An Ideal Exogenous Soil Inoculant

NOVCOM COMPOST
A New Definition for Effective Soil
Management

Compiled by

INHANA ORGANIC RESEARCH

FOUNDATION
168, Jodhpur Park, 1st Floor Kolkata 700 068,
Ph:+91-33-2499 0114/15/16
Email: inhanabiosciences@gmail.com

INHANA ORGANIC
RESEARCH FOUNDATION
In Harmony with Nature

Relevance
INTRODUCTION
In today's agriculture there has been a growing
conviction that organic soil amendment is the best
option available to restore and enhance soil
potential in order to restrict the continuous decline
of productivity. Organic soil amendment/
compost also play the key role both during
conversion and for practicing organic

Fertile soil is one of the most dynamic

sites for biological interactions due to
the vast ever-changing population of
heterogeneous microorganisms.
It is the interrelation and balance of
these biological forms that help to
maintain the tilth and health of soil.

At the same time due to non- uniformity in the quality components, crop performance even after
application of right dose of compost (calculated on crop nutritional requirement) very often do
not match the desired results. In this scenario to ensure speedy restoration of soil potential
and sustained crop production without triggering the cost components or entailing soil
nutrient mining; application of good quality, stable and mature compost remains the
only option. To unclog all the above bottlenecks for ultimate achievement of the desired
objectives a composting method was required which could enable the production of good

agriculture. Their application in soil is basically

quality, stable and mature compost using any type of biodegradable materials, within the

aimed at increasing the proliferation and activity of

shortest time period and on a low cost basis. Novcom composting method of Inhana

the indigenous population of soil microbes, which

Biosciences has been demonstrating its potential to fulfill all the above criteria for the past one

being the prime drivers behind all soil ecological

decades both in tea gardens of Assam and Darjeeling as well as in West Bengal Agriculture.

processes ultimately restore soil quality. However,

to attain such huge objectivity of soil restoration as
well as productivity sustenance, while good
quality compost having huge population and
diversity of naturally generated microbes; is the prime requisition; their availability
options are relatively few. At the same time since the basis of compost application currently
followed is once again the same N, P, K replacement theory as followed for fertilizers, hence
the low nutrient content as well as low microbial status in the available compost entails their
requirement in huge quantity. But the huge capital investment required for such quantitative
application often leads to restricted usage especially in case of financially unstable Indian
farmers, which in turn fails to support the desired objectives of soil and crop sustenance. The
problem becomes magnified in case of large organic agricultural farms viz. tea/ coffee
plantations etc. where the voluminous requirement of soil inputs often cannot be met by onfarm production hence, outsourcing remains the only option. Off- farm compost usually comes
at a higher cost; as a result cost of production under organic often increases many folds as
compared to the cost of chemical fertilization.

Relevance of Composting
We now find that, on one hand both cultivable land &
cultivated land are diminishing along with productivity while
on the other the population is steadily increasing. 'Modern
Scientific Agriculture' which is widely practiced today
overlooked the basic necessity of good soil for agriculture.
Proponents of chemical agriculture failed to recognize
soil as a Living Medium and therefore could not
understand the complex inter - relationship between
various soil organisms and how these affected plant
growth. According to them plants require only three main
elements for growth i.e. NPK.
The soil is home for thousands of organisms both micro
& macro. They inhabit different layers in the soil and
have specific roles to play. Similarly soil is constituted of
different horizons and the topmost horizon or surface soil
where microbial activity accomplishes the humification
process, acts as organic layer of different horizons, the more
organic in composition are closer to the surface while the
more mineral lie deeper down, closer to mother rock.

Relevance
THE

RIGHT APPROACH

Indiscriminate and continuous use of chemical fertilizer which are nothing but lent salts with

Through the intercession of soil microorganisms there is distinct

high concentration kills soil life or microorganisms. Eventually, in organic horizon which lies at

and viable approach for improving plant growth and yield.

the surface gets destroyed, so the very humification process. At the same time, if the role of
microorganisms to make inert matter a part of living world is understood, their action on the
soil elements necessary for plants into assimilable form through oxidation and chelation, can
be well recognized. When there is dissipation of these life forms, the farmer has to manage the

At the same time there has been a sharp drop in the life forms

form 11 ton/ acre to 2 ton/ acre.

Since the damage of soil to its present situation has been

surface horizon separately, outside the plot, for the formation of humus directed by the

caused by chemicals, its

fermentation process of organic waste.

should be from organic sources.

amendment

quite

naturally

The nourishment of soil through humus is no longer a priority in the agricultural world. The

But most importantly, inoculation of selected microorganisms will

rational nourishing of plants became the primary subject of interest. Yet everything that leaves

most certainly not provide the desired effectivity because of non-

the soil should come back to it, as each organism in the soil has a definite role to play from

compatibility in the existing environmental condition.

humification to aeration, structure formation to entire soil function. While elimination even one
of them reduces the efficiency of the system, their regeneration makes the soil most
functional. This can be best accomplished through the process of fermentation of organic

Neither any organic manure without sufficient microbial

population in the desired combination can achieve the goal.

matter known as composting.

There are two strong justifications for the adoption of composting to enliven the soil
1)

Larger quantity of humus, in addition also pasteurized from an equal mass of

organic matter.

2)

WHAT IS THE DESIRED PATHWAY ?

Application of compost containing huge population of self-

Huge microbial potential, the primary and crucial drivers for all soil function.

generated microbes, possessing high potential for huge

proliferation with superior acclimatization power for sustaining
in the unfavourable soil environment.
These microbes should also be provided with sufficient energy
sources through decomposed, matured and stable organic matter.
But it is to be understood that microbes harnessed and purified in
the laboratories (i.e. bio-fertilizers) cannot have the same
acclimatization power as the natural ones, no matter how much
intricately selected they are. Moreover, whatever little can survive will
not get their desired energy to proliferate or function.

Five Pillars for an Effective Composting Method

Compliance by Novcom Method

UNIQUENESS OF NOVCOM COMPOSTING METHOD

No Raw Material Specificity
Any type of organic material viz. green matter (weeds, water hyacinth, etc.), cow dung,
poultry litter, paddy husk, paddy straw, press mud, municipal solid waste etc. can be used as
raw material. Novcom solution that is used during Novcom composting are specially
designed according to raw material specificity, so that it can be equally effective irrespective
of the type of raw material used.

No Infrastructure Required
Novcom composting method does not require any structure construction; the composting
heap is erected layer wise following a simple, easy to adopt process, on a flat land that is free
The high temperature (observed up to 750C) generated in an intense,
rapid as well as desired manner during the Novcom composting

SAFETY

process ensures the total destruction of weed seeds and all harmful
pathogens. At the same time, performance of various stages of
biodegradation

from waterlogging. Hence, no prior investment on infrastructure build up is required, which

serves as a lucrative proposition for entrepreneurs and an easy option for on-farm soil
management for even the small farmers.

High Temperature Generation in Short Succession

in the programmed manner ensure a safe end

product for both human handling and soil environment.

High temperature (may reach as high as 68 to 720C) is generated during Novcom

composting process within 72 hours of heap erection, which ensures destruction of harmful

Novcom composting method is a convenient system of bio-

CONVENIENCE

degradation. It does not require construction of pits or any

specific infrastructure. It is not raw material specific & various types
of raw materials can be used for compost production.

SPEED

pathogens as well as weed seeds that may be present in the raw material.

Shortest Composting Period

Generally the available composting processes require 10 to 15 weeks for completion, which

Novcom composting method perhaps ensures the speediest

comes as a major hindrance towards production of the required quantity of compost

biodegradation - about 21 days, which is shorter in certain raw

especially for organic crop production. But under Novcom composting method compost is

materials i.e. cow dung, poultry litter etc.

ready within a period of just 21 days, and may vary from 21 to 30 days depending upon the
type of raw material used.

Novcom compost ensures both ready nutrient supply post soil

EFFECTIVITY

application as well as its high microbial status with adequate energy

sources works towards restoration of soil quality and soil dynamics.
Novcom composting method is an economical process, which does not
require any investment on infrastructure, needs minimum labour

ECONOMY

deployment and does not require any specific raw material. The
technology cost is also very low. Under this method 1 ton of compost
can be produced at a low rate of Rs. 1.00 to 1.50/5

Uniqueness of Novcom
Designed C:N Ratio as per Requirement
Several researches have been initiated worldwide to
achieve the ideal C:N ratio of compost, which is
absolutely important for its effective utilization in soil.
But in the practical scenario ideal C:N ratio varies with
crop type as well as the agro-ecological situation.

Potentials of Novcom Compost Produced Under

Novcom Composting Method
High Quality, Stable & Mature Compost with No Phytotoxic Effect
Novcom compost comes with a high nutritional content in terms of >2.0% N, > 0.5 to 0.75
P2O5 and >1.0 to 1.3% K2O. However, the most notable component is its very high
microbial population (in the order of 1016 c.f.u.), which is at least 104 to 106 c.f.u. times
higher than the population obtained in case of any other presently available compost
types. More so since the population is generated naturally during the progress of composting

In case of short duration crops like vegetables,

and is not inoculated artificially, hence they are more proactive and possesses better potential

pulses, paddy etc. a low C:N ratio is desirable, while

in terms of post soil application activity.

for long duration perennial crops (viz. sugarcane,

pineapple, tea etc.) slow release of nutrients in a
programmed manner is of utmost importance for
steady supply of nutrition over a longer period of time.

Another arena where Novcom compost scores over most other available manure is its
stability and maturity. These qualities ensure that it is safe for soil application without any
deleterious effect on the plants alike due to exposure to toxic ammoniacal by-products that
are generally liberated from immature compost. Novcom compost is also free from any

This again forms a unique criterion for Novcom

phytotoxic effect, which is a very important quality that assures its safe application

composting method, where a desired C/N ratio can be

even in seed bed, nursery or young plantation.

achieved by altering the type of raw material along

with the usage of customized Novcom solution.

Restoration of Soil within a Short Time Period

Economical Cost of Compost Production

Novcom compost strives for energization of the fatigued soil system. Due to the presence of

Novcom composting method is an economical

huge population of naturally generated microbes within Novcom compost it creates a

process, which does not require any investment on

favourable environment in soil for natural restoration, prolific activity and rapid regeneration of

infrastructure, needs minimum labour deployment

the native soil microbes. The microbial population being the primary drivers of all soil-

and does not require any specific raw material. Under

ecological process strives to restore the original soil character as well equilibrium of the soil-

this method one ton of compost can be produced at a

plant-nutrient dynamics.

low rate of Rs. 1.00 to 1.50/-

Lowest Requirement Rate

The comparatively high nutritional potential and other qualities of Novcom compost together
with its rich microbial status enables its application in relatively lower dose as compared to the
quantity required for any other compost. Usually it is recommended almost 1/3 of other
compost / manure, which may go up according to the Soil quality & Crop type.

NOVCOM

SOLUTION

How Novcom Composting Process Works

Novcom solution is a research product of

Novcom Composting Method Advocates Six Steps of Bio-degradation.

Inhana Biosciences, (a R&D organization

High Temperature of 65-700 C to pasteurize and kill pathogens.

based in Kolkata, India). The solution

Production of Thermophilic Bacteria & Actinomycetes

contains biologically activated and

Preventing the proliferation of mineralizing bacteria and loss of

valuable substances and preparation of the field for fungi.

potentized extract of Cynadon dactylon.,

Sida cordifolia L. and Ocimum

Temperature falls. Manure worms & crustaceans chew up org. matter.

bascilicum.

Break up of organic matter and multiplication of fungi.

Novcom solution does not contain any

Break up of cellulose and lignin fiber into simpler form.

microbial culture or any chemical catalytic

In the Novcom composting process the high temperature of 65-700C

agents. It only provides the necessary

energy component to create a favourable

pasteurizes and kills pathogens. At the same time thermophilic

mineralizing bacteria is prevented and thereby loss of valuable

environment for rapid, intense and prolific Novcom solution is made in customized
generation of microbes during composting, manner considering the raw materials for

substances is restricted. The first stage of decomposition henceforth

that too in a programmed manner.

bacteria and actinomycetes are produced while proliferation of

getting quality compost.

prepares the field for fungi. After a period of 12-14 days from
initiation, the temperature falls. At this stage manure worms chew

Novcom method only follows the natural steps of biodegradation and just intensify

organic matter and enables its breakdown as well as multiplication of

each step and their succession. Unlike the facilitation of any particular step or

fungi takes place. This if followed by the last and the final segment

addition of any converters or conversion mechanism of complex components of the

where cellulose and lignin components are acted upon by the fungal

organic material being followed in all other methods. Only Novcom solution is

population. Lignin, a complex polymer of phenyl-propane units can

made in the customized manner according to the composting of each organic

only be broken-down by the necessary enzymes produced by certain

raw materials. Therefore Novcom is effective to biodegrade of all organic waste.

fungi and the most scientific process is to attain such degradation

only at the last stage of the decomposition process. This stage if tried
80

to prepone unnecessarily by adding

75

any microbial culture or any agent

constituents by reducing the surface
area available for enzymatic
p e n e t r a t i o n a n d a c t i v i t y. T h e
degradation process continues further
for a period of 7-8 days after which the
final matured compost is ready for
use within 21 days of initiation.

y = -0.0005x

+ 34.321
y = -0.0005x 4 ++0.0385x
0.0385x 3 --1.0952x
1.0952x 2 ++10.77x
10.77x
+ 34.321
R 2 = 0.5472
R = 0.5472

65
60
Temperature ( 0C)----- >

hinders the bio- availability of other

Polynomial trend line

70

55
50
45
40
35
30

Days ----- >

8
10 12
Temp. after
turning on 7th day.
Temp. before
turning on 7th day.
7

11

13

15

16
18
21
Temp. after turning
th
on 14 day.
17

19

23

25

27

29

31

33

30

Temp. before turning

on 14th day.

Fig 1 : Variation of temperature in the Novcom compst

heap during biodegradation.

21

Personnel from CFC-TBI Observed Large Scale Novcom Composting Activity at Maud T.E. under
FAO-CFC-TBI Project for Developing Pathway for Sustainable Organic Tea Cultivation.

10

How Novcom Compost is Different from any Other

Available Compost and its Working Mechanism

Soil Energization by Novcom Compost and its

Effect on Plant System
Favourable Plant Growth

NOVCOM COPOST

Triggers disease

Enhanced Resistance

resistence genes in plants

against pests and diseases

SOIL
Life Forms

Energy

Environment

(Microbes naturally

(Adequate nutrition for

(Ideal condition for microbes

generated within the

microbes in terms of

in terms of sability, maturity

amendment)

ideal C:N ratio)

& no phytotoxic effect)

ENERGIZATION

Restoration of natural

Enhances soil aeration for

soil plant nutrient

better root growth & retention

dynamics

of plant nutrients in soil

Restrict the growth

and proliferation
of harmful
pathogens in soil

Enables restoration,
generation &
prolific activities of
soil microbes in the
desired succession

It also provides a ready

Improves soil charecter in

supply of nutrients for the

terms of bulk density,

plants in the present

aeration, water holding

deactivated soil system

capacity, etc for favourable

Huge population of

plant growth.

naturally generated

Improves soil
charecter viz.
b u l k d e n s i t y,
porosity, water
holding capacity

No favourable breeding
ground for pest

Does not
support the
proliferation
of stubborn
weeds.

Continuous
supply of
nutrients
d u r i n g
specific plant
growth stages

Good source of mature and

Nutrients in

stable organic matter

Organic Form

microbes in different

Enables restoration, Rapid

NOVCOM COMPOST

generation and Prolific activity

of different microbes in the
desired succession

11

Life Forms

Energy

Environment

(Microbes naturally

(Adequate nutrition for

(Ideal condition for microbes

generated within the

microbes in terms of

in terms of maturity & no

amendment)

ideal C:N ratio)

phytotoxic effect)

12

Method of Preparation

NOVCOM COMPOST - METHOD OF PREPARATION

Day 1 ...........
For the production of 1-1.25 ton NOVCOM compost,
the compost pit at initiation should have the

Raw Material

approximate dimension of 7-8 ft (length) X 5-6 ft

Any kind of organic waste (i.e. green matter, leaf litter, vegetables waste and cow dung, etc).

(breadth) X 5.5-6 ft ( height).

Ideally the proportion of cow dung and green matter should be at a minimum ratio
20:80, but in case of non-availability, the quantity of cow dung can be further reduced but it
should not be at zero level. Similarly in case of more availability the quantity of cow dung can
be increased. In case of many other organic waste cow dung may not be required. In
NOVCOM Method Cow dung is recommended not for its nutrient status but as the
receptor of Solar Energy.

Dilution : 5 ml of NOVCOM solution / litre of water.

After 2-3 days of compost initiation the temperature

starts increasing and may reach upto 75C. This
increase in temperature is absolutely essential for the
complete destruction of any weed seeds and harmful
pathogens and for the rise of thermophilic bacteria.

Day 7
Upturn & churn the compost heap
properly and then sprinkle NOVCOM

Dosage :

solution (5ml/lt) as earlier. The volume of

1st application : 100 ml of NOVCOM Solution /20 litre of water / ton of waste.

the compost decreases due to progress in

2nd application: 75 ml of NOVCOM Solution /15 litre of water / ton of waste.

decomposition process. The heap should

3rd application: Same as 2nd application

be remade and compacted as earlier.

Maintain the height of compost heap at

Total 250 ml of NOVCOM Solution is required for 1 ton of raw material. The water

5 to 6 ft by adjusting the surface area.

requirement may vary according to the moisture content of the raw material & weather

This time the area of the stack will be

condition. However total moisture content in compost heap should be around 60 %.

lesser than Day 1 but the height must be

Day 1

maintained as before. Plain water should

Spread chopped green matter to make base layer of

dimensions 10 ft X 6 ft with thickness of 1 ft - 1.5 ft.
Sprinkle this base layer thoroughly with 3-3.5 litre water
containing NOVCOM solution at the rate of 5ml/litre of water.

be sprinkled to moisten the compost pit if

it appears to be in dried condition

Day 15
Repeat the process as

on Day 7 and

compact the heap as done earlier. This

Over this layer, put a layer of cow dung ( 3 inches thickness)

time the area of the stack will be lesser

and repeat the process till the total height reaches to about

than day 7 but the height should be

5 to 6 ft. The top most layer of the heap should be of

maintained at 5 to 6 ft.

chopped green matter only. On each layer of green matter

diluted NOVCOM solution (5ml/lt) is to be sprayed. The heap

Day 21

should be compressed downwards from the top & inwards

The process of composting is over. A highly charged ideal exogenous inoculation for soil is

from the sides so that it takes the shape of more or less a

ready to use. It will rejuvenate your soil without any time lag.

compact square or rectangle.

The Quickest, Simplest and Most Economic Way of Composting

13

14

Details of Compost Production under Novcom Composting

Novcom Composting With Different Type of Raw Materials

Method using Variety of Raw Materials during 2001 - 2010

Details of Raw Materials Used

Large scale Novcom

Compost Quality (in brief)

composting activity in
Maud T.E., the oldest

Common Raw Material

1. Raw Materials :

Parameters

certified organic tea

Range Value

estate in

Assam.

General garden weeds viz Ageratum

pH

6.09 - 8.09

houstonianum, Chromolaena odorata, Cynodon

Org. C(%)

19.20 - 9.14

dactylon, Digitaria setigera, Scoparia dulcis,

Total N (%)

1.59 - 2.31

Axonopus compressu, etc.

Total P2O5

0.26 - 1.10

utilizing common

Total K2O

0.52 - 1.47

garden weeds.

C : N Ratio

12 : 1 - 17 : 1

In Organic Tea Estates viz. Maud, West Jalinga,

CMI Index

0.76 - 3.40

Belseri, Tonganagaon T.E.(Assam), Chamong,

Microbial Count

(29 - 159) x 1016

Phytotoxicity

0.87 - 1.31

Composting Site :

Nagri Farm, Tumsong, Soom T. E. (Darjeeling).

compost

heaps has been made

Novcom composting
Parameters

2. Raw Materials :

These

m e t h o d

Range Value

w a s

evaluated at the

Mixed Agro Waste viz. farm waste, non

pH

8.10 - 8.71

harvestable part of vegetables, common weeds,

Org. C(%)

25.2 - 29.30

banana stumps etc.

Total N (%)

1.64 - 2.10

Total P2O5

0.49 - 1.12

Composting Site :

Total K2O

1.27 - 2.68

Viswavidyalaya, West

BCKV Agricultural Farm, Krishnagar Research

C : N Ratio

13 : 1 - 16 : 1

Bengal, utilizing

CMI Index

1.62 - 2.37

mixed agro waste.

Microbial Count

(13 - 46) x 1016

Phytotoxicity

0.83 - 1.43

Station, & farmers field in different parts of W.B.

viz Duttapukur, Haringhata, Basanti, Bankura etc

Parameters

3. Raw Materials :

Agriculture Research
Farm of Bidhan
Chandra

Krishi

Range Value

S t u d e n t s

o f

pH

7.09 - 7.76

Ramakrishna Mission

Org. C(%)

18.88 - 29.90

Vivekananda

Composting Site :

Total N (%)

1.73 - 2.13

U n i v e r s i t y ,

Chinchura Research Station, Ramakrishna

Total P2O5

0.68 - 1.06

Mission Vivekananda University, Duttapukur,

Total K2O

0.98 - 2.04

C : N Ratio

11 : 1 - 14 : 1

CMI Index

1.38 - 2.86

Novcom composting

Microbial Count

(57 - 90) x 1016

method with water

Phytotoxicity

0.91 - 1.08

hyacinth.

Water Hyacinth

Burdwan, Barasat, Gobardanga , Nazat etc .

15

Narendrapur, West
Bengal experiencing

16

Compost Production under Novcom Composting Method

Details of Raw Materials Used

Novcom Composting With Different Type of Raw Materials

Compost Quality (in brief)

Novcom compost heaps
Common Raw Material
Parameters

4. Raw Materials :

were prepared with cow

dung in large scale at Maud

Range Value

Tea Estate, Assam. For

pH

6.81 - 7.83

Org. C(%)

14.03 - 21.64

Composting site :

Total N (%)

1.54 - 1.96

product. Novcom CD

In Organic Tea Estates viz. Maud, West Jalinga,

Total P2O5

0.35 - 0.69

solution is used during

Belseri T.E. (Assam), Chamong, Nagri Farm,

Total K2O

0.61 - 1.03

compost preparation and

C : N Ratio

7 : 1 - 12 : 1

only 15 days (one turning) is

CMI Index

2.89 - 5.23

required for preparing high

Microbial Count

(29 - 86) x 1014

Phytotoxicity

0.83 - 0.94

Cow dung

Tumsong, Soom T.E. (Darjeeling) and farmer's

field in different parts of W.B.

achieving better quality end

quality Novcom cow dung

compost.

Hazardous Raw Material

Parameters

5. Raw Materials :
Municipality Solid Waste.
Composting Site :
Garulia and North Barrackpore Municipalities,
North 24 Parganas, West Bengal .

Range Value

pH

7.41 - 8.16

Org. C(%)

17.84 - 22.04

Total N (%)

1.16 - 1.54

Total P2O5

0.48 - 1.06

Total K2O

0.63 - 0.76

C : N Ratio

13 : 1 - 16 : 1

CMI Index

3.08 - 3.38

Microbial Count

(11 - 63) x 1014

Pioneering work of quality compost preparation

Phytotoxicity

0.80 - 0.95

from municipality solid waste through Novcom

composting method has been initiated in Garulia

Parameters

Range Value

& North Barrackpore Municipality, North 24

Parganas, West Bengal.

6. Raw Materials :
pH

6.64 - 8.23

Org. C(%)

22.9 - 34.92

Total N (%)

1.51 - 2.46

Total P2O5

0.95 - 3.11

Durgapur Poultry farm, Uchhegar Samabay

Poultry litter is used as one of the easily available

Total K2O

1.44 - 2.94

Samiti Ltd., Shyamnagar, Bhwanipur Farmers

C : N Ratio

11 : 1 - 16 : 1

raw materials for making large scale Novcom

Co-operation, Narendrapur, Burdwan, etc..

CMI Index

1.08 - 2.56

Microbial Count

(5 - 27) x 1014

Phytotoxicity

0.78 - 0.88

Poultry Litter
Composting Site :

17

compost by different farmers co-operatives for

organic soil management in West Bengal.

18

Compost Production under Novcom Composting Method

Details of Raw Materials Used

Novcom Composting With Different Type of Raw Materials

Compost Quality (in brief)

Hazardous Raw Material
Parameters

7. Raw Materials :
Press mud.
Composting Site :
Balrampur Chini Mills (Uttar Pradesh), Nagri Farm
T. E., Tukdah T. E. (Darjeeling), Maud T.E.
(Assam).

Range Value

pH

7.01 - 8.07

Org. C(%)

35.06 - 42.40

Total N (%)

2.52 - 3.12

Total P2O5

3.18 - 4.36

Total K2O

0.68 - 1.47

C : N Ratio

12 : 1 - 16 : 1

CMI Index

0.65 - 1.05

Microbial Count

(24 - 89) x 1016

Novcom compost

Phytotoxicity

0.81 - 0.89

utilizing press mud in

Preparation

of

Balarampur Chini
Complex (to Biodegrade) Raw Material
Parameters

8. Raw Materials :

Range Value

Mills (U.P.) - One of

the largest Sugur Mill
In India.

pH

6.65 - 6.89

Org. C(%)

28.87 - 30.21

Composting Site :

Total N (%)

1.43 - 1.64

Novcom compost is prepared with pruning

Rubber Plantation, Kerala .

Total P2O5

0.38 - 0.65

litter in Belseri Tea Estate, Assam.

Total K2O

0.53 - 0.78

C : N Ratio

18 : 1 - 21 : 1

CMI Index

1.42 - 1.61

Microbial Count

(39 - 63) x 1014

Phytotoxicity

0.84 - 0.98

Coir Pith.

Parameters

9. Raw Materials :

Range Value

Pruning Litter

pH

6.54 - 6.79

Org. C(%)

38.30 - 46.39

Composting Site :

Total N (%)

1.51 - 2.14

Belseri T.E. (Assam) .

Total P2O5

0.64 - 0.89

Total K2O

0.83 - 1.14

Photographs showing activities on Novcom Composting

C : N Ratio

22 : 1 - 26 : 1

programme using Coir- pith as Raw Material at

CMI Index

0.63 - 1.16

Vaniampara Rubber Estate, Kerala. Ready Novcom coir

Microbial Count

(24 - 79) x 1014

Phytotoxicity

0.76 - 0.89

pith compost was produced within a period of 21 days.

19

20

Compost Production under Novcom Composting Method

Details of Raw Materials Used

Novcom Composting With Different Type of Raw Materials

Novcom compost heaps

Compost Quality (in brief)

were prepared with wheat

flour mill waste at Sewpur

Complex (to Biodegrade) Raw Material

Tea Estate, Assam. High

Parameters

10. Raw Materials :

Range Value

quality end product has

pH

5.70 - 5.81

been achieved with Novcom

Org. C(%)

22.20 - 38.46

solution, where C:N ratio of

Composting Site :

Total N (%)

1.54 - 2.18

the materials changed from

Sewpur T. E., Assam

Total P2O5

0.35 - 0.78

more than 100 : 1 to below

Total K2O

1.11 - 1.39

C : N Ratio

10 : 1 - 17 : 1

CMI Index

1.70 - 3.06

Microbial Count

(7 - 31) x 1014

Phytotoxicity

0.79 - 0.96

Wheat Flour Mill Waste.

Parameters

11. Raw Materials :

Rice husk & Straw.

20 : 1 within the period of 21

days.

Range Value

pH

5.93 - 6.14

Org. C(%)

21.63 - 25.07

Composting Site :

Total N (%)

1.28 - 1.32

Belseri T. E., Farmers field, Burdwan.

Total P2O5

0.41 - 0.57

Total K2O

0.46 - 0.61

C : N Ratio

17 : 1 - 19 : 1

CMI Index

1.79 - 2.82

Microbial Count

(12 - 18) x 1016

Phytotoxicity

0.87 - 1.04

Novcom compost heaps

were prepared with rice
husk and straw in large
scale in Belseri T. E, Assam.
Quality Novcom compost
was prepared within 30
days

using

Novom

composting

method

reflecting

the

wide

acceptability of raw
materials for this method.
21

22

Compost Analysis & their Relevance

Analytical Parameters to Evaluate Compost Quality and their Relevance.

To ensure compost Quality, Inhana Organic Research Foundation (IORF) recommends

Relevance of Analysis

Fertility Parameters

analytical evaluation as per 34 quality parameters based on National and International

1. Total Nitrogen (%)

Though nutritional benefits of compost to plants is not based on

Protocol. In house laboratory of Inhana Biosciences regualy tested Novcom compost samples

2.Total Phosphate (%)

the substitution theory for N, P, K but still evaluation of the

for physical, chemical, microbial, stability and maturity parameters as per the guidelines of US

3. Total Potash (%)

nutrient status is important to assess the capacity of compost

Composting Council (2002) and Australian Standard (1999).

4. C : N Ratio

towards maintaining a steady supply of nutrition to plants albeit

in a controlled manner. But most importantly an appreciable

Physical Parameters

Relevance of Analysis

nutrient status of compost in the presence of an ideal microbial population shall ensure nutrition

1. Moisture (%)

Evaluation of physical properties of compost is of utmost

in the right quantity and order during the different plant growth stages. Assessment of C/ N ratio

2. Bulk density(g/cc)

importance to assess its effectivity in restoring the soil

of compost is most critical because an ideal ratio in mature compost ensures that on soil

3. Porosity (%)

physical properties (viz. bulk density/ porosity, water holding

application, decomposition of the product would not require soil N but release mineral nitrogen

4. Water Holding Capacity (%)

capacity etc.) post application.

into the soil and vice versa.

At the same time in relevance to fertilizer induced soil having

problems of high soil compaction and nutrients unavailability due to soil retention, bulk density

Microbial Potential

The mineralization and immobilization of soil-N and the

turnover of organic materials in the soil and compost is

and porosity of the compost are important determinants of post application effectivity of

1. Total Bacterial Count

affected by the heterotrophic soil organisms, including

specific soil amendment. As for example addition of compost having ideal water holding

2. Total Fungal Count

bacteria and fungi.

capacity helps in retaining moisture in soil during the dry months.

3.Total Actenomycetes Count

4. Microbial Biomass

Chemical Parameters

But most importantly a comparative population of all the

three categories of microbes in compost indicates ideal
composting process and ensures high effectivity of compost

1. pHwater (1 : 5)

pH is an important component for judging the completion of

2. EC (dS/m)

composting process. Ideally alkaline pH of compost

3. Total Org. C (%)

indicates effective fermentation because with the progress

Readily Available

4. Total Volatile Solids (%)

in composting process decrease occurs in the acidic by

Nutrient Potentials

5. Total Ash Content (%)

products.

6. CEC (cmol(p+)kg-1)

Total ash primarily indicates the mineral content in compost

on soil application.
Most of the inorganic-N occurs as plant available NH4+.
Water soluble inorganic-N status gives a picture of ready
support of N for plants on compost application.

1. Water Soluble Carbon (%)

Organic C/N ratio indicates mineralization rate and the

2. Water Soluble Inorganic- N (%)

potential of Organic-N (Total N - Inorganic N) it terms of long

3. Water Soluble Organic - N (%)

term nutrient availability for plants.

7. Compost Mineralization Index and also includes soil borne silicates . Acid soluble fraction
of ash henceforth indicates the mineral content.
8. Sorption Capacity Index

4. Organic C : N ratio

Humification ratio clarifies the transformation of energy

The organic matter content of compost is useful in estimating its age and also the compost

5. Humification ratio

reserve of the compost to its useable potential as well as the

application rate for sustainable agricultural production. The CEC status of compost is useful in

degree of humification achieved during composting.

assessing the relative presence of organic colloids, which serve as exchange sites for the
mineralized nutrients.
Compost mineralization index indicates the degree of mineralization occurring during
composting the potentials of compost in terms of ready nutrient availability for plants. Sorption
capacity index indicates status of humification of compost, reflective of the presence of
different functional groups. a quality of utmost importance for enabling soil development.
23

24

Compost Analysis & their Relevance

Stability, Maturity & Stability in terms of CO2 evolution rate of compost samples
Phytotoxicity
1. CO2 Evaluation Rate
2.NH4+ - Nitrogen (%)
3. NO3- - Nitrogen (%)

determines whether the biodegradation process is completed

or not and the material is ready for soil application. Generally
CO2 evaluation rate is high during compost biodegradation and
once the process is completed, the value comes down as the
microbial activity also ceases.

4. Nitrification Index
5.Seedling Emergence (%)
6. Root Elongation (%)
9. Germination Index

Qualitative Evaluation of Novcom Compost Produced using Garden

Weeds as Raw Material at Maud Tea Estate (Assam).
Novcom compost was produced using common garden weeds viz. Mikania micrantha,
Ageratum houstonianum, Axonopus compressus, Digitaria setigera Roth etc. and cow dung at
80 : 20 ratio was used for making compost. Although the raw material used was not of high
quality still the final product after analysis was found to possess fairly good nutrient content and
was found to stable, mature and free form any phytotoxic effect.

Compost maturity and phytotoxicity rating are the most

important criteria for ensuring soil safety on compost
application. Many studies have shown that the application of
immature composts in soil causes severe damage to plant
growth (Jimenez and Garcia, 1989).
Especially free ammonia released from decaying organic
matter inhibits seed germination (Wong and Chu, 1985) and
may also delay shoot growth and root elongation processes
(Wong and Lau, 1983). Nitrification index is an important

Measurement of the dimension of Novcom

Compost Heap at Maud T.E., Assam under
FAO - CFC - TBI Project.

indicator to determine the maturity of the compost as well as

presence of ammonia in toxic amount. The very appearance of
significant amounts of nitrates in compost could be a sign of
maturity as it produced in expense of ammonia.
NABARD
Inspecting

Officials
Novcom

Compost Heap at Nadia,

A direct assessment of phytotoxicity can be made by calculating

seed germination and root elongation percent of growing plants

Large Scale Novcom Composting Programme at Maud T.E., Assam under FAO project
'Development, Production and Trade of Organic Tea funded by FAO-CFC-TBI.
But the most important criteria achieved

in compost media, over control (Brinton, 2000).

was the very high population (in the order of

W . B . , P r e p a r e d b y The phytotoxicity bioassay test (germination index) provides

Farmers Co-operative. a means of measuring the combined toxicity of contaminants in

1016 c.f.u.) of self generated microbes

(generally 103 to 104 c.f.u. times higher than

compost (Zucconi et al., 1981).

any good quality compost).

After witnessing the successful production
of good quality compost Maud T.E. has
synchronized its Novcom composting
activity with weedmanagement programme
of the garden. Hence, Novcom composting
method has enabled the process of
Personnel from CFC-TBI visiting Maud T.E. for
successful soil management even through
evaluation of FAO-CFC-TBI Project, being appraised
the utilization of garden waste.
regarding Novcom composting programme

25

26

Qualitative Evaluation of Novcom Compost Produced using Wheat

Flour Mill Waste as Raw material at Sewpur Tea Estate (Assam).

Qualitative Evaluation of Novcom Compost Produced using Green

Matter as Raw material at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, State
Agricultural University, Mohanpur, West Bengal..

Taking Wheat Flour Mill as a raw material for composting itself is a hard choice due to its
extremely wide C:N ratio (< 100: 1)and very low N percent.However under Novcom composting

Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya being a premier 'Agricultural University' is committed to

method good quality compost could be produced even from this raw material within a period of

identify effective and economical compost/ composting method for the marginal farmer
dominated agricultural fraternity of West Bengal. The University has constantly been involved in

21 days. The appreciation of N

evaluating any new composing technique or organic soil input and in this respect the merits of

value in the end product along

'Novcom Composting Method' called for the most scientific evaluation.

with the achievement of other

important qualities viz. high
microbial population, stability
and

maturity

in

turn

Novcom compost heaps were erected at BCKV Farm, Mohanpur, Nadia and also at the
farmers' field (in Molebona village, Bankura); during August to September, 2008; for evaluating
Novcom composting process and quality of Novcom compost.

substantiated the effectivity of

Novcom composting method.
Novcom Compost Heaps using wheat flour mill waste
as raw material at Sewpur Tea Estate, Assam.

Qualitative Evaluation of Novcom Compost Produced using Old

Cow dung as Raw Material at Sankar Tea Estate (Assam)
Cow dung itself is considered as
organic manure. However, very
old cow dung (nature withered
for a long time) has very little

Novcom compost heap prepared from green matter at Bidhan Chandra Krishi
Viswavidyalay, Mohanpur, West Bengal.

nutritive value. Application of

Observation clearly revealed the uniqueness and

this material in soil was not

effectivity of the composting method towards

going to serve the purpose; at

production of high quality Novcom compost within a

the same time disposing it of

very short time period. Analysis of Novcom compost as

was also not desired. Hence,

per 26 quality parameters based on International

effort was made to appreciate

Protocol once again substantiated high nutrient

its nutritive value and microbial

content and maturity with no phytotoxic effect, which in

potential using Novcom

turn ensures its low application rate and clearly proves

Ready Novcom Compost Heaps prepared from old

composting method. Evaluation

compost effectivity towards seed germination and

cowdung at Sankar Tea Estate, Assam.

of the final compost not only

plant growth. But the major strength of Novcom

compost was found to be its self-generated microbial

revealed increase in the N,P,K percent and microbial status, its low C:N ratio indicated its faster

Novcom cow dung compost is being

utilization capacity, which could serve as good input for application in short duration crops.

prepared at farmers felid, Bankura,

West Bengal.

27

potential (in order of 1016 c.f.u.), which was about 104

c.f.u. times higher than any other good quality compost
(including vermi compost).
28

Large Scale Composting under Novcom Composting Method using

Garden Weeds at Jalinga & Belseri Tea Estate (Assam).
Novcom In the year 2003, about 2000 ton of Novcom compost was produced in Jalinga and

Qualitative Evaluation of Novcom Compost Produced using Garden

weeds and Cow dung as Raw material (separately)
at Organic Tea Estates of Darjeeling.

Belseri Tea Estates using common garden weeds and cow dung in 80:20 ratio. This was

Novcom composting programme had been adopted in the Chamong Group gardens viz.

probably the first time in the history of organic tea cultivation in India, when such large scale on-

Tukdah, Lingia etc. as early as 2006-2007, albeit on a small scale. However, after association of

farm composting programme was taken up in organic tea estates within a short period of 3 to 4

Inhana Biosciences in 2008 as Technology Provider for Organic Tea cultivation in their different

months. During the initial phase quality standardization was an issue, it was quickly mitigated

organic gardens, the composting programme was taken up on a more serious note in

after production of two to three batches (ten heaps each) of compost.

Chamong, Nagri Farm, Tumsong, Soom and Shree Dwarika Tea Estates, along with qualitative
monitoring of the end product (Novcom compost) to ensure effective organic soil management

Jalinga and Belseri tea estates

in these gardens. But Two types of raw material is being used i) common garden weeds (viz.

together make about 4200 ton.

Mikania micrantha, Ageratum houstonianum,Axonopus compressus, Digitaria setigera Roth

Hence, initially the composting

etc.) +cow dung in 80/20 ratio, ii) fresh cow dung only.

programme was taken up in the

sections of the tea gardens in
order to avoid raw material
carriage to the central
composting site. However, the
sectional compost turned out to
be of relatively inferior quality as
compared to the central ones
Novcom Compost Heaps at Central Composting Site of

due to lack of proper monitoring

Jalinga Tea Estate, Assam.

during the composting period.

Novcom compost heap prepared from different garden weeds and guatemala at
Nagri Farm Tea Estate, Darjeeling.

Hence, in order to restrict

compromise in quality, sectional

Although raw material used was of low

composting was stopped

nutrient content still the final product after

altogether and the whole

analysis was found to possess fairly good

composting programme was

nutritive value. Especially where even

shifted

central

sole cow dung (approx. 0.75 to 1.2%) was

composting site. Henceforth

used significant appreciation of N content

standard quality Novcom

was obtained in the final compost

compost is been produced

(approx. 1.5 to 1.8%). Along with this

since the past eight years

standard quality of Novcom compost is

without any compromise.

being maintained in terms of high

to

the

microbial population (in the order of 1016

Ready Novcom Compost Heaps prepared from garden
weeds at Belseri Tea Estate, Assam.
29

Novcom cow dung compost being prepared at c.f.u.) besides being stable, mature and
free from any phytotoxic effect.
Chamong Tea Estate, Darjeeling.
30

Qualitative Evaluation of Novcom Compost Produced using

Municipality Solid Waste as Raw material at Garulia and North
Barrackpore Municipality, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal.
The major deterrent factor towards effective and scientific recycling of municipality solid waste
(MSW) is failure of available composting techniques towards composite bioconversion of the
toxic and heterogeneous mixture of materials present in the waste. This is the reason why so far

Qualitative Evaluation of Novcom Compost Produced using Coir

Pith as Raw material at Vaniampara Rubber Estate (Kerala).
Coir pith is a very difficult material for biodegradation owing to its very high lignin content. That is
why even when there is large scale availability of the material in South India its successful
utilization has not been possible till date.Situated in Kerala, Vaniampara rubber estate is a

only few entrepreneurs have entered the field in about 11.5% of the total cities in India.

Novcom Compost using coir pith as raw material at Vaniampara Rubber Estate, Kerala.
plantation of about 140 ha area. Soil management in the plantation was done through the
Landfill site at Garulia Municipality where the project initiated in the year 2010
Garulia Municipality of 24 Parganas (North) district of
West Bengal, was facing similar bottlenecks towards
effective management of its waste load and in this
background, encountered 'Novcom Composting
Method' of Inhana Biosciences, which provided an
effective solution for the unattended problem.

application of vermi compost + coir pith compost + biofertilizers. However, it was providing little
benefits besides hugely raising the cost components. In this background they contacted Inhana
Biosciences for an alternative solution. Considering the nature of raw material and after
necessary analysis, Inhana Biosciences provided
customized Novcom solution and also suggested
minor modification in the Novcom composting
method for effective treatment of coir pith. Ready
Novcom coir pith compost was produced withina

The high temperature generated within Novcom

period of 21 days. Appreciation of N percent, fairly

composting heap during biodegradation of MSW

high microbial population (of the order of 1016) along

confirmed the huge generation and prolific activity of

with an ideal C/N ratio of 21:1 (from C/N of 58:1 in raw

beneficial and non pathogeneic microflora and also

material) could be achieved through Novcom

substantiated the absence of deadly pathogens (of

composting method. The compost was also found to

varying nature) generally found in such waste.

be stable, mature with no phytotoxic effect.

Qualitative evaluation of the final Novcom MSW

compost indicated that good quality compost having
very high microbial population, moderately high
nutrient content along with more important and
Novcom compost from MSW was additional potential of being stable, mature and free
prepared at landfill site of Garulia & from any phytotoxic effect; can be produced under

Conversion of coir pith in quality compost through Novcom composting method within

North Barrackpore Municipality.

21 days at Vaniampara Rubber Estate (Kerala).

this composting method.

31

32

Evaluation of Novcom Composting Method towards Production of

Post Soil Effectivity of Novcom Compost.

Compost using Water hyacinth at State Hort. Res. & Dev. Station,

& Development Farm (Chinsurah, Hooghly) for assessment of its potential towards production
of agricultural farm usable good quality compost using water hyacinth (mixed with cow dung in
80/20 ratio), a very common weed in W.B. and different agri-farm waste viz. grass, weeds
banana plants etc. as raw material.

The study was taken up to judge the effectivity of the Novcom post application in acid tea soils of
Assam. Three tea gardens viz. West Jalinga T. E. (applying Novcom compost on regular basis for
last seven to eight years), Maud T. E. (applying Novcom compost for last one year only) and
Sankar T. E. (following conventional chemical cultivation practice) were selected for the study.

Novcom composting heaps were

Variation in Soil Fertility After Application of Compost in West Jalinga Tea Estate.

erected at the respective farms and

1.40

in physical appearance, ii)

temperature variation and iii) volume
reduction of composting heap with
progress in biodegradation. Though
standard heaps as per Inhana

Organic Carbon (%) ----- >

were closely monitored for: i) change

640

1.35
1.35
1.30

1.30
1.27
1.25
1.20

recommendation could not be erected

1.39

620
600

604
590

580
560

Pre- compost
1
application

608

Post- compost
2
application

Pre- compost
1
application

200

70

633

65
61

60
55

55

50
45
40

Post- compost
2
application

57
54

Pre- compost
1
application

Available- K2O (kgha -1) ----- >

Horticultural Research & Dev. Station (Krishnagar) as well as Chinsurah Horticultural Research

Available- P2O5 (kgha-1) ----- >

In 2007-2008, the State Horticulture Dept. took up Novcom composting programme at State

Evaluation of Post Soil Effectivity of Novcom compost in acid tea soils

by Calcutta University

Available- N (kgha-1) ----- >

Krishnagar & Chinsurah Horti. Res. & Dev. Farm, Chinsurah, W.B

175

125
100

90

87

75
50

2
Post- compost
application

154

149

150

Pre- compost
1
application

Post- compost
2
application

due to shortage of raw material, still

12.10

9.90
12.05

12.05
12.00

11.96

11.95
11.90

11.91
11.87

11.85
11.80
11.75

Pre- compost
application
1

9.79

9.80
9.70
9.61
9.60

9.54

9.50

9.42

9.40
9.30
9.20

Pre- compost
application
1

Post- compost
application
2

Post- compost
application
2

8.00

9.45
9.40

9.40
9.35
9.30

9.28
9.26 9.26

9.25
9.20
9.15

6.95

Total PSB count (log10)----- >

recorded in the heaps within 72 hours

Total Actinomycetescount (log10)----- >

Dev. Station, Krishnagar, West Bengal.

Variation in Soil Microbial Status after Application of Compost in West Jalinga T. E

Total Fungi count (log10)----- >

temperature rise of about 560C was

Total bacterial count (log 10)----- >

Novcom Compost Heaps at State Hort. Res. &

7.00
6.00

6.02

5.60

5.78

5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00

Pre- compost
application
1

Pre- compost
application
1

Post- compost
application
2

Post- compost
application

Experimental Plot

Control Plot

Ready Novcom Compost Heaps prepared from water hyacinth at Chinsurah Horti.

Variations in soil fertility parameters viz organic carbon, available- N, available- P2O5, available-

Res. Farm, Chinsurah, West Bengal.

K2O and available- SO4 were studied before application of Novcom compost and 6 months post

after erection. The volume reduction curve over a period of 21 days (after heap erection) also

application. Study of pre and post compost applied soil samples from all the three tea gardens

indicated steady biodegradation, which started ceasing towards the end of third week. The

revealed an increasing trend of soil fertility after compost application, which once again gave an

physical appearance of the compost in terms of dark colour and earthy smell indicated the

indirect indication regarding the effectivity of compost towards soil development. But the

completion of biodegradation within a period of 21 days and the end product quality was further

significant changes noticed is the increase availability of soil phosphate in acid tea soil, where

supported by its analytical report.

plant availability of phosphate is a limiting factor.

33

34

Post Soil Application Effectivity

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT COMPOST

Total bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and phosphate solubilizing bacteria count were done for all
the soil samples, prior application of compost and 6 month post application. Microbial population

Quality of Soil Inputs as a Determinant Factor for Post Soil Effectivity

in all the soils increases post compost application, however higher soil microbial population in

A comparative study from FAO-CFC-TBI Project at Maud T. E., India

West Jalinga tea estate as compared to the other two tea estates might be due to the different
cultivation practice adopted in those individual gardens, which were also reflected in the values

Organic soil amendment plays the key role both during conversion and for practicing organic

obtained for other parameters.

agriculture. However, major limiting factor towards large scale organic agriculture is their huge
quantitative requirement on the basis of N, P, K replacement theory. The present study at Maud

0.95
0.90

0.87
0.87
0.85

0.85
0.80
0.75

440
424
420
403 404

405

400

380
Pre- compost Post- compost
1
2
application
application

60
55

50
40
34

32

30
20

Pre- compost
Post- compost
1
2
application
application

57

400
Available - K2O (kgha -1) ----- >

0.98
Available - N (kgha -1) ----- >

Organic Carbon (%) ----- >

1.00

Available - P2O5 (kgha -1) ----- >

Variation in Soil Fertility After Application of Compost in Maud Tea Estate.

395

391

375

Fig. 1 : Quality Parameters of Different Organic Soil Inputs Produced at Maud Tea Estate

350
325

321

275

Organic Soil Inputs

250

Sl.
No

225
Pre- compost
Post- compost
1
2
application
application

6.11

6.79

6.80

Total Fungi count (log 10)----- >

Total Bacterial count (log

10)-----

>

6.20

6.70
6.61
6.60

6.54

6.50
6.40
6.30

Pre- compost Post- compost

application
application
1

6.00
5.80
5.60

5.51

5.43

5.40

5.29

5.20
5.00
4.80

Pre- compost
application
1

6.00
5.80
5.60
5.40
5.20

5.15

5.08
4.95

5.00
4.80
4.60
4.40

Post- compost
application
2

5.40

5.83

Total PSB count (log

10)----- >

6.86

Total Actinomycetescount (log10)----- >

Variation in Soil Microbial Status after Application of Compost in Maud Tea Estate
6.90

Pre - compost
application
1

5.32

Vermi
Compost

Indigenous
Compost

Biodynamic
Compost

Novcom
Compost

Organic Soil Inputs

Sl.
No

Parameter

Vermi
Compost

Indigenous
Compost

Biodynamic
Compost

Novcom
Compost

Ready Nutrient Supplying Potential

Physical Properties
1.

Moisture percent(%)

58.52

45.59

56.87

59.91

18.

Water soluble carbon (%)

0.25

0.30

0.12

0.38

2.

Bulk density (gcm-3)

0.71

0.95

0.62

0.45

19.

Water soluble inorganic N(%)

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.12

Water soluble organic N (%)

0.05

0.05

0.02

0.07

3.

Porosity (%)

55.21

52.72

47.18

69.37

20.

4.

WHC (%)

162.6

163.9

177.3

217.8

21.

Organic C/N ratio

4.6

6.3

5.8

5.4

22.

Humification ratio

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.004

Physicochemical Properties

5.20
4.96

5.00
4.85
4.80

4.60
4.60
4.40

Pre - compost
application
1

Post - compost
application

5.

pHwater (1 : 5)

6.45

6.67

7.22

7.39

6.

EC (1 :5) dSm-1

1.67

1.36

1.66

2.08

7.

Total Ash Content (%)

51.85

69.26

42.62

47.70

8.

Total Volatile Solids (%)

48.16

30.74

57.38

52.30

9.

Organic carbon (%)

26.75

17.08

31.88

29.06

10.

CEC (cmol(p+)kg-1)

136.8

163.7

176.5

186.9

11.

CMI1

1.94

4.06

1.34

1.64

12.

Experimental Plot

In general, the availability of micronutrients in soil showed an increasing trend post compost
application with few exceptions. Enhancement of microbial activity after application of microbial
rich compost might cause a positive influence towards the availability of micronutrients in the

Sorption capacity index

5.11

9.59

5.54

6.43

Nutrient Status
13.

Control Plot

Parameter

Microbial Properties

4.20
Post - compost
application

at Assam, India during 2008-2009 to 2009 2010 (pooled data of 30 samples).

316

300

200

Pre- compost
Post- compost
1
2
application
application

tea estate (Assam), India under CFC-TBI Project, 2008-2011; aims to evaluate whether good

14.

Total Nitrogen (%)

Total P 2O5 (%)

1.73
0.66

1.70
0.41

1.74
0.76

2.15
0.67

15.

Total K 2O (%)

0.90

0.40

1.00

1.10

16.

C/N ratio

15.5

10.0

18.4

13.5

Stability Parameters
17.

CO2 evolution rate

(mgCO2C/g OM/day)

0.48

1.01

0.84

0.99

23.

Total bacterial count 2

63 x 1012

71 x 1012

20 x 1012

65 x 1016

24.

Total fungal count 2

35 x 1010

80 x 1011

22 x 1012

22 x 1016

25.

Total actinomycetes 2 count

15 x 1010

15 x 1011

9 x 1012

8 x 1016

107

108

108

21 x 1013
32 x 1013

ammonifiers 3

26.

Total

27.

Total nitrifiers 3

28.

Microbial biomass carbon(%)

6.7 x

16 x

16 x

65.0 x 107

57 x 108

73 x 108

0.46

1.20

1.12

1.26

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.08

0.07

0.07

0.10

Maturity & Phytotoxicity Parameters

29.

NH4+ - N (%)

30.

NO3- - N (%)
+

31.

NH4 - N : NO3 - N

0.38

0.43

0.29

0.20

32.

Seedling emergence
(% of control)

97.9

82.7

94.1

116.9

33.

Root elongation
(% of control)

100.0

84.6

95.1

116.8

34.

Germination index
(phytotoxicity bioassay)

0.98

0.70

0.89

1.37

soil solution .

quality compost in lower dosage can support crop yield without any soil mining through

Study of pre and post compost applied soil samples from all the three tea gardens

rejuvenation of soil microbial population. Four organic soil amendments viz. vermicompost ,

revealed an increasing trend of soil fertility and soil microbial status after compost

indigenous , Biodynamic and Novcom compost were produced using on- farm resources and

application, which once again gave an indirect indication regarding the effectivity of

analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological properties, nutrient content, stability, maturity

Novcom compost towards soil development.

and phytotoxicity status.

35

36

Comparative Study
Crop performance in terms of green leaf yield was recorded plot wise during each plucking
round for the year 2009 and 2010. The yield considered presently is the average of 2009 and
2010, upto the period of 150 days (post compost application). Highest yield was obtained in
-1

-1

Post Soil Effecticity of Novcom Compost - Evaluated by BCKV, State

Agricultural University, West Bengal
Crop trial using tomato and green gram as test crop was conducted at the Agricultural Farm of

Novcom plots (3707 kgha ) followed by Indigenous (3340 kgha ), lowest yield was recorded in

Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya and in the farmers' field at Molebona village, Bankura

the control. Novcom, Indigenous, Vermi and Biodynamic applied plots were 25.2, 12.8, 11.6,

District of West Bengal. The trial was conducted during September,08 to January,09; for

and 6.4 percent higher respectively. However, significantly higher (CDP= (0.05) value 485) crop

evaluation NOVCOM Composting Method along with post soil effectivity of NOVCOM compost.

y = 37.625x - 363.75x + 1089.9x - 945.75x + 3142

R2 = 1

3800
3600
3400
3200
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000

yield was obtained only in Novcom treated

plots in comparison to control plot.

Vermi
Compost

converters. The N converters in soil are

Indigenous Biodynamic Novcom

Compost
Compost
Compost

primarily responsible for the maintenance

Fig 2 : Comparative crop performance under application

of different compost application.

of equilibrium among the different forms of

soil- N thereby influencing N uptake vis-vis crop performance. Figure 3 represents

converters and their influence on green

4.70

leaf yield in the different treatment plots.

Polynomial trend line of readily available
soil N converters and the linear
representation of green leaf yield
showed a symmetric pattern thereby

3600
3400

4.50

3200

4.30

3000

4.10

2800
2600

3.90

2400
3.70

2200

3.50

2000
Control

indicating a close inter-relation.

Vermi Compost Indigenous

Compost

Biodynamic
Compost

Novcom
Compost

Treatments ----- >

250

Ammonifires

5.80

Nitosomonas

Nitrobactor

Yield

5.70

5.60
150

5.50

5.40

100

5.30
50
5.20

5.10
Verm i Com pos t

Indigenous
Com pos t

Biodynam ic
Com pos t

Novcom Com pos t

Treatments --------- >

Readily Av. N

Ex. (NO2 +NO3)

Total N Conveters (150 Day)

Total N Conveters (0 day)

Ex. NH4

Total N Converters (Log10)-- >

200

y = -36.5x 2 + 193.5x + 510

R2 = 1

750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
Control Plot

Chemical Plot

Before Initiation of Experiment

3800

Green Leaf Yield (kgha-1) -- >

4.90

N Conveters (Log 10) --- >

the interrelation among different soil N

Fig 3 : Comparative crop performance with respect to soil

N converters 150 days post application.

Figure 4 represents the relationship between the

different forms of nitrogen in soil and the soil N
converters. Research has indicated that with

Available Nutrient Index (kgha-1) ----- >

soil, as well as with the population of soil- N

800

Organic Plot

After Crop Harvesting

y = -13.985x2 + 60.915x + 247.46

R2 = 1

350
300
250
200
150
100
Control Plot

Chemical Plot

Before Initiation of Experiment

Organic Plot

After Crop Harvesting

Variation in Microbial Population in Experimental Plots at BCKV Research Farm at

Nadia, W.B. & Farmers Field at Bankura , W.B.
8.00

y = 0.3985x2 - 1.2027x + 7.8941

R2 = 1

7.80
7.60
7.40
7.20
7.00
6.80
6.60

7.50

Microbial Population (Log10 value) ----- >

forms of N especially readily available- N in

Available Nutrient Index (kgha-1) ----- >

relationship with the status of different

Different Soil Inputs ----- >

Forms of N (Kgha-1) -- >

Variation in Available Nutrient Index in Experimental Plots at BCKV Research Farm

at Nadia, W.B. & Farmers Field at Bankura , W.B.

Crop performance has a strong

Control

Control

The following figures indicates development of soil quality post novcom compost application.

Microbial Population (Log10 value) ----- >

Green Leaf (kgha-1) ---- >

6.40

Control Plot

Chemical Plot

Before Initiation of Experiment

y = 1.1103x

+ 7.083
y = 1.1103x 2 --3.3803x
3.3803x
+ 7.083
R2 =1
R =1

7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00

Organic Plot

Control Plot

After Crop Harvesting

Chemical Plot

Before Initiation of Experiment

Organic Plot

After Crop Harvesting

Post-harvest soil analysis showed significant improvement in soil microbial population in

NOVCOM compost treated plots, where microbial population increased up to the order of 105.

enhancement in the population of soil N converters

In depth study of this project in two different agro-climatic situations reveals that

availability of Ex. NH4 and Ex. NO2+NO3 increases in

Novcom Compost has that desired potential to be a path finder for formulation of

Fig 4 : Comparative study of different

forms of N vis - a vis total N converters soil & the development was highest in case of Novcom
compost applied soil.
150 days post application.

37

effective guideline towards organic soil management.

38

Post Soil Effectivity of Novcom Compost

'ECOLOGICAL MONITORING STUDY' in West Jalinga T.E.. by Assam

The most significant fact was that the average mass of fruits (tomato) at harvestable stage was

University, Silchar during April (2003) to December (2004).

significantly higher in organically treated plants with respect to their counter parts under control
plots in both the study area. It indicates that soil-plant nutrient dynamics were more active in

Tomato (tonha-1) --- >

organically treated plots irrespective of the agro-climatic zone. The increase in tomato yield due

Objective: To Assess the Status of Soil Health, Water Quality and Biodiversity in the T.E.

35

to the application of Novcom compost

NOVCOM compost application (at the rate of 2-3 tons/ha) is being done in Jalinga Tea Estate

33

might be due to better utilization of soil

under Rational Farming Technology of Inhana Biosciences since 2001.

31
29

resources (like plant nutrients and

27

moisture) in the presence of huge

25
23
21
19

The study

health even within two years of the composting programme.

population of microorganisms.

Improvement of soil physical properties (bulk density, water holding capacity).

Microorganisms enhanced biological N2

Achievement

fixation, released fixed nutrients, helped in

17
15
BCKV Farm
Control Plot

Farmer's Field
Novcom Compost (4 ton/bigha)

and analysis gives a clear conformation regarding marked improvement in soil

of the desired status and availability of the fertility components (organic

carbon, nitrate and phosphate)

better development of root system and

Microbial status estimation in the tea estate soils reveals an active and enhanced population

possible higher synthesis of plant growth

which could have developed in this short period only through the application of highly

chemicals.

charged, ideal quality NOVCOM compost.

NOVCOM compost enables the restoration of a natural environment in these

Fig 2 : Crop performance (tomato) under application of

soils where such enhanced microbial activities is the obvious outcome.

Novcom compost at different agro-ecosystem.

Evaluation of Novcom Compost in terms

of soil development, restoration of soil
health and crop performance indicates

restoration of the depleted soil

and better crop productivity in an

Greengram(kgha-1)----- >

achieving faster soil development

2500000

0.025

3.6

2000000

1.04

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4

3
2.5

1.8

2
1.5

0.020
0.015
0.010

0.2

0.5

0.0

Conventional
T. E.

(p p m )--->

3.5

1.2

0.005
0.0001

Organic T. E.

1500000

1000000

500000

0.000

Conventional
T. E.

Organic T. E. Conventional
T. E.

Bacterial
density

Fungal densityActinomicetes
density

1000

The most important fact is that the

under stressed conditions for

1.42

1.4

Organic T. E.

productivity and health.

especially in the problematic soils or

0.030

Microbial density/g soil

different agricultural crops as well as

(p p m )--->

percent (%)--->

of successful organic management of

large scale and long term adoption

Microbial density in soils of NOVCOM applied &

Conventional tea garden

Soil Phosphate in NOVCOM applied &

Conventional tea garden
0.025

1.6

that it has tremendous potential in terms

technology may do wonder under

Soil Nitrate in NOVCOM applied &

Conventional tea garden

Soil Organic Carbon in NOVCOM

applied & Conventional tea garden

900

Study done by Assam University shows that soil fertility as well as microbial population in

800

NOVCOM compost treated soil is significantly higher than the soils of conventional tea

700

gardens. The study indicated that application of NOVCOM compost ensures improvement of

600

overall qualitative properties of soil in the shortest possible time.

500

As per the Soil Development is concern, Regular Application of Novcom

400

economic manner.

C o n t ro l P lo t

N o vc o m C o m p o s t
(2 t o n / b ig h a )

Compost Makes a Significant Impact in the Soil Quality Which in Turn Positively
Influence the Biodiversity of the Tea Estate.

Fig 2 : Green gram yield under application of Novcom compost

39

40

NOVCOM COMPOST - Usefulness in Nursery

CHECK POINTS FOR PRODUCTION OF HIGH QUALITY NOVCOM COMPOST

1. Choose an upland area as composting site where there is no

Seedling is the most delicate stage of the

problem of water logging.

plant growth cycle, hence soil environment in

the nursery should be optimum to desire

2. On the 1st day, 7th day and 14th day height of the heap should not

results. Slight variation in the soil

be less than 6 ft.

environmental condition might severely

3. The heap should be made compact by be compressing

affect the germination rate and at the same

downwards from top and inwards from sides after

tome their render seedling death. However,

construction of each layer on the 1st , 7th and 14th day.

to ensure the most ideal environment for the

seedlings, compost can take a very

4. After application of NOVCOM Solution diluted in water if the

important role. Healthy plants require

layers still appear dry, then plain water can be sprayed to

healthy soil This truth is most significant in

moisten them.

terms of the nursery bed because healthy

seedlings are the future of healthy plants. But

Similarly in between the days of turning if the heap appears

to get the desired effectivity in the nursery,

dry from outside little watering may be done to maintain

the quality of compost should be in highest

proper moisture level.

order. In this regard evaluation of NOVCOM Fig 1:Root Development in tea seedlings with
compost

in

terms

of

application of Novcom compost at Maud T.E.

different

under FAO-CFC - TBI Project.

stability/maturity and phytotoxicity

REMEMBER BOTH OVER (> 60%) & LOW MOISTURE (< 50%)
IN THE HEAP SHALL AFFECT COMPOST QUALITY.

parameters (viz. CO 2 evolution rate,

4. To judge the moisture percent take out a handful of

germination index, root growth efficiency,

composting material from inside of the NOVCOM heap. Press

phytotoxicity bioassay etc.) only reveals it's

hard, if one or two drops of water comes out, then the

highest standard for optimum suitability of

moisture percent is okay.

the compost in nursery bed, which ensures

5. PROTECT THE COMPOST HEAP FROM RAIN BY USING

effective germination and most healthy

PLASTIC SHEETS, or MAKE TEMPORARY SHEDS.

growth of seedlings.
PERCOLATION OF RAIN WATER IN THE HEAP DURING
COMPOSTING OR IN READY COMPOST SEVERELY AFFECTS
COMPOST QUALITY, WHICH CANNOT BE RECTIFIED.
6. AT THE SAME TIME DURING COMPOSTING THE HEAP
SHOULD GET SUFFICIENT SUNSHINE.
7. Maintain temperature record. For effective composting the
temperature of the heap should rise above 600C by 72 hours of
Fig 3:Tomato nursery under different

Fig 2 : Organic Nursery Developement under FAO-CFC-

treatments under the project at

TBI- Project at Maud T.E. showed promising

farmer's field at Bankura, W.B.

results using Novcom compost.

41

heap erection.

42