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0 TITLE
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
2.0 OBJECTIVES
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.0 INTRODUCTION
The Hydrostatic Pressure (Model: FM 35) apparatus has been designed to introduce
students to the concept of centre of pressure of an object immersed in fluid. It can be used to
measure the static thrust exerted by a fluid on a submerged surface, either fully or partially, and
at the same time allowing the comparison between the magnitude and direction of the force with
theory. The apparatus consists of a specially constructed quadrant mounted on a balance arm. It
pivots on knife edges, which also correspond to the centre of the arc of quadrant. This means that
only the hydrostatic force acting on the rectangular end face will provide a moment about the
knife edges (SOLTEQ, n.d.).
The force exerted by the hydraulic thrust is measured by direct weighing. With no water in
the tank, and no weights on the scale, the arm is horizontal. As weights are added one by one to
the scales, water can be added to the tank so that the hydrostatic force balances the weights and
bring the arm back to horizontal. Figure 1 is a sketch of the Hydrostatic Pressure (Model: FM
35).
Figure 2
Inclined plane submerged in a static fluid as shown in the Figure 2. The resultant force FR is
acting perpendicular to the plane since no shear force is present when the fluid is at rest. FR has a
line of action that passes through the point (xcp, ycp), which is called the center of pressure.
Now take a small differential element dA at a depth of h. The differential force dF acting on
dA is given by:
dF
gh dA
The magnitude of the resultant force can be obtained by integrating the differential force over the
whole area:
FR
A gh dA
A gy sin dA
g sin A y dA
The integral A y dA represents the first moment of the area about the x axis, which is equal to:
A y dA
ycA
From trigonometry,
hc
yc sin
where hc is the vertical distance from the fluid surface to the centroid of the plane surface, then
the resultant force is simplified to:
Equation 1 :
Fr = ghcA
The center of pressure, xcp and ycp can be obtained by summing moments about the 2y and
x axis, respectively. First, by equating the sum of moments of all pressure forces about the x axis
to the moment of the resultant force:
y dF
FRycp
A gy2 sin dA
ycp
A y2 dA
ycA
where A y2 dA is the second moment of the area or the area moment of inertia (Ix) about the x
axis. According to the parallel axis theorem, the moment of inertia can also be written as:
3
Ix
Ix + Ayc2
where Ix is the second moment of area with respect to the centroidal axis, which is parallel to the
x axis. Hence, the center of pressure coordinate ycp is given by:
Equation 2:
ycp = Ix
+ yc
ycA
Similarly, xcp can be obtained by equating the sum of moments of all pressure forces
about the y axis to the moment of the resultant force.
x dF
FRxcp
A gxy sin dA
xcp
A xy dA
ycA
where A xy dA is the product of inertia (Ixy) of the area about the x and y axes. Once again
according to the parallel axis theorem, it also can be written as:
Equation 3:
Xcp = Ixy
+ xc
ycA
From the formulations of xcp and ycp, it is noted that the center of pressure is always lower
than the centroid of the plane area.
Figure 3 illustrate a hydrostatic pressure demonstration setup.
Referring to Figure 3,
L
Although the basic theory for the partially submerged and fully submerged plane is the
same, it will be clearer to consider the 2 cases separately.
Thrust on surface:
For a partially submerged plane surface, from Equation 1,
ghcA
where
A
=Bd
hc
=d2
Thus,
Equation 4:
g (Bd2/2)
F =
F h
where
h
At equilibrium condition, a balancing moment is produced by the weight (W) applied to the
hanger at the end of the balance arm = W L. For static equilibrium the two moments are equal.
Hence,
F h
WL
mgL
mgL
Thus,
h
F
=
2mgL
gBd2
Equation 5
2mL/Bd2
mgL/F =
Theoretically, the center of pressure from the water surface, h is expressed in equation below
Ycp =
-(g sin lxy)/(PcgA)
Gives,
h = h Ycp = h [-(Ixx sin )/(hcg A)]
The orientation of the surface from the horizontal = 90 gives 1 for sin , then
=h
Ixx
Ah
where
Ix
= 2nd moment of area of immersed section about an axis in the free water surface.
So,
Ix
Ic + Ah2
Thus
Ixx
Bd3
12
+
(rectangular)
h + H d
H d/3
Thrust on surface:
For a fully submerged plane surface, from Equation 1,
F
ghcA
where
A
=BD
hc
=D2
Thus,
Equation 7: F
gAh =
gBD(d (D/2))
F h
Where
At equilibrium condition, a balancing moment is produced by the weight (W) applied to the
hanger at the end of the balance arm = W L. For static equilibrium the two moments are equal.
