&

:


tpapagia@central.ntua.gr

2007



,
(diesel) .

.

Rudolph

Diesel

(
Otto) 1892.


Herbert Akroyd Stuart ( , 1891).
Diesel No 67207.

DIESEL

diesel

8,5:1 12:1, diesel

16:1 25:1.
diesel, ()
,
,
.
()
diesel:

2 11


.
diesel ,
.
,
, ,
18:1. , ,
.
.

. , ,

. ,
, . -

.

22:1.

,
.

3 11



1930
. , Hans von Ohain
1939.
, .
, Messerschmitt 262,
.
, Sir Frank Whittle
1930,

1941.

Sir

Whittle

,
Gloster Meteor
.

. ,
.
,
, ,
.
1944
JP-1 (Jet Propellant #1).
60,5C 43C.
, ,
.
JP-2 (1945)
1949
JP-3. JP-3 ,
. ,
,

4 11

. ,
.
JP-4 Jet-B F-40 ,
1951 -,
2-3psi,
.

18C,

, 58C.
1980 .
JP-4
,
.
JP-5, F-44 , 1952
,
JP-4 .
60C,
46C. ,

, JP-5
JP-4.
, .
JP-6 1956 XB-70.

(> 2 Mach). JP-5,
, 54C, .
. JP-6,
JP-5, JP-4.
JP-7 1960 SR-71.

.

Mach 3. 44C
60C.
JP-8 1978 F-34
. Jet A-1 ( Jet A
) ,

.
JP-8
1996.
,

JPTS (Jet Propellant Thermally Stable)

U-2 1956.

5 11

 ,
54C
43C.

1988
(Single Fuel Concept),
, ,

- .

diesel.

, ,

. diesel,

,
. , JP-8,
, ,
. , JP-5
, JP-8,
.
:
JP-4 JP-8
.
diesel JP-8

.
.

(Single Fuel Policy).

JP-8 .

6 11

 diesel, .
,
, .

diesel,
.

diesel,
,
diesel,
.
.
,
, ,
.

.
,
.
CFR,
- ( 100) --
( 15).
-- ( 0),
1964
. :
[ ] = [% ] + 0,15 [%--]
,

,
, 5
.
.
, , ,
,

7 11

 ,
. diesel
- 2000 49 51.
diesel
. ,
, ,
.
, .

diesel,
. 1970
diesel ,
diesel.

,
(ASTM D-4737). :
[ ] = 45,5
+0,0892 (T 10N )
+ [0.131 + (0.901 B)] (T 50N )
+ [0.0523 (0.420 B)] (T 90N )
+ 0.00049 [(T 10N ) 2 (T 90N ) 2 ]
+ (107 B) + (60 B 2 )
:
D

= 15C (ASTM D-1298), gr / cm 3

T 10

= 10% (ASTM D-86), C.

T 50

= 50% (ASTM D-86), C.

T 90

= 90% (ASTM D-86), C.

DN

= D 0,85

= [exp (-3,5 DN)] - 1

T 10N

= T 10 215

T 50N

= T 50 260

T 90N

= T 90 310

8 11


:

. ,

,

,
.

.
diesel
.

.

.
,
.

,
( ..
).

,
. :
< <
,
.
SI
3

(kg/m ), , ,
.
ASTM D-1298,
, ,
,

9 11

 .
15 C
:
15 C
15

15

1C

gr / cm

0,5967 0,6049

0,00103

0,7422 0,7534

0,00079

0,6050 0, 6133

0,00101

0,7535 0,7646

0,00077

0,6134 0,6219

0,00099

0,7647 0,7757

0,00076

0,6220 0,6319

0,00097

0,7758 0,7866

0,00074

0,6320 0,6418

0,00095

0,7867 0,7984

0,00072

0,6419 0,6529

0,00094

0,7985 0,8020

0,00070

0,6530 0,6648

0,00092

0,8021 0,8279

0,00068

0,6649 0,6773

0,00090

0,8280 0,8594

0,00067

0,6774 0,6897

0,00088

0,8595 0,9245

0,00065

0,6898 0,7023

0,00086

0,9246 1,0243

0,00063

0,7024 0,7164

0,00085

1,0244 1,0742

0,00061

0,7165 0,7298

0,00083

1,0743 1,1241

0,00059

0,7299 0,7421

0,00081

gr / cm

1C

-
,
,


.

ASTM D-86.

,
100 ml.

10 11

 ASTM (
).

1.

kg / m

838,2

T 10

T 50

T 90

15 + 2x

241

278

334

15 - x

53

93

169

24,6

15 + x

46

92

165

16,1

184

210

246

230

276

329

175

201

238

15 1,5x

43

69

169

15 2x

222

263

311

805,5

15 0,5x
15 + 1,5x

821,9

15C
kg / m 3

15 + 0,5x
834,7

800,6

15 + 2x

798,4

168

197

236

15 - x

799,4

170

199

236

15 + x

800,0

170

199

238

838,4

15 + 0,5x

232

279

336

834,9

15 0,5x

236

274

326

15 + 1,5x

48

87

170

8,66

15,8

X = . .. 11
. x = 11.
2.

11 11