1.

0 BASIC ALGEBRA
1.1 Understand basic Algebra

Algebra is a part of mathematics that using letter of symbol in he related

operations problem solution
A quantity that change value in a particular problem is called UNKNOWN.
Example

2x + 5 6x
x = variable
2, 5, 6 = coefficient of x

Algebraic
of fraction

expression can be in form

p
q
p = numerator
q = denominator
1.1.1

Simplify
algebraic expression
If both
numerator and denominator
have common factors, the algebraic fraction can be simplified by cancellation
Example : Simplify
1.

8 x3 y4
2 x2 y

2.

=
8x x x x x x x y x y x y x y
2x x x x x y

= 4 xy

EXERCISE 1
Simplify the following fractions
16 xy 2 z
a.
2 xz 3

m29 n2
3 mn9 n2

( m3 n ) (m+3 n)
3 n(m3 n)

m+3 n
3n

b.

5 st10 s
2
10 t 20 t
2

c.

x 2 x +1
x 1

d.

4 a 2+2 a
2 a+1

e.

pq 3 p3 q5
2
2 2
pq p q

f.

x 23 x4
2
x 1

g.

x y
y x

1.1.2 Solve algebraic expression using

a. Addition and subtraction
To solve the operation there are 3 steps
i)
Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) for denominator.
ii)
State every fraction that being given into a new fraction by using
denominator from step 1
iii)
Add and subtract a new fraction and get the result that depends on the
problem given
Example
t1
t
2
1
1
2.
+ 2

x
a+2 2
.
2y
2(2)

1(a+2)

t 1(2 y 2 ) t ( x)
+
x (2 y 2 ) 2 y 2 (x )

= 2( a+2) 2(a+2)

2 y 2 t2 y 2 +tx
2 y2 x

4a2
2a+ 4
2a

= 2 a+ 4
2a
2( a+2)

EXERCISE 2
Solve the equivalent fractions below
x
y
z
a. 2 + 5 + 4

b.

1
R1

c.

1
x

d.

5a
2b

e.

2 a+1
5m

f.

m+ 2

g.

5 b+ 1
2ab 2

+ R2 R3

3
2y

4
5 y2

- 10 b - 2
3 a+ 4
15 m

- m2
a1
3 a2b

b. Multiplication and division

Multiplication can directly performed without considering the similarity of its
denominator.
Numerator multiplied by numerator and denominator multiplied by denominator
To divide any fraction, an inverse multiplication are done
Turn numerator to denominator and vice versa to the second fraction.
Example
2
a
b
1
2.
4 abc 6 ab
x

ab a+ b
.
3x
10 xy
axb

= (ab)(a+ b)
=

ab
2
a b
2

4 abc 10 xy
x
3x
6 ab2

40 abcxy
2
18 xab

20 cy
9b

EXERCISE 3
Simplify each of the following as a single fraction.
2
4
a. 3 m x 3 m

( xy+ x2+xy + y )

b.

x+ y

c.

x 21
x2
x
x
x 1

d.

x 2 +2 x15 x 2+ 6 x+ 9
x 2
2
x 9
x + 3 x 10

e.

3 7

2a b

f.

2 x 2
x

x+ 1
6 x+6

g.

m+ 7 6 m211 m+5
x
3 m+ 4
m2+6 m7

6 m15
2 m2

1.2 Understand Quadratic Equations

Equation where the highest power of the unknown/ variable is 2
General form of quadratic equation
ax 2+ bx+ c=0
a,b,c = constants
a 0, x = unknown

1.2.1

The roots of
can be solved
a.
b. Formula
c. Completing the square
Solve quadratic equations by using factorization

any quadratic equations

by using
Factorization

Start with the equation in the form ax + bx+ c=0 . Make sure it is set equal to
zero.

