are softwares which finds the VIRUSes occurred in the system ans fix
them.
Booting process:
When switched on the system then the first program performed by the operating
system is Booting process. It Performs following operatins
Post (Power on self test
Check the exesitng operating system
A boot sector will be loaded on to the operating system
Then System is ready to read any instruction if Boot process faled then system
can not be opended.
COMPUTER LANGUAGES:
These are of three types:
1. Machine language (or) Binary language (or) Low level language
2. Assembly language (or) symbolic language (or) Middle level language
3. High level language
I.
Machine language: Computer understands only one language I.e. Machine language.
Machine language is a collection of 0s & 1s it is also called as binary language.In any
programming language if programming instructions are written in 0s & 1s then that
language said to be machine language.
Advantage: Instructions of Machine language programs are immediately executed
because Computer understands these instructions directly.
Disadvantage: It takes mush time to write a program.
Purpose: It is used to write system programs.
II.
Assembly language: To overcome the drawbacks in machine language this has been
implemented. This language uses mnemonic codes for writing instructions. In other
words this language uses English verbs like
JUMP Ax, b
Mov c, d
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
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Advantage: Better than machine language for reading and writing instructions to the
user.
III.
High level language: In this instructions are written in English like language which
we can understand some of the high level languages are COBOL, C++, Java etc...
Advantage: Easy to write program.
Disadvantages: Instructions of high level language programs are not immediately
executable because they require translators or completion steps because computer
understands only machine language.
Purpose: It is used to write general purpose programs such as engineering, scientific,
business etc
Translators: Translator is a translating program. It converts one language instructions into

another language and vice versa. Further it is 3 types.
1. Compiler
2. Interpreter
3. Assembler
I. Compiler: It converts entire source code to object code whole at once.
E.g.: COBOL, C, C++, Etc
II. Interpreter: In this case it converts statement by statement.
E.g.: FORTRAN
III. Assembler: It is used to convert some specific applications. Generally it is used to
convert assemble language into machine language.
Hardware: Physical components of a computer are called hardware.

Software: It is a set of programs. It is classified into 2 types
1. Application software
2. System software
Application software: These are used for one specific application only.
Ex: Banking software, Reservation software etc
System software: The software which is directly related to hardware (Or) system is called as
system software.
Ex: Operating system
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
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OPERATING SYSTEM: (OS)

It is a set of programs that controls the activities of a computer.
Operating system allows the user to communicate with system.
User
Operating system
Computer
Operating systems are mediators between software and hardware. And it provides an
interface or environment between user and system to complete his requirements.
There are following 2 types of operating systems
1) Single user operating system:
In this operating system user can provide one and only one command or instruction to the
system at any time. We are unable to implement networking concepts using this type of
Operating System..
Eg:
Ms-Dos
2) Multi user Operating system:
In this operating system user can give multiple commands or instructions to the
system at the same time. For networking concept we need to use any one of Multi user
operating systems.
Eg:
Ms-Windows, LINUX, UNIX, etc
NUMBER SYSTEMS:
There are following 4 types of number systems
1)
2)
3)
4)
Binary number system

Octal number system
Decimal number system
Hex Decimal number system
Binary Number system:

In this number system BI means 2. That is we have only 2 digits in this number
system.
I.e., 0 & 1
Eg:
Convert the following numbers in to binary number system.
1)
65
... 65=1000001(2)
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
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To convert binary code in to Decimal number:

1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Binary Code
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Multiplication
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 Powers
64 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1
After Adding it is 65.
Octal number system:

In this number system Oct means 8.That is we have totally 8 digits in this number
system.
I.e.,
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Eg:
Convert the following numbers in to octal number system.
1)
224
8
8
8
224
28 - 0
3 - 4
... 224 = 340(8)

Decimal number system:
In this number system Deci means 10.That is we have totally 10 digits in this number
system.
I.e.,
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
Eg:
Convert the following numbers in to Decimal number system.
1)
123456
Hex Decimal number system
In this number system hex means 6 and Deci means 10.That is we have totally 16
digits in this number system.
i.e.,
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,A, B, C, D, E, F.
Since it has alphabets and numbers it is called as alpha numeric number system.
E.g.: -
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
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Convert the following numbers in to Hex-Decimal number system.

1)
123
16
123
7 -11
.
. . 123=7B(16)
MS DOS
(Microsoft-Disk Operating System)
Fig: MS dos
This product is developed by Microsoft Corporation.

It is Single User operating System that is user can give one and only one
command at a time.
It is CUI (character user interface) based operating system that is user can
o interact with the system through characters.
CUI is also stands for Command user interface that is user can interact with the
o system through commands.
It is also called as command line interface (CLI)
But it does not allow the network
File structure:
A file is a collection of some information.
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
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File can be stored on disk by giving a unique name for each file is called file name.
File name has 2 parts
1. Primary name
2. Secondary name
Primary name: It is the name given by user. It can be given upper or lower letters.
Secondary (or) Extension: It explains the type of the file that is executable file. It is a
maximum of 3 characters long.
e.g.: Xyz.TXT
Xyz Primary name
TXTSecondary name
List of some file extensions:
.EXE -
Executable file
.COM -
Command file
.TXT -
Text file
.Doc
Document file
.XLS -
Excel file
.PPT
Power point file
.C
C language file
.CPP -
C++ file
.BMP -
Bit map files
Steps for open dos:

1)
2)
3)
click on Start menu

click on programs
click on Ms-dos prompt
(or)
1)
Click on Start menu
2)
Click on Run
3)
Type as command or command.com
4)
Click on ok.
There are following two types of commands
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
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1) Internal commands
2) External commands
The main difference b/w the internal commands and external commands is internal
commands are stored in RAM after the completion of booting process, where as external
commands are stored in Hard Disk permanently.
Internal commands:
1. Time:
This command is used to set & view the system time.
Syntax: C:\>Time
2. Cls:
This command is used to clear the screen
Syntax: C:\>cls
3. Date:
This command is used to set & view the system date.
Syntax: C:\>Date
Creating a dos file:
I.
Copy con:
This command is used to create a dos file
Syntax: C:\>copy con <file name>

Ex: C:\>copy con vishwa
Knowledge is power
To save the file press ctrl+ z keys (or) F6 key
II.
Ex1: C:\>copy con vishwa.txt

The content will open in text document
Ex2: C:\>copy con vishwa.doc
The content will open in Microsoft word
Ren:
This command is used to rename a file

Syntax: C:\>Ren <old file name> <New file name>
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III.
Type:
This command is used to display the content of the file

Syntax: C:\>Type <file name>
IV.
Dir:
This command is used to display all the files and directories in the drive.
Syntax: C:\>Dir
V.
Del:
Syntax: C:\>Del <file name (or) directory name>

Ex: C:\>Del Vishwa
Creating a directory:
The command is Md
Syntax: C:\>Md <directory name>
Ex: C:\>Md xyz
The above command will create xyz directory in C drive
Cd:
This command to get into a directory
Syntax: C:\>Cd <directory name>
Ex: C:\>Cd xyz
C:\xyz>cd..
Now cursor will come to root directory
Ex: C:\>Md xyz
C:\>Cd xyz
C:\xyz>Copy con abc
Hello welcome to InfoPath
Press F6 to save a file
C:\xyz>cd..
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C :\>
Ex:To exit from one or more directories at a time
C:\>md a
C:\>cd a
C:\A>md b
C:\A>cd b
C:\A\B>md c
C:\A\B>cd c
C:\A\B\C>md d
C:\A\B\C>cd d
C:\A\B\C\D>cd \
C:\>
Eg:
Design a Directory for Following Diagram:
College(Dir)
Inter(Dir)
M.P.C (file)
Degree(Dir)
Bi.P.C (file)
Bcom (file)
Bsc(file)
Steps to create College directory

C:\>MD College
C:\>CD College
C:\College>MD Inter
C:\College>MD Degree
C:\College>CD Inter
C:\College\Inter>copy con mpc.txt
This is the Mpc Group
Press F6
C:\College\Inter>copy con Bipc.txt
This is the Bipc Group
Press F6
C:\College\inter>CD..
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C:\College>CD Degree
C:\College\Degree>copy con Bsc.txt
This is the Bsc Group
Press F6
C:\College\Degree>copy con Bcom.txt
This is the Bcom Group
Press F6
C:\College\Degree>Cd\
C:\>
Wild card characters
There are only 2 wild cord characters in Ms-dos.
1)
*
Group of characters
2)
?
Single Character
Use ful Operations of Wild Cord characters:
These wild cord characters are specially used to find the specified files or
directories easily.
To copy the specified number of files from one location to one location
easily
To delete the specified number of files at a time easily.
Eg:
1) To display the files and directories, which are begins with letter S.
c:\>dir s*
2) To display the files and directories which are ends with letter S
c:\>dir *s
3) To display the files and directories which have the letter S at any position
c:\>dir *s*
4) To display the files whose extension name or secondary name is .txt
c:\>dir *.txt
5) To display the files and directories whose maximum lengths are 5 characters?
c:\>dir ?????
6) To display the files and directories whose maximum length
is 5 characters and second letter is 'S'
C:\>dir ?S???
7) To display the files whose extension name length is 1 character?
c:\>dir *.?
8) To copy all files of the specified directory into the another specified directory:
c:\>copy d:\*.* c:\
9) To delete all the files
C:\>del *.*
10) To delete all the files which are start with letter N
c:\>del n*
11) To display all files and directories
C:\> dir or C:\> dir * or C:\>Dir *.*
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DIR Switches:
i.
ii.
C :\>Dir/ad
C :\>Dir/L
->It will display all directories in C drive

-> It will display the files and directories in lowers case letters in
iii.
iv.
v.
c drive
C :\>Dir/O:D -> It will arrange the files in ascending order by date wise
C :\> Dir/O:-D-> It will arrange the files in descending order by date wise
C :\> Tree/F -> It will display the files, sub directories and directories in a tree
vi.
vii.
viii.
manner.
C :\> Tree
-> It will display the all the trees in c drive
C :\>Dir/O:N -> It will arrange the files in ascending order by name wise
C :\>Dir/O:-N -> It will arrange the files in descending order by name wise
External commands:
I.
Label: This command is used to assign a volume to the label

Syntax: C:\>Label
II.
III.
Vol: Syntax: C:\>Vol

MEM: This command is used to display the total memory, used memory and free
V.
memory.
Syntax: C:\>mem
Deltree: This command is used to delete a directory
Syntax: C:\>deltree <directory name>
FC(file compare): This command is used to compare any two files and display the
VI.
differences.
Syntax: C:\>Fc <file1> <file2>
Ex: C:\>Fc aa bb
Tree: This command is used to display the all files and sub directories of a
IV.
VII.
directory in tree structure.

