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Bipolar transistor ampliers must be properly biased to back results in thermal runaway.[1] There are several apoperate correctly. In circuits made with individual de- proaches to mitigate bipolar transistor thermal runaway.
vices (discrete circuits), biasing networks consisting of For example,
resistors are commonly employed. Much more elaborate
biasing arrangements are used in integrated circuits, for
Negative feedback can be built into the biasing cirexample, bandgap voltage references and current mirrors.
cuit so that increased collector current leads to decreased base current. Hence, the increasing collecThe operating point of a device, also known as bias point,
tor current throttles its source.
quiescent point, or Q-point, is the point on the output characteristics that shows the DC collectoremitter voltage
(V ) and the collector current (I ) with no input signal
applied. The term is normally used in connection with
devices such as transistors.
1
1.1
Heat sinks can be used that carry away extra heat and
prevent the baseemitter temperature from rising.
The transistor can be biased so that its collector is
normally less than half of the power supply voltage,
which implies that collectoremitter power dissipation is at its maximum value. Runaway is then impossible because increasing collector current leads
to a decrease in dissipated power; this notion is
known as the half-voltage principle.
The circuits below primarily demonstrate the use of negFor analog operation of a class-A amplier, the Q-point ative feedback to prevent thermal runaway.
is placed so the transistor stays in active mode (does not
shift to operation in the saturation region or cut-o region) when input is applied. For digital operation, the 2 Types of bias circuit for class-A
Q-point is placed so the transistor does the contrary
ampliers
switches from the on (saturation) to the o (cuto)
state. Often, the Q-point is established near the center
of the active region of a transistor characteristic to allow The following discussion treats ve common biasing cirsimilar signal swings in positive and negative directions. cuits used with class-A bipolar transistor ampliers:
The Q-point should be stable; in particular, it should be
insensitive to variations in transistor parameters (for ex1. Fixed bias
ample, should not shift if transistor is replaced by another
2. Collector-to-base bias
of the same type), variations in temperature, variations in
power supply voltage and so forth. The circuit must also
3. Fixed bias with emitter resistor
be practical; both easily implemented and cost-eective.
4. Voltage divider bias or potential divider
1.2
5. Emitter bias
Thermal considerations
Therefore,
IB = (V V )/RB
For a given transistor, V does not vary signicantly during use. As V is of xed value, on selection of RB, the
base current IB is xed. Therefore, this type is called
xed bias type of circuit.
Also for given circuit,
V = ICRC + V
Therefore,
For small-signal transistors (e.g., not power transistors) with relatively high values of (i.e., between
100 and 200), this conguration will be prone to
thermal runaway. In particular, the stability factor,
which is a measure of the change in collector current with changes in reverse saturation current, is
approximately +1. To ensure absolute stability of
the amplier, a stability factor of less than 25 is preferred, and so small-signal transistors have large stability factors.
Usage:
Due to the above inherent drawbacks, xed bias is rarely
used in linear circuits (i.e., those circuits which use the
transistor as a current source). Instead, it is often used
in circuits where transistor is used as a switch. However,
one application of xed bias is to achieve crude automatic
gain control in the transistor by feeding the base resistor
from a DC signal derived from the AC output of a later
stage.
Rb
base resistor Rb is
IC = IB
we can obtain IC as well. In this manner, operating point
VRb = Vcc
given as (V ,IC) can be set for given transistor.
Merits:
z }| {
(Ic + Ib )Rc
base at Voltage
z}|{
Vbe
2.3
Ic = Ib =
(Vcc Vbe )
(Vcc Vbe )
Rb + Rc + Rc
Rc
Rc Rb .
As -value is xed (and generally unknown) for a
given transistor, this relation can be satised either
by keeping Rc fairly large or making Rb very low.
Collector-to-base bias
z}|{
Ib Rb = Vcc Ib ( + 1)Rc Vbe .
Hence, the base current Ib is
Ib =
Vcc Vbe
Rb + ( + 1)Rc
Merits:
Ib =
VRb
Rb
( + 1)RE RB
As -value is xed for a given transistor, this relation
can be satised either by keeping RE very large, or
making RB very low.
If RE is of large value, high VCC is necessary.
This increases cost as well as precautions necessary while handling.
If RB is low, a separate low voltage supply
should be used in the base circuit. Using two
supplies of dierent voltages is impractical.
In addition to the above, RE causes ac feedback
which reduces the voltage gain of the amplier.
Usage:
The feedback also increases the input impedance of the
amplier when seen from the base, which can be advantageous. Due to the above disadvantages, this type of biThe way feedback controls the bias point is as follows. asing circuit is used only with careful consideration of the
If V is held constant and temperature increases, emitter trade-os involved.
current increases. However, a larger I increases the emitter voltage V = IR, which in turn reduces the voltage Collector-Stabilized Biasing
VR across the base resistor. A lower base-resistor voltage drop reduces the base current, which results in less
collector current because I = IB. Collector current and 2.4 Voltage divider biasing
emitter current are related by I = I with 1, so the
increase in emitter current with temperature is opposed,
and the operating point is kept stable.
Fixed bias with emitter resistor
IB =
VCC Vbe
RB + ( + 1)RE
Merits:
The circuit has the tendency to stabilize operating point
against changes in temperature and -value.
Demerits:
In this circuit, to keep IC independent of the following condition must be met:
IC = IB =
(VCC Vbe )
(VCC Vbe )
RB + ( + 1)RE
RE
2.4
5
As -value is xed for a given transistor, this relation
can be satised either by keeping RE fairly large, or
making R1 ||R2 very low.
2
Vcc (R1R+R
provided IB
2)
VB /R2 .
<< I2 =
Also VB = Vbe + IE RE
For the given circuit,
Usage:
IB =
VCC
1+R1 /R2
Vbe
( + 1)RE + R1 R2
Merits:
IC = IB =
VCC
1+R1 /R2
Vbe
( + 1)RE + R1 R2
VCC
1+R1 /R2
Vbe
RE
( + 1)RE >> R1 R2
where R1 || R2 denotes the equivalent resistance of R1
and R2 connected in parallel.
Emitter bias
R1
R3
R4
Q3
Q4
Input
C1
D1
Q1
Q2
D2
R7
R2
Emitter bias
Q5
R8
R5
If RB is small enough, base voltage will be approximately This design automatically stabilizes its operating point,
zero. Therefore, emitter current is,
since overall feedback internally operates from DC up
through the audio range and beyond. The use of xed
IE = (VEE V )/RE
diode bias requires the diodes to be both electrically and
The operating point is independent of if RE >> RB/ thermally matched to the output transistors. If the outMerit:
put transistors conduct too much, they can easily overheat
R6
7
and destroy themselves, as the full current from the power
supply is not limited at this stage.
A common solution to help stabilize the output device
operating point is to include some emitter resistors, typically an ohm or so. Calculating the values of the circuits
resistors and capacitors is done based on the components
employed and the intended use of the amplier.
See also
Biasing (electronics)
Small signal model
Bipolar junction transistor
MOSFET
References
Further reading
Patil, P.K.; Chitnis, M.M. (2005). Basic Electricity
and Semiconductor Devices. Phadke Prakashan.
External links
Bias from Sci-Tech Encyclopedia
Electrical Engineering Training Series: Types of
bias
8.1
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