Factor the left hand side. Assuming zero is on the right

Set each factor equal to zero
Solve to determine the roots (the value of x)
Example
2

2 x +13 x+15=0
(2 x

+ 3) ( x

5) = 0
2 x

x
x

+3=0 ,

+5=0
=

3
2

x=5

EXERCISE 4
Find the value of

1.2.2

x by using factorization method

a.

x 225=0

b.

x 2x6=0

c.

x 23 x18=0

d.

6 x 20=2 x

e.

2 x 2 +5 x10=3 x 2

f.

3 x2 27=0

g.

6 x 5 x6=0

Solve quadratic equations by using quadratic formula

2
If the quadratic equation is ax + bx+ c=0 , the value of
using the formula
x=

b b24 ac
2a

x can be obtained by

Example
2

9 x +21 x18=0
a = 9 , b = 21 and c =-18
Replace a, b and c into formula

x=

21 2124 (9)(18)
2( 9)

x=

21 441+648
18

x=

21 33
18

x=

21+33
18

x=

2133
18

EXERCISE 5
Find the value of

1.2.3

x by using quadratic formula

a.

2 x 17 x +35=0

b.

4 x 25 x +1=0

c.

5 x +2=7 x

d.

3 x2 +3 x=1

e.

2.1 x 2 +0.8 x4.2=0

f.

x =4 x + 4

g.

4 x 2 +8 x +3=0

Solve quadratic equations by using completing the square

This method can be used for the quadratic equations which cannot be factorized
2
The equation can be expressed in form (ax +b) =c and the value of unknown/

variable can be obtained by taking the square roots of both side.

Steps
i. ax 2 +bx+ c=0 (make sure a = 1)
b 2
b
ii . ax +bx +
=c +
2
2

()

iii . ax+

b
2

()
b
c+ ( )
2

iv . ax+

b
2

c+

b
2

()

Example
1.

x 26 x+ 7=0
x 26 x=7
x 26 x+

( )

( )

6
6
=7+
2
2

x 26 x+(32)=7 +(32 )
x 26 x+ 9=7+ 9
3
x

=2

x3

x=3+ 2

x=3 2 x=4.414

x=1.586

EXERCISE 6
Find the value of

x by using completing the square method

a.

x 6 x16=0

b.

x 24 x 5=0

c.

4 x +5+9 x=0

d.

4 x 29=0

e.

2 x 211 x=5

f.

3 x =5+2 x

g.

2 x 27 x +2=0

Answer
EXERCISE 1

a.

8 y2
z2

b.

s
2t

c. x-1
d. 2a
q p 2 q 3
e.
1 p
f.

x4
x1
g. -1

EXERCISE 2

10 x +4 y+ 5 z
20

a.
b.

R 2 R 3+2 R 1 R 3R 1 R 2
R1 R2R3

c.

10 y +15 xy +8 x
2
10 xy

d.

24 a5 b
10 b

e.

3 a1
15 m

f.

m210
m2

EXERCISE 3

EXERCISE 4

EXERCISE 5

g.

13 ab +3 a+2 b
6 a2 b2

a.

8
2
9m

b.

2x
y +1

c.

x 2+ x

d.

x +3
x2

e.

3b
14 a

f.

2 x 3+ 12 x 212 x12
2
x +x

g.

(6 m5)( 2m2)
(3 m+ 4)(6 m15)
a.

x=55

b.

x=23

c.

x=36

d.

x=

e.

x=21

f.

x=36

g.

x=

a.

x=53.5

b.

x=1

c.

x=

d.

x=0.261.26

e.

x=1.241.62

f.

x=4.830.83

g.

x=0.5

5
3

or 2

2
3

or

3
2

1
4
2
5 or 1

or -1.5

EXERCISE 6

a.

= 8 or

b.

= 5 or

c.

= -1 or

d.

x=

3
2

e.

= 5 or

x=

1
2

f.

= -1 or

x=

5
3

g.

x = 3.19 or

or

= -2

= -1
10
x=
8

x=

3
2

x=0.31