Syntax: C:\>tree<directory name>
/f: for files also executed
Syntax: C:\>tree/f <directory name>
Move: This command is used to move files from one directory to another.
Syntax: C:\>move file name D:
E.g.: copy con chaps
Save water
To save press F6 key
E.g.: C:\>move chaps D:
The above command will move chaps file from C drive to D drive.
VIII. Edit: This command is used to create the new file and we can also extend or
append or modify the Information of a file.
Syntax:
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C:\>edit filename
IX.
Chkdsk: (check disk) This command is used to display the information of the
respective Disk (Secondary Storage Device)
Eg:
C:\>chkdsk
C:\>chkdsk d:
D:\>chkdsk
X.
Sort:
This command is used to Display the information of the specified file in ascending order.
Syntax:
C:\>sort filename
Eg1:
C:\>copy con a1
123456
12345
1234
123
12
1
Press F6
C:\>sort a1
1
12
123
1234
12345
123456
Sort / r:
This command is used to Display the information of the specified file in descending order.
Syntax:
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C:\>sort/r filename
Eg2:
c:\>copy con a2
1
12
123
1234
12345
123456
Press F6
c:\>sort/r a2
123456
12345
1234
123
12
1
Eg3:
c:\>copy con demo
Hari
Jagan
Kalyan
Abhi
press F6
C:\>sort demo
Abhi
Hari
Jagan
Kalyan
C:\>sort/r demo
Kalyan
Jagan
Hari
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Abhi
Find:
This option is used to find the specified information in the specified file.
Syntax:
C:\>find information filename
Eg:
C:\>copy con abc
naresh
Kalyan
Kalyan
barath
Kalyan
Kalyan
Kalyan
Press f6.
C:\>find Kalyan abc
-----------abc
Kalyan
Kalyan
Kalyan
Kalyan
Kalyan
FC (File Comparison):
This command is used to compare the specified 2 files and this command returns the
difference information
Syntax:
C:\>fc file1 file2
Eg:
C:\>FC a1 a2
MENU BAR
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File menu:
New: This option is used to open the new file.
Open: This option is used to open an existing file.
Save: To save the current file.
Save as:: To create the duplicate file.
Close: To close the current working file.
Print: To take the print out of the file.
Exit: To exit from ms-editor.
Edit menu:
Cut
(Ctrl+x): This option is used to cut the selected information.
Copy (Ctrl+c): This option is used to copy the selected information.

Paste (Ctrl+v): This option is used to paste the cut information or copied information.
Clear (Delete): This option is used to clear or delete the selected information.
Search menu:
Find : This option is used Find the specified information in the file.
Repeat last find (f3): This option is used repeat the find option.
Replace This option is used to replace the specified information.
View Menu:
Split window: This option is used to divide the window in to 2 parts.
Size window: To changes the size of the window.
Close window: This option is used to close the split window option.
Options Menu:
Settings:
This option is used set the tab stop position. By default tab key provides 8 spaces.
Eg:
Rno
Name
Course
Fee
Naresh
Dca
500
Kalyan
Dca
500
Colors: To change the colors of window border, menu bar, status line, etc.,.
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
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MS WINDOWS
It is Multi user operating system or Multi tasking operating system that is no. of
operations can be implemented at the same time or user can give number of
commands at a time.
It is GUI (Graphical User Interface) based Operating system. That is user can interact
with the system through some graphical steps.
It is User friendly Operating System that is every one can work with the system very
easily.
Networking concepts are possible by using this Operating system.
Ms-windows consists windows, desktop, all possible colors, Pictures, etc.
A desktop contains icons, taskbar, backgrounds (wallpapers), etc.
Windows Versions
Version
Windows 3.1
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows 2000
Windows
Year
1993
1995
1998
2000
2000
ME(Millennium)
Windows XP
2001
Windows vista
2007
Windows 7
2009
Windows 8
2014
5. Start button
6. My computer
7. My documents
8. Task bar
9. Date & time
10. User account creation
11. Adding & removing the
programs
12. Control panel
13. Log off
14. Shut down
1. Creating
files
2. Creating
folders &
sub
folders
3. Folder
options
4. Display
properties
1) Steps to create a
Folder(Directory)/File
Right click on Desktop
empty area
Click on new
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
27
Click on Folder/Text Document

Type the name and press enter
2)Steps to open a folder or file
Double click on respective folder or file
(Or)
Select the required folder or file
Right click on that selected folder or file
click on open.
(Or)
Select the required folder or file and click
on enter key.
3)To Rename a Folder/File
Select Folder/File that you want to Rename
Right click on that Folder/File
Click on Rename
Type the new name and press enter
(or)
Use F2 Function key to rename the selected Folder/File.
4) To Delete a Folder/File
Select Folder/File that you want to delete
Right click on that Folder/File
Click on Delete
Click on Yes to delete.
( Or )
Simply use delete key from the keyboard to delete the selected folder or file.
5) To Restore the Deleted Items
Open Recycle Bin
Select the Items Which You want to restore
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28
Right click on selected items

Click on restore
Steps to adjust the system date and time
Right click on Time zone of Task Bar.
Click on Adjust Date or Time
Select the required date and time
Click on Apply and click on OK.
(Or)
Double Click on time of task bar
Select the required date and time
Click on Apply and click on OK.
Steps for searching a file or directory

Click on Start Menu
Click on Find
Click on Files or folders
Type the searching file or directory name at
Named (Wild cord characters are allowed)
Select the required location like c: or d: or e: at
Look in
Click on Find Now
Steps to set the background:
1) Right click on desk top empty area
2) Click on Properties
3) Click on Background
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29
4) Select any background or wallpaper

5) Click on Apply and ok
Steps to set the screen savers:

1) Right click on desktop empty area
2) Click on Properties
3) Click on Screen saver
4) Select any one of screensavers
5) Click on apply button and click on ok
File: File is a collection of information.
Notepad:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Click on start button

Then click on run option
Type notepad in run dialogue box dialogue box
Click on ok button
Fig: Notepad
To save the text:
1. To press ctrl+ s keys
(OR)
2. Type the file name then click on ok button
1. Click on file menu

2. Click on save option
3. Type the file name then click
on ok
button
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30
To open the saved file:

1. To press ctrl+ o keys
2. Click on file name
3. Then clock on open button
About folder:
Folder: folder is a collection of files
Creating a folder:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Right click on desktop

Click on new option
Click on folder
Type the folder name
Click on enter key.
Rename a folder:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Right on selected folder

Click on rename option
Type the new name
Click on enter key.
(OR)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Select the folder

Press on F2 key
Type the new name
Click on enter key.
Delete a folder:
1. Right on selected folder
2. Click on delete option
(OR)
1. Select the folder

2. Press on delete key.
Restore a deleted folder:

1. Open recycle bin
2. Right on selected folder
3. Click on restore option.
Move the files into folder:
1. Right on selected file
2. Click on copy option
3. Open the selected folder
4. Right click in that folder then click on paste
option.
Hiding the folder:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Right on selected folder

Click on properties option
Check mark on hidden option
Click on apply button and ok button
Un Hiding the folder:
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31
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Open control panel

Click on appearance and themes
Click on folders option
Click on view menu
Check mark on do not show hidden files and folders option
Then Click on apply button and ok button
Show the hidden Files & folders:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Open control panel

Click on appearance and themes
Click on folders option
Click on view menu
Check mark on show hidden files and folders option
Then Click on apply button and ok button
User account creation:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Start
Control panel
User accounts
Create a new account
Type a new name for the new account
Click on next button
Choose compute administrator
Click on create account button
Create a password to the user account:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Start
Control panel
User accounts
Again click on User accounts
Click on selected account
Create a password
Type the password two times
Type the password hint
Click on create password button.
Display properties:
Desktop
Screen saver
Appearance
Settings
Desktop: It will be used to change the desktop background and we can arrange the back
ground position. It also have customize desktop option, by using this option we can change
the icon picture and hide and unhide the icons on desktop.
1. Right click on desktop
2. Click on properties option
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32
3. Click on desktop tab

4. Choose the back ground option
5. Click on apply and ok button.
Appearance: It will be used to change the window color schemes, window style and font
size.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Right click on desktop

