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Electrodynamics
First Name:
Last Name:
Matr.-No.:
Hints:
If due to your health condition you are not in a position to take part in this examination please resign
before the problems of the exam are announced.
Programmable calculators are not allowed.
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Use only the provided paper. No other material is allowed.
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not be turned on during the examination.
Please write your name and matriculation number on every sheet of paper that you hand in.
Give reasons for your answers.
Electrodynamics
Maxwells Equations
1.1
Problem 1
A copper plate ( = 56.2 106 1m ) shields a signal with a frequency of 300 MHz.
a) Explain the physical meaning of the skin depth .
b) Calculate the skin depth .
c) At which depth will the electric field strength be decreased by 40 dB of its initial value on
the surface?
d) Now, the frequency increases to 100 GHz. How will the skin depth change? (Calculate and
explain.)
1.2
Problem 2
a) Starting with the four Maxwell equations, derive the wave equation for the electric vector
~ in an isotropic, linear and homogeneous medium.
field E
Hint: curl curl F~ = grad div F~ F~ .
~ belonging to a harmonic wave of angular frequency ,
b) Formulate the electric vector field E
that propagates in negative z-direction (Cartesian coordinates) in a lossless, linear, isotropic
and homogeneous medium.
c) How does the solution of b) qualitatively change if the medium is lossy? The losses can be
expressed by a complex dielectric permittivity = (1 j tan ) where tan represents the
losses.
1.3
Problem 3
a) Derive and explain the continuity equation, i. e. the relation of charge density and current
~
density J.
b) Regarding the continuity equation, how do you explain the behavior of the charge density
in a conducting, isotropic and homogeneous medium with a conductivity 6= 0?
1.4
Problem 4
a) Write down the four Maxwell equations. Explain briefly what they describe physically.
b) Derive the wave equation for the magnetic field strength for a source-free, linear, homogeneous and isotropic space.
Hint: curl curl F~ = grad div F~ F~
c) How do waves with the notations TEM, TE and TM differ?
d) Explain the physical meaning of the phase velocity vph regarding the wave propagation and
write down the mathematical definition of the phase velocity.
c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory
Electrodynamics
1.5
Problem 5
a) Write down Maxwells equations in differential form. Name each term that may appear in
the equations. What is the unit of each term?
~
~ = 2 E
b) What are the characteristics of the medium where the wave equation E
would
t2
be valid? Starting with the appropriate Maxwells equation, deduce the given wave equation.
1.6
Problem 6
a) Write down Maxwells equations in integral form. Name each term that appears in the
equations. What is the unit of each term?
b) What are the characteristics of a wave that satisfies Maxwells equations in free space?
c) What are the differences between a homogeneous wave and a homogeneous medium?
S
m.
Electrodynamics
1.7
Problem 7
The continuity equation describes that the divergence of the electric current density equals the
negative change of the charge density with respect to time.
a) Derive the continuity equation with the help of Maxwells equations.
b) Discuss the physical effects of the continuity equation if the considered medium is
1. a good electric conductor
2. an insulator
c) Explain what is meant with relaxation time relax = . In which differential equation does
relax show up and what is the solution of this equation?
1.8
Problem 8
The goal of this problem task is to derive the wave equation and its solution.
a) Write down Maxwells equations in differential form.
a) Write down Maxwells equations in integral form.
b) With respect to a homogeneous, conductive medium that also contains a non-constant
charge distribution %(x, y, z, t), derive the wave equation with respect to the electric field.
c) Now, the charge distribution is homogeneous, i.e., % = %(t). Assuming harmonic time
dependence, solve the wave equation for a plane wave propagating in the positive z-direction.
Additionally, write down the wave number kz depending on the angular frequency .
d) Simplify the wave number kz obtained under sub-item c) for
1) a good insulator (0 < )
2) a good conductor ( ).
e) Name and discuss the difference between the wave within a good insulator and the wave
within a good conductor.
Electrodynamics
Plane Wave
2.1
Problem 1
A harmonic and plane TEM wave with the frequency of 20 GHz and the amplitude of the electric
V
field vector of 1 m
propagates in negative z-direction (Cartesian coordinate system) in a lossless,
homogeneous, linear and isotropic medium with a relative dielectric constant of r = 2 and r = 1.
a) Write down the four Maxwells equations in differential notation
i) for the general case (non harmonic waves) and
ii) in complex notation (harmonic waves).
b) Compute the wave length .
c) Compute the wave vector ~k.
d) Compute the wave impedance ZF .
e) Compute the phase velocity vph .
f) Which field defines the state of polarization? What different kinds of polarization do you
know?
g) Formulate the electric and magnetic field components for a linear vertical polarization.
h) Compute the power flow through the aperture of 2.5 m2 perpendicular to the direction of
propagation.
