European Journal of Scientific Research

ISSN 1450-216X Vol.41 No.4 (2010), pp.606-626

EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010
http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm

The Effect of Coupled Field on the Vibration

Characteristics and Stresses of Turbomachinery System
Hani Aziz Ameen
Technical College /Al-Musaib Pumps Engineering Department
E-mail: haniazizameen@yahoo.com
Abstract
Fluid structure interactions play an increasingly significant role in turbo machinery.
While the behavior of vibrating system has motivated numerous experimental and
numerical works, very few studies have been devoted to the case of vibration of turbo
machinery. This paper presents an investigation of fluid-structure interface, which is of
strong interest for turbo machinery applications. The prediction of the fluid structure
coupling in turbo machinery is thus a challenging task. This paper have a novel discussion
of the dyn amic behavior (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of turbo machinery and the
relationships between pressure flow and the stresses of the turbo machinery system. This
work is experimental and analytical study of dynamic performance of turbo machine which
is consists of a fan, shaft and casing. During the experiments the shaft rotational velocity
was changed in which the vibration amplitude is experimentally and analytically are
measured. The loading due to pressure was solved by subjecting this pressure onto the fan
blade surface, shaft and hollow shaft using ANSYS12, finite element software by the
coupled- field analysis. A coupled- field analysis is a combination of analyses from
different engineering disciplines (physics fields) that interact to solve global turbomachinery problems, hence a coupled- field analysis is often referred to as a multi- physics
analysis. loading due to fluid flow and rotational velocity were subjected on the turbo
machinery system. Results show that the value of natural frequency in assembly part is less
than the natural frequency in individual parts, the stresses are increased with increasing the
rotational speed, the relationship between the pressure and the stresses for each part of the
turbo machinery systems individually or assembly are linear and the amplitude in Xdirection is higher that at the Y-direction and the amplitude value in X and Y directions are
decreases when the rotational speed is increased. Good agreement is evident between
theoretical and experimental results.

Symbols
[M]
[Ks]
[Kf]
{S}
{F}
[B]
[D]
[N]

Mass matrix
Structure stiffness matrix
fluid stiffness matrix
nodal deflection vector
nodal force vector
strain- displacement matrix
stress- strain matrix
shape function matrix
fluid density

The Effect of Coupled Field on the Vibration Characteristics and Stresses of

Turbomachinery System
vol
u,v,w
x,y,z
t(superscript)
P
gx,gy,gz

N
Ux,Uy

607

volume
velocity in x,y and z direction
cartesian coordinate
transpose matrix or vector
pressure
acceleration of gravity in x,y,z directions
viscosity
stress
shaft rotation (rpm)
amplitude in x and y-direction

Introduction
Fluid Structure interaction play an important role in many different types of real-world situations and
industrial applications involving large structural deformation and material or geometric nonlinearities.
During recent years their importance and practical application have realized and subsequently various
numerical techniques have been developed to study the dynamic behaviors of fluid motions upon the
structure [1]. To simplify the approach to the complete problem, the fluid-structure system is
subdivided into two subsystems, namely the structure domain and the fluid domain. By doing this, it is
possible to deal with two separate problems. The response of the structure to known loading and The
pressure generated in the fluid domain due to known motions of its boundaries. The final step is to
couple the solutions of those two problems a long the interface boundary. The problem of the structure
response to known loadings is fully understood and any difficulty arising from the geometry of the
structure could be overcome by using the finite element method. Regarding the second problem, the
fluid is usually found bounded by irregular boundaries. If the fluid domain is finite, the finite element
method can be used. However, this is a relatively expensive approach. If the fluid domain is infinite, a
finite element treatment will not be satisfactory unless some sort of non-reflecting boundary is
incorporated. On the other hand, an analytical solution for the fluid domain is generally possible only if
its boundaries can be approximated as having simple geometries. The second approach is
computationally advantageous over the first [2]. So that, there are several approaches for solving a
fluid structure interaction problem. The classical one is the Lagrangian formulation for the structure
and ALE formulation for the fluid, a fluid -structure interaction is defined between the fluid and the
structure which is treated by contact algorithm. Different techniques have been developed to improved
the ALE Lagrangian formulation including codes coupling, SPH (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamic) and
Euler Lagrange method, where the fluid is solved using an Eulerian mesh and the structure is solved on
a Lagrangian mesh. This method was successfully used for many problems such as helicopter ditching,
rotor system,., etc.[3] [4]. The rotor system which consist of axial flow fan, rotor, journal bearing,
hollow shaft and duct, is operated when fluid flow into it and due to that vibration will occur in every
part of the system due to fluid structure interaction. The subject of rotor dynamic system and it is
behavior was studied by many authors; several investigators have been studied the vibration of blade,
fan, rotor, bearing and casing. Pedroso et al [5] presented a symmetric variational formulation for
calculator of dynamic problems regarding a fluidstructure interaction. Matej Vesenjak [6], is studied
the problem of fluid-structure interaction in a mixing vessel. In mixing vessels the fluid can have a
significant influence on the deformation of blades during mixing, depending on speed of mixing blades
and fluid viscosity. For this purpose a computational weakly coupled analysis has been performed to
determine the multiphase fluid influences on the mixing vessel structure. The multiphase fluid field in
the mixing vessel was first analyzed with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code CFX. The
results in the form of pressure were then applied to the blade model, which is then analyzed with the
finite element structural analysis system. The resulting deformation and stress are evaluated. Sadeghi
and Liu [7], is presented a numerical method for the computation of aeroelasticity. Although the

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Hani Aziz Ameen

emphasis here is on turbomachinery, the method is applicable to a wide variety of problems. A flow
solver is coupled to a structural solver by use of a fluid-structure interface method. The integration of
the three-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes equations is performed in the time domain,
simultaneously to the integration of a modal three-dimensional structural model. Mohammed et al [8]
are discussed the dynamic behavior (natural frequencies, modes and modal pressures) of the tank
structure containing incompressible and inviscid fluid. Emphasis is on modal pressure computation and
its practical applications. Information related to modal pressure is essential for closed loop in-stability
problems, and it finds its application in pipe network installations where pressure pulsations caused by
pump or compressors are of importance and for pogo stability analysis in launch vehicles. Dynamic
characteristics of the tank with fluid inside are addressed in this study. Most of the forgoing published
work gave a greet deal to the dynamic response to a part from a rotary system theoretically and/or
experimentally. Hence, it becomes essential to study the dynamic response of a rotary system at
difference rotor speed. This study is identified theoretically by using finite element method
ANSYS12 software which is studied the modal analysis, static, and transient analysis and experimental
work by measuring the response of the system by using interface devices .

Fluid Element Formulation

For almost all physical problems that can be solved by the finite element method, the structure element
equations can be expressed in the form [9]:
(1)
[ M ]{ && } + [ K ]{ } = { F }
where:
[K] = [B ]t [D ] [B ] dvol

(2)

vol

[ M ] = [ N ] t [ N ] dv
Vol

(3)

and the fluid flow equations can be illustrated by [10]:

i. Conservation of Momentum
Equating the quantity of mass entering and leaving an element volume is:
u v w
+
+
=0
x y z

(4)

ii. Conservation of Momentum

The conservation of momentum is express by:
in x- direction:
P
u
u
u
2u 2 u 2u
+ ( u
+v
+ w ) = g x + (
+
+
)
x
x
y
z
x 2 y 2 z 2

in y- direction:
P
v
v
v
2v 2v 2v
+ ( u + v + w ) = g y + (
+
+
)
y
x
y
z
x 2 y 2 z 2

(5)

(6)

in z- direction:
P
w
w
w
2w 2w 2w
+ ( u
+v
+w
+
+
) = g z + (
)
z
x
y
z
x 2 y 2 z 2

Now , formulated the above equations by finite element analysis:

(7)

The Effect of Coupled Field on the Vibration Characteristics and Stresses of

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609

Step 1: Assume approximate solution in terms of shape function and nodal value
n
P( x , y ,z ) = Ni Pi = { N }t { P }
i =1
n
u( x , y ,z ) = Ni ui = { N }t { u }
i =1
n
v( x , y ,z ) = Ni vi = { N }t { v }
i =1
n
w( x , y ,z ) = Ni wi = { N }t { w }
i =1

(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)

Step 2: Substitute the approximate solution into governing equations to define the residual error
function
P
2 u 2u 2u
+ (
+
+
)
x
x 2 y 2 z 2
P
2v 2v 2v
R2 = g y
+ (
+
+
)
y
x 2 y 2 z 2
P
2w 2w 2w
R3 = g z
+ (
+
+
)
z
x 2 y 2 z 2

