Index: Index Terms Links A

INDEX
Note: page numbers are followed by f or b or t (indicating figures or boxes or tables).
Index Terms
Links
A
A/D conversion. See Analog-to-digital conversion
AAA. See Automatic antiaircraft
AC signals. See Alternating current signals
Across-track resolution
Active electronically scanned array (AESA)
445
451452
30
32
126
127f
131
141
197
373
additional advantages
130
array physical design
143146
chip set
141
module efficiency measures
144b
net receiver noise figure
130f
peak power of module
142f
phase and amplitude control
143
power output
142
receiver noise figure
143f
stick architecture
143f
subarray architecture
145
T/R circuits
144f
tile architecture
145f
transmit/receive module
141f
transmitter noise limitations
143
Adaptive CFAR detection thresholds
714
Adaptivity, pulse compression with
659
142f
146f
660
ADC. See Analog to digital converter

ADS-B. See Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast
System
Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM)
47f
Advanced processor architectures
607
advanced developments
625626
challenges in processing
623
reliability concerns
625
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
Index Terms
Links
Advanced processor architectures (Cont.)

technological changes
exponential growth in radar processing
624625
607f
fault tolerance
622623
low-level processing architectures
612616
modular design
620622
processing building blocks

architecture classification
609610
bit growth, rounding, and dynamic range
610611
CMOS
611b
memory hierarchy
608f
Moores law
611b
processor instruction cycle

processor performance measures
real-time data density requirements
airborne radars
608609
613b
616
617
radar processor generation
618620
AESA. See Active electronically scanned array

AEW Sea King
699
AEW&C. See Airborne early warning and control

AGC. See Automatic gain control
AH-64D Apache helicopter
716
717f
AI radar. See Airborne intercept radar

Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS)
40
Air-to-ground targeting
47
blind tactical bombing
48f
GPS-guided bomb
49f
ground-based defense suppression
49
high-resolution millimeter-wave radar
47f
precision strategic bombing
48
tactical-missile targeting
Airborne applications
49
4748
103104
Airborne early warning (AEW). See Airborne early warning

and control (AEW&C)
Airborne early warning and control (AEW&C)
44
in air-to-air combat
699700
E-3 AWACS Radar
700701
Japanese E-767 AWACS
103
700f
636
699
Index Terms
Links
Airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) (Cont.)

Swedish Air Force Saab 340 AEW&C system
700f
USAF E-3 SENTRY system
700f
Airborne intercept radar (AI radar)
539
Airborne moving target indication (AMTI)
10
Airborne radar
AC signals
5361
antennas
111b
applications
37
air-to-ground targeting
4749
fighter/interceptor mission support
4647
navigational aids
3942
proximity fuses
49
reconnaissance and surveillance
4445
remote sensing
4244
weather phenomena
3739
coherency, exploiting
3134
coherent pulse-Doppler radar
2431
Doppler effect
910
echolocation
34
imaging
1012
noncoherent pulsed radar
1524
preparatory math
radio detection
46
radio waves
5361
target position determination
69
Airborne Stand-Off Radar (ASTOR)
704
Airborne warning and control system (AWACS). See Airborne

early warning and control (AEW&C)
Aircraft-mounted interferometric array
535
Along-track resolution
445
phase-based processing implementation
453
SLAR
452
in swath-mapping SAR
457
Doppler method
459460
mainlobes comparison
458f
maximum synthetic aperture length
458f
one-way radiation pattern
457f
synthetic array use
452
457458
Index Terms
Links
- track filter
440441
Alternating current signals (AC signals)

Altimetry
53
4041
AM signal. See Amplitude modulation signal

Ambient noise
101f
Ambiguities
379
ambiguous returns elimination

area under curve
153f
219220
380f
Doppler
380382
dramatic reduction
382f
function
233
maximum opening rate
380f
PRF and target closing rate
381f
putting plots in perspective
382
range
379380
Ambiguity zones. See Range zones

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
621
Amplitude comparison monopulse
119
Amplitude modulation signal (AM signal)

Amplitude weighting
68
238
Amplitude-comparison monopulse
312
AMRAAM. See Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile

AMTI. See Airborne moving target indication
AN/APG-77 radar
714
active ESA
714f
AN/APG-81 radar
716
Analog channelized receiver
526
Analog signal
7778
Analog to digital converter (ADC)
553b
Analog-to-digital conversion (A/D conversion)
203
Angle measurement
118
amplitude comparison monopulse
119f
difference signals
120f
lobing
119f
monopulse systems
119120
phase difference
120f
phase-comparison monopulse
119
Angle of arrival (AOA)
205
120f
581
Index Terms
Links
Angle off boresight (AOB)
437
Angle-tracking filter
438f
Angle-tracking loop
437438
Angular resolution
117
angular accuracy
118f
antennas directivity
118f
net effect
118f
targets in azimuth and elevation
117f
ANSI. See American National Standards Institute

Antenna
17
mode reflections
438f
598
phase center
368b
servo
22f
for simple pulsed radar
17f
Antenna beam
airborne radar antennas
111b
angle measurement
118120
angular resolution
117118
cosecant-squared beam
electronic beam steering
122f
116117
for ground mapping
122f
radiated energy in angle distribution
107
distance from probe to radiator
109f
field strength
108f
line AB marks
108f
lobular distribution of power
108f
pencil beam
107f
weaker lobes
108f
radiation pattern
112116
(sin X)/X shape
110b
Antenna radar cross section reduction
109f
597
in AESA
602603
avoiding Bragg lobes
600602
cloaking
603604
frequency-sensitive surface
601f
FSS
602b
negative index metamaterial array configuration
604f
planar array antenna
597f
Index Terms
Links
Antenna radar cross section reduction (Cont.)

reducing and controlling
antenna mode reflections
598599
edge diffraction minimization
599
random scattering minimization
599
rendering structural mode reflections harmless
598
sources of reflections
597598
stealthing
603604
validation
604
Anti-aliasing filter
204
Anti-radiation missile (ARM)
559
Anti-radiation weapons
517
631
AOA. See Angle of arrival

AOB. See Angle off boresight
APC. See Armored personnel carrier
Aperiodic signal. See Nonperiodic signal
Aperture
112f
APG-76 radar
713
capabilities
713
GMTI and GMTT
713714
Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
607
APY-2 radar for AWACS
700
Arbitrary waveform generator (AWG)
656
ARM. See Anti-radiation missile

Armored personnel carrier (APC)
675
Arrays, adaptive
571
Arrival techniques, direction of
532
aircraft-mounted interferometric array
535
amplitude comparison
533
Doppler direction-finding approach

interferometric triangle
narrow-beam antenna
Watson-Watt direction-finding approach
533534
534
532533
533
ASI. See Italian Space Agency

ASIC. See Application-specific integrated circuit
ASTOR. See Airborne Stand-Off Radar
ATCRBS. See Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System
Atmospheric attenuation
100
101102b
Index Terms
Links
Atmospheric refraction
58
ATR. See Automatic target recognition

Autocorrelation
91f
Autocovariance
92
92
See also Cross-covariance

Autofocus
488
resulting errors in SAR image
489
SAR autofocusing
490f
Automatic antiaircraft (AAA)
539
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast System

(ADS-B)
40
Automatic gain control (AGC)
122
138
528
549
Automatic range tracking
23b
Automatic target recognition (ATR)
671
Automatic tracking
2223
accuracy vs. precision
433f
in closed-loop system
433
conical scanning
8f
using electronic scanning
estimate
433
measured parameter
433f
8f
sequential lobing
8f
single-target tracking
433
434438
tanker refueling
8f
targets relative radial velocity
9f
track filtering
440441
track-while-scan
tracking discriminant
Average power
438440
434f
154f
155
AWG. See Arbitrary waveform generator

Azimuth
202
7f
beamshape loss
181
compression
480
resolution
452
Azuza system
649
458
156f
424
Index Terms
Links
B
B-2 Spirit stealth bomber
603
Babinets principle
632
Backlobes
108
Bandwidth
267
501502
CW signal
267
268f
pulse width
269f
stream of independent pulse
268269
Barker codes
240
Barrage jamming
545
Beam Steering Computer (BSC)
126
Beam-steering controller (BSC)
125
Beamwidth
99f
and along-track resolution
502
Beyond Visual Range (BVR)
717
Biconical antenna
523
Binary phase modulation
238
digits
239
phase reversal
239
received pulse echoes
239f
seven-digit binary phase code
240f
step-by-step progress
239
Binary phase modulation on pulse (BPMOP)

Binary phase shift keying (BPSK)
567
554b
Bistatic equivalence theorem
632
Bistatic radar
629
639
635
635b
bistatic SAR
Klein Heidelberg
630b
passive
629
properties
630
Babinets principle
632
bistatic radar equation
631
forward scatter
635637
631632
ovals of Cassini
target bistatic RCS
systems and results
631
632633
633
BIT. See Built-in test

BITE. See Built-in test environment
Index Terms
Links
Black-body radiation
162
Blind low-altitude flight
41
Blind tactical bombing
48f
Blind zone elimination
412
Doppler blind zones
412413
range blind zones
413414
representative radar system

Blind-landing guidance
414f
43
44
Blinking jamming
550
551
Blip-scan ratio
186
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
36
Boeing E-3 SENTRY
698
Bombardier Global Express aircraft
704
BPMOP. See Binary phase modulation on pulse