2.2
Problem 2
A lossless, homogeneous, linear and isotropic medium with a relative dielectric constant of r = 4
and r = 1 is given. A harmonic and plane TEM wave with a wavelength of 30 mm and an
V
amplitude of the electric field vector of 2 m
propagates in this medium in negative x-direction
(cartesian coordinate system).
a) What can be concluded from the expression harmonic and plane TEM wave?
b) Compute the frequency f .
c) Compute the wave vector ~k.
d) Compute the wave impedance ZF .
e) Compute the phase velocity vph .
f) Formulate all electric and magnetic field components for a linear polarization in z-direction.
g) Compute the power flow through an aperture of 3 m2 , whose orientation is
0
1 and
i) ~nA =
0
c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory
Electrodynamics
1
ii) ~nA = 0
0
2.3
Problem 3
The electric field strength of a harmonic and plane TEM wave with a frequency of 24 GHz is given
as:
~ = 4 V cos(t + 800 1 z) ~ex + 2 V cos(t + 800 1 z) ~ey .
E
m
2
m
m
m
The lossless, homogeneous and isotropic medium has a relative magnetic permeability of r = 1.
a) What is the polarization of this TEM wave and what is the direction of propagation? Explain.
b) Determine the wave number and the wave vector.
c) Determine the relative dielectric constant r of the medium.
d) Determine the characteristic wave impedance ZF .
e) Determine the wavelength .
~
f) Determine the magnetic field strength H.
2.4
Problem 4
A harmonic and plane TEM wave with a frequency of 2 GHz propagates in positive x-direction
A in an arbitrary
(Cartesian coordinate system). The magnetic field has an amplitude of 0.029 m
point P . The lossless, homogeneous and isotropic medium has a relative dielectric constant of
r = 4.5 and a relative magnetic permeability of r = 1. The wave is linearly polarized along the
z-axis.
a) Determine the wave number k and the wave vector ~k.
b) Determine the wavelength .
c) Compute the wave impedance ZF .
d) Determine the amplitude of the electric field strength in point P .
e) Formulate the electric and the magnetic field components of the wave.
f) Extend the expression of the electric field vector to give a left handed circular polarized
wave.
2.5
Problem 5
A plane and harmonic TEM wave propagates into the negative x-direction in a lossless dielectric
with a relative permittivity of r = 4. The wave is linearly polarized along the line z = 2y. The
1
wave number is k = 418.88 m
. The magnitude of the magnetic vector field is H0 = 5.3 mA
m .
a) Calculate the frequency f of the wave.
c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory
Electrodynamics
2.6
Problem 6
A linearly polarized plane TEM wave with a frequency f of 60 GHz propagates in a lossless dielectric
medium with a relative permittivity of r = 2.4. The wave has a wave vector of ~k = k2 (~ey + ~ez ).
~ is 51.4 mW
The electric field has only an x-component. The magnitude of the Poynting vector |S|
m2 .
a) Calculate the characteristic wave impedance.
b) Determine the wave number.
c) Determine the magnitude of the electric and of the magnetic vector field.
d) Formulate all components of the electric and of the magnetic vector field.
Now a second linearly polarized plane TEM wave with the same power superimposes with the first
one. It has the same frequency and propagates in the same direction as the first one. The plane
of polarization is parallel to the yz-plane.
e) What kind of polarization does the resulting wave have if
i) the second wave is in phase with the first one?
ii) the second wave has a phase delay = 90 compared to the first one?
iii) the second wave has a phase delay = 45 compared to the first one?
Electrodynamics
2.7
Problem 7
2 Z1 Z2 cos 1 cos 2
t|| =
Z1 cos 1 + Z2 cos 2
2 Z1 Z2 cos 1 cos 2
t =
Z1 cos 2 + Z2 cos 1
Electrodynamics
2.8
Problem 8
A harmonic, plane, TEM wave propagates in free space, i.e. r = 1 and r = 1 , and is given as
i
h
h
t
y i
~ = 2 cos 3 109 t 10 y
~ex + 5 cos 3 109 10
~ez
E
s
m
s
m
V
m
a) What are the differences between TEM, TE, and TM waves? Which one of them can
propagate in free space?
2P
b) What are the polarization and direction of propagation of the given wave?
c) What are the opeating frequency and the wave number of the given wave?
~ of the given wave.
d) Write down the magnetic field vector H
e) What is meant by the phase velocity vph ? What is the phase velocity of the given wave?
2.9
Problem 9
A TEM circularly polarized wave propagates along the +z-axis in a Cartesian coordinate system
with a frequency of f = 100 GHz in a lossless medium. The medium has a relative permittivity
of r = 2 and a relative permeability of r = 1. Assume that the electromagnetic wave varies
sinusoidally.
a) Find the characteristic impedance ZF of the given medium and the wavelength .
b) Find the wave number k and the wave vector ~k for the electromagnetic wave.
c) Find the speed with which the energy is propagating in the given medium.
Electrodynamics
d) Given that the power density is about 93.78 mW/m2 , find the Poynting vector in time
domain.
e) Find the magnitudes E0 and H0 of the electric and the magnetic field vectors of the wave,
respectively.
f) Find the time domain expression of the electric and the magnetic field vectors of the wave.
g) Discuss the effects of the given medium on the electric and the magnetic field components
compared to those in free space.
10
Electrodynamics
3.1
Problem 1
A dielectric slab with infinite dimensions and the finite thickness d and r = 4 is placed in a
Cartesian coordinate system as depicted in Figure 3.3. The slab is oriented parallel to the x-y
plane. A plane and linear polarized TEM wave incidents onto the slab. The wave vector is in the
x-z plane.
a) Calculate and sketch the angles of reflection and refraction for an incident angle of 30
degrees. What is the incident plane of the wave?
b) Compute for a frequency of 12 GHz the first 2 thicknesses d of the slab, where the reflected
energy will be zero. Assume an incident angle of 0 degrees.
c) Now a second plane TEM wave with the same energy incidents on the same side of the slab
as the first one. The incident angle of the first wave is 30 degrees and of the second wave is
0 degrees. What is the polarization and the direction of propagation of the resulting wave
(i. e. the superposition of both waves) on the incident side, if
i) both waves are in phase and perpendicular polarized (i. e. the polarization of both
waves is perpendicular to the incident plane). Sketch the resulting wave vector.
ii) What happens with the polarization of the resulting wave, if the first wave is perpendicular polarized and the second wave has an offset phase and is parallel polarized?
iii) How are the polarization states on the opposite side of the slab for the conditions of
3a) and 3b).
11
Electrodynamics
3.2
Problem 2
1 .
~nk,total = 2
1
b) Now a dielectric half space with infinite dimensions and r = 4 is considered as depicted in Fig. 3.5. A plane and parallel polarized TEM wave impinges from the vacuum
onto the boundary.
i) Compute the incident angle of the wave for the case of total transmittance.
ii) Now the dielectric slab has a finite thickness of d = 25 mm. Compute the first
3 frequencies of the wave, at which the reflected energy will be zero. Assume an
incident angle of 0 degrees. How do these frequencies change if the incident angle
changes?
c) A dielectric slab with r = 4 has a metal cover on the backside, see Fig. 3.6. The wave impinges from vacuum (z < 0) onto the
boundary. Calculate and sketch the angles
of reflection and refraction for an incident
angle of 45 degrees.
12
Electrodynamics
3.3
Problem 3
A dielectric slab with infinite dimensions, finite thickness d and r = 3.5 is placed in a Cartesian
coordinate system as depicted in Figure 3.7. A harmonic plane and perpendicular polarized TEM
wave impinges from vacuum onto the boundary at z = d2 . The incident plane is the x z-plane
and the incident angle is 45 .
a) Calculate the angles of reflection and refraction (transmission) and sketch the wave vectors
of all reflected and refracted waves.
Now, a second plane TEM wave with the same energy and the same frequency as the first one
impinges from the same side onto the boundary. The incident plane of the wave is again the xzplane. The wave is perpendicular polarized and in phase with the first one. The superposition of
the waves results in a sum wave with the wave vector of ~ksum = ksum ~ez .
b) Specify in Cartesian coordinates the direction of propagation of the second impinging TEM
wave as well as its incident angle and sketch it.
c) Now, the dielectric slab has a thickness of d = 25 mm. Calculate the first two frequencies
of the sum wave at which all the energy will be transmitted through the slab.
Now, the second TEM wave is parallel polarized.
d) What is the polarization and direction of propagation of the sum wave on the side of the
incident waves (z < d2 ) if the second TEM wave
i. is in phase with the first one?
ii. has a phase shift of -90 compared to the first one?
13
Electrodynamics
3.4
Problem 4
A dielectric half space with infinite dimensions is placed in a Cartesian coordinate system as
depicted in Fig. 3.8. A plane and parallel polarized TEM wave impinges from the vacuum onto
the boundary. The wave vector lies in the yz-plane and the incident angle (with respect to the
normal vector) is 63.43 . The incident angle is the Brewster angle.
14
Electrodynamics
3.5
Problem 5
A plane TEM wave with a frequency of 2.5 GHz impinges onto a dielectric slab with a relative
permittivity of r = 3.3 and a thickness d. The incident angle is i = 60 .
a) Calculate and sketch the incident, reflected and transmitted angles of the wave.
b) Determine the thickness of the slab so that the wave is completely transmitted (independent
of the polarization).
Now the slab is slanted by an angle .
c) Regarding the incident plane from a), what kind of polarization should the wave have to be
totally transmitted independent of the thickness of the slab? Calculate the angle .
Now the wave passes six dielectric layers of equal thickness d but different relative dielectric
permittivities as depicted in Fig. 3.12. The incident angle is still i = 60 . The wave comes from
the left hand side.
d) Sketch the way of the wave through the dielectric layers. Use Fig. 3.12 for your sketch.
15
Electrodynamics
Figure 3.12: Dielectric slab with 6 layers of equal thickness d but different relative dielectric
permittivities r . The wave comes from the left hand side
16
Electrodynamics
3.6
Problem 6
A plane, linearly polarized TEM wave impinges from vacuum onto a dielectric half space with
a relative dielectric permittivity r as depicted in Fig. 3.13. The incident angle is i and the
incident plane is the xy-plane. The transmitted power of the wave is given in Fig. 3.14 and 3.15
for two kinds of polarization and two different values of the relative dielectric permittivity (r,1
and r,2 ).
Figure 3.13: TEM wave impinges from vacuum onto a dielectric half space with a relative dielectric
permittivity r
17
Electrodynamics
18
Electrodynamics
3.7
Problem 7
The signal sent by the antenna of an airborne radar is described by its magnetic field:
20 x
20 x
8 t
8 t
~
H = 0.4 sin 20 10
~ey + 0.2 sin 20 10
~ez
s
3 m
s
3 m
A
m
The radar antenna is to be housed within a radome that would be made of dielectric material
r1 , as shown in Fig.3.16. Fig.3.17 shows the real part of the wave number k0 for the available
dielectric materials.
19
Electrodynamics
3.8
Problem 8
V
A homogeneous, TEM, plane wave of an amplitude 5 m
propagates at 5 GHz in free space in
positive z-direction. The wave is linearly polarized along the y-axis and varies harmonically.
~
a) Write down the time domain expression of the electric field vector E.
~ of the given wave.
b) Express the average power density S
Now, the propagating wave impinges on the
dielectric slab shown in Fig.3.18.
c) Discuss briefly how a finite thickness dielectric slab can be transparent for an RFSignal.
d) Determine the thickness d of the slab so
that there is no reflection at an incident
angle of 0 .
e) What are the operating frequency and
the operating wavelength inside the dielectric slab.
f) Sketch the path of the wave through
the multilayer dielectric slab shown in
Figure 3.18: Dielectric slab
Fig.3.19 for an incident angle of 45 ,
starting from the left. Calculate all refraction angles.
20
Electrodynamics
3.9
Problem 9
For each correct answer you get 0.5 points, for each incorrect answer you lose 0.5 points. You can
leave one or more questions unanswered in that case you neither gain nor lose points. Your total
score for this problem cannot be less than zero. Please write only T for True and F for False.
a) Faradays law,
~ d~s =
E
t
~ dA,
~ telling us that the net potential difference does
B
only depend on the rate of change of the magnetic flux, is independent of the mediums
material parameters.
b) Increasing the relative permittivity r of a medium does increase the displacement current.
c) The relaxation time relax for a perfect conductor is zero.
d) Ampere was able to explain the wave propagation in free space.
e) The skin depth of an ideal insulator is infinity.
f) For plane waves, the wave vector is perpendicular to the phase planes and is a function of
time.
g) TEM waves can be either homogeneous or non-homogeneous waves.
h) The following wave is RHCP (Right Hand Circular Polarized).
~ t) = E0 cos(t kz) e~x + E0 sin(t kz) e~y
E(z,
i) A monotone signal may encounter dispersion.
j) The maximum transmission through a dielectric slab is achieved when its thickness d is
exactly equal d = 20 .
3.10
Problem 10
The half space z 0 is filled with a lossless dielectric material with a relative permittivity r
and a relative permeability of r = 1 (see Fig. 3.20). A linearly polarized plane wave impinges
onto the dielectric surface with an incident angle i . Figure 3.21 shows the square of the reflection coefficient versus incident angle for two orthogonal polarizations (parallel and perpendicular
polarization).
a) Sketch the electric and the magnetic field components (incident, reflected and transmitted
components) for parallel and for perpendicular polarization.
1P
b) Which curve in Fig. 3.21 belongs to the parallel polarization and which one to the perpendicular polarization? Explain your answer.
1P
c) Determine the relative permittivity r of the dielectric medium.
1P
d) Sketch precisely the power, that is transmitted into the dielectric medium, versus the incident
angle i for both polarizations. Make use of Fig. 3.21.
1P
21
Electrodynamics
tan (2 1 )
tan (2 + 1 )
sin (2 1 )
sin (2 + 1 )
22
Electrodynamics
Hertzian Dipole
4.1
Problem 1
A Hertzian dipole is oriented in x-direction and is put into the origin of the cartesian coordinate
system. The dipole has the infinitesimal small height h and an electric current amplitude I. The
current varies harmonically.
a) Calculate all electric and magnetic field components at any point P except the origin of
~ with B
~ = curl A
~ and
the coordinate system. Make use of the magnetic vector potential A
~
express A in spherical coordinates first.
b) Simplify the field components of the electric and magnetic field under far field conditions.
4.2
Problem 2
0
The orientation of a Hertzian dipole is ~n = 1 . This dipole is put into the origin of the
0
cartesian coordinate system. The dipole has an infinitesimally small height h and an electric
current amplitude I. The current varies harmonically.
a) Calculate all magnetic field components at every point P except the origin of the coordinate
~ with B
~ = curl A
~ and express A
~ in
system. Make use of the magnetic vector potential A
spherical coordinates first. Give the formula, which will used to calculate the electric field
components.
b) Explain how the electric and magnetic field components depend on the radial distance r in
the near field and in the far field.
c) Does the Hertzian dipole have a directivity? Please sketch the radiation characteristic of
the dipole in the xy-plane and in the xz-plane.
23
Electrodynamics
4.3
Problem 3
A dipole is put into the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system. The dipole has a height h
and an
current amplitude I that varies harmonically. The orientation of the dipole is
electric
1
~n = 0 . The dipole transmits a signal, which is received by another dipole with the same
0
dimensions positioned at a distance of 100 m. The far field conditions are fulfulled.
a) Explain the way of calculation of the radiated electromagnetic fields.
b) How do the fields depend on the distance?
c) Determine the polarization of the transmit antenna.
Fig. 4.22 - 4.25 show different orientations of the receive antenna.
d) Regarding the received power, what is the optimal orientation of the receive antenna?
e) How much power is received by the other three combinations compared to the optimal one
of task d)?
24
Electrodynamics
4.4
Problem 4
A dipole is put into the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system and is oriented in z-direction.
The dipole has a length l with l and an electric current amplitude I. The current varies
harmonically.
a) Sketch the radiation characteristic of the dipole in the xy-plane and in the yz-plane.
b) Specify the polarization of the dipole.
c) Which field components of the electric field and of the magnetic field do exist in the near
field and which do exist in the far field (both in spherical coordinates)?
d) How does the radiated power density in the far field depend on the spherical coordinates
(r, , )?
4.5
Problem 5
A Hertzian dipole with the height h << is placed in the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system.
The dipole is oriented along the x-axis and fed with a harmonically varying current with the
amplitude I.
a) Explain the way of the calculation of the electric and magnetic fields generated by the
Hertzian dipole.
b) Sketch the radiation characteristic of the dipole in the yz-plane and in the xy-plane.
c) Which components of the electric and of the magnetic field do exist in the far field of the
dipole (in spherical coordinates)?
Hint: No calculations are necessary
d) How do the components of the electromagnetic field depend on the distance to the dipole
in the far field and how does the power density depend on the distance of the dipole?
25
Electrodynamics
4.6
Problem 6
A Hertzian dipole with a height h is oriented in the z-direction and placed at a point
26
Electrodynamics
4.7
Problem 7
A loop antenna consists of a circular loop with the radius R << in the xy-plane.
ejkr
jkI R2 sin ~e
4
r
Calculate the magnetic and the electric field components in the far field.
Hint:
curl F~
1
r sin
(F sin ) F
~er +
Fr
1 (r F )
1
~e +
r sin
r
r
1
(r F ) Fr
~e
r
r
b) Sketch the radiation characteristic of the loop antenna in the xy-plane and in the yz-plane.
Hint: Use the results from a).
c) A Hertzian dipole receives the signal transmitted by the given loop antenna. Which orientation should the Hertzian dipole have to receive the maximum signal power? Explain.
27
Electrodynamics
4.8
Problem 8
2
jkr
~ L = jk IL R e
A
sin ~e
4
r
jkr
~ H = IH L e
A
(cos ~er sin ~e )
4
r
o
o
~ F~ = curl F~ (r, , ) =
(sin F ) F
1
~er +
r sin
1 Fr
1 (rF )
+
~e +
r sin
r r
1 (rF ) 1 Fr
+
~e
r r
r
28
Electrodynamics
4.9
Problem 9
Two Hertzian dipoles, fed with harmonically varying identical currents (i.e., of the same amplitude
and of the same phase), are given.
a) What polarization does a Hertzian dipole own? Why?
b) Can an arrangement of the given two Hertzian dipoles bring out a circularly polarized wave?
If yes, how?
c) Can an arrangement of the given two Hertzian dipoles bring out an elliptically polarized
wave? If yes, how?
Note:
29
Electrodynamics
4.10
Problem 10
A set of antenna systems is given as shown in Fig.4.30. All antennas, either dipole or loop
antennas, are fed with identical currents, i.e., the same amplitude and the same phase. The
Hertzian dipoles are of length L << and the loop antennas are of radius R << , where is
the operating wavelength.
na
jkr
sin ~e
r
while the magnetic field strength of a Hertzian dipole oriented along the x-axis and centered at
the origin of the coordinate system is given by
jkr
~ , ) = Eo e
H(r,
[sin ~e + cos cos ~e ]
ZF r
d) Express the electric and the magnetic field vectors in the far field of the shown antenna
system in Fig.4.30a.
~ radiated by the antenna system in Fig.4.30a at a
e) Express the average power density S
distance r in the far field.
4.11
Problem 11
A Hertzian dipole is oriented in z-direction and is positioned at the origin of a Cartesian coordinate
system. The dipole has a very small height h (i.e., h ) and is excited with a harmonically
varying electric current of magnitude I.
c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory
30
Electrodynamics
a) Calculate the magnetic field components for all points P except the origin of the coordinate
~
system. Make use of the magnetic vector potential A.
3P
b) Simplify the magnetic field components under near field conditions.
1P
1P
d) Which components does the electric field have under far field conditions?
1P
Now, in addition to the first dipole, a second Hertzian dipole is put into the origin. Its orientation
is in the y-direction. It is fed with the same current I (i.e., the same magnitude and the same
phase) as the first dipole.
e) Sketch the radiation characteristics in the x-y-plane and in the y-z-plane. Give the direction(s) of maximum radiation.
1P
31
Electrodynamics
1.1
Solution 1
1.2
Solution 2
~
~
E
2E
+
t
t
b)
~
~ 0 (x, y, z) ej(t+kz z)
E(x,
y, z) = E
c) See lecture notes.
1.3
Solution 3
div J~ =
t
b) Explanation see lecture notes.
1.4
Solution 4
~
2H
t2
Harmonic fields:
~ = 2 H
~
H
c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory
32
Electrodynamics
1.5
Solution 5
a) See manuscript.
b) See manuscript.
c) r = 9.
d) See manuscript.
e) The displacement current density is given as follows:
~
D
A
= 0.28 cos (108 t z)~ex
t
m2
~ 1.11 107 sin (108 t z)~ey
B
Vs
m2
f)
~ 2 = 1 8.85 1010 sin (108 t z)~ex C
D
9
m2
~ 2 = 106 sin (108 t z)~ey
B
1.6
Vs
m2
Solution 6
a) See manuscript.
b) See manuscript.
c) See manuscript.
d) See manuscript.
e)
1 GHz 2.7 m
100 GHz 0.27 m
e)
d 6.22 m
33
Electrodynamics
1.7
Solution 7
See Manuscript.
1.8
Solution 8
See Manuscript.
34
Electrodynamics
2.1
Solution 1
0
~k =
0
1
592.38 m
d)
ZF
= 266.6
e)
vph = 212 106
m
s
E
0
0
~ =
H
0
V
1m
jkz z
1
e
266.6
0
h)
4.69 mW
2.2
Solution 2
= 5 GHz
35
Electrodynamics
c)
~k = 209.4 1 (~ex )
m
d)
ZF
= 188.5
e)
vph = 1.5 108
m
s
f)
0
~ =
0
E
V
jk
x
x
2 m e
~ =
H
g)
V
2m
ejkx x ~ey
ZF
i)
P
= 0W
ii)
P
2.3
= 31.83 mW
Solution 3
c)
r = 2.5
d)
ZF
= 238.44
e)
= 7.85 mm
f)
~ =
H
V cos(t + 800z)
2m
1
V cos(t + 800z)
4 m
2
ZF
0
36
Electrodynamics
2.4
Solution 4
a)
2f
1
k = =
r = 88.86
c0
m
~k = k ~ex
b)
= 7.07 cm
c)
ZF
= 177.72
d)
|Ez | 5
V
m
e)
0
V
~ = 5 ejt ejkx x 0
E
m
1
0
A
~ = 0.029 ejt ejkx x 1
H
m
0
f)
0
0
V
V
m
m
1
ej 2
2.5
Solution 5
a)
f
= 10GHz
b)
ZF
= 188.5
c)
E0 1
V
m
37
Electrodynamics
d)
0
1
~ = E0 cos(t + kx) 1
E
5
2
~ =
H
0
E0
cos(t + kx) 2
5ZF
1
e)
2
E
~
S(t)
= 0 cos2 (t + kx) ~ex
ZF
f)
~ =
S
o
1 n~
~ = 1
< EH
2
T
~
S(t)dt
2
~ = 1 E0 ~e
S
x
2 ZF
2.6
Solution 6
a)
ZF
= 243.35
b)
k = 1946.77
1
m
c)
E0 = 5
V
m
H0 = 20.55
mA
m
d)
k
0
k
E0
j
(y+z)
2
ejt e
1
ZF 2
1
38
Electrodynamics
~ = E 0 ~ex :
For E
~ =
H
e)
0
k
E0
j (y+z)
2
ejt e
1
ZF 2
1
i) Linearly polarized.
ii) Circular polarized.
iii) Elliptically polarized.
2.7
Solution 7
a) See manuscript.
b) See manuscript.
c)
D 11.83 m
d) First:The fisherman has to move a distance 11.83 m towards the fish.
Second:The fisherman has to move 5.42 m away the fish.
e) The position where the fisherman moves D distance towards the fish, provides the minimum
reflection at the water surface, as 85% of the total power gets transmitted and only 15%
gets reflected.
f) See manuscript.
2.8
1P
Solution 8
a) See manuscript.
b) The wave is linearly polarized.
The wave propagates in +y-axis.
c) The operational frequency is 1.5 GHz.
1
The wave number k is 10 m
.
d)
~ =
H
h
h
t
y i
t
y i
5
2
cos 3 109 10
~ex
cos 3 109 10
~ez
120
s
m
120
s
m
A
m
e)
vph = 3 108 m/s
f) r = 60 and t = 22.8
g)
h
i
h
t
y i
~ = 2 cos 3 109 t 10 y
E
~ex + 7 cos 3 109 10
~ez
s
m
s
m
c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory
V
m
39
Electrodynamics
h)
~ =
H
h
h
5
t
y i
2
t
y i
cos 3 109 10
~ex
cos 3 109 10
~ez
120
s
m
120
s
m
A
m
2.9
Solution 9
a) ZF 266.57
2.12 mm
b) k 2.96x103 /m
~k 2.96x103 /m ~ez
c) Vph 2.12x108 m/s
~ 93.78 mW/m2 ~ez
d) S
e) Eo 5 V/m
Ho 18.76 mA/m
~
f) E(z,
t) = 5 cos(2x100x109 t s 2.96x103 z m)~ex + 5 cos(2x100x109 t s 2.96x103 z m 2 )~ey V/m
~
H(z,
t) = 18.76 cos(2x100x109 t s 2.96x103 z m 2 )~ex + 18.76 cos(2x100x109 t s 2.96x103 z m)~ey
mA/m
40
Electrodynamics
3.1
Solution 1
i) The resulting wave is perpendicular polarized. The incident angle of this wave is 15
degrees.
41
Electrodynamics
3.2
a)
Solution 2
i)
i,1 = 45
r,1 = 45
t,1 = 20.7
ii)
~k2 = k ~ez
b)
i)
i = 63.4
ii)
f1 = 3 GHz
f2 = 6 GHz
f3 = 9 GHz
For an incident angle i 6= 0 we get:
f
m c0
p
2d r sin2 i
42
Electrodynamics
3.3
Solution 3
i,1 = r,1 = 45
t,1 22.2
i,2 = t,1 22.2
r,2 = i,2 22.2
t,2 = 45
1
b) The second wave has the direction of the wave number of ~k2 = k2 0 . The incident
1
angle is again 45 .
c)
d)
m=1
f1 = 3.2 GHz
m=2
f1 = 6.4 GHz
i. The sum wave is linear polarized. The plane of polarization is a plane parallel to the
yz-plane tilted by 4 .
ii. The sum wave is right-handed circular polarized.
43
Electrodynamics
3.4
Solution 4
f1 = 2.5 GHz
m=2
f2 = 5 GHz
m=3
f3 = 7.5 GHz
d)
44
Electrodynamics
3.5
Solution 5
a)
i = r = 60
t,1 = 28.47
t,2 = i = 60
(3.1)
b)
d = 3.76 cm
c) Parallel polarized
total = 61.17
The slab should be slanted by the angle = 1.17 .
45
Electrodynamics
d)
46
Electrodynamics
3.6
Solution 6
3.7
r = 0.2
r||
= 0.141
Solution 7
a) See Manuscript.
b) The wave propagates in x-direction.
47
Electrodynamics
= 20 108
1
s
20 1
3
m
8 m
= 3 10
s
8 m
= 3 10
s
k =
vph
vg
c)
20
V
20
8
8
~
E = 24 sin 20 10 t
x ~ey + 48 sin 20 10 t
x + ~ez
3
3
m
The wave is linearly polarized. The electric field components are out of phase by .
d)
~ = 12 ~ex
S
W
m2
e) r = 2.
f) It is from 0.98 GHz to 1.55 GHz
d) d = 10.6 cm.
f) Nothing changes.
3.8
Solution 8
a)
100 z
9 t
~
E = 5 cos 10 10
~ey
s
3 m
V
m
b)
~ 33.2 ~ez mW/m2
S
c) See manuscript.
d)
d = 10.6 mm
e) The operational frequency is 5 GHz.
The operational wavelength is 2.12 cm.
f)
3.9
Solution 9
See manuscript.
3.10
Solution 10
48
Electrodynamics
4.1
Solution 1
a)
~ =
A
Ih
ejkr
r
sin cos
cos cos
sin
Magnetic field:
~ =
H
1
~
curlA
Hr = 0
H =
H =
1
jk
2
r
r
Ih
1
jk
jkr
cos cos e
2
4
r
r
Ih
sin ejkr
4
Electric field:
~ =
E
1
~
curlH
j
49
Electrodynamics
r
1
1
=
+
jr3 r2
r
Ih
1
jkr
=
cos cos e
2
j
j
4
r
r3
r
r
Ih
1
1
= sin ejkr 2
j
j
3
4
r
r
r
Ih
sin cos ejkr
2
Er
E
E
b) Far field means:
1
r
1
r2
1
r3
Er = 0
Hr = 0
4.2
H =
jk
Ih
sin ejkr
4
r
E =
H =
Ih
jk
cos cos ejkr
4
r
E =
Ih
j
cos cos ejkr
4
r
Ih
j
sin ejkr
4
r
Solution 2
a)
Ih
~ =
A
ejkr
r
sin sin
cos sin
cos
Magnetic field:
~ =
H
1
~
curlA
Hr = 0
H =
H =
Ih jkr
e
cos
4
jk
1
+ 2
r
r
Ih jkr
jk
1
e
cos sin 2
4
r
r
Electric field:
~ =
E
1
~
curl H
j
50
Electrodynamics
51
Electrodynamics
4.3
Solution 3
e) The combination in figure below is also possible, though only a half of the power is received.
All other combinations does not receive any power.
4.4
Solution 4
Figure 4.2: Radiation characteristic of the dipole in the xy-plane and in the yz-plane
a)
b) The dipole is linear polarized along the z-axis.
52
Electrodynamics
c) Near field:
Hr = 0, H = 0, H 6= 0; Er 6= 0, E 6= 0, E = 0.
Far field:
Hr = 0, H = 0, H 6= 0; Er = 0, E 6= 0, E = 0.
d) The power depends on
the distance with the factor
1
r2
4.5
Solution 5
1
r
1
r2
53
Electrodynamics
4.6
Solution 6
54
Electrodynamics
4.7
Solution 7
a)
H =
k 2 ejkr
I R2 sin
4
r
E = ZF
k 2 ejkr
I R2 sin
4
r
4.8
Solution 8
a)
"
#
j 2
j
kI
e
e
o
2
~ =
~e + L
~e e jkr sin A/m
H
R k
4
r
r
b)
"
~ = 30kIo
E
#
j 2
e j
e
L
~e + R2 k
~e e jkr sin V/m
r
r
c)
~ 2 1 sin2 ~er mW/m2
S
3 r2
d) See Fig.4.4
e) See manuscript.
4.9
Solution 9
See manuscript
c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory
55
Electrodynamics
4.10
Solution 10
a) See manuscript.
b) The radiation characteristics are as in Fig.4.5.
3P
jkr
Eo e jkr
[(sin ZF sin ) ~e + cos cos ~e ]
ZF r
56
Electrodynamics
(a) Hertzian dipole and loop antenna (xy-plane)(b) Hertzian dipole and loop antenna (yz-plane)
4.11
Solution 11
57
Electrodynamics
58