R1 = g x

R4 =

u v w
+
+
x y z

(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)

Step 3: Apply weighted Residual conditions using Galerkins method

2 u 2u 2u
P
)] d = 0
+ (
+
+
x
x 2 y 2 z 2

P
2v 2v 2v
+ (
+
+
)] d = 0
{ N }[ g y
y
x 2 y 2 z 2

P
2w 2w 2w
)] d = 0
+ (
+
+
{ N }[ g z
z
x 2 y 2 z 2

{ N }[ g x

(16)
(17)
(18)

Hence,
2u

[ ({N} x

+ {N}

vn { N }

P
u
u
+ { N }g x ] d = 0
+ wn { N } { N }
x
z
y

[ ({ N }

vn { N }

(19)

2v
2v
2v
v
) ( un { N } +
+{ N }
+{ N }
x
x 2
y 2
z 2

v
v
P
+ wn { N } { N }
+ { N }g y ] d = 0
y
z
y

[ ({ N }

2u
2u
u
+ {N} 2 ) (un {N} +
2
y
z
x

2w
2w
2w
w
) ( un { N }
+{ N }
+{ N }
+
2
2
2
x
x
y
z

(20)

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Hani Aziz Ameen

vn { N }

P
w
w
+ { N }g z ] d = 0
{ N }
+ wn { N }
z
z
y

{ N }(

u v w
+
+
)d = 0
x y z

(21)
(22)

Integrated by parts all terms of equations (19), (20), (21) and (22) except those involving un, vn,
and wn, this leads to element equations that
[ K ] = [ ({

N N t
N N t
N N t
}{
} +{
}{
} +{
}{
} )
x
x
y
y
z
z

u n { N }{

N t
N t
N t
} vn { N }{
} wn { N }{
} ] d
x
y
z

(23)
(24)

{ F } = [ K f ]{ P }

FluidStructure Interface
Fluid structure interaction problems are a great challenge of different fields in engineering and applied
sciences. The fluid structure interaction can be solved with separate solvers for the fluid and the
structure. Equilibrium of the forces on the common boundary of the fluid and the structure is obtained
by performing coupling iterations between the two problems in every time step. Fluid structure
interactions play an increasingly significant role in turbo machinery [11]. Fluidstructure coupled
computation is performed by solving the Navier Stokes equation (eq.(24)) coupled with the structural
equation (eq.(1)), thus
[ K s ]{ } + [ M ]{ && } [ A ] t { P } = { F }
(25)
[ K f ]{ P } + [ A ]{ && } = 0

(26)

For free vibration, the coupled fluid-structure equation is [ 12]:

M
A

0 && K s
&& +
0 P
0

At
= 0
K f P

(27)

Nonlinear Explicits Dynamics

The explicit dynamics procedure can be an effecting tool for solving a wide variety of fluid structure
interface. For a variety of reasons ANSYS12 is often very efficient in solving the fluid structure
problems. There are six types of elements used in the analysis of fluid-structure problem (turbo
machinery in present work):
1. SOLID72
Solid 72 is a four-node tetrahedral element , with each node having three translational degrees of
freedom in the nodal x-direction, y-direction and z-direction, as well as rotations about the nodal in xdirection, y- direction, and z- direction.
2. SOLID45
This element is a three-dimensional brick element used to model isotropic solid problems. It has eight
nodes with each node having three translational degree of freedom in the nodal x-direction, y-direction
and z- direction.

The Effect of Coupled Field on the Vibration Characteristics and Stresses of

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611

3. COMBIN14
Combin14 has longitudinal or torsional capability in one-dimension, two- dimension or three
dimension. The longitudinal spring-damper option is a uniaxial tension-compression element with up
to three translational degree of freedom in the nodal x, y and z direction.
4. CONTAC174
This is a three- dimensional, eight-node , higher order quadrilateral element that can be located on the
surfaces of three- dimensional solid or shell element with midside nodes.
5. TARGE170
This is a three-dimensional element and shape is described by a sequence of triangles, quadrilaterals,
straight lines, parabolas, cylinders, cones and spheres.
6. FLUID142
FLUID142 is three dimensional, eight nodes, and degrees of freedom are velocity, pressure and
temperature.
Figure 1: Shown the element types used in the analysis of turbo machine