BPSK. See Binary phase shift keying
Bragg lobes
138
597
See also Grating lobes

Bristol Beaufighter
BSC. See Beam Steering Computer; Beam-steering

controller
Built-in test (BIT)
620
Built-in test environment (BITE)

Burn-through range
32
516
burn-through modes
570
of remote jamming
557
of self protection jamming
556
556557
BVR. See Beyond Visual Range
C
Canadian Space Agency (CSA)
707
Captor-M radar
715
Car collision management
42
Carrier
69
Cascading
397
Cavity-backed spiral (CBS)
523524
CBIT. See Continuous, uninitiated, built-in test

CBS. See Cavity-backed spiral
CEC. See Cooperative Engagement Capability
Index Terms
Links
Central line return
349350
Central processing unit (CPU)
701
CEP. See Circular error probable

CFAR. See Constant false alarm rate
CFAR detectors. See Constant false-alarm rate detectors
Chaff
516
bandwidth of
558f
chaff cloud vs. dipole spacing RCS
559t
thin metal-coated dielectric fibers
558f
Chained codes
241
Change detection
491
Chirp
567
558
See also Phasemodulation

frequency
554b
LFM
231
ambiguity function
237238
amplitude weighting
238
implementation
233
pulse compression ratio

stretch processing
pulse compression modulation
rate
233
235237
234
6f
236
Chirping
CIC. See Command Information Center

CIP See Common integrated processor
Circular error probable (CEP)
532
Circular polarization
57f
Circulator
Clustering algorithm
672
673
Clutter
329
353
characteristics
Doppler spectrum
358359
power spectral density
359f
sand dunes
359f
spatial correlation
359
detection performance prediction
360
components of signal
361
multiple pulse detection
363
579
Index Terms
Links
Clutter (Cont.)
single pulse detection
362363
threshold in noise
362f
threshold in spiky clutter
362f
discrete scatterers
359360
limitations of noise model
357358
model improvement
358
as noise
354
multiple scatterers
355f
noiselike clutter signal
356f
Rayleigh probability density function
357
vector addition of voltages
355f
residue
397
Clutter canceler
395
for constant amplitude input
396f
Doppler filters
398
Doppler frequency
397f
output characteristics
397f
periodic samples of video signal
396f
rejection notches
397
Clutter map. See Ground map

Clutter nulling. See Notching
CMOS. See Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
Co-ambiguity function
652
Cognitive processing architecture
695
Cognitive radar sensing
693
See also Fully adaptive radar

bio-inspired architecture
695f
cognitive processing architecture
695
memory
694
perception-action cycle
694
performance
695
Coherence
269
effect of
270271
achieving coherence
270
coherent pulse train
270f
spacing of spectral lines
271f
spectral lines of coherent signal
270f
211b
Index Terms
Links
Coherency exploiting
31
advanced processing
3334
electronically scanned radar systems
3133
LPI radar
33f
stealthy radar for stealthy aircraft
33f
Coherent MIMO
640
Coherent processing interval
164
Coherent pulse-Doppler radar
24
663
See also Noncoherent pulsed radar

data processor
29
elements of
24f
exciter
25
gridded traveling wave tube
2526b
monolithic microwave integrated circuits
3031b
31
planar array antenna
27f
receiver
27f
SELEX CAPTOR-E AESA radar
24f
signal processor
28f
29
transmitter
26
27
TWTs amplifier
27f
Coherent sidelobe canceler
565
Coherent-on-receive technique
642
28
COMINT. See Communications Intelligence

Command Information Center (CIC)
699
Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS)
607
Common integrated processor (CIP)
714
Communications Intelligence (COMINT)
510
Complementary codes
240241
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)

Complex numbers
611b
78
phasors
sum of projections
79f
unit length
79f
sine and cosine functions
78
Condon lobes
551
Confusion matrix
678
order of battle
679680
PCC
678
PCL
679
679
Index Terms
Links
Conical scanning
Constant false alarm rate (CFAR)
611
Constant false-alarm rate detectors (CFAR detectors)
171
Constant model
332
Constellation of small Satellites for Mediterranean basin

Observation (COSMO)
712
Continuous, uninitiated, built-in test (CBIT)
620
Continuous wave (CW)
41
149
649
Convolution
90
Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC)
91f
652653
Corona
154
Correlation
91f
Cosecant-squared beam
122
439
COSMO. See Constellation of small Satellites for

Mediterranean basin Observation
COSMO-SkyMed satellites
710
electronic steering capability
710f
enhanced spotlight mode
711f
operating modes
711t
satellites in orbit
711f
ScanSAR Mode
712
spotlight mode
711
Stripmap mode
711712
COTS. See Commercial off-the-shelf

Cover jamming
515
545
See also Escort jamming; Deceptive jamming

Cover pulses
548
CPU. See Central processing unit

Cross polarization (Cross-pol)
jamming
Cross-ambiguity function
Cross-covariance
112
566567
551
552
652
93
Cross-eye jamming
552
Cross-modulation
314
Cross-pol. See Cross polarization

Cross-range resolution. See Along-track resolution
Cross-track resolution
501502
195
526
Index Terms
Links
Crystal video receiver (CVR)
524525
See also Radar warning receivers (RWR)

CSA. See Canadian Space Agency
CVR. See Crystal video receiver
CW. See Continuous wave
D
DAB. See Digital audio broadcasting
DAC. See Digital to Analog Converter
DAGC. See Digital automatic gain control
DARPA. See Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DAS. See Data Adaptive Scanning
Data Adaptive Scanning (DAS)
Data processor
715
29
31
See also Signal processor

dB formula
530
DBF. See Digital beamforming

De Havilland Mosquito
Deceptive jamming
50
515
546547
See also Cover jamming; Escort jamming

Deconvolution
489
Decoys
518
575
active decoy
518f
576
chaff as
579
corner reflector
518f
deployment
577579
gain of
577
passive decoys
576
radar returns creation
518
saturating air defense system
575f
straight-through repeater jammer
576
tracking
575f
types, missions, and platforms protected
518t
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
676
Deghosting
413
Delay-line canceler. See Clutter canceler

Delay-line clutter canceler, classic
395b
Deramp-on-receive receivers. See Stretch receivers

Index Terms
Links
DESA. See Digital electronically scanned array

Detection probability
186
acceptable false-alarm rate
187
blip-scan ratio
186
computing range
190
cumulative
190191
density of filter output
189f
detection algorithm
672
false-alarm probability calculation
187
probability density curve
188f
setting detection threshold
188189
SNR determination
189190
standard curves
189f
Swerling model
189
Detection range
188f
190t
159
See also Airborne radar

antenna beam sweeps over target
169f
detectable targets
170f
electrical background noise

energy of target echo
160164
164
density of power
165f
in non-Doppler radars
169f
reduction in strength with range
167f
reflected power
167f
waves travel to target
165f
false alarm
167f
170
integration
experimental setup
171
improvement in SNR
174
noise alone, single integration period
172
noise alone, successive times on target
173
phasor representation of noise pulses
172f
postdetection
174176
signal and noise combination

target signal only
174
173174
radar equation
168b
RCS
166b
received signal energy
170f
target within line of sight
159f
Index Terms
Links
DF. See Direction-finding

Dicke fix
569570
Difference signal
119
Differential Doppler (DD). See Frequency difference

of arrival (FDOA)
Diffraction
58
Digital audio broadcasting (DAB)
636
Digital automatic gain control (DAGC)
411
Digital beamforming (DBF)
132
advantages
133
challenges
133134
elemental
132f
subarray architecture
133f
Digital electronically scanned array (DESA)
132
Digital filtering
196
filtering actual signals
425
300
312315
forming filter
305
frequency difference
309f
inputs to filter
detector output
305307
phasor representation of samples

processing returns from ranges
307
310311
radar receivers intermediate frequency
301f
rotating coordinate system
308
sampling video signals
305
translation to video frequencies
301
amplitude of output pulse
303f
detectors output
303f
I and Q projections
305
synchronous detector
two-channel detector system
Digital radars
302303b
304f
216217
Digital radio frequency memories (DRFMs)
552
block diagram
553b
functions
554b
narrowband DRFM
553b
wideband DRFM
553b
Digital receiver
308f
526
Index Terms
Links
Digital scan conversion
29
Digital signal processor (DSP)
612
Digital terrain elevation data (DTED)
375
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)

Digital video broadcasting (DVB)
553b
636
Digitization
in coherent radar
206
ENOB
204
IF digitizer
206
maximum input frequency
205
noise
205
in noncoherent radar
205206
Nyquist criterion
204
receiver digitization architecture
206f
types of ADC
205
video output
203
Dipole antenna
522
Direct conversion receivers. See Homodyne receivers

Direction of arrival (DOA)
531
Direction-finding (DF)
522
Directivity
107
of array antenna
110
gain
114
of linear array
110f
Discrete scatterers
359360
Dismount Moving Target Indicator (DMTI)

Displaced phase center antenna (DPCA)
Distributed radar equation
bistatic form
165
166
705
45
367
646
647
monostatic radar equation
646647
signal-to-noise ratio
647648
3D sensitivity limits
648f
Distributed radar system
639
advantages
649f
639640
Azuza radar system

categorization
649
642643
active or passive system
645
degree of coherence
643
645t
646
Index Terms
Links
Distributed radar system (Cont.)

detections
644
levels of data combination
644
locally coherent
643644
raw data
644645
tracks
644
CEC
650651
coherent
641
Doppler shift
642
JORN radar system
650
mini radars
650
Navspasur radar system
649
NEC
651
properties
640641
SMGCS
650
synchronization
641642
TechSat21 concept
651
transmitter and receiver node distribution
642
types
642
Vega radar system
649
DMTI. See Dismount Moving Target Indicator

DOA. See Direction of arrival
Doppler ambiguities
350352
See also Range ambiguities

Doppler blind zones
399
Doppler frequency
401
long antennas
400f
low-altitude applications
402
Doppler direction-finding approach

Doppler effect
533
3
compression in wavelength
258f
Doppler frequency
260265
Doppler shift
258260
ground-based radar
motion of vehicle process
257f
9f
with MTI
10f
phase shift
9f
radars velocity
257
10f
662
Index Terms
Links
Doppler effect (Cont.)

wave radiation from point source
257f
Doppler filter. See Velocity filter

Doppler filter bank
297
See also Pulse Doppler radar

bandwidth of filters
298299
filter bank passband
299
filters basic function
300
narrow band of frequencies
297f
sinusoidal signal
298f
Doppler frequency
300f
319
of aircraft
262263
of ground return
263264
magnitude
260
continuous phase shift
260
equation derivation
261262
phasor representation
260261
semiactive missile
264265
Doppler method
318
Doppler frequency
319
319
swath mapping along-track resolution
459460
Doppler processing
483484
Doppler profile
350352
Doppler sensitivity
241
Doppler shift
258260
in A Nutshell
262b
Doppler spectrum
358359
Doppler tracking loop
436
Downconversion
198
homodyne receivers
201
IF
198
image frequency signals
200f
image rejection
200
intermodulation
200201
mixer stage
198f
multiple-stage
201
201f
DPCA. See Displaced phase center antenna

Index Terms
Links
DRFMs. See Digital radio frequency memories

DSP. See Digital signal processor
DTED. See Digital terrain elevation data
Duplexer
16f
17
Duty factor
155
156f
201202
528529
DVB. See Digital video broadcasting

Dynamic range
E
E-3 AWACS radar
700
antenna
701f
detecting sea and low altitude targets
700f
implementation
700
modes of operation
701
E-notation
701
8687
EA. See Electronic array; Electronic attack

Early-gate technique
435
Earth Observation (EO)
707
ECCM. See Electronic counter-countermeasures

Echolocation
bat adjusting pulse repetition frequency
689f
high-resolution map-like images
4f
principle of
SAR
streamlined faring
3f
waveforms
689
689
acoustic signals
690f
bat adjusting PRF
689f
modulation
690
parameters
690
691
ECM. See Electronic Counter Measures

Edge diffraction
598
EEP See Elliptical error probable

Effective number of bits (ENOB)
204
Effective radiated power (ERP)
529
Eight-pulse train
272
Electric fields
53f
529
54
Index Terms
Links
Electrical background noise

competing noise energy
163164
in Doppler radar
164f
noise in receiver output
162f
noise within aircraft
163f
receiver noise
160162
sources ahead of receiver
162163
thermal agitation noise
161f
Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
655
Electromagnetic spectrum (EM spectrum)
509
radiation
657
5455
waves
53
Electronic array (EA)
524
Electronic attack (EA)
509
514
anti-radiation
missiles
559
weapons
517
burn-through range
516
chaff
516
flares
516
558559
high power
lasers
560
microwave
560
radiation
517
jamming
514516
deceptive jamming techniques
550554
equations
554557
geometry
541544
techniques
545550
look through
557558
Electronic beam steering
116
advantage
116
apparent length of aperture
117f
azimuth and elevation angles
116f
disadvantages
117
side-looking air-to-ground radar
117f
Electronic Counter Measures (ECM)
510
Electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM)
141
684685
608
541
564
Index Terms
Links
Electronic Intelligence (ELINT)

ES vs.
510
510512
Electronic protection (EP)

adaptive arrays
509
517
546
563
597
571
adaptive waveforms
571572
anti-Cross Pol
566567
burn-through modes
570
coherent sidelobe canceler
565
Dicke fix
569570
features vs. EW techniques
563t
frequency agility
570
home on jam modes
571
leading edge tracking
569
monopulse radars
567
PC
564
PRF jitter
571
processing EP
572
pulse Doppler radar

reduced sidelobe levels
567568
568569
565t
sidelobe blanker
566
sidelobe isolation
564f
ultra-low sidelobes
564
565
15
125
135
126
127f
141
array physical design
143
144146
138
avoiding grating lobes
135f
Electronic scanning. See Electronic beam steering

Electronically scanned array (ESA)
active ESAs
chip set
137138b
141142
choice of lattice pattern
138
measures of module efficiency
144
phase and amplitude control
143
power output
142
radiator lattice patterns
138f
radiator spacing
136f
receiver noise figure
143
sine space
136
transmitter noise limitations
143
139
139b
Index Terms
Links
Electronically scanned array (ESA) (Cont.)

on airframe
125f
beam steps
126f
BSC
125
DBF
132134
extreme beam agility
128129
facilitating RCS reduction
128
high reliability
129
limitation on field of regard
130b
limitations and circumvention

beam stabilization
131
broad field of regard
131f
passive ESAs
126
138
avoiding grating lobes
135f
choice of feed type
132
127f
137138b
140141
choice of lattice pattern
138
choice of transmission lines
141
phase shifter selection
138
radiator lattice patterns
138f
radiator spacing
136f
sine space
136
phase shift
126b
phase shifters
128f
radiator spacing
136b
139
139
139b
T/R module
126
127f
time delay for wideband applications
127
128
Electronic Support (ES)
571
Electronic Support Measures (ESM)
509
Electronic Warfare (EW)
509
Decoys
EA
514517
EP
517
ES
510
510512
radar detection vs. target acquisition range

radar warning
SEI
563
518
ELINT vs.
138
513
512513
513
608
Index Terms
Links
Electronic Warfare (EW) (Cont.)

SIGINT vs.
510f
situational awareness
512
receivers
511t
524
analog channelized receiver

CVR
526
524525
digital receiver
526
IFM receiver
525
SHRs
525526
system sensitivity
527528
subfields
509510
Electronic Warfare Support (ES)

antennas
biconical antenna
CBS antenna
509
521
521
522f
523
523524
dipole antenna
522
horn antenna
524
LP antenna
523
monopole antenna
522523
parabolic dish antennas
524
phased array
524
splash-plate antenna
524
dynamic range
528529
ELINT vs.
510512
one-way radio propagation
529530
passive emitter location
530536
radar detection range vs. target acquisition range

radar warning
513
512513
receivers
513
search
537
SEI
513
SIGINT vs.
537539
511t
situational awareness
512
tunable band-stop filter
537f
Electronically scanned radar
31
active ESA
33f
advantages
32
in AESA
32f
227
Index Terms
Links
Electronically scanned radar (Cont.)

extreme beam agility
32f
phase shifters in PESA
31
Element-to-element phase shift
32f
482483b
Elevation
beamshape loss
181
components
7f
difference signal
120
ELINT. See Electronic Intelligence

Elliptical error probable (EEP)
532
EM spectrum. See Electromagnetic spectrum

EMI. See Electromagnetic interference
Emitter location accuracy
532
Energy signal. See Analog signal

Enhanced pulse tagging
226
Enhanced spotlight mode
711
ENOB. See Effective number of bits

Ensemble average
8587
EO. See Earth Observation

EP. See Electronic protection
Ergodic sequences
8889
ERP. See Effective radiated power

ES. See Electronic Support; Electronic Warfare Support
ESA. See Electronically scanned array
Escort jamming
515
543544
See also Cover jamming;

Deceptive jamming
ESM. See Electronic Support Measures
EuroRADAR consortium
715
EW. See Electronic Warfare

Expectation operator
86
Expendable decoys
577578
F
False alarm
170
probability
170
time
187
False-alarm rate (FAR)
187
187
188f
Index Terms
Links
FAR. See False-alarm rate

Fast Fourier transform (FFT)
84
207
485
568
312
FDOA. See Frequency difference of arrival

Feature-based classification
675676
FFT. See Fast Fourier transform

Field-programmable gate array (FPGA)
Fighter/interceptor mission support
206
610611
46
air-to-air search
46
AMRAAM
47f
fire control
4647
lead-pursuit course
46f
long-range Phoenix missile
47f
1D range profiles and 2D ISAR images
46f
raid assessment
46
target identification
46
U.S. Navy F-14 air superiority fighter
46f
Filter bank passband
299
300f
Filtering
197
434
actual signals
312
avoiding saturation
314
dealing with quantization noise
314315
dynamic range
312313
harmonics
314
spurious signals
synchronization of antennas time
matched filter
313314
315f
197198
Filters basic function
300
First range zone
380
First-time-around echo
218
Flares
516
Flynns taxonomy
609
610
FM. See Frequency modulation

FMCW. See Frequency-modulated continuous wave
Foliage penetration
100
Formation jamming
550
439
363
Index Terms
Links
Fourier series
79
exponential form of
82
graphical description
81
82
mathematical description of
80
81
periodic pulse train with period
80f
phasors into I and Q components
80f
square and rectangular wave
81f
Fourier transform
82f
82
calculation
8384
inverse
83f
of sampled pulse
84f
switching between domains
83
time and frequency domains
83f
value of concept
84
FPGA. See Field-programmable gate array

Fractal dimension
675
Fractional bandwidth
100
Frank codes
241
Frequency
60f
Agility
220
domains
83f
translation
67
weighting
658
659
535
581
459b
Frequency difference of arrival (FDOA)

Frequency modulation (FM)
ranging
570
226
Frequency selective surface (FSS)

Frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW)
601
42
air-to-air applications
252f
Doppler frequency
246f
245
for Doppler shift

constant-frequency segment
two-slope cycle
246
246248
frequency difference
245f
frequency measurement accuracy
252
ghosts elimination
246f
248251
linear FM sweep generation

principle
661
253
245246
246
Index Terms
Links
Frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) (Cont.)

radar equation
252253
receivers
211212
steepness of slope
252
FSS. See Frequency selective surface

Fulcrum-F
334
Fully adaptive radar
691
as coherent sensor
693
implications
691692
parameters
692
processing for tracking system
692f
single target tracking
692
waveform design and optimization
693
693
G
Gallium arsenide (GaAs)
30
142
Gallium nitride (GaN)
142
196
Gate formation
440
GEN-X decoy
196
577578
Geographical information system (GIS)
694
Geometric optics (GO)
677
Ghosting
222
Doppler frequency
249250
ghosts
251f
215
elimination
248
identification
248249
targets detection
250f
GIS. See Geographical information system

Global Hawk
505
Global Positioning System (GPS)
39
631
GMT. See Ground moving target

GMTI. See Ground moving target indication
GO. See Geometric optics
GPS. See Global Positioning System
Graphic processing unit (GPU)
616
Grating lobes
135f
500501
642
Index Terms
Links
Ground clutter
345
dispersed nature
346347
Doppler profile
350352
flight situation diagram

range ambiguities
713
347
347350
targets
346f
Ground map
10
Ground moving target (GMT)
367
antenna phase center
368b
Doppler spectrum
368f
GMTI display
375f
precise angle measurement
374
problem of slow moving target detection
368
AESA pulse storage
373f
clutter canceler
369f
DPCA
368
notching and DPCA combination
372373
notching technique
370372
space-time filter response

STAP
389
375f
369f
370t
375
617
374f
373374
Ground moving target indication (GMTI)

Ground return
10
329
amplitude
backscatter coefficients
332t
constant model
332
effective size of clutter patch
331f
polarized signals
331
antenna sidelobes
329
Doppler spectra
altitude return
338
effect of antenna scan
335
beamwidth, speed, and wavelength
334
Doppler frequency
332334
frequency and power
335336
governing sidelobe clutter strength
337338
impact on target detection
336337
iso-range and iso-Doppler for reflections
336f
mainlobe return
332
339
705
Index Terms
Links
Ground return (Cont.)

relative strength
338339
sidelobe clutter
335
significance
335
power of return
330f
338
339
relation of clutter spectrum

nose-aspect approach
340f
tail chase
340f
to target frequencies
339
return from objects

Ground-based applications
Ground-based defense suppression
Guard channel receivers
341f
341342
102
103f
49
211
See also Stretch receivers
H
HARM. See High-speed anti-radiation missile
Harmonics
80
Hedge-hopping
41
314
Heterodyne receivers. See Superheterodyne receivers (SHRs)

High frequency (HF)
98
High power amplifier (HPA)
126
High power lasers
560
High power microwave
560
High power radiation
517
High pulse repetition frequency (HPRF)
226
419
See also Medium pulse repetition frequency

(medium PRF)
problem of eclipsing
427428
ranging
425427
semiactive missile guidance

signal processing
430b
423
analog implementation
423425
digital implementation
425
tail aspect performance improvement
428429
target returns isolation

Doppler profile
421
Doppler resolution
422
715
Index Terms
Links
High pulse repetition frequency (HPRF) (Cont.)

range gating
422
range profile
420421
strong clutter rejection
421422
waveform
423f
420
High-frequency filters
436
High-range resolution profile (HRRP)
667
High-speed anti-radiation missile (HARM)
49
Himage mode
711
Hollow metal waveguide
141f
Homodyne receivers
201
Horn antenna
524
HPA. See High power amplifier

HPRF. See High pulse repetition frequency
HRRP. See High-range resolution profile
Huge Region mode
712
Hiilsmeyers original radar patent

Hurricane Katrina, weather radar systems view of
3
39f
I
I component
70
I/Q detection
304
I/Q detector. See In-phase and quadrature detector

IBIT. See Initiate a built-in test sequence
IC. See Integrated circuit
Identification friend or foe (IFF)
46
675
IF. See Intermediate frequency

IFF. See Identification friend or foe
IFM. See Instantaneous frequency measurement
Illumination tapering
116
Illuminators of opportunity
635
Image frequency
68f
response
200
Image rejection
71
Imaging
10
ground map
10
mapped distance
11f
200
SAR
Index Terms
Links
Imaging (Cont.)
azimuth resolution
11
in conventional mapping
11f
real-beam map
11f
spotlight
12f
shadow leave holes in radar maps

In-phase and quadrature detector (I/Q detector)
11f
425
Inbound range gate pull-off. See Range gate pull-in (RGPI)

Independently maneuvering decoy
578579
Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs)
31
InGaAs. See Indium gallium arsenide

Initiate a built-in test sequence (IBIT)
622
InSAR. See Interferometric SAR

Instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM)
525
Integrated circuit (IC)
607
Integrated sidelobe level (ISL)
664
Integrated sidelobe return
502
Intellectual property (IP)
615
Interferometric SAR (InSAR)
464
465f
466467b
17
133
198
525
553b
elevation
468
multiple independent antennas
464
phase interferometry
465
seismic events
467
Interferometric technique
Intermediate frequency (IF)
Intermodulation
665
534
200201
product generation
656
International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
98
Interpulse period
152
Interrogator
40f
Intrapulse modulation
151
Inverse filter
659
Inverse Fourier transform
83f
Inverse gain jamming
152f
548549
Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR)
46
461
See also Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)

cross-range resolution
463b
604
423
Index Terms
Links
Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) (Cont.)

Doppler processing
462
pitching motion
462f
of ship
464f
viewing angle
464
IP See Intellectual property

ISAR. See Inverse synthetic aperture radar
ISL. See Integrated sidelobe level
Isochrones
535
Isodops
536
Isofreqs
536
Isotropic antenna
521
Italian Ministry of Defense (MoD)
710
Italian Space Agency (ASI)
710
ITU. See International Telecommunications Union
J
J/S ratio. See Jamming to signal ratio
Jamming
514
AGC
549550
barrage
545
cover
545
deceptive jamming vs.
515
pulses
548
deceptive
546547
equations
554
burn-through
556557
J/S ratio
554555
remote jamming
555556
self protection jamming

geometry
515
550554
555
541
escort jamming
SIJ
543544
543
SOJ
542543
SPJ
541542
inverse gain
548549
power of noise
544b
pulse compression radars
552
554
Index Terms
Links
Jamming (Cont.)
with range bin masking
548f
RGPI
548
RGPO
547
self protection
jammer
514f
remote jamming vs.
514
to signal ratio
516
spot
545546
stand-in jammer
515f
stand-off jamming
514f
swept spot
546
velocity gate pull-off
550
Jamming to signal ratio (J/S ratio)
516
Japanese E-767 AWACS
700f
542
JCC. See JORN Coordination Center

Jet engine modulation (JEM)
667
668
Jindalee over-the-horizon Operational Radar Network

(JORN)
650
Joint STARS radar
703
modes of operation
703
MTI modes
704
navigators workstation
704f
three-segment passive ESA
703f
JORN. See Jindalee over-the-horizon Operational Radar

Network
JORN Coordination Center (JCC)
650
K
K distribution
358
k nearest neighbors (kNN)
674
Klein Heidelberg
630b
kTB. See Thermal noise
L
Late-gate technique
435
Laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductors (LDMOSs)

Leading edge tracking
31
569
554555
564
Index Terms
Links
Least significant digit (LSD)
314
LEO. See Low Earth orbit

LFM. See Linear frequency modulation
Line of sight propagation
530
Line replaceable units (LRU)
620
Line-by-line processing
476
Linear broadside array
108
Linear distortion
656
Linear frequency modulation (LFM)
231
Chirp
231
ambiguity function
238
implementation
233
stretch processing of
waveform
656
658
64
198
237238
amplitude weighting
pulse compression ratio
479f
235237
234b
656
ambiguity function for
662f
matched filter responses
661f
NLFM time-frequency relationship
661f
power spectral density
661f
weighting
659
Linear frequency modulation on pulse (LFMOP).

See ChirpLFM
Linear system-invariant (LSI)
605
LNA. See Low-noise amplifier

Lobing
119f
Local oscillator (LO)
17
656
Log periodic antenna (LP antenna)
523
Longbow radar
716
interchangeable color displays
716f
for RAH-66 Comanche helicopter
717
Look through technique
557558
Look-in measurements
604
Low Earth orbit (LEO)
707
Low Probability of Detection (LPD)
581
Low Probability of Exploitation (LPE)
581
525
Index Terms
Links
Low probability of intercept (LPI)

cost of
141
252
513
591
design strategies
antenna gain considerations
bandwidth considerations
instantaneous bandwidth
for reduced peak power
future trends in
584
583584
583t
582583
592
intercepted signals
590591
LPI-enhancing design features

detection avoidance
intercept receiver functions
multiple beams on frequencies
584
585587
589t
588589
noncoherent integration
588
power management
585
pseudo-random pulse compression codes

pulse compression
random waveform parameters
590b
587588
589
mimicking enemy waveforms
591
operational strategies
582
radar
33f
Low pulse repetition frequency (LPRF)
389
717
See also Medium pulse repetition frequency

(Medium PRF)
advantages
399
Doppler blind zones

limitations
399402
399
low duty factor
402403
moving targets on ground
403404
multiple-time-around echoes
signal processing
394399
targets and clutter differentiation

Doppler profile
range profile
STC
Low-frequency filters
402
389
391393
390
391f
392b
436
391
581
Index Terms
Links
Low-level processing architectures
612
digital signal processors
615
embedded processors
615
FPGA
614615
full-custom IC design
612
GPUs
616
microprocessors
616
parallelism
612
pipelining
612
ULAs, ASICs, and gate arrays

Low-noise amplifier (LNA)
617f
612614
28
127
LP antenna. See Log periodic antenna

LPD. See Low Probability of Detection
LPE. See Low Probability of Exploitation
LPI. See Low probability of intercept
LPRF. See Low pulse repetition frequency
LRU. See Line replaceable units
LSD. See Least significant digit
LSI. See Linear system-invariant
M
MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates (MDA)
707
Magnetic fields
53
Magnetron
16f
Main battle tanks (MBT)
675
Mainlobe
107
Mainlobe clutter (MLC)
421
54f
MALD. See Miniature air launched decoy

Maritime Moving Target Indicator (MMTI)
705
Master oscillator-power amplifier
270
Matched filter
197198
design
164
theory
197
Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE)
133
MBT. See Main battle tanks

MDA. See MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates
MDS. See Minimum discernible signal
Mean square deviation
8788
196197
Index Terms
Links
Mean time between critical failures (MTBCF)
129
Mechanically steered array (MSA)
126
Medium pulse repetition frequency (Medium PRF)
407
blind zone elimination
412414
GMT rejection
411412
sidelobe clutter minimization
415416
sidelobe return from targets
416417
signal processing
410411
targets and clutter differentiation
137
407
Doppler profiling
408
mainlobe clutter rejection
408
range profiling
407408
sidelobe clutter
408410
MESFET. See Metal semiconductor field-effect transistor

Messerschmitt Bf-110 G4
14
Metal oxide semiconductors (MOS)
30
Metal semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET)
30
Mikoyan MiG-35
334
Military off-the-shelf (MOTS)
620
Millimeter wave (MMW)
530
Million operations per second (MOPS)
607
MIMD. See Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data

MIMO radar. See Multiple-input, multiple-output radar
Mini radars
650
Miniature air launched decoy (MALD)
578579
Minimizing sidelobes
502503
Minimum discernible signal (MDS)
527
Minimum peak sidelobe codes
240
MISD. See Multiple Instruction, Single Data

Mismatch filtering
658
digital filter response
660f
frequency weighting
658
mismatched filters
658
optimized
659
pulse compression with adaptivity
659
Mixer device
659
660
198
MLC. See Mainlobe clutter

MLE. See Maximum likelihood estimation
597
Index Terms
Links
MLP. See Multilayer perceptron

MMIC. See Monolithic microwave integrated circuit
MMS. See Multistatic measurement system
MMTI. See Maritime Moving Target Indicator
MMW. See Millimeter wave
MoD. See Italian Ministry of Defense
Mode S. See Mode select
Mode select (Mode S)
40
Modern AEW&C pulse Doppler radar systems
699
Modified escort jamming
544
Modulation envelope
69
Modulator
16
Monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC)

Monopole antenna
3031b
142
522523
Monopulse
operation
119
radars
567
receivers
211
systems
564
119120
Monostatic radar
631
Moores law
611b
MOPS. See Million operations per second

MOS. See Metal oxide semiconductors
Motion compensation
488
limit on uncompensated phase errors

phase errors
488490
488t
MOTS. See Military off-the-shelf

Moving and stationary target acquisition and recognition
(MSTAR)
676
Moving target indication (MTI)
10
45
304
367
703
MSA. See Mechanically steered array

MSTAR. See Moving and stationary target acquisition and
recognition
MTAEs. See Multiple-time-around echoes
MTBCF. See Mean time between critical failures
MTI. See Moving target indication
100
Index Terms
Links
Multichannel receivers
210211
See also Homodyne receivers

Multifunction radar systems
modes
685
686b
Multilayer perceptron (MLP)
674
Multilook SAR image
493
Multipath propagation
103f
Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data (MIMD)
609
Multiple Instruction, Single Data (MISD)
609
Multiple pulse detection
363
Multiple-baseline precision interferometer
535
Multiple-input, multiple-output radar (MIMO radar)
640
687
610
662
See also Distributed radar system

advantages
652
channel matrix
651652
co-ambiguity function
652
cross-ambiguity function
652
emission of waveforms
663f
separability
664f
types
651
Multiple-time-around echoes (MTAEs)
218
Multistatic measurement system (MMS)
649
663
N
Narrow-beam antenna
532533
Navigational aids
39
aircrafts absolute altitude

altimetry
41f
4041
altitude measurement
41f
assisting air traffic control
40
avoiding air-to-air collisions
40
blind low-altitude flight
41
car collision management
42
forward range
41f
interrogators monopulse antenna
40f
marking remote facilities
39
interrogator
40f
transponder
39
40f
Index Terms
Links
Navigational aids (Cont.)

PVU
42
vehicular radar systems
42f
Navspasur. See Navy Space Surveillance System

Navy Space Surveillance System (Navspasur)
649
NCTR. See Noncooperative target recognition

NCTR mode. See Non-Cooperative Target Recognition mode
Nearest neighbor (NN)
674
NEC. See Network-enabled capability

Nested codes. See Chained codes
Network-enabled capability (NEC)
651
NLFM waveforms. See Nonlinear FM waveforms

NN. See Nearest neighbor
Node angle
640
Node baseline
640
Noise figure
160
Noise-equivalent
497
Noncoherent integration
588
Non-Cooperative Target Recognition mode (NCTR mode)
714
Non-signal-related spurs (NRS)
203
Noncoherent pulsed radar
528
15
See also Coherent pulse-Doppler radar

antenna
17
search scan
22f
servo
22f
automatic tracking
2223
cockpit of Typhoon aircraft
20f
display systems
20
duplexer
16f
elements in
16f
ground clutter
24f
magnetron
16f
venerable
1819b
modulator
16
pistol grip hand control
22f
power supply
22
PPI
22
radar displays
17
21b
Index Terms
Links
Noncoherent pulsed radar (Cont.)

receiver
17
Saab Microwave Systems PS-05
15f
space stabilization
23
synchronizer
16
target tracking
23f
timing pulses from synchronizer
20f
transmitter
16
waveguide
16f
Noncooperative target recognition (NCTR)
669
Nonlinear distortion
656
Nonlinear FM waveforms (NLFM waveforms)
661
ambiguity function for
662f
approach to frequency weighting
661
design
662
Doppler effects
662
Nonmathematical approach. See also Airborne radar

combining signals
amplitude of carrier signal
69f
amplitude of resulting wave
66f
counterrotating phasors
69f
creation of sidebands
6870
of frequency
6670
frequency and phase modulation
70f
frequency translation
67
image frequency
68f
LO signal
67f
of phase
68f
6566
phasor in counterclockwise
67f
radar receiver
67f
scintillation
65
66f
in-phase and quadrature components

direction of Doppler shifts
7071
Doppler frequency
70f
image rejection
71
instantaneous values
70f
mixer outputs Q component
71f
video signal proportional to
71f
Index Terms
Links
Nonmathematical approach (Cont.)

phasor
6365
ubiquitous decibel
7274b
Nonperiodic signal
77
Nonrecurring engineering (NRE)

Nonstationary process
614
89
Normalized radar cross section (NRCS)
353
Notching
367
NRCS. See Normalized radar cross section

NRE. See Nonrecurring engineering
NRS. See Non-signal-related spurs
O
One-way radio propagation
Optimum frequency selection
airborne applications
529530
102
103104
AWACS radar
103f
ground-based applications
102
Ku-band
104f
shipboard applications
103
at X-band
104f
Original cavity magnetron
15f
Ovals of Cassini
631
Over-the horizon radars (OTH radars)
103f
97
P
PAE. See Power-added efficiency
Panavia Tornado GR-4
256
Parabolic dish antennas
524
Passive electronically scanned array (PESA)

Passive emitter location
approaches
31
530
531f
531
direction of arrival techniques
532535
precision location techniques
535536
PBIT. See Perform BIT on power-up

PC. See Pulse compression
PCC. See Probability of correct classification
PCL. See Probability of correct label
Index Terms
Links
PD radar. See Pulse Doppler radar

PDF. See Probability distribution function
PDI. See Postdetection integration
Peak power
153f
154
Peak sidelobe level (PSL)
232
664
7f
107f
Pencil beam
Perform BIT on power-up (PBIT)
622
Periodic permanent magnet (PPM)
25
Periodic signal
77
665
PESA. See Passive electronically scanned array

Phase
61
constellation
238
interferometry
465
modulation
238
barker codes
240
binary phase modulation
238240
complementary codes
240241
Doppler sensitivity
polyphase codes
241
241243
8
phased array
32
unwrapping
465
Phasor
524
63
in phase with reference
65f
projection
64f
rate of rotation
65f
representing signal
63
for sine wave
64f
strobe point
64f
Phenomenology models
64
604
Phenoms. See Phenomenology models

Physical optics (PO)
677
PingPong mode
711
712
22
Plan position indicator (PPI)

Planar array antenna
27f
PO. See Physical optics

POET decoy
577
POL See Probability of intercept

515
545
Index Terms
Links
Polarimetric SAR
468469
470f
56
57
Polarization
Polyphase codes
241
binary codes
243
frank codes
241
phase increments
242f
Postdetection integration (PDI)
169
242
174
See also Predetection integration

Doppler frequency
175f
effects of
176
equivalent of
176
integration time of Doppler filter
175f
Potential Doppler ambiguities
320
flight geometries
320f
hypothetical situation
320f
PRF
321
321322
Power of noise jamming

Power signal
544b
78
Power-added efficiency (PAE)
142
PPI. See Plan position indicator

PPM. See Periodic permanent magnet
Precision location techniques
535
FDOA
536
TDOA
535536
Precision strategic bombing
48
Precision velocity update (PVU)
42
Predistortion
49
656
integration
173
PRF. See Pulse repetition frequency

PRI. See Pulse repetition interval
Probability density curve
Probability distribution function (PDF)
188
8990
Probability of correct classification (PCC)
678
Probability of correct label (PCL)
679
Probability of intercept (POI)
537
Programmable signal processor (PSP)
607
Proximity fuses
679
49
Pseudo-random pulse compression codes
590b
243f
Index Terms
Links
Pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistors
30f
PSL. See Peak sidelobe level

PSP. See Programmable signal processor
Pulse agility
663
Pulse chasing
631
Pulse compression (PC)
152
664
229
564
587588
655
adaptive
660
with adaptivity
659
660
Doppler effects and ambiguity function
232
233f
LFM chirp
233238
matched filter
231
phase modulation
232f
238243
pulse width dilemma
230
radar receiver processes
568
radar waveforms
568
range resolution improving
567
ratio
235
chirp rate
236
LFM matched filter
235f
minimum resolvable frequency difference
235f
ratio of uncompressed pulse width
236f
stretch processing
237f
resolution and range sidelobes
232
short pulse
230f
waveform
230231
Pulse Doppler radar (PD radar)
564
Doppler effect
257265
spectrum of pulsed signal
267274
Pulse eclipsing
568
655
657658
41
152
452
474
495
537
689
bat adjusting
689f
691
categories
383
for deghosting
225
Doppler ambiguities
153
Pulse repetition frequency (PRF)
high PRF operation
385386
low PRF operation
384385
Index Terms
Links
Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) (Cont.)

measurement accuracy
226
medium PRF operation
386387
minimum acceptable
501f
PRI
152f
pulse eclipsing
657
in pulsed Doppler radar
379
radars pulses transmission
152f
for resolving ambiguities

sample computation
trade-off
224225
499b
225226
unambiguous range
Pulse repetition interval (PRI)
Pulse width
225f
5
152
151
Pulse-delay ranging
digital radars
216217
range measurement
215216
resolving in range
217
simple analog radars
216
sophisticated analog radars
216
video signal
217f
Pulse-Doppler radars
215
15
Pulse-Doppler search. See Velocity search

Pulsed coherent receiver
with baseband digitization
with IF digitization
208
208209
209
sub-nyquist sampling
210
Pulsed noncoherent receiver
207208
Pulsed operation
149

ambiguity diagram
153f
Doppler shift
149f
energy and power
150f
154155b
noise sidebands blanket
150f
output power and transmitted energy
153156
pulsed transmission advantages
149150
pulsed waveform
150153
transmission and reception
150f
202
Index Terms
Links
Pulsed spectrum unveiled
277
See also Pulse Doppler radar;

Spectrum of pulsed signal
analogy of filter to ruler
284285
coherent pulse train
286287
coherent pulsed radio-frequency signal
281f
complete spectrum of pulse
280f
filters point of view
284288
frequency
280281
line width
283284
lossless and conventional filter output
280f
lossless narrowband filter
278280
mathematical explanation
288
amplitudes
293
negative-frequency terms
293
positive-frequency portion
292f
momentum of pendulum
279f
motor driven eccentric flywheel
278f
pulse modulated radio wave
281282
repetition of spectral lines
287288
signal
277
single pulse
283
spectral lines
294f
285286
282283
swing of pendulum
279f
train of pulses
281
Pulsed waveform
150
carrier frequency
151
intrapulse modulation
152f
PRF
152153
pulse length
151f
pulse width
151f
range separation
151f
transmitted waveform
151f
PVU. See Precision velocity update
Q
Quantization noise
204
Quiet radar
513
Index Terms
Links
Quiet range
513
R
Radar
displays
21b
equation
168b
range and angle
531532
range equation
495
noise-equivalent
497
radar velocity
497
single pulse for single resolution cell
496
system
7f
warning
512513
Radar cross section (RCS)

fluctuations in
33
165
185186
of single resolution cell

Radar image resolution
achieving fine resolution
496
446
451
across-track resolution
451452
along-track resolution
445
oil seepage off Santa Barbara map
453f
cell size choice, influencing factors of
446
cell size effect on shape
447f
costs and data management
450
interpreting images
450451
Karlsruhe high-resolution image
449f
Karlsruhe part of SAR image
448f
signal processing requirements
449450
size of objects
446449
for various mapping applications

radar system
452453
450f
446t
445
Radar jamming
514
anti-radiation weapons
517
burn-through range
516
chaff
516
concepts
515
cover vs. deceptive jamming
515
flares
516
166b
Index Terms
Links
Radar jamming (Cont.)

high power radiation
517
jamming to signal ratio
516
self protection jammer
514f
self protection vs. remote jamming
514
stand-in jammer
514f
stand-off jamming
514f
Radar receivers
195
airborne radar receiver
203f
architectures
207
downconversion
198201
dynamic range
201202
filtering
197198
LNA
196197
multichannel receivers
210211
phase noise plot
203f
principles
196
pulsed coherent receiver
208210
pulsed noncoherent receiver
207208
specialized receivers
211212
spectral purity
203
spurious signals
203
Radar resource management

activities
685
686
688
categories
687688
scheduler allocating radar task

tasks
686f
686687
Radar resource manager (RRM)
688
role
688
setting electronic scanning system
688f
Radar target classification
689
667
classification techniques
673674
confusion matrix
678680
databases and target modeling

bundle of rays propagation
677f
CAD models
678
edge diffraction
678
interactions with facets
677f
Index Terms
Links
Radar target classification (Cont.)

returns for entire synthetic aperture
SAR image database options
SAR image simulation
678f
676677
677
feature-based classification
675676
high-resolution SAR image
667f
JEM
668
layover
670
672
clustering algorithm
672
673
detection algorithm
672
labeled clusters
673f
prescreening
672
rejection of clutter discrete
673
template matching
675
processing chain
self-shadowing
670
target phenomenology
669
multipath reflections
radar explicitly measures range
sensitivity to imaging aspect angle
terminology
671672
669f
669670
669f
668669
Radar warning receivers (RWR)
513
covering directions
537
emitter location process
538
functional flow
538
Radar waveforms
229
echoes eclipsing
658f
EMI
657
intermodulation product generation
656
linear distortion
656
mismatch filtering
658660
NLFM waveforms
661662
nonlinear distortion
pulse eclipsing
523
655
656
657658
schemes for generation
656
spectral regrowth
656
transmitter distortion
655
waveform diversity
658f
662665
537
Index Terms
Links
Radar-absorbing material (RAM)
599
RADARSAT-2 satellite
504
Earth observation tool
505
Global Hawk
505
image of Sendai, Japan
708f
incidence angle
505
parameter comparison
SAR
707708
506
708t
708
Radial velocity
Radiation pattern
112f
antenna directive gain
114b
115
beamwidth
112f
113f
characteristics of
112
linear array with uniform illumination
113f
radian
113f
sidelobes
115
Radio detection
114
121b
distant target approaches
5f
PPI
radar system
radars in aircraft
6f
radio wave transmissions
5f
ranges
5f
target
5f
transmitter and receiver process
4f
Radio frequency (RF)
97
127
196
474
525
608
electromagnetic spectrum
97f
98f
frequency bands
98
99
See Airborne radar
influence of frequency
ambient noise
101f
atmospheric attenuation
100
beamwidth
99f
coexistence with other users
100
Doppler considerations
101
foliage penetration
100
fractional bandwidth
100
455
Index Terms
Links
Radio frequency (RF) (Cont.)

physical size
99
on radar performance
99
transmitted power
99
optimum frequency selection

wavelength
102104
98f
Radio waves
53
atmospheric refraction
58b
characteristics
area of antenna
59f
direction of propagation
56f
fields of radio wave
59f
frequency
60f
intensity
59f
period
61f
phase
61f
polarization
56
speed
56
vertically polarized element
56f
wavelength
59
diffraction
58b
dynamic relationships
54f
electric charge acceleration
54f
electric fields
53f
electromagnetic radiation
magnetic fields
57
60f
5455
53
reflection
58b
ripples on pond
55f
simple dipole antenna
55f
speed of light
57b
thermal agitation
54f
54f
waves field visualization

electric field
55f
magnetic field
56f
RAM. See Radar-absorbing material

Random scattering
598
Index Terms
Links
Range
bins
28
differentiation
317318
discriminant
435
gate stealing
547
profile
390
range-tracking loop
391f
435436
sidelobes
232
straddling
231
sweep
20
216
trace
20
216
zones
348349
Range ambiguities
217
coping with ambiguous ranging
219
maximum unambiguous range
218219
nature of
217218
pulse repetition interval
347
218f
range zones
348350
returns from ranges
347348
Range cusping. See Range straddling

Range equation
179
antenna size
183
average power
182
decreasing system noise
182f
detection probability
186190
detection threshold
181f
fluctuations in RCS
185186
forms of radar
192b
integrated noise energy
180f
omissions
181
range computation
191b
RCS
182
received signal energy
179f
revealing form of equation
181182
time-on-target
182
tripling transmitter power
182f
volume search equation

wavelength
183185
183
391
Index Terms
Links
Range gate pull-in (RGPI)
548
569
Range gate pull-off (RGPO)
547
569
215
Range measurement
ambiguous returns elimination
chirping
219220
6f
electronically scanned radars
227
enhanced pulse tagging
226
FM ranging
PRF
7f
224226
PRF jittering
219f
pulse-delay ranging
215217
pulse-delay ranging
range ambiguities
217219
resolving ambiguities
computing range
220
222
ghosts
222224
multiple PRFs
221222
tagging pulses
220221
226227
speed of light
6f
targets range
6f
Range resolution. See Across-track resolution

Range-gate
216
command
435
straddling loss
217
Range-gated high PRF. See Enhanced pulse tagging

Range-rate measurement
317
See also Pulse Doppler radar

Doppler method
318320
good dynamic response
318
potential Doppler ambiguities
320322
range differentiation
317318
range-rate
317f
resolving Doppler ambiguities

Doppler frequency calculation
324
PRF switching
323324
range differentiation
322323
Index Terms
Links
Range-rate tracking loop. See Doppler tracking loop

Rayleigh probability density function
357
Raytheon APG-79 AESA
603
RCS. See Radar cross section

Real array
482483b
Receiver protection device
17
Receiver system sensitivity
527
kTB
527528
noise figure
528
predetection signal-to-noise ratio
528
Reception
482483b
Reciprocity
118
Reconnaissance & Surveillance radar system

air-to-ground surveillance
early warning and sea surveillance
44
45
4445
lightweight solid-state surveillance radar
45f
long-range air-to-ground reconnaissance
44f
low-altitude air and sea surveillance
45
manned systems
Joint STARS radar
SENTINEL Rl system
passive ESA of Joint STARS radar
703704
704
45f
unmanned systems
NASA UAV SAR radar
706
STARlite
705706
TESAR
704705
Reduced instruction set computing (RISC)

Reflection
701
17
antenna mode
598
iso-range and iso-Doppler for
336f
sources of
597598
structural mode
598
Rejection notches
397
Remarkable gridded traveling wave tube

Remote jamming
burn-through of
58
2526b
541
555556
557
Index Terms
Links
Remote sensing
42
blind-landing guidance
43
change mapping
44
forward-looking radar system
44f
ice flow on Lake Erie
43f
law enforcement
43
noncoherent change detection
44f
terrain mapping
42
3D SAR map
43f
44
43
Renormalization and rounding. See Rescaling

Rescaling
610
Resolution
cell
446
distance
446
fineness
449
Resonant frequency of circuit
300
Retroreflective surfaces
342
RF. See Radio frequency

RGPI. See Range gate pull-in
RGPO. See Range gate pull-off
RISC. See Reduced instruction set computing
Root mean square (RMS)
532
RRM. See Radar resource manager

RWR. See Radar warning receivers
S
S/H circuit. See Sample-and-hold circuit
SAM. See Surface-to-air missile
Sample-and-hold circuit (S/H circuit)
204
SANCTUARY bistatic radar
629
SAR. See Synthetic aperture radar

SAW device. See Surface acoustic wave device
ScanSAR Mode
712
SEI. See Specific Emitter Identification

Seismic events
467
SELEX CAPTOR-E AESA radar
24f
SELEX Galileo
715
Index Terms
Links
Self protection jamming (SPJ)
541542
burn-through of
555
556557
self protection jammer
514f
Self screening jamming. See Self protection jamming

Semiactive missile homing
633634
Sensitivity
683
Sensitivity time control (STC)
122
SENTINEL Rl system
704
Sequential lobing
202
8f
Serrodyne modulation
550b
SEU. See Single-event upset

Shipboard applications
103
SHRs. See Superheterodyne receivers

Side-looking airborne radar (SLAR)
42
Sideband signals
69
Sidelobes
108
blanker
566
clutter
335
clutter minimization
452
115f
415416
jamming
566b
reduction
115
reduction
311312
116f
SiGe. See Silicon germanium

SIGINT. See Signal Intelligence
Signal classification
7778
Signal Intelligence (SIGINT)

ES vs.
510
511t
Signal overlap zone (SOZ)
689f
Signal processing
394
clutter canceler
395398
detection threshold
398
in low PRF radar
394f
mainlobe clutter tracking
398f
399
449450
476
requirements
for unfocused array
Signal processor
476b
28f
digitized echo data sorting
28f
targets positions
29f
29
392b
410
Index Terms
Links
Signal-related spurs (SRS)
203
Signal-to-interference ratio (SIR)
362
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
181
predetection
460
497
528
SIJ. See Stand-in jammer

Silicon germanium (SiGe)
Silicon photonics
142
625626
SIMD. See Single Instruction, Multiple Data

Simple analog radars
216
Simple pulsed radar
15
Sine space
136
139b
Sine waves. See Sinusoidal waves

Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD)
609
Single Instruction, Single Data (SISD)
609
Single program, multiple data (SPMD)
610
Single pulse detection
362363
Single-baseline interferometer
535
Single-event upset (SEU)
625
Single-look probability See Blip-scan ratio

Single-scan probability See Blip-scan ratio
Single-target tracking (STT)
angle-tracking loop
226227
437438
angle-tracking filter
438f
antenna
438f
common coordinate system
437b
Doppler tracking loop
436
functions in tracking loop
434
improving angle estimation

improving Doppler estimation
velocity gate
433
436437
436
436f
improving range estimation
435
early-gate and late-gate
435
range discriminant
435
range-tracking loop
range-gate command
Sinusoidal waves
435436
435
436f
60
SIR. See Signal-to-interference ratio

SISD. See Single Instruction, Single Data
434
658
Index Terms
Links
Skin return
542
SLAR. See Side-looking airborne radar

SMGCS. See Surface movement guidance and control system
SNR. See Signal-to-noise ratio
SOJ. See Stand-off jamming
Solid angle efficiency
115
SOZ. See Signal overlap zone

Space based radar systems
707
COSMO-SkyMed satellites
710712
RADARSAT-2 satellite
707708
TerraSAR-X satellite
708710
Space stabilization
23
Space-time adaptive processing (STAP)
45
92
Spatial correlation
359
Specific Emitter Identification (SEI)
513
525
Speckle
451
455
Spectral
leakage
656
purity
203
regrowth
656
sidelobes
273274
Spectrum of pulsed signal
267
bandwidth
267269
coherence
269271
line width
duration of pulse train vs.
272
eight-pulse train
272
equivalence of pulse train
273
general relationships
two-pulse train
272273
272
effect of pulse modulation

spectral sidelobes
267f
273274
Spiky
357
358f
SPJ. See Self protection jamming

Splash-plate antenna
524
SPMD. See Single program, multiple data

Spot jamming
Spot noise jamming
545546
545f
133
492
367
Index Terms
Links
Spotlight mode
713
Spotlight SAR
460461
Spreading loss
530
Spurious signals
203
SRS. See Signal-related spurs

Stand-in jammer (SIJ)
515f
543
Stand-off jamming (SOJ)
514f
542543
STAP. See Space-time adaptive processing

STARlite radar
705706
modes for tactical reconnaissance
705
SAR modes
705
undergoing flight test
706f
Stationary sequences
8889
Statistical MIMO
640
Statistics
663
85
See also Fourier transform
E-notation
8687
ensemble average
8586
ergodic sequences
8889
estimates of and true averages
86
flipping coin results
85f
mean square deviation
8788
nonstationary process
89
and probability distributions
8990
random noise-like sequence
89f
realizations of random process
85
stationary sequences
8889
time average
8586
variance
8788
87
STC. See Sensitivity time control

Stick architecture
143f
See also Tile architecture

Storm avoidance
3839
Stretch processing
231
Stretch receivers
212
233
Strip map imaging. See Swath map imaging
Index Terms
Links
Stripmap mode
711
Classic
705
Himage mode
711
PingPong mode
711
712
STT. See Single-target tracking

Sub-nyquist sampling
210
Subarray architecture
145
Sum signal
119
Superheterodyne receivers (SHRs)
17
146f
201
525526
See also Radar warning receivers (RWR)

Superscalar dispatch
610
Support vector machine (SVM)
674
Surface acoustic wave device (SAW device)
656
Surface movement guidance and control system (SMGCS)
650
Surface-to-air missile (SAM)
49
SVM. See Support vector machine

Swath map imaging
456
and along-track resolution
457460
lower aircraft position
456f
one-way radiation pattern
457f
radar flies
456f
swath mapping along-track resolution

Swedish Air Force Saab 340 AEW&C system
458f
459460b
700f
Swept gain. See Sensitivity time control (STC)

Swept spot jamming
546
Swerling model
189
Synchronizer
190t
16
Synchronous detector
302303b
Synthetic aperture
456
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
43
83
385
389
455
473
490
710
ambiguities
498
avoiding Doppler ambiguities

avoiding range ambiguities
Grating lobes
498
500501
PRF sample computation

bandwidth
499500
499b
501502
Index Terms
Links
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) (Cont.)

beamwidth and along-track resolution
502
cross-track resolution
501502
design examples
503506
fine-resolution SAR map
490
focused SAR
478
azimuth compression
480
data array
480
focusing principle
478
in line-by-line processor
479f
2D data array
481
high-resolution SAR image
503f
image map
490f
imaging system
455
InSAR
464468
ISAR imaging
461
cross-range resolution of
463b
Doppler processing
462
pitching motion
462f
of ship
464f
viewing angle
464
minimizing sidelobes
502503
motion compensation and autofocus
488490
multilook SAR image
493
noncoherent change detection
491f
polarimetric
468469
polarimtric SAR image
492f
problem of speckle
492
processing
481
conventional array concepts

Doppler frequency vs. azimuth angle
Doppler processing
element-to-element phase shift
filter bank outputs
implementation
phasor I and Q components
reducing computing load
reduction in arithmetic operations
470f
485f
486488
484
483484
482483b
486f
484486
481f
483484
486
Index Terms
Links
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) (Cont.)

signal processing requirement
3 dB bandwidth of Doppler filter
radar-range equation
RADARSAT-2 orbiting Earth
481482
487f
495497
504f
SAR image interpretation
490493
spotlight SAR
460461
of car park
461f
swath-mapping SAR
tomographic
491
469470
unfocused SAR
aircrafts mission
474
array element
474f
limitation
475f
476478
radar system
473f
rudimentary unfocused array
475f
signal processing
476
single row of range/azimuth resolution cells
475f
synthetic array element
474f
unfocused synthetic array
477f
USAF Global Hawk UAV
505f
VHF SAR image
491f
Synthetic array
456
azimuth resolution
458f
beam-forming operation
474
element-to-element phase shift
457
487f
482483b
phase rotation effect
477
radiation pattern
477f
two-way 3 dB beamwidth
458
T
Tactical Endurance Synthetic Aperture Radar (TESAR)
Tactical-missile targeting
Tagging pulses
4748
220221
TALOS air defense system

Target
704705
633
634f
echoes
energy
20
164165
167
169
Index Terms
Links
Target (Cont.)
reduction
167f
identification
46
signal only
173
time-on-target
182
Target position determination

automatic tracking
174
6
79
direction measurement
range measurement
7
67
TCAS. See Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System

TDOA. See Time difference of arrival
Technology Satellite of the 21st Century (TechSat21)
Technology trends
651
683684
cognitive radar sensing
693695
echolocation in nature
689691
electronic scanning
684685
fully adaptive radar
691693
multifunction radar systems
685
radar resource management
685689
waveforms
684
TechSat21
See Technology Satellite of the 21st Century
Template matching
675
Terrain bounce jamming
551
Terrain mapping
42
TerraSAR-X satellite
43
710
image of Mount Bromo, Indonesia
710f
objective
710
operating modes
709
operating parameters
709t
radar interferometry
709710
TanDEM-X mission
708f
TESAR. See Tactical Endurance Synthetic Aperture Radar

THALES I-Master radar
Thermal noise (kTB)
703
527528
sensitivity vs.
528
Threat identification (TID)
538
Three-dimensional device fabrication
625
Index Terms
Links
TID. See Threat identification

Tile architecture
144
Time average
145f
8587
Time difference of arrival (TDOA)
535
Time domains
83f
Time-bandwidth product
236
Tomographic SAR
581
636
433
438
26
27
469470
Tornado warning
39
Towed decoys
578
Track filtering
440441
Track-on-jam capability
Track-while-scan (TWS)
571
7
correlation
439
filtering
439
gate formation
440
preprocessing
438439
track creation or deletion
439
Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)
40
Transconductance
30
Transform pair
83
Transmission
482483b
radars pulses
152f
radio wave
5f
Transmit/receive switch. See Circulator

Transmitter
16
distortion
655
noise limitations
143
and receiver node distribution
642
and receiver process

transmitted waveform
Transponder
4f
151f
39
Traveling wave tube (TWT)

amplifier
129
700
25
Triangulation
531
True-time-delay (TTD)
Two-pulse train
32
272
TWS. See Track-while-scan

TWT. See Traveling wave tube
717
Index Terms
Links
U
U-shaped curve
486487
UAV. See Unmanned air vehicles

UAV SAR radar
505
Ubiquitous decibel
706
7274b
UHF. See Ultra high frequency

ULA. See Uncommitted logic array
Ultra high frequency (UHF)
Ultra-low sidelobes
98
533
564565
Unambiguous range, maximum
152
Uncommitted logic array (ULA)
614
Unfocused synthetic array
476
degradation in
218219
477f
478f
limitation of
476478
United States Army Air Corps (USAAC)
50
Unmanned air vehicles (UAV)
41
505
624
629
523
USAAC. See United States Army Air Corps

USAF E-3 SENTRY system
702f
V
Variance
8788
VCOs. See Voltage-controlled oscillators

Vega system
649
Velocity filter
436
Velocity gate
436
pull-off
550
Velocity search
427
Venerable magnetron
1819b
Versa Module Eurocard (VME)

Very high frequency (VHF)
Very large-scale integrated circuit (VLSI)
621
98
491
142
VHF. See Very high frequency

Video output
203
204
VITA. See VMEBus International Trade Association

VLSI. See Very large-scale integrated circuit
VME. See Versa Module Eurocard
533
576
Index Terms
Links
VMEBus International Trade Association (VITA)
621
Voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs)
253
Volume search equation
183
detection range
184f
fraction of backscatter
184f
simplified derivation
184
185b
W
Watson-Watt direction-finding system
533
Waveform(s)
684
acoustic signals
689
690f
adaptive
571572
ambiguity function
230
bat adjusting PRF
689f
diversity
662
enabling technology
691
662
MIMO radar
662663
pulse agility
663
664
waveform optimization
664
665
modulation
690
parameters
690
Wavefronts
258
Waveguide
16
Wavelength
59
Weather clutter
259
60f
100
Weather phenomena
37
detection and prediction
37
military helicopter
37f
storm avoidance
3839
tornado warning
39
view of Hurricane Katrina
39f
wind shear warning
39f
Weather radars
38
of Hurricane Katrina
39
pulse-Doppler
39
Weighted rank fill ratio
675
WideRegion mode
712
38
103
534
Index Terms
Links
Wiener-Khinchin theorem
93
See also Bistatic equivalence theorem

Wind shear warning
39f
Z
Zero IF receivers. See Homodyne receivers

Index: Index Terms Links A

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INDEX

Note: page numbers are followed by f or b or t (indicating figures or boxes or tables).

array physical design

module efficiency measures

net receiver noise figure

peak power of module

phase and amplitude control

receiver noise figure

transmitter noise limitations

Adaptive CFAR detection thresholds

Adaptivity, pulse compression with

ADC. See Analog to digital converter

Advanced processor architectures

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

Advanced processor architectures (Cont.)

low-level processing architectures

processing building blocks

bit growth, rounding, and dynamic range

processor instruction cycle

radar processor generation

AESA. See Active electronically scanned array

AEW&C. See Airborne early warning and control

AI radar. See Airborne intercept radar

blind tactical bombing

ground-based defense suppression

high-resolution millimeter-wave radar

precision strategic bombing

Airborne early warning (AEW). See Airborne early warning

E-3 AWACS Radar

Japanese E-767 AWACS

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

Airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) (Cont.)

USAF E-3 SENTRY system

Airborne intercept radar (AI radar)

Airborne moving target indication (AMTI)

fighter/interceptor mission support

reconnaissance and surveillance

coherent pulse-Doppler radar

noncoherent pulsed radar

target position determination

Airborne Stand-Off Radar (ASTOR)

Airborne warning and control system (AWACS). See Airborne

phase-based processing implementation

maximum synthetic aperture length

one-way radiation pattern

synthetic array use

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

Alternating current signals (AC signals)

AM signal. See Amplitude modulation signal

ambiguous returns elimination

maximum opening rate

PRF and target closing rate

putting plots in perspective

Ambiguity zones. See Range zones

Amplitude comparison monopulse

Amplitude modulation signal (AM signal)

AMRAAM. See Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile

Analog channelized receiver

Analog to digital converter (ADC)

Analog-to-digital conversion (A/D conversion)

amplitude comparison monopulse

Angle of arrival (AOA)

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.