Click on properties option
Click on appearance tab
Choose color scheme
Click on apply and ok button
Start button: It will

display the all programs
into the computer.
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33
Control panel: It contain the all settings of the computer
MS-OFFICE
Ms - office is application software and used for particular purpose like creating documents,
workbooks, etc.
Microsoft
2007
Professional
contains
five
Office
Word is the
processing
that
has
the typewriter.
commonly used
letters,
mass
resumes,
newsletters and
word
software
replaced
It
is
to create
mailings,
Software
programs:
so on.
Excel
is
a
program
used to create
spread
sheets. Spread sheets are commonly used to create payroll, balance a check book or track an
organizations finances.
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
34
PowerPoint is used to create a slideshow that helps address the topics being covered. It is
commonly used to help discuss a topic or provide training.
Access is a database management program. It allows large quantity of information to be
easily searched, referenced, compared, changed or otherwise manipulated without a lot of
work.
Outlook is an e-mail software program that allows users to send and receive e-mail. It also
allows you to keep a personal calendar and/or group schedule, personal contacts, personal
tasks and has the ability to collaborate and schedule with other users.
Applications of Ms-office:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Microsoft word
Microsoft excel
Microsoft power point
Microsoft access
MS-WORD:
Microsoft Works is best described as a less expensive, slimmed down version of
Word/Office. It often comes with the purchase of a home computer that contains a Home
Edition of Windows XP or Windows Vista. Although some commands are similar in Works
and Word, they are different program. Works is not commonly used by professional
organizations and there may be compatibility issues if you try to exchange documents with
Word users. The same is true for other program such as Word Perfect.
This is the application software available in Ms-office package and particularly used to create
the documents like letters, Resumes, to prepare the notes, etc.
This product invented by Microsoft Corporation.
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
35
The extension name of the document is . Do
Steps for open ms word

Click on run option
Type winword in run dialogue box
Then click on ok button.
(Or)
Start-Programs- Microsoft office- Microsoft word.
Structure of a window:
Title bar
Menu bar
Standard tool bar
Text area
Scroll bars
Status bar
Title bar: It displays the title of the

document. It also contains the caption
buttons.
Fig : title bar
Menu bar: It contains the menu tabs. Each tab contains sub menu options. The tabs are
home, insert, page, layout, references, mailings, review, view and add-ins.
Fig : Menu bar
Office button:
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36
New: This option is used for creating a new

document.
Click on office button
Click on new option
Select blank document
Click on create button.
Short cut key for new document is Ctrl
+n.
Open: This option is used for open the saved files.
Click on open option
Click on file name
Then Click on open button.
Short cut key for open is Ctrl +o.
Save: This option is used for preserve the
document for the future use.
Click on save option
Type the file name in file textbox
Then click on save button.
Short cut key for save is Ctrl +s.
Save as: This option is used for save the
document with another name.
Click on save As option
Then click on save button
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37
Print: This option is used for print the document on a paper.

Click on print option
Choose print option
Set the page range
Arrange the number of copies
Short cut key for print is Ctrl +p.
Home:
Fig : Home bar
1. Font: It will change the font style

Select the text and choose the font in the font drop down list
2. Font size: It will Increase or decrease the selected text
Select the text and choose the font size in the font size drop down list
3. Font color: It is used for change the selected text color
Select the text and choose the font color in the font drop down list
4. Super script: It will create small letters above the line of text. E.g.: A2
Select the text and click on super script ribbon
5. Sub script: It will create small letters below the text baseline of text. E.g.: A2
Select the text and click on sub script ribbon
6. Strike through: Draw a line through the middle of the selected text E.g.: xyz
Select the text and click on strike through ribbon
7. Font style :
B- It makes the selected text as bold E.g.: ABC
Select the text and click on bold ribbon
Short cut key for bold is Ctrl +b.
I-It italicizes the selected text E.g.: ABC
Select the text and click on italic ribbon
Short cut key for italic is Ctrl +i.
U- It will apply underline to the selected text E.g.: ABC
Select the text and click on underline ribbon
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38
Short cut key for underline is Ctrl +u.

8. Text highlight color: It will make the selected text highlighting
Select the text and click on text highlight color ribbon
9. Change case: It will change the selected text into UPPERCASE, lowercase, Sentence
case and Capitalizations.
Upper case: Select the text then click on upper case option from the change case drop
down list.
Lowercase: Select the text then click on lowercase option from the change case drop
down list.
Sentence case: Select the text then click on sentence case option from the change case
drop down list.
Capitalization: Select the text then click on capitalizations option from the change
case drop down list.
Select the text
Then click on change case ribbon
Choose the change case option
10. Bullets & numbering : It will apply the bullets or numbering to the selected text
Select the text then click on bullets or numbering ribbon, click on bullets option.
E.g.:
1)
2)
3)
USA
India
China
USA
India
China
11. Alignments: It will make align text into left, right, center and justify
Short cut key for left alignment is Ctrl +L.
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39
Short cut key for right alignment is Ctrl +r.

Short cut key for center alignment is Ctrl +e.
Short cut key for justify is Ctrl +j.
12. Line spacing: It will arrange the space between selected lines and text.
Select the range
Choose line spacing option.
13. Decrease indent: It will decrease the indent level of the paragraph
Select the paragraph then click on decrease indent option
14. Increase indent: It will increase the indent level of the paragraph
Select the paragraph then click on increase indent option
15. Sort: It sort the selected text like alphabetically or numerically
16. Shading: It will apply color background to the selected text or paragraph
17. Borders: Apply the borders of the selected cells or text
Select the range
Click on borders ribbon
Choose borders option
18. Find: It will find the text in to the document
Click on find ribbon
Type finding text
Then click on find Button
Short cut key for find is Ctrl +f.
19. Replace: It will replace text in to the document.
Types the text in find what text box
Types the text in replace with text box
Then click on replace (or) replace all buttons.
Short cut key for replace is Ctrl +h.
20. Go to:
Choose go to option
Choose option in go to what
Type the number or name into the text box
Then click on next button.
Insert:
Fig : Insert bar
1)
2)
3)
4)
Blank page: Insert a new blank page at the cursor position

Cover page: It will insert a cover page in to the document
Page break: It will starts the next page at the current position
Table: It will be used to insert a table in to the document and also draw table in to the
document.
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Steps: Click on table ribbon

Select the number of rows and columns
(Or)
Click on insert table
Arrange the size of rows and columns
5) Picture: Insert a picture from file
6) Clip art: Insert a clip art into the document including drawings, movies and sounds.
7) Shapes: It is used to insert shapes in to the document like rectangle, arrows, flow
chart symbols, lines and etc
8) Smart art: It is used for insert Venn diagrams and graphical or visual diagrams.
9) Hyperlink :
Click on Hyperlink ribbon
Type text to display in text box
Click on file name
Then click on ok button
10) Header: This content will display on top of the document
Click on header option
Choose the header option in menu
Type the text
11) Footer: This content will display on bottom of the document
Click on footer option
Choose the footer option in menu
Type the text
12) Page number: It is used to insert page numbers in to the document.
Click on page number ribbon
Choose page number positions into the document
Then click on chosen page number type.
13) Text box: It is used to preformatted text box. Type a quote from the document or the
summery of an interesting point. We can position the text box any where in the
document.
Click on text box
Choose the text box type
Then type the text into the text box
14) Word art: Insert a decorative text into the document.
Click on word art
Choose word art type
Type the text
15) Drop cap: It is used to create large letter at the beginning of the paragraph
Select the First letter of the paragraph
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Click on drop cap ribbon

Click on drop cap option
Click on dropped option
Set the lines to drop
Click on ok button
16) Date & time:
Click on date & time ribbon
Click on available format in bellow list
Click on ok button
17) Objects:
Click on Objects ribbon
Click on text from file
Click on file name then click on insert button.
18) Symbol:
Click on symbol ribbon
Click on more symbols option
Choose which type of symbol to be inserting
Click on insert button
Page layout:
Fig : Pagelayout bar
1) Columns:
Split text into 2 or more parts
Click on columns ribbon
Choose a split text option for your requirement
2) Size:
Click on size ribbon
Click on paper size
3) Line number:
Add line numbers in the margin along side of each line of the document.
Click on line number ribbon
Click on line numbering option
Choose an option in section start
Click on ok button
4) Water mark
Click on watermark ribbon
Then click on water mark option
Click on text water mark
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42
Type the text into textbox

5) Page color:
Click on page color ribbon
On color theme
6) Page borders
Click on page border ribbon
Click on box option in settings
Choose the border style
Click on ok button
7) Indent: To change the margins of the whole document
Arrange the ruler number for left or right side
Mailing:
Fig : Mailings bar
1. Click on Start mail merge

2. Choose letters option
3. Click on recipients
4. Click on type new list option
5. Enter address then click on new entry until complete the filling of address
6. Save the address list
7. Click on insert merge field ribbon
8. Click on fields then click on inset option
9. Click on preview result ribbon
10. Then click on finish & merge ribbon
Review:
Fig : Review bar
1. Spelling & Grammar:

Click on spellings& grammar ribbon
Click on suggesting word
Then click on change button
2. Thesaurus :
Click on thesaurus ribbon
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
43
Type the word into the search bar

Then click on start searching
3. Word count:
Select the text
Click on word count option
It will display number of words and lines
4. New comment:
Select the text
Click on new comment option
Type the comment
5. Compare
Click on compare ribbon
Choose the compare option
Choose the document in original document and
Choose the document in revised document
6. Protect document:
Click on protect document ribbon
Chick on Restrict formatting and editing option
Check mark on formatting restriction and editing restrictions
Then click on yes, start enforcing protection
Type the password 2 times
View:
Fig : View bar
1. Full screen reading