Coupled- Field Analysis

When the flow field over a hollow shaft provides pressure loads, that can be used in the structural
analysis. The pressure loading result in a deflection of the hollow shaft. This deflection, in principle,
changes the geometry of the flow field a round the hollow shaft, but in practice, the change is small
enough to be negligible. Thus, there is no need to iteration. In this case, fluid element is used for the
flow solution and structural elements for the stress and deflection calculations. ANSYS12 program
[13] performs load transfer coupled physics analysis using the concept of a physics environment. The
term physics environment applies to both a file you create which contains all operating parameters and
characteristics for a particular physics analysis and to the files contents. It can be defined physics
environment file by using PHYSICS, WRITE command. PHYSICS, READ command will be used to
read in physics environment file, using either the filename or the title used in writing the file. Before
reading the physics file, the ANSYS program clears all boundary conditions, loads, node coupling,
materials properties, analysis options, and constraint equations that presently exist in the database. The
LDREAD command links the different physics environments in a couple-field analysis, enabling to

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Hani Aziz Ameen

read in specified results data from the first physics environment solution analysis and applying them as
loads for the next environment solution. In many load transfer coupling applications, It may be needed
to restart one of the physics solutions.

Model Generation
Procedure is presented for dynamic modeling of axial fan rotor-bearing system [14][15].
1. Shaft
Shaft is represented in ANSYS12 by using solid modeling approach method represent by drawing
keypoint, line, area, and volume generation by rotating this area on z-axis and add this volume together
to get at last on single volume. As shown in Fig.(2)
Figure 2: Rotor Shaft

Solid72 (tetrahedral element) is used to mesh this volume and control on mesh by given
element size.
2. Fan
Fan is represented by ANSYS12 software by using solid-modeling approach method. By drawing disk
and create keypoints to airfoil, these keypoints get from DESIGN FOIL program V6.02, by entering
the constant parameter that represent:
i. Max camber HEIGHT as percentage of chord.
ii. Max camber LOCATION as percentage of chord.
iii. Max AIRFOIL thickness as percentage of chord.
Then create lines between keypoints by using (SPLINE) command.
Figure 3: Airfoil NACA 5309

and create area by using (ASKIN) command, as shown in Fig.(3). Create volume by extend area by
using (VEXT) command, as shown in Fig.(4). To get an actual number of blades that is required, make
copy for this blade after change coordinate system from cartesian coordinate (x, y, z) to cylindrical
coordinate (r, , z). Fig.(5) shows the completed fan.

The Effect of Coupled Field on the Vibration Characteristics and Stresses of

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613

Figure 4: Extruding the area to get volume of blade

Figure 5: Complete Fan

In order to get actual angle of attack, the transformation coordinates system is needed as in
Fig.(6) . From this figure the following equations can be get:
From Fig.(3-18f) it can be deduced that
x = x x1
(28)
y = y y1
(29)

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Hani Aziz Ameen

(30)
yn = y1 + x sin y cos
(31)
Fan is also meshing using tetrahedral element (SOLID72) and it can be controlled by element
size mesh. As shown in Fig.(7).
xn = x1 + x cos y sin

3. Hollow Shaft
Hollow shaft is drawing by using (CYL4) command. Hollow shaft is meshed in same method that
mesh shaft and fan.
Figure 6: Transformation coordinate

Figure 7: Fans mesh

4. Bearing
Bearing is represent in ANSYS12 by using direct generation method , it represent by using
COMBIN14 element.

The Effect of Coupled Field on the Vibration Characteristics and Stresses of

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615

5. Fluid- Structure
It is a small region that treatment fluid at first solution and structure at second solution , it is
represented in ANSYS12 by using solid-modeling approach method and when this region treatment
fluid it needed to define (density, viscosity) but when this region treatment structural , it need for
define Youngs modulus and is value take (1%) of mean structural and with take small possions ratio.
6. Fluid Flow
Fluid flow is represent by air flow and in ANSYS12 is expressed by using solid modeling approach
method and meshed by using FLUID142 elements. The input for solver is velocity and output is
pressure and this pressure value is taken to applied on area of hollow shaft.

