Calorimetery

Calorimeteric measurements deal with the change in the energy of the transitions.

Calorimeter:
A calorimeter is an instrument which is used to determine the change in temperature during
a chemical reaction. It is designed in such a way that no heat can flow into or out of the
system. It is available commercially in different designs and in highly sophisticated forms but
we can also make a simpler one in laboratory for experimental purposes.

Heat of Neutralization:
Heat of neutralization is the amount of heat evolved when 1 gm equ.wt of the acid is
neutralized by 1 gm equ.wt of the base.
NaOH + HCl

NaOH + H20

Hf = -13.7 Kcal/gm.equ.wt

The -signs shows that it is an exothermic reaction and energy is evolved in this reaction.

Specific heat:
Specific heat is the amount of heat which is required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a
substance through1 C . The unit of Specific heat is J/Kg-K.

Molar Specific heat :

Molar specific heat is the amount of heat which is required to raise the temperature of 1
mole of a substance through 1 C. The unit of molar specific heat is J/mole-K.

First Law of Thermodynamics:

The first law of thermodynamics states that:Energy can neither be created nor it can destroyed however, it can be transformed from one
form to another.

OR
The total amount of heat supplied to the system is converted to the work done and change in
the internal energy of the system. i.e.
Q=W+E
Q = Amount of heat supplied to the system.
W = Work done by/on the system.
E = Change in the internal energy of the system.

Enthalpy
The change in total energy of a system due to any external or internal source is called
Enthalpy

Experiment # 05
Object:
To determine the heat of neutralization of strong acid (1 N HCl) and Strong base (1 N NaOH) by means of a
calorimeter.

Requirements:
Beakers, Cotton, HCl, NaOH, Thermometer, Rubber band etc.

Procedure:
1) First of all, make a small calorimeter by taking a small beaker and introducing it into a larger beaker.
2) Use appropriate amount of cotton in between the beakers for the purpose of insulation.
3) Now, weigh the smaller beaker, and note down its weight (m1).
4) Introduce 50 ml of the acid into the beaker, cover it up and also insert a thermometer through a pore and
note down its temperature (T1).
5) Now, carefully introduce 50 ml of the base (NaOH) into it and note down the rise in temperature (T 2).
6) Remove the smaller beaker and note down its weight along with the solution. Find the weight of the
solution(m2) by subtracting it from the weight of the beaker.
7) Calculate the heat of neutralization by the help of formula.

H = Q X 1000/ V X C
Where,
V = Volume of the acid used i.e 50 ml.
C = Concentration of the acid used i.e 1 N.
And ,

Q = (m1S1 + m2S2) T
Where,
m1 = mass of the beaker.
S1 = Specific heat of the glass i.e 0.16
m2 = mass of the solution.
S2 = Specific heat of the solution i.e 1

Observations:
Mass of the empty beaker (m1) = _________ gms.
Initial temperature of the acid (T1) = ____________
Mass of the solution (m2) = ___________gms.
Final temperature of the neutralized solution (T2) = ________

Result:
The heat of neutralization of strong acid (1 N) and strong base (1 N ) is found to be _______
Kcal/gm.equ.wt

Discussion:

Experiment # 06
Object:
To determine the heat of neutralization of strong acid (0.5 N HCl) and Strong base ( 0.5 N NaOH) by means
of a calorimeter.

Requirements:
Beakers, Cotton, HCl, NaOH, Thermometer, Rubber band etc.

Procedure:
1) First of all, make a small calorimeter by taking a small beaker and introducing it into a larger beaker.
2) Use appropriate amount of cotton in between the beakers for the purpose of insulation.
3) Now, weigh the smaller beaker, and note down its weight (m1).
4) Introduce 50 ml of the acid into the beaker, cover it up and also insert a thermometer through a pore and
note down its temperature (T1).
5) Now, carefully introduce 50 ml of the base (NaOH) into it and note down the rise in temperature (T 2).
6) Remove the smaller beaker and note down its weight along with the solution. Find the weight of the
solution (m2) by subtracting it from the weight of the beaker.
7) Calculate the heat of neutralization by the help of formula.

H = Q X 1000/ V X C
Where,
V = Volume of the acid used i.e 50 ml.
C = Concentration of the acid used i.e 0.5 N.
And,

Q = (m S + m S ) T
1

Where,
m1 = mass of the beaker.
S1 = Specific heat of the glass i.e 0.16
m2 = mass of the solution.
S2 = Specific heat of the solution i.e 1

T = T1 - T2

Observations:
Mass of the empty beaker (m1) = _________ gms.
Initial temperature of the acid (T1) = ____________
Mass of the solution (m2) = ___________gms.
Final temperature of the neutralized solution (T2) = ________

Result:
The heat of neutralization of strong acid (1 N) and strong base (1 N) is found to be _______
Kcal/gm.equ.wt

Discussion: