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SPE 37349
The Fundamentals Can Still Solve Engineering Problems
D.C. Freeman, SPE, Marietta College
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Abstract
Significant technical advances have been made over the past
half century with regard to the kinds of tools available for
solving petroleum engineering problems.
In particular,
reservoir simulators are now widely used and provide a means
of solving problems that previously could not be handled.
The credibility of reservoir simulation is well documented.
The usefidness of a particular simulation is governed by the
completeness and quality of the input data; in cases where
either factor is inadequate resulting performance predictions
are suspect. However, because of the high degree of credibility
generally atForded simulation, it is at times employed when
simply the application of basic petroleum engineering principles
is the better choice, Practicing engineers, as well as students of
Petroleum Engineering, are encouraged to maintain a f~us on
these fimdamentals.
Introduction
The primary objeetive of Petroleum
Engineers is to
economically maximize the recovery of oil and gas from each
reservoir discovered. To accomplish th{~ the behavior of the
resetwoir under a variety of production schemes must be
examined. Basic reservoir engineering fundamentals, analytical
models, and reservoir simulators, the latter two based on the
former, are available for use.
Although its potential was first recognized some fitly years
ago, at present the use of reservoir simulation is increasing,
largely due to the proliferation ot high speed computers.
Simulation is the only means available to quantitatively
describe multiple phase fluid flow in heterogeneous reservoirs
Casa History I
A reservoir study on a California waterflood was performed to
address the following specific objectives:
1. Confirm original resavoir oil-in-place,
2.
Evaluate primary and waterflood production,
3. Assess the degree to which numerical simulation would
increase the understanding of historical resesvoir pertlmnance
and assist in planning for thre operations.
187
SPE 37349
D.C. FREEMAN
188
-NppiNob)(Bn/Bob)(
-SWC)
SPE 37349
PROBLEMS
Cass Htstofy II
A reservoir study was conducted to select the best waterflood
candidate from among neighboring Appalachian Basin Fields
& B, and C. Reservoir data were lacking; those data used
were extracted from literature published on the region. The
use of basic reservoir engineering principles and industryaccepted rules-of-thumb
for a scoping-type
study is
illustrated.
189
SPE 37349
D.C. FREEMAN
Nomenclature
B. ~ oil formation volume factor at waterflood start-up,
rbiSTB
Bob oil formation volume factor at bubble point
pressure. rbNT13
E, = reservoir fluids expansion
F= net production from the resmvoir
NOh oil-in-place at bubble point pressure, STB
N~P primary production between bubble point pressure
and reservoir pressure at waterflood start-up,
STB
OOIP -- original oil-in-place, STB
P~ = reservoir pore volume, bbls
.$W - connate water saturation, A
We =-injected water volume
W(M = water-to-oil ratio. bblhbl
of cumulative
rate to peak
Reference
1. Mattax, C.C. and Da[ton. R. L.: Reservoir Simulation, Society of
attained varies
of the water
4.
recovery ratio
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
Conclusion
The case histories presented illustrate that WIC engineering
principles, even industry-accepted rules-of-thumb, may still be
used to solve engineering problems. This is not to say that the
use of more sophisticated tools, such as reservoir simulators, is
never appropriate; on the contr-aq, the proper treatment of
many engineering problems requires their use. One should first
consider, however. applying the simplest tools available when
Solutions of
presented with an engineering problem.
acceptable accuracy, likely achieved at a fraction of the cost of
I 90
SPE 37349
PROBLEMS
TABLE 1
PROJECTEDWATERFLOOD PRODUCTION
SCHEDULE
Year
(B%)
Water
(BW)
Water Cut
(%)
5,800
21,000
79
16,800
56,000
77
10,000
63,000
86
5,000
68,000
93
2,500
70,000
97
Comapcda
to 7 BOPD/pattem.
Fig. 1. - Difference in net production from the reservoir end in acted water volune
versus reservoir fluids expensicm.
No water influx assunad.
001 J equals 120 M6TB.
ZE9
F
m
i
n
u
s
w
e
.
-.
DATE --07-20-1990
S10 11P - i .28E+f18
(IQ UOL - 0 .00E+80
AQ PI -El
1
I
I
/-
m.
-. /-e _#---H
8
Et
191
18
Fig. 2.
- Refined diagnostic
plo:k
OOIP equals
FNSIB.
5E8
F
m
.i
n
u
s
II
1%1
.
DfiTE --:
07-28-1998
STOIIP 1.53E+E18
flQ UOL - Ei.fMIE+M!
AQPI -0
I
I
I
e
e
Et
Fi.3.
- Regression analysis
00f Pequals 145 twSm.
assuning
aquifer
influx
in addition
to water injection.
2E8
m
/
F
/
--
------ .
.
E
t
1E8
0
DATE --07-20-1990
STOIIP - 1.45E+0EI
. OQ VOL - 6.31E+09
f)QPI-1.19
I
I
I
ble/Et
192
4E7
Fi
4. - Historic
159MISIB assuned.
Fi . 5.
- Historic
175 M4STTJassumed.
and calmlated
and calculated
reservoir
reservoir
193
pressure versus
pressure
versus
tire.
OOIPof
time.
OOIPof
w..
6.
- Zn!w CprcdmLion
ad
injectmn
history,
1971
- 1989.
10T
10
Fig. 7.
-zn?crelatiw
pmdJiJiq/~d
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
WATER
0.1
o
18.7
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
67.7