The Model of Present Study

Figure 8: Turbo-machine model

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Hani Aziz Ameen

Experimental Work
The purpose of the experimental part is to study vibration phenomena of a rotating system that consist
of axial flow fan, shaft, two journal bearing, hollow shaft, variable AC motor, duct and measuring
instruments. Fig.(9) demonstrated the layout of the experimental set up.
Figure 9: Block diagram of the rig.

System Description
The assembly of the photograph and schematic diagram of the apparatus is shown in Fig.(10), it can be
shown that a turbo-machine device which is important in many industries carrying the axial fan, hub
and two journal bearings, two pulleys to drive the motor rotation and the shaft housing is used to fix
the outer duct on the system.
Figure 10: Turbo machinery system

The Effect of Coupled Field on the Vibration Characteristics and Stresses of

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617

Shaft
The shaft is made from (St 60.2), medium carbon steel, with tensile strength of (600 720) N/mm,
density (7840)kg/m3, Young modulus (210) GN/m2, modulus of elasticity (80) GN/m2 and length
(544.66) mm with step diameter along its length, as shown in Fig.(11).
Bearing
The purpose of using two bearings is to support the load to allow the relative motion between two
elements of machine, which it is made from porosity bronze alloy, density (8200) kg/m3, Young
modulus (96) GN/m2, modulus of elasticity (36)GN/m2.
House Bearing
House bearing is iron disk (bed stall) of (CK 45), the outer diameter is (112.2 mm) and inner diameter
is (54 mm). House bearing is used to fixed the bush bearing which set inside it, as shown in Fig.(12).
Figure 11: Shaft

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Hani Aziz Ameen

Figure 12: House bearing

Fan
The axial fan used in this test rig is usually used in turbomachinary devices, such as power plant
exhaust gas towers, steel plant, pharmaceutical, fertilizer plant, oil / gas production (processing and
transportation), chemical process, petrochemical/ refinery, etc. This fan is of (7) blades aerofoil
section (NACA 5309), each blade span is (114.35) mm, root chord is (86.64) mm, tip chord (46) mm,
and maximum thickness of blade is (6) mm, which is located at 30 % from the leading edge [16], as
shown in Fig.(13).
Figure 13: Photograph of the fan blade and fan

The fan blade material is (AL-CastAlloy) which density (2650) Kg/m and a young modules
equal to (76)GPa, the rotor disk of fan is (150.75) mm diameter. The stagger angles of the blade can be
changed during the test from (5-70) by steps of (5). In the presented study the stagger angle is fixed
on 35.
Hollow Shaft
The hollow shaft is cylindrical metal of (CK 45) which density (2650) Kg/m , Young modulus (170)
GN/m2, modulus of elasticity (69) GN/m2 which have inner diameter (112.2) mm and outer diameter
(130.6) mm. The purpose of a hollow shaft is to achieve stream line flow of air and prevent swirl from
occur around the shaft .
Probe
It is four studs used to achieve centroide for hollow shaft this probe connected between hollow shaft
and circular duct, the width of probe is (39) mm , (3) mm thickness and (137.7) mm length. Probe is
made from (GG18) which density (7250) Kg/m and young modules (100) GN/m .

The Effect of Coupled Field on the Vibration Characteristics and Stresses of

Turbomachinery System

619

Circular Duct
Duct is made from galvanized steel sheet with thickness (1) mm and the inner diameter is (400 1)
mm . In order to achieve the capacities stated on the performance curve, the fan must be provided with
inlet ducts. The inlet hub ( cone ) and bow on the fan inlet side is designed to ensure smooth and
undisturbed flow of air at the inlet to the fan as shown in Fig.(14). Then the fan was finally secured to
make sure that the fan rotates freely in the fan casing, the fan casing is painted , the painted surface was
made smooth.
Figure 14: Shows probe and inlet hub cone

Oil
Oil used ENOCE type (SAE NO.40) which is used to lubricate journal bearing, and properties of oil is
shows in table (1). The journal bearing oil film may be idealized into stiffness and damping
coefficients which affect the flexibility of the system and introduce damping. The viscosity of the
lubricant prevents journal bearing from escaping until pressure is built up in the convergentdivergent
film, forcing the lubricate to escape and at the same time supporting the load across the film. The load
capacity is dependent on the viscosity of the lubricate.
Table 1:

Shows the properties of ENOCE oil at SAE No.40

Specific gravity at 15.6 C

Flash point ( C.O.C ) C min
Viscosity ( C.ST. ) AT 100 C
Viscosity index ( min )
Pour point C ( max)

0.985
236
13 16.5
95
-12

Motor
AC motor of (1.5 KW50 Hz3 ph), (Siemens motor) is used to drive the rotor fan by using two
pulleys of equal diameter as shown in Fig.(15). At one end of the rotor shaft keys was used to make
adjustment to the belt by using slide movement prepared for starting moment.