Click on Full screen reading ribbon
Then click on close, full screen mode will be closed
2. Thumbnails:
Check mark on thumbnails option
It will display the all document pages in small picture at left side of the document.
3. Zoom:
Click on zoom ribbon
Then arrange the page width size
Click on ok button.
4. One page:
Click on one page ribbon
It will zoom the document so that an entire page fit in the window.
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
44
5. Two pages:
Click on two pages ribbon
It will zoom the document so that two pages fit in the window.
6. New window:
Click on new window ribbon
Open a new window containing a view of the current document.
7. Macros:
Click on macros ribbon
Then click on record macro option
Type macro name in macro name text box specify store macro in all documents then
click on ok button
Type the text into the document
Click on macros ribbon then click on stop recording to complete the process.
Executing a macro:
Then click on view macro option
Select the macro name from macros list
Click on run
Editing a macro:
Then click on view macro option
Select the macro name from macros list
Click on edit command button
Click on view macro soft word icon.
MICROSOFT EXCEL
Micro soft excel is a power full spread sheet package for organizing, analyzing and
presenting the data.
Many items on the Tabs and Ribbons are the same in Excel as they are in Word. Many basic
commands are the same too. Below is a list of commands that are unique to Excel or work
differently from what you have already learned. If you do not see directions for a common
command here, please refer back to the Word section.
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
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Fig : MS excel
Spread sheet: It is a set of rows and columns, which is mainly used for accounts purpose.
Fig : Spread sheet
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46
Cell: A cell is a point where row and column intersect. Each cell has a unique
address and it is referred by of row number and column letter combination.
Fig : Cell
Workbook: A workbook is a file which contains a group of worksheets. By default excel

work book contains 3 work sheets namely sheet1, sheet2 and sheet3.
Fig : Work sheet
Steps for open Ms excel

Click on run option
Type excel in run dialogue box
(Or)
Start- Programs- Microsoft office- Microsoft excel.
Office button:
FFig : Office button
New: This option is used for creating a new document.

Click on new option
Select blank document
Click on create button.
Short cut key for new document is Ctrl +n.
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48
Open: This option is used for open the saved files.

Click on open option
Click on file name
Then Click on open button.
Short cut key for open is Ctrl +o.
Save: This option is used for preserve the document for the
future use.
Click on save option
Then click on save button.
Short cut key for save is Ctrl +s.
Save as: This option is used for save the document with another name.
Click on save As option
Then click on save button
Print: This option is used for print the

document on a paper.
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49
Click on print option

Choose print option
Set the page range
Arrange the number of copies
Short cut key for print is Ctrl +p.
Home:
Fig : Print Option
1. Wrap text:
Click on complete text invisible cell
Then click on wrap text ribbon
2. Merge& center:
Select the cells
Then click on Merge& center ribbon
3. Orientation:
Select the cell(s)
Choose text direction by click on orientation ribbon
4. Conditional formatting:
Select the cells range
Click on conditional formatting
Then choose greater then or less than or between etc
Type the range
5. Format as table:
Select the range
Insert:
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Fig : Insert Option
1. Chart:
Select the data range
Click on chart type like column, line, pie etc
2. Word art: Word art is allows you to display text in different styles. It display many
ready made text styles.
3. Hyperlink :
Click on Hyperlink ribbon
Type text to display in text box
Click on file name
4. Shapes
It is used to insert shapes like rectangle, arrows, circles, symbols etc
Click on shapes ribbon
Click on shape
5. Symbol:
Click on symbol ribbon
Click on more symbols option
Choose which type of symbol to be inserting
Click on insert button
6. Header & footer
It is used to edit the header and footer.
Click on header & footer ribbon
Then type the Text in header and footer text box
Page layout:
Fig : Pagelayout Option
1. Themes: Used to change the colors, fonts and also effects.

2. Page setup: Used to set the margins also for adjusting the page sizes and used for
printing the page.
3. Scale to Fit: It is used to adjust the width, height and scale of the sheet.
4. Sheet Options: Used to view and print the gridlines and Headings.
5. Arrange: Used to align, group and rotate.
Formulas:
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51
Fig : Formulas Option
Sum:
Syntax: = (cell address1+cell address2+.) (Or)
= sum (first cell address: last cell address)
Multiplication:
Syntax: = (cell address1*cell address2)
Division:
Syntax: = (cell address1/cell address2)
Subtraction:
Syntax: = (cell address1-cell address2)
Maximum:
Syntax: =max (first cell address: last cell address)
Minimum:
Syntax: =min (first cell address: last cell address)
Date& time:
Syntax: =now ( )
Count:
Syntax: = count (first cell address: last cell address)
Count blank:
Syntax: = countblank (first cell address: last cell address)
Concatenation:
Syntax: = concatenation (first cell address: last cell address) (Or)
= (cell address1 & cell addres2)
Factorial:
Syntax: =fact (cell address)
Proper:
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
52
Syntax: =proper (cell address)

Result:
Syntax: =if (sub1 cell address>=35, if (sub2 cell address>=35, if (sub3 cell address > =35,
pass, fail)))
Grade:
Syntax: = if (average cell address>=70,A, if (average cell address>=60,B, if (average cell
address>=40,C, if (average cell address<40,D))))
To find the exact days:
=DATEDIF(D8,TODAY(),"y")&"y,"&DATEDIF(D8,TODAY(),"ym")&"m,"&DATEDIF(D8
,TODAY(),"md")&"d"
D8cell address.
Data :
Fig : Data Option
1. Get External Data: Used to get data from external sources such as
internet,Access or other.
2. Connections: Used to get connection, Edit the links.
3. Sort & Filter: Used to sort in alphabetical order.
4. Data tools: Used for data validation, to consolidate the data and also for What-If
analysis.
5. Outline: Used to Group the cells or Ungroup.
Review :
Fig : Review Option
1. Proofing: Used for spelling correction, Translate and Thesaurus.

2. Comments: Used to view the comments and also to hide them.
3. Changes: Used for protecting the data in workbook and also to share them.
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
53
View:
Fig : View Option
1.
2.
3.
4.
Workbook Views: Used to view the data perview in full screen and adjust them.
Show/Hide: Used to view the Gridlines, formula bar, Headings.
Zoom: Used to zoom the sheet.
Window: Used to open the new window or arrange and freeze panes.. also to save
and switch.
MS POWER POINT
IT is the application software particularly used to create the presentations for
Advertisement, Demo classes, Seminars, etc. The extension name for a power point file is
*.ppt. Executable Name on Run: "Powerpnt".
Many items on the Tabs and Ribbons are the same in PowerPoint as they are in the
other Microsoft programs. Many basic commands are the same too. Below is a list of
commands that are unique to PowerPoint or work differently from what you have already
learned. If you do not see directions for a common command here, please refer back to the
Word section.
Fig : Power point
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
54
HOME:
Fig : Home Option
New slide:
Click on new slide ribbon
New slide will be added
Layout:
Click on layout
Choose the layout type for your requirement
Delete slide:
Right click on slide
Click on delete slide option
(Or)
Select the slide
Press delete key
Text shadow:
Select the text
Click on text shadow
Character spacing:
It adjust the spacing between characters
Select the text
Choose the character spacing option
Text direction:
Select the text
Click on text direction ribbon
Shapes:
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
55
Click on shapes ribbon

Choose the shape
Then insert into slide
Quick style:
Choose the visual style for the shape or outline
Shape outline:
Fill the selected shape with a solid color, gradient, picture or texture.
Shape effects:
Apply a visual effect to the selected shape, such as shadow glow, reflection or 3-D rotation.
INSERT:
Fig : Insert Option
1.
2.
3.
4.
Table: Used to insert the tables.

Illustrations: Used to insert the cliparts and pics etc.
Text: Used to insert the text box, header and footers and date&time.
Media clips: Used to insert the Sounds and movie clips.
DESIGN
Fig : Design Option
1. Theme: Used to apply different themes for background.

2. Colors: Used to apply colors for background.
ANIMATIONS
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56
Fig : Animation Option
1. Preview: Used to See the preview.

2. Transitions: Used to apply different Transitions to slides.
SLIDE SHOW
Fig : Slideshow Option
1. Start Slide Show: Used to See the slides in full screen.

2. Setup: Used to hide slides and record the narration also to adjust the resolution.
REVIEW
Fig : Review Option
1. Proofing: Used to See the spelling mistakes and search for word in dictionary.
2. Comments: Used to see the comments and edit them.
3. Protect: This is used to protect the slides.
VIEW
Fig : View Option
1.
2.
3.
4.
Presentation views: Used to edit the slide sorter and slide master.
Show-Zoom-Color: Used to adjusting the slides and applying colors.
Window: Used to arrange the slides and also to merge or split them.
Macros: Used to automate frequently used tasks by creating macros.
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
57
MS-ACCESS
This is system application program available in ms-office package. It is used to create the
data bases .The Extension name for a data base is .mdb.
Fig: MS access
Data: It is defined as collection of random information. That is there is no relation ship between the
information
E.g.: -
Apples, sname, grapes, page, fname, page no, etc.
Database: It is defined as collection of logically related information.

E.g.: -We can create the following databases for the above example
1) Student(DB) :- sname, fname
2) Fruits ( DB ) :- Apples, grapes
3) Book (DB) :- page, page no
Different types of database objects available in Ms Access

1) Tables
2) Queries
3) Forms
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4) Reports
5) Macros
6) Modules
Table: A table is a data base object that has the information in the form of rows & columns.
Fig: Table
Steps to create a table using datasheet view

1)
2)
3)
4)
Click on Tables
Select Table view
Change field names(up to required) and enter some no.of records
Close and save the table.
Fig: Create table
Steps to create a table using design view
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Click on Tables
Click on New
Select Design view
Enter field namesand enter some records
Close and save the table.
Data types: 1) Number: -This data type is used to allow the Numbers into the respective field
2) Text: - This data type is used to allow the Text into the respective field(Max number of
characters 255)
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3) Currency: - This data type allows information into the respective fields in the format of
Currency
4) Auto Number: -This data type automatically generates the numbers in sequence order.
5) Date/time: - This data type allows information into the respective fields in the format of
Date/Time
6) Yes/no: -This data type provides a check box
7) Memo: - This data type is used to allow the Text into the respective field but the size of
this data is maximum than that of Text.
8) OLE Object: -(Object Linking Embedded)
This data type is used to insert the objects
9) Hyper link: - This data type is used to insert hyperlink with anther file.
10) Look up wizard: -This Data type is Used to Create the Drop Down list Box
Data field properties
1) Field size:-This property is used to set field size.
2) Format: -This property changes format of the respective field
3) Decimal places: - This property is used to change no.of Decimal places of the respective
field
4) Input mask: -This property is used provide the restrictions to the user to enter the data
into the respective field.
E.g.: 1)
2)
3)
pass word :-This displays information in *s (*****)

a or A :- This accepts only characters and numbers but not any special characters
0 or 9:- To accept only Numbers from 0 to 9
5)
6)
7)
8)
Caption: -It is used provide the caption for respective filed

Default value: -By this option we can change the default value of the respective field
Validation rule: -It is used to provide the rules to the respective field
Validation text: -It is used to provide the proper error messages when validation rule is
not satisfied.
9) Required: -It indicates information is required or not.
10) Indexed: -It states that duplicate information is allowed or not allowed.
Import a table from any other databases or from excel files
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1) Click on External data

2) Click on type of external file
3) Select any table from any other
database or Excel sheet through
browse
4) Click on OK
Note:-Information will be Automatically
updated in the both source table and
target table.
Queries: A query is a question that can used to select the records or to update the records or to delete
the Records etc., of the respective table
Fig: Query Wizard
Different Types of Queries: 1)

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Select Query
Make table query
Update query
Append query
Delete query
Cross tab query
Select Query: This Query is used to select the Records of the specified table.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Click on Queries
Click on New
Select design view and click on ok
Select the required table
Click on Add and click on close
Click on Query menu
Click on select query
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8)
Drag and drop the required fields of the table and specify the conditions at criteria
row (if required)
Close and save the query
9)
Make table Query: This Query is used to make the new table by selecting the required rows and columns of the
specified table.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Click on Queries
Click on New
Click on Query menu
Click on Make table Query
Type the new table name and click on ok.
Drag and drop the required fields of the table and specify the conditions at criteria row (if
required)
10) Close and save the query
Update Query: This Query is used to update the records of the any table
E.g.:Design a query to calculate the results of the student.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Click on Queries
Click on New
Select the student table
Click on Query menu
Click on Update Query
Drag and drop the required fields of the table(total, avg, res, grade)
Type the following formulas for total, average, result and grade at update row
Total: [s1]+[s2]+[s3]
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Average: [Total]/3
Result: Iif([s1]>=35 and [s2]>=35 and [s3]>=35, Pass, fail)
Grade: Iif([result]=Pass and [average]>=70,A, iif([result]=Pass and [average]>=50,B,
iif([result]=Pass and [average]>=40,C,D)))
10) Close and save the query
Append Query: This Query is used to append the information of the Source table to a specified a target table.
First design a table with information and design another table with out information.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Click on Queries
Click on new
Select design view and click on Ok
Select the table that has the information
Click on add and close
Click on Query menu and click on Append Query
Select the target table to append the information(Which has no information)
Drag and drop the required fields of the source table.
Delete Query: This Query is used to delete the records of the specified table.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Click on Queries
Click on New
Click on Query menu
Click on delete query
Drag and drop the required field and type the condition if required
Cross Tab Query: This Query is used to calculate the sub totals of the specified Table.
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To create the cross tab query there must be one or more row heading options and one column
heading option and one value option.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Click on Queries
Click on new
Select design view
Select the required
Click on add and
Click on query
Select cross tab
Drag and drop the
table
9) Select one or more
column heading and
cross tab row
10) Close and save the
and click on ok
table
click on close
menu
query
required fields of the
row headings, one
one value option at
query
SQL View: -(Structured Query Language)
Fig: SQL
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1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Click on Queries
Click on new
Click on close
Click on view menu
Select sql view
Write sql query
Close and save the sql query
1) write a sql query to select the all the records of the employee
Select * from employee;
2) Write a sql query to select the all the records of the employee whose deptno is 10.
Select * from emp200 where deptno=10;
3) Write a sql query to select the deptno,ename and netsal of the employee table.
Select deptno,ename,netsal from employee;
4) Update the salary of a Employee by 500
UPDATE employee SET netsal = netsal+500;
5) Update the tot and avg of the student table
UPDATE student SET tot= s1+s2+s3, avg = tot/3;
4) Update result of the student
for pass: update student set res=pass where s1>=35 and s2>=35 and s3>=35
for fail:update student set re=fail where s1<35 or s2<35 or s3<35
To delete all records of the student table: Delete from student;

To delete all records of the student table whose roll number is less than 8.
Delete from student where rno<8;
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FORMS
This data base object is used to create the form for selected table or query and we can
also provide some event actions like on click, on Dbl Click etc., This is used as a front
end tool.
Creating a form
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Click on Forms
Click on New
Select design view and select table or query
Click on ok
Click on view menu and select field list
Drag and drop the fields of the Table from the field list tool bar.
Close and save the Form
Fig: FORMS
Eg1:
Create a student table and design a form to calculate student results by using a event "on
click"
Create student table (rno, name, s1, s2, s3, tot, avg, res, grade ).
Click on Forms
Click on New
Select design view and select student
table
Click on ok
Click on view menu and select field
list
Drag and drop the fields of the
Student table on to the form and
design a command button
Right click on the Command Button
Select Properties
Click on Event
Select on click and click on
Click on code builder and click on
ok.
Write the following formulas
Private Sub Command11_Click()
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tot = s1 + s2 + s3
avg = tot / 3
If s1 >= 35 And s2 >= 35 And s3 >= 35 Then
res = "pass"
Else
res = "Fail"
End If
If res = "pass" And avg >= 70 Then
grade = "A"
Else
grade = "B"
Else
grade = "C"
Else
grade = "D"
End If
End If
End If
End Sub
Close and save the Form
Eg2: Design a table Emp(Eno,Ename,job,Sal,Ta,Da,Hra,ded,gsal,nsal)

And design a form to calculate the Net salary of a person according to the following
conditions.
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Basicsal
Ta
Da
Hra
45
4.5
3.4
Above 5000 and Up to 10000 3.9
5.6
Above 10000 and Up to 30000
10
10
15
15
20
Up to 5000
Above 30000
Ded
And provide an event for field sal as on lost focus

1) Design a Table Emp(Eno,Ename,job,Sal,Ta,Da,Hra,ded,gsal,nsal)
Private Sub Sal_LostFocus()

If Sal <= 5000 Then
Ta = Sal * 4 / 100
Da = Sal * 4.5 / 100
Hra = Sal * 3.4 / 100
Ded = Sal * 5 / 100
ElseIf Sal > 5000 And Sal <= 10000 Then
Ta = Sal * 3.9 / 100
Da = Sal * 5 / 100
Hra = Sal * 5.6 / 100
Ded = Sal * 7 / 100
ElseIf Sal > 10000 And Sal <= 30000 Then
Ta = Sal * 7 / 100
Da = Sal * 8 / 100
Hra = Sal * 9 / 100
Ded = Sal * 10 / 100
Else
Ta = Sal * 10 / 100
Da = Sal * 15 / 100
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Hra = Sal * 15 / 100

Ded = Sal * 20 / 100
End If
Gsal = Sal + Ta + Da + Hra
Netsal = Gsal - Ded
End sub
3)
Design a For m to
change the format of the Text

Private Sub Check2_Click()
If Check2.Value = True Then
Text1.FontBold = True
Else
Text1.FontBold = False
End If
End Sub
Text1.FontItalic = True
Else
Text1.FontItalic = False
End If
End Sub
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Text1.FontUnderline = True
Else
Text1.FontUnderline = False
End If
End Sub
MACROS:
You can create a
macro (macro:
An
action or
set of actions that you
can use to
automate tasks.) to
perform a
specific
series
of
actions (action:
The
basic
building block of a
macro; a
self-contained
instruction that can be
combined
with other actions to
automate
tasks.
This
is
sometimes called a
command
in
other
macro
languages.), and you can create a macro group (macro group: A collection of related macros
that are stored together under a single macro name. The collection is often referred to simply
as a macro.) to perform related series of actions.
In Microsoft Office Access 2007, macros can be contained in macro objects (sometimes
called standalone macros), or they can be embedded into the event properties of forms,
reports, or controls. Embedded macros become part of the object or control in which they are
embedded. Macro objects are visible in the Navigation Pane, under Macros; embedded
macros are not.
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REPORTS: A report is a database object used to design the detailed report for selected table or query
along with page header and page footer.
Fig: Report
Steps to create a Report

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Click on Reports
Click on new
Select design view and select table or query that you want to create a report.
Click on ok
Drag and Drop the fields of the table or query on the detail Report.
Apply the required background colours
and text colors.
And also apply page header and footer.
Close and save the Report.
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INTERNET
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. It is
a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic,
wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of
information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents
and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email,
and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing and telephony.
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Advantages:
Security, Data accessibility, etc
Uses:
1) Sending Messages
2) Searching for required info. easily
3) Data maintenance
4) Online jobs
5) Online Banking
6) Entertainment
7) Online Counseling, etc
World Wide Web
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Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web, or just the Web, interchangeably,
but the two terms are not synonymous. The World Wide Web is only one of hundreds of
services used on the Internet. The Web is a global set of documents, images and other
resources, logically interrelated by hyperlinks and referenced with Uniform Resource
Identifiers (URIs). URIs symbolically identify services, servers, and other databases, and the
documents and resources that they can provide. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the
main access protocol of the World Wide Web. Web services also use HTTP to allow software
systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data.
Some of the Web sites or web servers:

www.yahoo.com
www.rediff.com
www.indiatimes.com
www.gmail.com
SEARCH ENGINES:
This web sites are used to search the required web sites.
Eg:
www.google.com
www.msn.com
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Internet works through WAN (Wide area Network)

To create Email id We have to click on "sign up" button
*To Enter in to the particular Email Id or user id:i) Enter the User id
ii) Enter the password
iii) Click on "sign in"
*To send messages to other internet users
i) Click on "Compose" button
ii) Write the complete address of other user at "To"
Eg: jones_2007@yahoo.co.in
iii) Type the message in mailbox
iv) Click on "Send"
*To Exit from the Email id.
Fig: Outlook messenger
Click on "Sign out" or "Log out" buttons

*To Check the mails
Click on "Inbox" or "Check mail"
ROUTING
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Internet service providers connect customers, which represent the bottom of the routing
hierarchy, to customers of other ISPs via other higher or same-tier networks. At the top of the
routing hierarchy are the tier 1 networks, large telecommunication companies that exchange
traffic directly with each other via peering agreements. Tier 2 and lower level networks
buy Internet transit from other providers to reach at least some parties on the global Internet,
though they may also engage in peering. An ISP may use a single upstream provider for
connectivity, or implement multihoming to achieve redundancy and load balancing. Internet
exchange points are major traffic exchanges with physical connections to multiple ISPs.
DATA TRANSFER
File sharing is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet.
A computer file can be emailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can
be uploaded to a website or FTP server for easy download by others. It can be put into a
"shared location" or onto a file server for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk
downloads to many users can be eased by the use of "mirror" servers or peer-topeer networks. In any of these cases, access to the file may be controlled by
user authentication, the transit of the file over the Internet may be obscured by encryption,
and money may change hands for access to the file. The price can be paid by the remote
charging of funds from, for example, a credit card whose details are also passed usually
fully encrypted across the Internet.
The origin and authenticity of the file received may be checked by digital signatures or
by MD5 or other message digests. These simple features of the Internet, over a worldwide
basis, are changing the production, sale, and distribution of anything that can be reduced to a
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computer file for transmission. This includes all manner of print publications, software
products, news, music, film, video, photography, graphics and the other arts. This in turn has
caused seismic shifts in each of the existing industries that previously controlled the
production and distribution of these products.
BROWSERS:
Short for Web browser, a browser is a software application used to locate, retrieve and
display content on the World Wide Web, including Web pages, images, video and other files.
As a client/server model, the browser is the client run on a computer that contacts the
Web server and requests information. The Web server sends the information back to the Web
browser which displays the results on the computer or other Internet-enabled device that
supports a browser.
Browser Software Today

Today's browsers are fully-functional software suites that can interpret and
display HTML Web pages, applications, JavaScript, AJAX and other content hosted on Web
servers. Many browsers offer plug-ins which extend the capabilities of the software so it can
display multimedia information (including sound and video), or the browser can be used to
perform tasks such as videoconferencing, to design web pages or add anti-phishing filters and
other security features to the browser.
The two most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Firefox. Other major
browsers include Google Chrome, Apple Safari and Opera. While most commonly use to
access information on the web, a browser can also be used to access information hosted on
Web servers in private networks.
Mobile
Browsers
Also, there are a number of browsers that are designed to access the Web using a mobile
device. A mobile browser, also called a micro browser, is optimized to display Web content
on smaller mobile device screens and to perform efficiently on these computing devices,
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which have far less computing power and memory capacity as desktop or laptop. Mobile
browsers are typically "stripped down" versions of Web browsers and offer fewer features in
order to run well on mobile devices.
SHORTCUTS
Windows system key combinations
F1: Help
CTRL+ESC: Open Start menu
ALT+TAB: Switch between open programs
ALT+F4: Quit program
SHIFT+DELETE: Delete item permanently
Windows Logo+L: Lock the computer (without using CTRL+ALT+DELETE)
Windows program key combinations
CTRL+C: Copy
CTRL+X: Cut
CTRL+V: Paste
CTRL+Z: Undo
CTRL+B: Bold
CTRL+U: Underline
CTRL+I: Italic
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Mouse click/keyboard modifier combinations for shell objects

SHIFT+right click: Displays a shortcut menu containing alternative commands
SHIFT+double click: Runs the alternate default command (the second item on the menu)
ALT+double click: Displays properties
SHIFT+DELETE: Deletes an item immediately without placing it in the Recycle Bin
General keyboard-only commands
F1: Starts Windows Help
F10: Activates menu bar options
SHIFT+F10 Opens a shortcut menu for the selected item (this is the same as right-clicking an
object
CTRL+ESC: Opens the Start menu (use the ARROW keys to select an item)
CTRL+ESC or ESC: Selects the Start button (press TAB to select the taskbar, or press
SHIFT+F10 for a context menu)
CTRL+SHIFT+ESC: Opens Windows Task Manager
ALT+DOWN ARROW: Opens a drop-down list box
ALT+TAB: Switch to another running program (hold down the ALT key and then press the
TAB key to view the task-switching window)
SHIFT: Press and hold down the SHIFT key while you insert a CD-ROM to bypass the
automatic-run feature
ALT+SPACE: Displays the main window's System menu (from the System menu, you can
restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the window)
ALT+- (ALT+hyphen): Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child
window's System menu (from the MDI child window's System menu, you can restore, move,
resize, minimize, maximize, or close the child window)
CTRL+TAB: Switch to the next child window of a Multiple Document Interface (MDI)
program
ALT+underlined letter in menu: Opens the menu
ALT+F4: Closes the current window
CTRL+F4: Closes the current Multiple Document Interface (MDI) window
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ALT+F6: Switch between multiple windows in the same program (for example, when the
Notepad Find dialog box is displayed, ALT+F6 switches between the Find dialog box and the
main Notepad window)
Shell objects and general folder/Windows Explorer shortcuts
For a selected object:
F2: Rename object
F3: Find all files
CTRL+X: Cut
CTRL+C: Copy
CTRL+V: Paste
SHIFT+DELETE: Delete selection immediately, without moving the item to the Recycle Bin
ALT+ENTER: Open the properties for the selected object
To copy a file
Press and hold down the CTRL key while you drag the file to another folder.
To create a shortcut
Press and hold down CTRL+SHIFT while you drag a file to the desktop or a folder.
General folder/shortcut control
F4: Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the
toolbar is active in Windows Explorer)
F5: Refreshes the current window.
F6: Moves among panes in Windows Explorer
CTRL+G: Opens the Go To Folder tool (in Windows 95 Windows Explorer only)
CTRL+Z: Undo the last command
CTRL+A: Select all the items in the current window
BACKSPACE: Switch to the parent folder
SHIFT+click+Close button: For folders, close the current folder plus all parent folders
Windows Explorer tree control
Numeric Keypad *: Expands everything under the current selection
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Numeric Keypad +: Expands the current selection

Numeric Keypad -: Collapses the current selection.
RIGHT ARROW: Expands the current selection if it is not expanded, otherwise goes to the
first child
LEFT ARROW: Collapses the current selection if it is expanded, otherwise goes to the parent
Properties control
CTRL+TAB/CTRL+SHIFT+TAB: Move through the property tabs
Accessibility shortcuts
Press SHIFT five times: Toggles StickyKeys on and off
Press down and hold the right SHIFT key for eight seconds: Toggles FilterKeys on and off
Press down and hold the NUM LOCK key for five seconds: Toggles ToggleKeys on and off
Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK: Toggles MouseKeys on and off
Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN: Toggles high contrast on and off
Microsoft Natural Keyboard keys
Windows Logo: Start menu
Windows Logo+R: Run dialog box
Windows Logo+M: Minimize all
SHIFT+Windows Logo+M: Undo minimize all
Windows Logo+F1: Help
Windows Logo+E: Windows Explorer
Windows Logo+F: Find files or folders
Windows Logo+D: Minimizes all open windows and displays the desktop
CTRL+Windows Logo+F: Find computer
CTRL+Windows Logo+TAB: Moves focus from Start, to the Quick Launch toolbar, to the
system tray (use RIGHT ARROW or LEFT ARROW to move focus to items on the Quick
Launch toolbar and the system tray)
Windows Logo+TAB: Cycle through taskbar buttons
Windows Logo+Break: System Properties dialog box
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Application key: Displays a shortcut menu for the selected item

Microsoft Natural Keyboard with IntelliType software installed
Windows Logo+L: Log off Windows
Windows Logo+P: Starts Print Manager
Windows Logo+C: Opens Control Panel
Windows Logo+V: Starts Clipboard
Windows Logo+K: Opens Keyboard Properties dialog box
Windows Logo+I: Opens Mouse Properties dialog box
Windows Logo+A: Starts Accessibility Options (if installed)
Windows Logo+SPACEBAR: Displays the list of Microsoft IntelliType shortcut keys
Windows Logo+S: Toggles CAPS LOCK on and off
Dialog box keyboard commands
TAB: Move to the next control in the dialog box
SHIFT+TAB: Move to the previous control in the dialog box
SPACEBAR: If the current control is a button, this clicks the button. If the current control is a
check box, this toggles the check box. If the current control is an option, this selects the
option.
ENTER: Equivalent to clicking the selected button (the button with the outline)
ESC: Equivalent to clicking the Cancel button
ALT+underlined letter in dialog box item: Move to the corresponding item
BROWSER SHORTCUTS
Ctrl+1-8 Switch to the specified tab, counting from the left.
Ctrl+9 Switch to the last tab.
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Ctrl+Tab Switch to the next tab in other words, the tab on the right. (Ctrl+Page Up also
works, but not in Internet Explorer.)
Ctrl+Shift+Tab Switch to the previous tab in other words, the tab on the left. (Ctrl+Page
Down also works, but not in Internet Explorer.)
Ctrl+W, Ctrl+F4 Close the current tab.
Ctrl+Shift+T Reopen the last closed tab.
Ctrl+T Open a new tab.

Ctrl+N Open a new browser window.
Alt+F4 Close the current window. (Works in all applications.)
Mouse Actions for Tabs
Middle Click a Tab Close the tab.
Ctrl+Left Click, Middle Click Open a link in a background tab.
Shift+Left Click Open a link in a new browser window.
Ctrl+Shift+Left Click Open a link in a foreground tab.
Navigation
Alt+Left Arrow, Backspace Back.
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Alt+Right Arrow, Shift+Backspace Forward.

F5 Reload.
Ctrl+F5 Reload and skip the cache, re-downloading the entire website.
Escape Stop.
Alt+Home Open homepage.
Zooming
Ctrl and +, Ctrl+Mousewheel Up Zoom in.
Ctrl and -, Ctrl+Mousewheel Down Zoom out.
Ctrl+0 Default zoom level.
F11 Full-
screen mode.
Scrolling
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Space, Page Down Scroll down a frame.

Shift+Space, Page Up Scroll up a frame.
Home Top of page.
End Bottom of page.
Middle Click Scroll with the mouse. (Windows only)
Address Bar
Ctrl+L, Alt+D, F6 Focus the address bar so you can begin typing.
Ctrl+Enter Prefix www. and append .com to the text in the address bar, and then load the
website. For example, type howtogeek into the address bar and press Ctrl+Enter to open
www.howtogeek.com.
Alt+Enter Open the location in the address bar in a new tab.
Search
Ctrl+K, Ctrl+E Focus the browsers built-in search box or focus the address bar if the
browser doesnt have a dedicated search box. (Ctrl+K doesnt work in IE, Ctrl+E does.)
Alt+Enter Perform a search from the search box in a new tab.
Ctrl+F, F3 Open the in-page search box to search on the current page.
Ctrl+G, F3 Find the next match of the searched text on the page.
Ctrl+Shift+G, Shift+F3 Find the previous match of the searched text on the page.
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History & Bookmarks

Ctrl+H Open the browsing history.
Ctrl+J Open the download history.
Ctrl+D Bookmark the current website.
Ctrl+Shift+Del Open the Clear Browsing History window.
Other Functions
Ctrl+P Print the current page.
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Ctrl+S Save the current page to your computer.

Ctrl+O Open a file from your computer.
Ctrl+U Open the current pages source code. (Not in IE.)
F12 Open Developer Tools. (Requires Firebug extension for Firefox.)
ASSIGNMENTS
Microsoft WORD Assignment
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Microsoft Excel Grade Book Spreadsheet Assignment

Excel is a software spreadsheet application program and as a teaching tool it could be used
for several learning or classroom management purposes. Because of the focus of this class
and its relationship to the classroom, we are going to focus on Excel as a grade book
management tool rather than as a learning tool.
To begin, the main thing you need to know about Excel is that the spreadsheet is divided
into cells, which are determined by rows and columns. Rows are numbered across and
columns are lettered down. You can type into each cell numerical or informational data.
Then, by adjusting the width and height of rows and columns or adding lines and color, you
can create customized spreadsheets. Even though there are many ways you could use this
software, again the reason we are taking time with this tool in class is to learn how to use
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this software to create a grade book. Simply, by adding formulas and functions to cells you
can input percentage grades and keep track of your students grades automatically.
In this short assignment, you will learn how to:
1. Format cells in Microsoft Office Excel
2. Create formula cells to keep track of grades in Excel
3. Create a lookup function cell to automatically track a students letter grade
To complete this assignment, follow the instructions in this handout. When you are
finished, submit this assignment into WebCT. You will be graded on how well you followed
the instructions in this handout.
Step1: Open Microsoft Office Excel. When you open the software, it looks like
Step 2: In column A/Row 1, I want you to try typing in a title or name that will help you to
identify this spreadsheet.
Go ahead and make up your own title and start typing that into the Row 1/Column
A. After you finish, I want you to notice three things about what happened:
1. More than likely, the text of your title went across several cells.
2. But your text is located in row1/Column A. Note: Even though you type information into a
cell and it cuts across the other cells, the information is only stored in the cell where you
began typing. Also, realize that as you type, this information is not only stored in the cell but
it is also stored in the box above the spreadsheet, too. And if you want to edit the text,
sometimes youll
have to edit the text in the box rather than in the cell.
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3. I wanted you to notice that at the bottom of the spreadsheet, there are tabs titled sheet1,
sheet 2, sheet 3, and a fourth tab with an icon. These tabs show you that you can have
more than one spreadsheet in your file. You can
doubleclick on sheet 1 and rename it. You can click on the last tab and create
a new spreadsheet and have 4 instead of 3.
Step 3: Doubleclick
on sheet 1 and rename your spreadsheet that matches the title you gave
your spreadsheet in Row1/Column A.
Step 4: Add another sheet by clicking on the paper icon. You should have 4 sheets in your
file when you turn it into LiveText.
Step 5: Lets go ahead and save your Excel spreadsheet now. You can always save this to
your T drive. Name this assignment BasicExcelGradebook_lastname.
(example: BasicExelGradebook_fraley).
Step 6: Now, lets create a fake grade book. We need to come up with some fake data like:
1. Fake names
2. Fake assignments
3. Fake scores
Can you do something like this below?
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Starting in Row3, Column A, I created text for my first cell and called it Student Name. Then,
by going across the row, I created the headings for the fake assignments and labeled them
accordingly: homework 1, homework 2, homework 3, quiz 1, quiz 2, paper 1, paper 2, HW
avg, QZ avg, PR avg, Total %, Grade. Then, going down column A, I came up with 10 names
to represent my students.
Step 7: Now, to put lines around all the cells I highlighted the cells and went to the borders
option in the font group under the home tab and selected all borders.
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Anytime, you want to change the way a border around a cell looks, just select the cell you
want to effect and select the right border. For instance, I then selected the cells along row 3
and selected the thick bottom border to give the headers of the spreadsheet and thicker edge.
Now, if you look at my example closely, you should notice that I have a problem with a few
of my columns. Look at columns a, b c, d. You see how the text is not showing in the cell
completely? The reason why the text is being cut off is the column width is too narrow for the
length of the text. I can fix this by adjusting the column width, which is one point to this
lesson how to format cells.
Step 8: Go to the Home Tab in Excel and look for the group called cells. From this location
you can insert cells, delete cells, and format cells. Click on the format button and a new
window appears. Notice that under format cells you can adjust row height, column width,
rename sheets,
move, copy, or delete sheets.
Step 9: Choose Column Width and a new window like this one appears.
Step 10: Change 8.43 to 15 and hit ok. (Make sure you are on the Homework 1 cell and the
width of the cell will change to 15.
Step 11: Just repeat the steps on column A, C, and D or you can do it quickly by
highlighting the cells by clicking, holding and dragging over the four cells and then repeat the
step. It will format all 4 at the same time.
All four cells are highlighted, go to format, column width, change the number to 15.
After the cells have widen.
Step 12: Going back to format cell again look for the format cells option in the pull down
window. When you go to format cell it brings up a brand new window where you have many
formatting options to choose from.
Step 13: For experimentation sake, were going to adjust the student
name column. Click on
Row 3, Column A and go to the Home Tab. Look for the text
orientation button. Its located
in the Excel group called alignment.
Step 14: Change the student name text so it rotates up.
Step 15: Then adjust the row 3 height to 80 and the column A width so
all the text of your
students names show.
Step 16: In the student name cell, center the text alignment and the
cell alignment to middle.
If you followed all the steps so far, your spreadsheet should look something like this:
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Step 18: Lets go ahead and add some color to the cells. You can select how you want to
color your spreadsheet. Heres my example.
To color your cells just highlight the cells you want to color, select the bucket, and choose a
color. Those are the basics (formatting row and cell width and height, selecting alignments,
orders, and color) to formatting and customizing the look of spreadsheets in Excel.
Step 19: Now, lets come up with some dummy data (fake scores for the assignments). Youll
have to decide how much each is worth because youll need that information for getting the
averages to your Homework, Quiz, and Paper assignments. Im going to leave the numbers
and data up to you. It can be worth as little and as much as you want. In my example, the
homework will be worth 100 points, quizzes will be worth 20 points, and the papers will be
worth 50 points. The homework will comprise 40% of the grade, quizzes 30% of the grade,
and papers 30% of the grade. Heres my spreadsheet: Now, notice how all the text is right
aligned. I can change that by changing the text alignment by going to the standard alignment
icon that we all use when we work in Word. So, everything is centered aligned and I have my
dummy data in place. Now, lets do the formulas so we can come up with an average of the
homework, quizzes, and papers.
Step 20: Lets start by deciding what kind of average you want. Do you want a sum of all the
homework and what the student made? Or, do you want an average of the sum in relationship
to the worth of the assignments? Depending on your grading method, youll have to choose.
Most often, teachers go the average route rather than the sum route. Ill show you both.
Step 21: To get a sum of Adams homework, click in Column I/Row 4. Now, you always
start the excel formulas the same, which is:
=SUM(column/row:column/row)
For this example, I typed in =SUM and then I highlighted the columns I wanted to add up and
this is what Excel gave me in return, =SUM(B4:D4). The HW AVG is 273. Whats happening
is Excel is coming up with the sum for row 4 column b to d and in the cell where the formula
is located. It is giving me the total sum of the points273. Now, what happens if I wanted an
average based on the total value of the assignments which is 300 points?
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Step 22: In the formula box above the spreadsheet type in divide by 300. It should look like
this: =SUM(B4:D4)/300
See what happened. 273 turned into .91. Thats the average grade for the assignments. Now, I
can repeat this formula for the other students by dragging the formula down onto the other
cells of the I column.
Step 23: To get the quiz and paper averages I would repeat steps 2223 in the J column and
the K column. I would have to change the value of the possible points but thats it. So heres
how it should look when Im finished.
Now if you look, youll notice I have some unusual scores in row 9. It should be 100 and not
the reason why I have unusual percentages is that my columns are not set for the right type of
data information.
Step 24: To fix this, we need to format the cells. First, highlight all the cells that you want to
change and then go to Format in the Home Tab (same place we adjusted row and column
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width and height) and select format cells
Step 25: Select percentage with 0 decimal places. Now everything looks a lot better.
Step 26: Now, to get the total % of all the assignments together, remember this is all
weighted on how much each assignment is worth. For instance, the homework was worth
40% of the grade, quizzes are worth 30%, and papers are also worth 30%. In this example,
we do not want a sum but just a formula that tallies the numbers for us. This is how it should
look in my L4 cell.
=(I4*0.4+J4*0.3+K4*0.3)*100
And if I copy this formula down, here are the percentages based on 100% But this isnt right.
We do not need to base our formula on 100% because this is a sum of the averages already.
Remove the /100 from the formula and your calculations will look like this. Ok, this is the
last step of this assignment. Lets create a grading chart and attach a lookup function to the
letter grade cells so that when the points change, the letter grade will automatically be
updated.
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Step 27: Create a grading chart like mine.