Hence,
F h
WL
mgL
mgL
F
Equation 8
mgL/F =
mL/BD(d-(D/2))
9
Theoretically, the center of pressure from the water surface, h is expressed in equation,
h =
h Ycp =
h [(-Ixx sin )/ (hcg A)]
The orientation of the surface from the horizontal = 90 gives 1 for sin, then
The theoreticasult for depth of center of pressure, P, below the free surface of fluid is:
h
h
=
=
=h
+
Ixx
Ah
where
Ix
= 2nd moment of area of immersed section about an axis in the free water surface.
Thus
Ix = BD[
D2
12
+ (d -
D
2
)2]
h + H - d
The quadrant assembly is mounted on top of a clear reservoir tank provided with leveling screws
on its feet. A spirit level attached to the base of the tank assures accuracy of the alignment. The
tank is filled with water from the top and can be drained through a valve at the side. A scale is
provided on the side of the quadrant to indicate the water level in the tank
The torque exerted by the hydraulic thrust is measured by direct weighing. Tests may be carried
out over a range of water level
Quadrant
i.
Material: PVC
ii.
Total Depth of Quadrant, H: 200 mm
iii.
Height of Fulcrum above Quadrant: 100 mm
iv. Height of End Surface, D: 100 mm
v. Width, B: 75 mm
vi.
Length of Balance: 300 mm
Reservoir Tank
i.
Material: Clear Acrylic
ii.
Volume: 5.5 L
o
Balance Arm
11
i.
ii.
Overall Dimension
i.
Length: 340 mm
ii.
Width: 130 mm
iii.
Height: 300 mm
4.0 Method
1. The Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus was placed on top of a Hydraulic Bench.
2. The apparatus was installed properly as in Figure 7.
12
0.075
13
Depth of Immersion
Mass,
Immersion,
(Full/
m (kg)
d (m)
Partial)
0.05
0.040
Partial
0.10
0.059
Partial
0.15
0.075
Full
0.20
0.091
Full
0.25
0.105
Full
0.30
0.121
Full
0.35
0.136
Full
Thrust
F (N)
0.5729
1.2464
2.0141
2.8735
3.6254
4.4848
5.2904
2nd Moment
Experimental,
h" (m)
0.2311
0.2125
0.1973
0.1844
0.1827
0.1772
0.1752
0.073
0.27
0.205
1000
9.81
2nd Moment
Theory, h"
(m)
0.1917
0.1853
0.1800
0.1763
0.1744
0.1731
0.1723
Error %
20.61
14.66
9.59
4.5919
4.70
2.35
1.73
Calculations
For partially immersed,
Thrust,
14
F = g (Bd2/2)
F = 1000 9.81
0.073 0.0402
2
h = mgL/F= 2mL/Bd2
h =
2 0.05 0.27
1000 0.073 0.0402
0.027
0.1168
= 0.2311 m
2nd Moment Theory,
h = H d/3
h = 0.205
0.040
3
15
= 0.2 - 0.0157
= 0.1917 m
0.07
5
h = mgL/F= mL/BD(d-(D/2))
0.15 0.27
.075
2
)
16
0.0405
5.475 0.0375
= 0.1973 m
2nd Moment Theory,
h
h
= h + H d
= {[(d (D/2))2 + (D2/12)] / ( d
(D/2))} + H d
h =
+ 0.205 0.075
= 0.1800 m
Error
Theoretical actual
Theoretical
17
0.25
0.2
2nd Moment
Experimental, h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1
the normal forces on the curved surface do not contribute a moment about the pivot of the
device. This result is due to the design of the apparatus. In other words, the circular arc shape
was been chosen because it allows the measurement of hydrostatic pressure forces without
accounting for the buoyancy effect.
6.0 Conclusion
The data collected appears to follow a trend similar to the theoretically derived equation.
However, the actual data appears to be shifted approximately 0.02m above the theoretical model.
This may be partially the result of the friction in the hinges and the pulley, which was not taken
into account. This friction would increase the closing moment, requiring the opening moment to
be larger to open the door. To make the opening moment larger, the depth of water would have to
increase also.
Another contributing factor to the actual depth being higher than the theoretical is that
water was constantly leaking around the seal on the door. This velocity of the water created a
lower pressure around the seal, increasing the closing moment on the door, and again requiring a
greater depth of water to open the door.
The theoretical model showed that the relationship between the mass of the weight and
the depth of the water is a cubic one. This is a logical conclusion, since as the water depth
increases, the volume of water (a cubic value) is increasing, and it is this volume which is
applying the pressure over the area.
1.0 Reference
Y.A. Cengel & J. M. Cimbala, 2006. Fluid mechanics: fundamental and applications.
1st Ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
20