620

Hani Aziz Ameen

Figure 15: The pulley and flat belt

The power was transmitted to the rotor by means of flatbelt which it fitted tightly over two
pulleysdriving and driventransmitting motion from the driving pulley of motor to the driven pulley
of rotor system.

Vibration Transmitter
The (420)mA vibration transmitters are used which are piezoelectric accelerometers which provide a
(420) mA output signal proportional to the RMS value of vibration velocity and acceleration, as
shown in Fig.(16).

The Effect of Coupled Field on the Vibration Characteristics and Stresses of

Turbomachinery System

621

Interface
It is electronic circuit, that translation analog signal that get from vibration transmitter to digital signal
which can be reading through pass to computer by using visual basic program, as shown in Fig.(17).
Figure 16: Acceleration and velocity transmitter

Acceleration transmitter

Velocity transmitter

Figure 17: Interface system.

interface

Experimental Procedure
At first set stagger angle for every blades of fan at correct position and measuring device should be
connected to a rotor system which represented by vibration measuring system and air velocity
measuring system. Oil valve must be open to permit for oil to reach to journal bearing which pass
through tube .Electric power is connected to motor and makes run at difference rotational speed which
is controlled by inverter (static frequency changer). Reader required is taken after 20 minute from work
at every rotational speed (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500)rpm which represent by acceleration of
system and air velocity. The following steps demonstrated the experimental procedure:
1. isolated the system from earth by using four dampers.
2. set stagger angle of fan blade at (35) .
3. connected the system to electrical power which pass through speed control .
4. run the system .

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Hani Aziz Ameen

5. after 20 min of operation , it can be taken reader at every rotational speed (500, 1000, 1500,
2000, 2500) rpm that represent by: velocity of air and acceleration and velocity of system

Results and Discussion

Structure Model Analysis
Free vibration analysis consists of studying the vibration characteristics of the rotor system, such as
natural frequency and mode shapes. The natural frequency and mode shapes of a rotor system are very
important parameters in the design of a turbomachine system for dynamic loading conditions and
minimization of machine failures. The free vibration characteristics have been investigated by
ANSYS12 software. The results reported the tenth structural eigenvalue which are based upon the
behavior of each part of the rotor system individually (shaft, fan and hollow shaft) and mixed with each
one and with overall system.
Table 2:

Natural frequencies of turbomachine

Part

Mode No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Shaft (Hz)

Fan (Hz)

Shaft & Fan (Hz)

Hollow shaft (Hz)

System (Hz)

-0.896E-03
0.896E-03
867.628
1135
3595
3806
4093
5065
6064
6513

632.306
634.893
635.587
637.536
638.73
639.137
640.25
1690
2130
2143

0.001023
169.294
587.437
588.294
597.968
601.436
602.294
605.214
636.612
1160

2011
2011
2075
2105
3033
3060
3339
4093
4093
4465

0.556E-03
166.616
587.32
588.24
597.959
601.416
602.279
605.21
636.504
1132

It can be noticed from the table (2) the natural frequency for every part individually of a system
(shaft, fan, hollow shaft) or assembly increased with increasing mode number for example, the rate of
increasing in natural frequency for shaft (44.5%), fan (27.32%), hollow shaft (12.455%) and for
assembly parts the rate of is increased (12.3%). The value of natural frequency in assembly part is less
than natural frequency in individual part at same mode number and maximum natural frequency is
record by shaft, hollow shaft, fan, and system respectively as shown in Fig.(17).

The Effect of Coupled Field on the Vibration Characteristics and Stresses of

Turbomachinery System

623

Figure 17: The natural frequency of system.

Fluid Analysis
To study the stress analysis due to fluid force, CFD need to be run first at difference rotation velocity
to get the pressure distribution. The load on the rotor system depends directly on the flow pressure,
when the pressure increase so does the load. The pressure actually fluctuated when the flow passes
from the fan to over the hollow shaft. The rotor system stress is very much influenced which due to
flow pressure and velocity distribution. Five cases of fluid are analyzed in this study according to the
speed of rotation of shaft (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500) rpm. Table (3) shows the value of pressure at
difference shaft rotational speed.
Table 3:

Pressure value at difference rotation velocity.

(r.p.m)
500
1000
1500
2000
2500

Max. pressure
(N/m2)
30.402
240.548
576.369
1114
1823

Min. pressure
(N/m2)
1.085
8.682
23.796
46.713
76.76

Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis

Static Analysis
Table(4) shows the maximum equivalent stress in each part of the turbo-machine system and in the
overall system due to fluid flow at a difference rotational velocity.

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Hani Aziz Ameen

Table 4:

Max. equivalent stress.

(rpm)
500
1000
1500
2000
2500

Shaft
(N/m2)
95.659
382.637
860.934
1531
2391

Fan
(N/m2)
7039
28157
63354
112629
175982

Hollow shaft
(N/m2)
4242
16959
38153
67821
105965

System
(N/m2)
7039
28157
63354
112629
175982

From table(4), it can be seen that the fan have the maximum stress than the other part due to
centrifugal forces and the stress is increased with increasing of rotational speed due to fluid force
which applied over a hallow shaft increased with increase rotational speed as shown in table(3).
Relationship Between the Stress and Pressure
The variation of stress with pressure can be deduced, in which the pressure is produce from the fluid
flow due to operated the rotor system. The relationship between the pressure and the stress for each
part of a turbomachine system individually or assembly are linear and can be express in the following
equations:
For shaft the equation is written in form:
For fan the equation is written in form:
For hollow shaft the equation is written in form:
And for overall system, the value of stress is taken the maximum value of stress which found in
individually part and in these rotor system the maximum value of stress is recording in fan so the
equation is

Transient Analysis
Non-synchronous vibration is analyzed theoretical and experimental at varying shaft speed. Figs.(18)
and (19) are shown the amplitude for a rotor system in X and Y-directions. It can be seen that the
amplitude in the X-direction is higher than at the Y-direction and the amplitude value in X and Y
directions are decreases when the rotational speed is increased, as shown in tables (5) and (6) as well as
this tables are shows (%) error of comparison between the amplitude components of X and Y for the
experimental and finite element work respectively which are acceptable.
Table 5:

Amplitude value and error in X-direction.

N (rpm)
500
1000
1500
2000

Experimental Work in X-direction (m)

2.5532E-4
6.38323E-5
3.64756E-5
2.7356E-5

Finite Element method in X-direction (m)

2.30603E-4
8.86559E-5
4.44810E-E
3.6898E-5

% error
-10.7224
27.9999
17.86515
25.8585

The Effect of Coupled Field on the Vibration Characteristics and Stresses of

Turbomachinery System

625

Table 6: Amplitude value and error in Y-direction

N (rpm)
500
1000
1500
2000

Experimental Work in Y-direction (m)

2.1885E-4
6.38323E-5
3.6475E-5
2.62168E-5

Finite Element Method in Y-direction (m)

2.118124E-4
8.72657E-5
4.14487E-5
3.49019E-5

Figure 18: Experimental and Finite element amplitude in x-direction.

Figure 19: Experimental and Finite element amplitude in y-direction.

% error
-3.22814
26.8528
11.998
24.884

626

Hani Aziz Ameen

Conclusions
1. Natural frequencies for every part in turbo machinery (shaft, fan, hollow shaft) individually or
assembly increased with increasing mode number, the rate of increasing the natural frequency for
shaft (44.5%), fan (27.3%) , hollow shaft (12.455%) and for assembly parts the rate of is
increased (12.3%). The value of natural frequency in assembly part is less than the natural
frequency in individual parts.
2. The stresses are increased with increasing the rotational speed.
3. The relationship between the pressure and the stresses for each part of the turbo machinery
systems individually or assembly are linear.
4. The amplitude in X- direction is higher that at the Y- direction and the amplitude value in X and
Y directions are decreases when the rotational speed is increased.
5. Good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results is evident.

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