Step 28: Make sure the charts cells are set at percentages with no decimal places. Type in .
6, .7, .8, .9 to get the right percentage display.
Step 29: Also, start with the lowest denominator for the graded letter. For instance, 90% is
the bottom of the A bracket, 80% is the bottom of the B bracket, and so forth. (Because you
are learning a special feature in Excel, the grading chart must be set up in this fashion or it
will not work).
Step 29: Click in Adams grade cell (M4) and then click on the insert function button. A new
window appears.
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Step 30: Select LOOKUP and hit OK.

Another window appears. In this window we have to do a few things.
Step 31: The lookup_value will be the cell with the total % of the students score. For Adam, I
would click in L4. 0.91 is referenced to the right of the lookup value .
Step 32: The Lookup_vector is the grading chart. I click and highlight the chart and it
automatically puts in the range of cells for me, O6 to P9. Notice that the reference is the A
in the grading chart. Now, add $ before each Lookup_vector position so it looks like this:
Step 33: Hit OK and A is referenced in the grade column for Adam. As I add more points in
the grade book and I create an absolute reference by adding the dollar signs to the formula, no
matter where I put the grading chart on the spreadsheet, the grades will always be referenced
from the grading chart into my gradebook.
Step 34: Now, copy this formula onto the other cells and the letter grade is automatically
referenced for everyone from the grading chart..
Step 35: If you want to test your grade book, change any of the scores for the students or
change the percentage of the letter grade and see what happens.
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Required Elements:
1. Personal title of grade book at the top of the spreadsheet
2. Four sheets in the spreadsheet, the first spreadsheet named appropriately
3. A minimum of 10 names of students in the grade book
4. A minimum of 3 homework assignments, 2 quizzes, 2 papers (1 extra credit point for
anything you add that is more than the minimum requirement in this category and is used
in the total % score)
5. Customized spreadsheet (color and borders and size)
6. Either a percentage or number score in all the average and total columns
7. A grading chart
8. A Lookup Formula in the Grade cell.
Microsoft Access Grade Book Assignment

Using MS Access to Create a Database
In this assignment, you are required to create a database dbStudentCourse. In this database,
you should do the following work:
(1) Create three tables: tblStudent, tblCourse, and tblStudentCourse,
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(2) Build the relationship between tblStudent and tblCourse,

(3) Create a query, and
(4) Generate a report based on the query results.
You can follow the following procedures to accomplish your homework. You can also find
the detailed information about the database design structure and data entries on pages 147156 of our teaching packet. Please provide me a summary report with few screen shots of
your database design view and data of three tables, the query results, and the generated report
based on the query by the beginning of the class next week.
1. Database design
This database contains three tables: tblStudent, tblCourse, and tblStudentCourse.
tblStudent(StudentID, Sname, GPA)
tblCourse(CourseID, CourseTitle, CreditHour, Description)
tblStudentCourse(StudentID, CourseID, DateTaken, Status)
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Steps:
1 Open Microsoft Access 2007, and click Blank Database. You need to name your
database as dbStudent.accdb and save it into a specified folder. Click Create.
2 In the database, you will see Table1, which is the default name created by Access.
The datasheet view of Table1 is on the right hand side of the database. Right click
Table1 on the top of the datasheet view and choose Design View. In the pop up
window, rename the table as tblStudent.
3 Input the field name and choose the data type as shown in Figure 1.
Set the first field StudentID as the primary key by right clicking the very beginning of
the first row. Now, the design of the table tblStudent is completed.
To create other two tables tblCourse and tblStudentCourse, go to the top menu and click
Create and then Table, you will see a new table named Table1. Repeat the procedures
of b) and input the field names and data types as indicated in Figure 2 and 3.
Figure 2. The frame of tblCourse
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Figure 3. The frame of tblStudentCourse
2. Build relationship for Student and course database

Click Datasheet-> Relationships from the Tool menu, you will see a dialogue box. Select
all the tables and hit the button Add. Simply drag CourseID from
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tblCourse to tblStudentCourse and StudentID from tblStudent to tblStudentCourse.The

relationships among the tables are built
3. Query tables
(1) Query manually
Click Create menu, you will see several options to create a query. We will use Query
design. When the Show Table box is popped up, add all the tables. Drag the data fields
you need from tables to the query layout area where the tables are shown. Click Run, you
will get a query table. In your assignment, you list StudentID, SName, GPA, and CourseTitle;
and name your query as qryStudentCourse.
4. Create reports
Click Create on the menu and then Report Wizards. Select the query you just generated
and select all the fields. Follow the instructions to create your own report based on the query
you just created: qryStudentCourse.
Notes:
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Lack of common sense

CPU- Central Processing Unit

Function keys (F1 F12)

Different types of mousses:

2 keys mouse(left, right)

Scanners are used to scan our photographs into the system.

Hard disk, CD, DVD.

RAM(Random Access Memory) :

ROM (Read only Memory)

GENERATIONS OF THE COMPUTERS:

calculations, storage of information, etc

Calculations, storage of information, etc

In this generation the size of the computer is decreased and speed is

a) main frame computers:

of storage capacity. Especially these computers are used for

storage capacity but less than that of main frame computers.

The Software that is used for particular purpose is called as application

2) Multi user Operating system:

Ms-Windows, LINUX, UNIX, etc

Translators: Translator is a translating program. It converts one language instructions into

Hardware: Physical components of a computer are called hardware.

OPERATING SYSTEM: (OS)

Binary number system

Binary Number system:

To convert binary code in to Decimal number:

Octal number system:

... 224 = 340(8)

Convert the following numbers in to Hex-Decimal number system.

Power point file

Bit map files

Steps for open dos:

click on Start menu

Syntax: C:\>copy con <file name>

Ex1: C:\>copy con vishwa.txt

This command is used to rename a file

This command is used to display the content of the file

Syntax: C:\>Del <file name (or) directory name>

Design a Directory for Following Diagram:

Steps to create College directory

->It will display all directories in C drive

Label: This command is used to assign a volume to the label

Vol: Syntax: C:\>Vol

directory in tree structure.

(Ctrl+x): This option is used to cut the selected information.

Copy (Ctrl+c): This option is used to copy the selected information.

Click on Folder/Text Document

Right click on selected items

Steps for searching a file or directory

4) Select any background or wallpaper

Steps to set the screen savers:

File: File is a collection of information.

Click on start button

1. Click on file menu

To open the saved file:

Right click on desktop

Right on selected folder

Select the folder

1. Select the folder

Restore a deleted folder:

Right on selected folder

Un Hiding the folder:

Open control panel

Show the hidden Files & folders: