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3 ) - 1979
( Reaffirmed 1997 )
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PILE FOUNDATIONS
PART
Section
3
(
CONCRETE
PILES
First Revision )
Fifth
Reprint SEPTEMBER 1998
UDC
624.154.33.04
0 Cowrighr 1980
BUREAU
MANAK
Gr 9
OF
BHAVAN,
INDIAN
STANDARDS
9 BAHADUR
SHAH
NEW DELHI
110002
ZAFAR
MARG
June 1980
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PILE FOUNDATIONS
PART
Section
CONCRETE
Driven
PILES
Precast Concrete
Piles
(First Revision)
Foundation
Engineering
SectionabCommittee,
Chainnnn
BDC 43
Rcprcsenting
Central
Building
Roorkee
Paop DINESHMOHAN
Research
Institute
( CSIR ),
Members
Central B&ding
Research
Roorkee
Calcutta Port Trust, Calcutta
DB R. K. BRANDARK
SHRI I. G. CHACXO
SHIU S. GUHA ( Alternate)
SHRI K. N. DADINA
In personal capacity
Calcutta )
Concrete Association
SHRI M. G. DANDAVATE
SHRI N. C. ~UGGAL ( Alternate )
Simplex Concr&
)
Institute
( CSIR ),
In
personal capacity
( 5 Ifungerford Court, 122
Hungnford Street, Calcutta )
Pressure Piling Co ( India ) Pvt Ltd, Bombay
SHRI V. C. DESHP~NDE
Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DIRECTOR( CS &IRS )
DEPUTY DIRECTOR( CSMRS ) ( Alternate )
Asia Foundation and Construction Pvt Ltd, Bombay
SHRI A. H. DIVANJI
SHRI A. N. JANGLE ( Altematc )
SHRI A. GHOSHAL
Braithwaite Burn & Jessop Construction Co Ltd,
Calcutta
SHRI N. E. A. RAGHAVAN( Alternate)
SHR1 M.IYENGAR
Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
DR R. K. M. BHANDARI( Alfcmate )
DR SHASHI K.GULHATI
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
SHRI A. VARADARAJAN
(Alternate)
( Continued on page 2 )
@ Copyrighf 1980
BUREAU
OF
INDIAN
STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Acf (XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
Mcm6ers
Rtpresenfing
SHRI G. S. JAIN
JOINT DIRECTOR RESEARCH ( SM)
(RDSO)
JOINT DIRECTORRESEARCH
( B & S ), RDSO ( Al&mute )
DR R. K. KATTI
SHRI K. K. KHANNA
SHRI SUNILBERRY ( Altqmte )
SHRI 0. P. MALHOTRA
SHRI A. P. MATI~UR
SHRI V. B. MATHUR
SIIRI Y. V. NARASIMRA RAO
SIZRIN. SIVAGURU
EXIFXJTI~.E
ENGINIXER
( DESIGN\J)
( n1ternntt)
SIlRI h1. D. TA~IIXXAR
Bombay
Port Trust, l%:nnbny
SnRr 1). AJITHASIMIIA,
Director Gcncrnl.+B[S ( &-q/i;&
Director ( Civ Engg )
Afmbtr )
SIIRI G. RAMAN
Deprlty Director ( Civ Engg )-BE
SIIRI K. Ad. MATHUR
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ),BIS
( Cmtimted onfqe
42 )
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PILE FOUNDATIONS
PART
Section
CONCRETE
Driven
Precast
PILES
Concrete
Piles
( First Revision)
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part I/Set 3 ) ( First Revision ) was adopted
by the Indian Standards Institution on 10 August 1979, after the draft
finalized by the Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been
approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
of pile foundations:
Part
Part
I Load-hearing
1V Load
test on
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply.
2.1 Allowable Load - The load which may be applied to a pile after taking
into account its ultimate load capacity, pile spacing, overall bearing capacity of the ground below the pile, the allowable settlement, negative skin
friction and the loading conditions including reversal of loads, etc.
2.2 Batter Pile (Raker Pile ). -The
the vertical.
2.3 Bearing Pile - A pile formed in the ground for transmitting the load of
a structure to the soil by the resistance developed at its tip and/or along
its surface. It may be formed either vertically or at an inclination ( Batter
Pile) and may be required to take uplift.
If the pile supports the load primarily by resistance developed at the
pile point or base it is referred to as End Bearing Pile ; if primarily by friction along its surface then as Friction Pile .
2.4 Driven Precast Pile -
2.5 Cut-Off Level - It is the level where the installed pile is cut-off to support the pile caps or beams or any other structural components at that level.
2.6 Drop or Stroke--The
distance through
allowed to fall for driving the pile.
2.7 Factor of Safety - It is the ratio of the ultimate load capacity of a pile,
to the safe load of a pile.
2.8 Nett Displacement - The nett movement of the pile top after the pile
has been subjected to a test load and subsequently released.
2.9 Safe Load - It is the load derived by applying a factor of safety on the
ultimate load capacity of the pile or as determined in the load test.
5
in the ground
due
( Gross) -
The
total
movement
2.16 Working
2.17 Working
system.
Pile -
3. NECESSARY
A pile forming
part
of a structural
INFORMATION
IS :2911(PartI/Sec
3)-Pm
4
e)
f)
g)
3.2 As far as possible all information in 3.1 shall be made available to the
agency rcsponsiblc for the design and/or construction of piles. and/or
foundation work.
3.3 The design details of pile foundation shall indicate the information
necessary for setting out, the layout of each pile within a cap, cut-off levels,
finished cap level orientation of cap in the foundation plan and the safe
capacity of each type of piles, etc.
4. EQUIPMENT
AND ACCESSORIES
4.1 The equipment and accessories will have to be selected depending upon
the hardness of driving, the capacity suitable for the size and weight of the
pile to be handled and the location of work.
4.2 Generally, the equipment for installation of piles consists of a movable
steel or timber structure designed for handling, pitching and driving the
piles in the correct position and alignment. Additional equipment, tackles,
etc, may be necessary to handle the piles from the casting/stacking yard.
*Code of practice fox planning and design of ports and harbours:
tion (Jirst revision) .
CONSIDERATIONS
Part I Founda-
Jht rrvihn )
strength
-_
IS:291l(PartI/!ke3)-1979
11
multiplied
by
b) it may be less.
The former holds true in case of friction piles, cast or driven into
progressively
stiffer materials
or in end-bearing
piles. In friction piles
For driven piles in loose
in soft and clayey soils it is normally smaller.
sandy soils the group value may br: hrgher due to the eiTect of compaction.
In such a case a load test should bc made on a pile from the group after all
the piles in the group have been installed.
5.7.2 In case of piles deriving their support mainly from friction- and
connected by a pile cap, the group may be visualized to transmit load to the
soil, as if from a column of soil enclosed by the piles. The ultimate capacity
of the group may be computed following this concept, taking into account
the f&ional
capacity along the perimeter sides of the column of soil as above
and the end bearing of the said column using the accepted principles of
soil mechanics.
5.7.2.1 When the cap of the pile group is cast directly on reasonably
firm stratum which supports the piles, it may contribute to the bearing capacity of the group.
This additional capacity along with the individual capacity of the piles multiplied by the number of piles in the group should not
be more than the capacity worked out above.
5.7.3 When
a moment
structure or as a consequence
12
the adequacy of the pile group in resisting the applied moment should be
checked. In case of a single pile subjected to moments due to lateral forces
or eccentric loading ground beams may be provided to restrain the pile cap
effectively from lateral or rotational movement.
5.7.4 In case of a structure supported on single piles/group of piles resulting into large variation in the number of piles from column to column, it is
likely, depending on the type of subsoil supporting the piles, to result in a
high order of differential settlement. Such high order of differential settlement may be either catered for in the structural design or it may be suitably
reduced by judicious choice of variations in the actual pile loading. For
example, a single pile cap may be loaded to a level higher than that of the
pile in a group in order to achieve reduced differential settlement between two
adjacent pile caps supported on different number of piles.
5.8 Factor of Safety
5.8.1 Factor of safety should be judiciously chosen after considering:
a) the reliability of the value of ultimate bearing capacity of a pile,
13
of pile foundations
Part IV Load
test
In case of loads
of safe load on
IS : lS93-1975*.
increase may be
5.10 Overloading - When a pile in a group, designed for a certain safe load,
is found, during or after execution, to fall just short of the load required
to be carried by it, an overload up to 10 percent of the pile capacity may be
allowed on each pile. The total oveiloading on the group should not be
more than 10 percent of the capacity of the group and not more than
40 percent of the allowable load on a single pile. This is subject to the
increase of the load on any pile not exceeding 10 percent of its capacity.
5.11 Design of Pile
5.11.1 Design of pile section shall be such as to ensure the strength and
soundness of the pile against lifting from the casting bed, transporting,
handling, driving stresses without damage.
5.11.2 An.y shape having radial symmetry will be satisfactory for precast
piles. The most common cross-sections used are square and octagonal.
5.11.3 Square piles are easy to concrete. These require simple formwork
and compared to other shape have more surface area per unit volume of
concrete. Square piles usually have chamfered corners.
Octagonal or hexagonal piles are adoptable to metal forms and they
do not require any special chamfering of the edges. Their strength in flexure
is almost the same in all directions. The lateral ties may be in the form of
continuous spirals. The impact of lateral force on these shapes by flowing
water will be less than in the case of square piles.
Besides the above sections H or I section piles are also common for
particular requirements.
5.11.4 Where exceptionally long lengths of piles are required, hollow
sections may advantageously be used. If the final conditions require larger
cross-sectional area, the hollow sections may be filled with concrete after
driving in position.
5.11.5 Excessive whippiness in handling precast pile may generally be
avoided by limiting the length of pile to a maximum of 50 times the least
width.
5.11.6 Stresses induced by bending in the cross-section of a precast pile
during lifting and handling may be estimated just as for any reinforced
-*Criteria
for earthquake
resistant
design of stmctures
14
( third revision ).
IS:2911(PartI/Sec3)-1979
concrete section
5.113 Reinforcement
5.11.7.1 The longitudinal reinforcement shah be provided in precast
reinforced concrete piles for the entire length. All the main longitudinal
bars shall be of the same length and should fit tightly into the pile shoe if
there is one. Shorter rods to resist local bending moments may be added
but the same should be carefully detailed to avoid any sudden discontinuity
of the steel which may lead to cracks during heavy driving. The area of
main longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than the following percentages of the cross-sectional area of the piles:
a) For piles with a length less than 30 times the least width - 1.25
percent,
*Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete ( third revSon ).
15
5.11.8 Piles should be provided with flat or pointed co-axial shoes if the)
are driven into or through ground such as rock, coarse gravel, clay with cobbles and other soils liable to damage the concrete at the tip of the pile. The
shoe can be of steel or cast iron.
In uniform clay or sand the shoe may be
omitted and in these circumstances there may be no advantage in tapering
the tip of the pile.
Where jetting is necessary for concrete piles a jet tube may be cast into
the pile, the tube being connected to the pile shoe which is provided with jet
holes. Generally, a central jet is inadvisable, as it is liable to become choked. At least two jet holes will be necessary on opposite sides of the shoe,
*Specification for hot rolled mild steel, medium tensile steel and high yield strength ster:l
drformed bars for concrete reinforcements ( revised).
@pecification for cold-twisted steel bars for concrete reinforcement ( w&d )_
16
four holes giving the best result. Alternatively two or more jet pipes may be
attaclied to the sides of the pile. A balanced arrangement of jets is essential
or the pile is liable to load off.
5.12 Design of Pile Cap
5.U.l The pile caps may be designed by assuming that the load from
column is dispersed at 45Q from the top of the cap up to the mid-depth of
the pile cap from the base of the column or pedestal. The reaction from
piles may also be taken to be distributed at 45 from the edge of the pile,
up to the mid-depth of the pile cap. On this basis the maximum bending
The
moment and shear forces should be worked out at critical sections.
method of analysis and allowable stresses should be in accordance with
IS : 4561978*. Other suitable rational methods as agreed between the
concerned parties may also be used.
5.12.2 Pile cap shall be deep enough to allow for necessary anchorage of
the cohunn and pile reinforcement.
5.123 The pile cap should be rigid enough so that -the imposed load could
be distributed on the piles in a group equitably.
5.12.4 In case of a large cap, where differential settlement may be imposed
between piles under the same cap, due consideration for the consequential
moment should be given.
5.12.5 The clear overhang of the pile cap beyond the outermost pile in the
group shall normally be 100 to 150 mm, depending upon the pile size.
5.12.6 The cap is generally cast over a 75 mm thick levelling course of
concrete. The clear cover for main reinforcement in the cap slab shall
not be less than 60 mm.
5.12.7 The pile should project 50 mm into the cap concrete.
5.13 The design of grade
IS : 2911 (Part HI)-1980t.
beams
if
used
shall
be as given
in
6. MATERIALS
Cl Cement - The cement used shall conform to the requirements of IS :
269-1976x, IS : 455-19760, IS : 8041-197811and IS : 6909-19737 as the case
may be.
of practice for plain and reinforcedconcrete ( third revision
1.
t&de of-practice fo; design and construction of pile found&u:
Part 111 Underreamed D&Z foundations (first revision
1.
~Sp&cation for ox&&y and 104 heat Portland cement ( third rat&n ) .
&ecikation for Portland slag cement ( third rmision).
[~S@fia~tion for rapid hardening Portland cement.
~Specification for aupenulphatcd cement.
*Code
17
63 Steel - Reinforcement
63 Concrete
63.1 Materials and method of manufacture for cement concrete of prccast piles shall in general be in accordance with the relevant requirements
given in IS : 456-197811. The stresses in concrete due to working load and
during handling, pitching and driving of the pile should not exceed those
Grade of Concrete
633 Clean water, free from acids and other impurities, shall be used in
the manufacture of concrete.
7. woRKMANsIIIP
7.1 The casting yard for all concrete piles shall preferably be
that t&y can be lifted directly from their beds and transported
frame with a minimum of handling. The casting yard should
drained surface to prevent excessive or uneven settlement due
during manufacture and curing.
so arranged
to the piling
have a wellto softening
18
TIME
FOR CURING
PRECAST
PILES
Mwraau~ PERIODS
FROMTIMEOF CASTING
_--.A_----_,
rStrike Side End of Wet
Lift from
Drive
Curing
Shutters
Casting
(days)
( hours )
Bed
( days )
( dw )
24
10
28
Rapid-hardening
12
10
Portland cement
19
Es:a911(PartIpec3)-1979
without difficulty. The order of stacking shall be such that the older pile&
~811be withdrawn for driving without disturbing the newer pilea. Separate
stacks shall be provided for different lengths of piles. Wherever euring
is needed during storage, arrangements shall be made to enable the pilea
to be watered if weather conditions so require. For &tailed precautions
with regard to curing operations reference may be made to IS : 4561978%
7.4.3 Care shall be taken at all stages of transporting, lifting and handling
of the piles that they are not damaged or cracked. During transportation
the piles shall be supported at the appropriate lifting holes provided for thq
purpose. If the piles are put down temporarily after being lifted they shall
be placed on trestles or blocks located at the lifting points.
7.5 Control of Pile Driving
7.51 The hammer blow generates a stress wave which traverses the
length of the pile, and failure, whether by compression or tension, may oeeur
anywhere along the pile.
7.56 Failure due to excessive compressive stress most commonly occurs
at the head. Head stresses, which in general are independent of ground
conditions, depend upon the weight of the hammer, its drop and the stiffness
of head cushion.
7.5.2.1 The maximum set for a given stress is obtained by using the
heaviest hammer and the softest packing, the hammer drop being adjusted
to suit the allowable stress in the concrete.
7.5.1.2 Since head-packing materials increase in stiRtess with repeated
use, optimum driving conditions can be maintained only by regular replacement of the packing.
7.5.2.3 Failure in the lower sections of a pile can only occur in excep
tiondy hard driving where in theory the compressive stresses of toe can reach
twice the head stresses. In practice, however, this rarely occurs and more
than the maximum compressive stress tends to be fairly uniform over a
considerable length of the pile.
7.5.3 Longitudinal tension is caused by reflection of the compressive
wave at a free end. Tensile stresses, therefore, may arise when the ground
resistance is low and/or when the head conditions result in hammer rebound,
that is, with hard packing and light hammer.
7.5.3.1 In addition, a relatively long length of pile unsupported above
a hard stratum may encourage transverse or flexural vibrations which may
be set up if the hammer blow becomes non-axial or the pile is not restrained.
7.5.4 Piles may be driven with any type of hammer, provided they pens
trate to the prescribed depth or attain the specific resistance without b&g
*Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete ( third rtvision ).
20
IS :2911(PartI/Skc3)-1979
damaged. The hammer, helmet, dolly and pile should be coaxial and
should sit squarely one upon the other. It is always preferable to employ
the heaviest hammer practicable and to limit the stroke so as not to damage
the pile. When choosing the size of the hammer, regard should be given to
whether the pile is to be driven to a given,resistance or to a given depth.
The stroke of a single acting or drop hammer should be limited to 1-Z m,
preferably 1 m. A shorter stroke with particular care should be used when
there is a danger. of damaging the pile. The following are examples of such
conditions:
a) Where in the early stages of driving a long pile, a hard layer near
the ground surface has to be penetrated.
b) Where there is a very soft grotmd up to a considerable depth, so that
a large penetration is achieved at each hammer blow.
c) Where the pile is expected suddenly to reach refusal on rock or
other- virtually impenetrable soil.
When a satisfactory set with an appropriate.hammer and drop for the
last 10 blows has been achieved, repeat sets should only be carried out with
caution and long-continued driving, after the pile has almost ceased to penetrate, should be avoided, especially when a hammer of moderate weight is
used. It is desirable that a full driving record be taken on one pile in every
hundred driven, and on the first few piles in a new area.
7.5.4.1 Any sudden change in the rate of penetration which cannot be
ascribed to normal changes in the nature of the ground should be noted
and the cause ascertained, if possible, before driving is continued.
7.5.4.2 When the acceptance of piling is determined by driving to a
set, the driving conditions when taking the set should be the same as those
used when the sets of test piles were obtained.
7.5.5 The head of precast concrete pile should be protected with packing
of resilient material, care being taken to ensure that it is evenly spread and
held securely in place. A helmet should be placed over the packing and
provided with a dolly of hardwood or other material not thicker than the
width of the pile.
7.5.6 Jetting may be used as a means of minimizing or eliminating the
resistance at the toe: frictional resistance along the surface of the pile shaft
may also be reduced. By reducing the toe resistance very hard driving and
vibration can be avoided and greater rates and depths of penetration can be
achieved than by percussive methods. Jetting is effective in cohesionless
soils such as sand, gravel and fine-grained soils provided the percentage of
clay is small; it is not effective in clay soils.
7.5.6.1 Jetting of piles should be carried out only when it is des$ed and
in such a manner as not to impair the bearing capacity of the piles already
in place, the stability of the ground or the safety of any adjoining buildings.
21
Is:a91l(P8rtIpec3)-1979
pile ties! the piles should be replaced or supplemented by one or more additional piles.
Nm -In
case of raker pila up to a rake of 1 in 6, there nuy be no reduction in the
capacity of the pile.
7.7.1
The concrete should be stripped to a level such that the remaining
concrete of a pile will project minimum 50 mm into the pile cap. The effect
of this projection on the position of any reinforcement in the pile cap should
be considered in design. The pile reinforcement should be left with adequate projecting length above the cut off level for prcper embedment into
the pile cap. Exposing such length should be done carefully to avoid shattering or otherwise damaging the rest of the pile. Any cracked or defective concrete should be cut away and made good with new concrete properly
bonded to the old.
7.8 Lengtbenlng Piles- Where a pile is to have another length cast on to
it before or during driving the longitudinal reinforcement should preferably
23
Is:29l1(PartI/Sec3)-1979
be joined by full penetration butt welding. The concrete at the top of the
original pile should be cut down to expose not less than 200 mm of the bars.
The bars should be held accurately and rigidly in position during welding.
Where facilities to site are insufficient to make good butt welding practicable,
the joint may be made by lapping. The reinforcement at the head of the
pile will need to be exposed for a distance of 40 times the bar diameter and
the new bars overlapped for this distance. If the bonds are lapped, spot
welding shall be done As an alternative special bottle nut joints may be
provided.
7.9 Risen Piles - In ground where there is a possibility of piles rising due
to ground heave, levels of the tops of the piles should be measured at interval
while nearby piles are being installed. Piles which have risen as a result of
drivirig adjacent piles should be redriven to the original depth or resistance,
unless redriving tests on neighbouring piles have shown this to be
unnecessary.
7.10 Defective piles shall be removed or left in place whichever is convenient
without affecting performance of the adjacent piles or the cap as a whole.
Additional piles shall be provided to replace them.
8. AD@QNAL
PROVISION
FOR PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE
8.1 General - The stresses set up when handling prestressed piles of given
length can be resisted by smaller cross-section and thus economy in materials
may be achieved. The small cross-section may permit or necessitate greater
penetration. The bearing capacity may govern the cross-section of a pile
and could preclude the use of the smaller sizes that would be possible from
strength considerations alone. The tensile stresses caused by the action
of stress waves when driving can be reduced by the prestress. The reduction of tensile cracks may give greater durability to the pile, particularly if
the pile is submerged. The piles are better able to resist, without cracking,
any tensile forces set up by the working loads, whether direct or due to bending, or by accidental loads.
8.2 Concrete
8.2.1 The maximum axial stress that may be applied to a pile acting as a
short strut should be 25 percent of the specified works cube strength at 28
days !ess the prestress after losses.
8.2.2 The static stresses produced during lifting and pitching should not
exceed the values given in IS : 1343-1960#,the values relating to loads of
short duration. To allow for impact, the tensile stresses during transport,
calculated as static stresses, should not exceed one-third of the values
calculated as .above.
*Code of practice
for prcstresscd
concrete.
24
prestress
should
satisfy
b) Prestress in N/mma of not less than 0.07 times the ratio of the
length of the pile to its least lateral dimensions.
c) Minimum prestress related to the ratio of effective weight of hammer
to weight of pile to be as follows:
Ratio of hammer
less than
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Minimum
prestress
ing, kgf/cm7
for narxal
driv-
20
35
50
60
Minimum
kgf/cmz
35
40
50
60
prestress
the minimum
8.3.2 A considerably
greater prestress may be required for raking piles,
particularly if these are driven in ground which may tend to deflect the piles
from their true alignments.
8.3.3 Loss of prestress
1960%.
8.4 Prestressiog
8.4.1 The
of the pile.
should be calculated
in accordance
with IS : 1343-
prestressing
wires
should
be evenly s:laced
parallel
to faces
25
IS:a9ll(PartI/Sec3)-1979
8.5 Materials and Stresses
8:5.1 Reinforcement - Where ordinary reinforcement
prestressed
piles, it should be in accordance with
IS : 1786-1966t as in 6.2.
8.51 Prestressing Steel IS : 2O90-1962$.
8.5.3 Concrete IS : 1343-19609.
Prestressing
The materials
should,
is introduced
into
IS : 1139-1966z or
steel should
be in accordance
with
in general,
be in accordance
with
8.6 Workmanship
8.6.1 Manufacture
Curing and Transfer of IVestress - Prestressed piles
require high strength concrete and careful control during manufacture,
usually this means casting in a factory where the curing conditions can be
strictly regulated.
Where piles have to be lengthened the procedure is more
elaborate. ( see 8.7 ).
8.6.2 Manufacture - Prestrcssed
concrete piles are normally
cast by
the long-line method in a factory under conditions of close control. Where
piles are cast other than in factory, casting should take place in an enclosed
space at an air temperature
of not less than 10C ( 50?F).
Piles should
not be removed from the place of casting until after the transfer of prestress.
The piles should be cast in one operation
vibrators to assist compaction
of the concrete.
using internal
and external
Is:2911
(PartI/sec3)-1979
adequate on the basis of previous test cube results and strictly controlled
curing conditions. After transfer of prestress, the prestressing wires should
be cut off flush with the face of the concrete or pile shoe.
86.4 Stacking
be referred to.
stacking and
storing,
7.4.1
may
21
3 ) - 1979
APPENDIX
( cIm.lJe 5.3.1.1 )
LOAD-CARRYING
A-l. PILE9
CAPACITY -
IN GRANULAR
STATIC FORMULA
SOILS
capacity
! QU ) of piles in granular
soils is given
where
A, = cross-sectional
D = stem diameter
in cm,
A-{and N, = bearing
internal
ZZ = summation
i- 1
K = coefficient
ugon
the angle
of
pressure,
kgf/cms
for
the
it
can
he taken
for general
shear failure
according
to IS
: 6403-
NOTE 2 - JVq factor will depend, apart from nature of soil, on the type of pile and
its method of construction,
and the value are given in Fig. 1.
NOTE 3 -The
earth
pressure
coeficient
type of pile and its method of construction.
K values of 1 to 3 should be used.
NOTE 4 of soil.
The angle
*Code of practice
tions.
of wall friction
for determination
of allowable
28
bearing
to angle
pressure
of shear resistance
on shallow
founda-
100
I_-^
50
20
25
ANGLE
FIG. 1
30
OF
INTERNAL
35
40
FRICTION
45
8
IS:29ll(PartI/Sec3)-1979
NOTE 5 - In working out pile capacities using static formula, for piles longer than 15
to 20 pile diameters, maximum &ective overburden at the pile tip should correspond to
pile length equal to 15 to 20 diameters.
SOILS
the following:
NC =
C, =
CL=
Es=
NOTE 1 -The
of the soils:
of pile in
Conristency
Soft to very soft
Medium
Stiff
Stiff to hard
N V&e
4
4 to 8
8 to 15
15
Vah
of 0
1
0.7
Cl.4
0.3
NOTE 2 - In case ofsoft to very soft soils which are not sensitive, the value of a call
be taken up to 1.
NOTE 3 -
a) Static formula may be used as a guide only for bearing capacity estimates.
Better reliance may be put on load test on piles.
b) For working out safe load a minimum factor of safety 2.5 should be used
on the ultimate bearing capacity estimated by static formulae.
A-2.2 When full static penetration data are available for the entire depth,
the following correlations may be used as a guide for the determination of
shaft resistance of a pile:
Local Side Friction
f
.B
Type of Soil
IS:2911(PartI/Sec3)-1979
Sands
Coarse sands and gravels
where
qc = static point
resistance,
and
qil
-~
point
:
bearing
capacity
may
qco
2
qcl+qca
2
where
qU = ultimate
point
bearing
capacity,
over a depth
of 2~i below
diameter
for
9cln:
Clays
2-o
2.00
3-4
5-6
R-10
IS:2911(FartI/Sec3)-11979
APPENDIX
FILE FQRMULAE
R-l. GENERAL
B-l.1 These are based on the laws governing the dynamic impact of elastic
bodies. They equate the energy of the hammer blow to the work done in
overcoming the resistance of the ground to the penetration of the pile. hliowance is made for losses of energy due to the elastic contractions of the
pile, cap, and subsoil, as well as the losses caused by the inertia of the pile.
One of the most used of these formulae is the Hiley formula.
B-1.2 The modified Hiley formula is:
R=
Whn
St-C/2
where
R r; ultimate driving resistance in tonnes.
The safe load
shall be worked out by dividing it with a factor of safety
of 2.5;
w = mass of the ram in tonnes;
II = height of the free. fall of the ram or hammer in cm
taken at its full value for trigger-operated drop hammers,
80 percent of the fall of normally proportioned winchoperated drop hammers, and 90 percent of the stroke for
single-acting hammers. When using the McKiernanTerry type of double-acting hammers, 90 percent of the
makers rated energy in tonne-centimetre per blow should
be substituted for the product ( Wh) in the formula.
The hammer shouid be operated at its maximum speed
whilst the set is being taken;
II = efficiency of the blow, representing the ratio of energy after
impact to striking energy of ram;
s- final set or penetration per blow in cm; and
C = sum of the temporary elastic compressions in cm
of the pile, dolly, packings, and ground, calculated or
measured as prescribed in B-1.4.
Where W is greater than P, and the pile is driven into penetrable
ground,
w + PZ,Z
I=
w+P
32
PI w:
The following
Ratio of PI W
W+P
>
e= 0.5
e=O-4
ez0.32
0.75
0.72
Q.70
0.63
a.55
0.58
0.50
0.50
0.45
0.42
0.39
044
0*4Q
0.36
0.33
0.36
0.31
0.27
0.24
0.31
0.27
0.24
Q.21
0.22
0.20
0.55
0..47
Q-40
0.36
0.33
0.30
0.28
0.24
0.21
0.19
0.17
4
1
14
2
2!!
3
3f
4
5
6
7
8
P is the weight
tonnes.
w-PZ*
ws- P28
w+P
- (
?l=
helmet,
ground,
e=O
e=0'25
0.69
0.53
a.67
cl.50
a.44
0.37
0.33
0.30
0.27
0.25
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.40
a.33
0:28
0.25
0.22
0.20
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.11
and follower
( if any ) in
of restitution
of the materials
hammer striking
pile, e = 0.5.
of single-acting
or drop
concrete pile, e = 0.4.
under
impact
condition
as
on steel anvil
hammer
striking
c) Single-acting
or drop hammer striking a well-conditioned
cap and helmet with hard wood dolly in driving reinforced
piles or directly on head of timber pile, e = 0.25.
d) For a deteriorated
for P
on
driving
concrete
the calculated
bearing
Pcrccn~ Dcrhrctior~
1.0
I.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.5
8.5
14.0
The value
of C (see
where
Cl = temporary
C, = temporary
C, = temporary
compression
compression
compression
g
A
c, = 3.55 J+
where
R = ultimate driving resistance calculated
L = length of the pile in metres, and
A = area of the pile in cm2.
34
as in El.2
in tonnes,
DIRECTION OF
HAMMER
BLOW
ELASTIC COklPRESSlON
IN
PILE AND GROUND CC2 + C$
----p---
PILE
BOARD CLAMPED
TO PiLE
DIRECTION OF PENCIL
MOVEMENT
-
ENLARGED
PAPER
VIEW OF GRAPH
PLOTTED
CLAMP
STRAIGHT
EDGE
>
PENCIL
, _-
s_$
u
,,A\V%\Y,~
I,
I
I
FIG. 2
TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTFOR
A SET RECORDER
APPENDIX
( Clause 5.52 )
DETERMINATION
Determine
from appropriate
graphs given in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 the
value of L, the equivalent length of cantilever giving the same deflection at
ground level as the actual pile.
TABLE
TYPICAL
VALUES
SOIL TYPE
OF nh
?zhIN kg/ems
r_-__h____~
Submerged
Dry
Loose sand
0.260
0.146
Medium sand
0.775
0.526
Dense sand
2.076
1.245
0.041
TABLE
TYPICAL
UNCONFINEDCOMPRESSION
STRENGTH
kgf/cm*
VALUES
OF K FOR PRELOADED
RAX~E OF VALUES
OF K
kgfjcm
CLAYS
PROBABLEVALUE
OF K
kgf/cm*
0.2 to 0.4
7 to
42
7.73
1 to 2
32 to
65
48.79
2 to 4
65 to130
36
97.73
195.46
3 ) - 1979
L = Equivalent length of cantilever giving the same deflection at ground level ar the
actual pile.
d = Diameter of the pile.
FIG.
L = Equivalent length of cantilever giving the same deflection at ground level ar the
actual pile.
d = Diameter of the pile.
FIG. 4
APPENDIX
( Clause 7.6.3 )
DATA SHEETS
Site .............................................................................................
Title .............................................................................................
Dnte for enquiry .............................................................................
Drltc piliag commenced.
Actual or anticipated
Number
...................................................................
of pile ...............................................................................
TEST PILE DATA
Pile test commcnccd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pile tast completed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..f...
( MultioIl
(Shape
proprietary
~~- Round:Squnrc
Pi!c spcci!icitli~in:
[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
... .
From
pcri-
pllCiy
or from
towuds
by volume/wcight
Mix ratio 1 ............................
or strength after .......... ..rlnps .............. .kgfjcm
Quantity of cement per nP : ..............................
Extra cement aticial, if any : ..............................
Concrete:
38
3 ) -t 1979
during
formula
load/Cyclic
loading/C.R.P.:..
,...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. ..........................................
................................................
Capacity
of jack .....................................................................
It anchor
Distnncc
pile.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
of Taking
Dial
Cmx-nl
not working
piles.
Ohscrvrrfions:
g:rn~.:si~;lgincc~s
Rcduccd
piles wcre!wcre
anchor
lwcl... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rcnm-ks:
. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
... ... .
..I..............................................................L..................
39
Special Difficulties
Encountered:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*..........
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*...........................................................
Results:
Working
load
specified
Settlement
specified
Settlement
Working
laxi accepted
.........................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.
..............................................................
Working
........ .....
..I..............................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*...........................................
___~_
___~~_
.~~
General
description
of the structure
. . . . . . . . . ..*..........
to be founded
~~~~
~_.
on piles.. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...*.
. . . . . . . . ..-....................................................
. . . . .. ... . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...... .. ... . .. .... ... .... . .... ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. ....... .. ..
.........................................................................
Name
of the piling
agency ....................................................
..........................................................................................
Name
of person
conducting
..........................................................................................
Name of the party for whom the test was conducted .....................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
LOG
..........................................................................................
2.
conditicms.. .......................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SOIL
SOIL DESCRIPTION
PROPERTIES
REDUCED
SOIL
DEPTH
LEVEL
LEGEND
BELOW
G.L.
THICKNESS
STKTA
Position
of the
toe of pile to be
indicated thus +
Standing ground
water level indicated thus _O
METHOD
OF SITE INVESTIGATION
Trait pit/Post-hole
auger/Shell
and auger boring/Percussion/Probing/
Wash borings/Mud-rotary
drilling/Core-drilling/Shot
drilling/Subsurface sounding by cones or Standard sampler
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*......
... ... ... ... .. . . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .
NOTE-
report:
1) Load ve Time, and
2) Settlement vs Load.
41
Pile Foundations
Subcommittee,
Representing
CO~lJtViLV
SHRI M. D. TAMBEKAR
BDC 43 : 5
Members
SHRI K. N. DAWNA
In personal capacity
Calcutta)
Ministry of Railways
Dapun
DIRECTOR RESEARCH
( SM II ), RDSO
DEPUTY DIRECTORSTANDARDS
( B & S/CB II ), RDSO ( Ah-mate)
Braith~ch;taBum
SHRI A. GHOSHAL
SHRI S. R. KULKARNI
SHRI.M. R. PUNJA
SHRI S. K. SANYAL
SHRI K. SARKAR
SHRI D. SHAR~~A
DR S. P. SHRWASTAVA
DR R. KAPUR ( Alternate
)
&
Jessops
Construction
Co,
42
9402
91 11 3239382
Telegrams
: Manaksanstha
(Common
Central Laboratory:
Telephone
Regional
to all Offices)
Industrial
Area, Sahibabad
201010
8-77 00 32
Offices:
323 76 17
Northern
: SC0 335-336,
60 38 43
Southern
Central
TWestern
MUMBAI
160022
600113
337 86 62
235 23 15
Exchange,
Andheri
(East),
832 92 95
400093
Branch Offices:
Pushpak,
Nurmohamed
Complex,
Buildings,
670 Avinashi
16 A, Mathura
Road, FARIDABAD
117/418
Marg, C-Scheme,
8, Sarvodaya
Seth Bhawan,
LUCKNOW
NIT Building,
554021
40 36 27
641037
21 01 41
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201001
8-71 1996
GUWAHATI
781003
Road, HYDERABAD
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201083
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Floor, Gokulpat
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Institution
of Engineers
Estate,
(India) Building
University
Market,
NAGPUR
440010
52 51 71
PATNA 800013
Approach,
26 23 05
PO. Palayam,
Station
JAIPUR
Nagar, KANPUR
839 49 55
751001
Road, COIMBATORE
550 13 48
E-52, Chitaranjan
380001
Road,
Nagar, BHUBANESHWAR
AHMEDABAD
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
P.O. Princep Street,
Narashimaraja
400007
Square,
695034
32 36 35
621
17
271085
309 65 28
222 39 71
AMENDMENT
NO. 1
AUGUST 1982
TO
Section
PART
Driven
PILES
CONCRETE
Precast
Concrete
Piles
( First Revision )
Alterations
IS
(Page
Substitute
IS : 1786-1979x
: 1786-19662 .
reinforcement
Substitute
deformed
batter
for
for the
for better .
Substitute
PD for P .
Substitute
(jrst revision
).
IS : 6403-1981*
Substitute
of bearing
capacity
for 6 IS :
the following
of shallow
for the
foundation8
20
Substitute
Fro. 1
30
25
ANGLE
the following-for
OF
40
35
INTERNAL
the existing
FRICTION
figure:
45
@
( Page 30, clause A-2.2, informaL table, first three entries ) the following for the existing matter:
Substitute
q. < 10
Clays
Silty clays and silty sands
( Page 31, clause A-2.3,
line 3. ) 2
Substitute
Addenda
( Page 8, clause 5.1, line 6 ) - Add the words
stresses and after the word withstand .
handling
) -Add
the
following
and driving
( (see Appendix
new Note
after
NOTE - Where deformed bars are used, the reinforcement percent of sectional
area ahould be the equivalent area of the bars used, compared to plain mild steel
bars.
Add IS : 1489.1976**
with 7 mark ) -
for Portland
poizolana cement
Add
after
the following
(second revision ).
IS : 8041new foot-
(BDC43)
3
Prlnted at SimCJ Printing Prelr.
Delhi, India
AMENDMENT
NO. 2
DECEMBER 1984
TO
CDNCRETE
Drive\Precast
/
PILES
Concrete
Piles
First Revision )
Alteration%
Substitute
Substitute
IS : 2131-1981*
for
iCode of practice
on piles.
( Page 10, clause 5.3.1.3 ) ( Page lO,foot-note ) ( Page 16, clause 5.11.7.1
of pile foundations:
Delete.
Delete.
read with Amendment No. 1, Jvote) -
Substitute IS : 1786-1979t
tSpecification
for cold-worked
reinforcement ( second rkrision ).
Delete.
Substitute
for
deformed
Substitute
*Specification
wire for concrete
( thirdrcr~ision
).
Substitute
for mild steel and medium tensile steel bars and hard drawn steel
reinforcement:
Part 1 Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars
and 5th
sentences ) -
Substitute
the
8.3.3
and 8.5.3
: 1343 ) -
) -
Substitute
IS :
clause 8.5.1,
.
line 3 ) -
Substitute
IS : 1786-1979t
Substitute
for
( Page 30,
entry ) -
clause A-2.2,
informal table read with Amendment No. 1, third
Q
qo
Substitute 5
for 25
) -
--W+ Pea
w+p
equation after line 1 ) -
Addenda
( Page 8, clause 5.1, line 7 ) -
in the end:
( Code
of practice
for
line 1 ) -
against
Add
longitudinal
the
bars
following
after
and be bound
the word
to them by
(BDC43)
3
Printed at Simco Printinp Press. Delhi. India
AMENDMENT
CONCRETE
Driven
(
Precast
PILES
Concrete
Piles
First Revision )
Delete
the
words (see
sentences ) -
Appen-
Substitute
the
A recommended
method for the determination
of depth of fixity,
lateral deflection
and maximum
bending
moment required for design is
given in Appendix
B for fully or partially
embedded
piles.
Other
accepted methods such as the method of Reese and Matlock
for fully
embedded piles may also be used.
I: ( Page 16, clause 5.11.7.3,
lines 1 and 2 ( see also Amendment
According
to
IS : 1786-1985* for as per
No. 2 ) ] - Substitute
IS : 1139-1966* or IS : 1786-1966 t.
( Page 16, foot-notes ) - Substitute
foot-notes:
*Specification for high strength
reinforcement
( third revision ).
the
deformed
following
steel bars
for the
and wires
existing
for concrete
6.3 ) -
Sustitute
the
following
for
the
existing
defcrmrd
Gr 1
1
steel bars
Substitute
the
for prestressed
and 8.3.3
)-
) -
the plases.
Substitute
IS : 1343=
concrete
for the
(first revision ).
Amendment
or IS : 1786-
1966t )I.
( Page 26 clause 8.5.2 ) - Substitute
1962$.
IS : 2090-1983$for
) -
Substitute
the following
IS : 20900
IS : 1343-
*Specification
for h;gh strength deformed
steel bars and wires for concrete
reinforcement
(third revision ).
fspecification
for high tensile steel bars used in prestressed
concrete (firsr
revision ).
$Code of practice for prestressed concrete (first revision ).
( Pages
APPENDIX
( Clause 52.2 )
DETERMINATION
AND MAXIMUM
B-l.
DETERMINATION
OF LATERAL
HEAD AND DEPTH OF FIXITY
DEFLECTION
AT THE PILE
B-l.2
Determine the depth of fixity and hence the
the cantilever using the plots given in Fig. 2.
equivalent
length
ot
where
T=
FI
5 K andR = A/g
J
1
given
in
293
HEAD
-FREE
PILE
the embedded
length
AND
NORMALLY
SANDS
LOADED
CLAYS
Id_
r,
L,/R
FIG. 2
I
8
6
OR
FOR
PILES
PRELOADED
151
Ll/T
L, is
IN
C:LAYS
Kl ( kg/cm8 )
VALUE
_______~
Submerged
0.146
0.525
1.245
0.040
Dry
Loose sand
Medium sand
Dense sand
Very loose sand under
repeated loading or
normally loading clays
TABLE 3
0260
0.775
2.075
VALUES OF CONSTANT
Kp ( kg/cm )
UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTHIN kg/cm2
VALUE
7.75
48.80
97.75
195.50
0.2 to 0.4
1 to2
2 to 4
More than 4
B-l.3 Knowing the length of the equivalent cantilever the pile head
deflection ( Y ) shall be computed using the following equations:
P(h+LF)3
12 EI
OF MAXIMUM
MOMENT
IN THE PILE
B-2.1 The fixed end moment ( MF > of the equivalent cantilever is higher
than the actual maximum moment ( M) of the pile. The actual maximum
moment is obtained by multiplying the fixed end moment of the
equivalent cantilever by a reduction factor, m given in Fig. 3. The fixed
end moment of the equivalent cantilever is given by:
MF =
Q( d -f- Lr 1
Q(L + Lr 1
2
The actual maximum moment ( M ) = m (
4
MF
).
----7
Submerged
O-146
O-525
l-245
oao
-FOR
PILES
IN
PRELOADEO
CLAY
----FOR
PILES
IN
SANDS AND
NORMALLY
Ll+Lf
LOADED
CLAYS
LIE
0.2
0
5
10
15
i0
I
4
L,/R
3A
I
6
OR
10
Ll/T
PILE
v'THE PILE
L,/R
ilever is higher
:tual maximum
lament of the
;. 3. The fixed
38
FOR FIXED
OR
HEAD
Ll/T
PILE
4.3 ).
1
12