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`
ecommunication
Systemes
de tel
C. Poulliat
21 novembre 2011
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Plan
1
`
` multiple et duplexage
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
`
GSM : un exemple de systeme
base FDMA/TDMA
Acces
en frequences
: OFDMA et
SC-FDMA
Mecanismes
dadaptation et de diversite
3GPP-LTE
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
99
Selective in
Frequency
Dispersive in
Time
Selective in
Time
Dispersive in
Frequency
Figure 3.17 The dispersion/electivity duality: Dispersion in time causes frequency selectivity;
dispersion in frequency causes time selectivity.
signal recu =
attenuation
+ perte par effet de masquage
+ perte fading
Empirical Channel Models
precedent. The scalable nature of the WiMAX physical layernotably, variable numbers of subcarriers and guard intervalswill allow custom optimization of the system for various environments and applications.
3.5.3
The parametric statistical channel models discussed thus far in the chapter do not take into
account specific wireless propagation environments. Although exactly modeling a wireless
channel requires complete knowledge of the surrounding scatterers, such as buildings and
plants, the time and computational demands of such a methodology are unrealistic, owing to the
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Attenuation
par propagation en espace libre
Pr = Pt
2 Gt Gr
, avec = c/fc
(4d)2
Pr
)
Pt
Modele
en espace libre
d0
Pr = Pt P0
d
Path Loss (dB) : PL = 10 log10 (
Pr
)
Pt
erence
ou` P0 represente
la puissance emise
a` la distance de ref
d0 .
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Attenuation
due au Shadowing : large scale fading
d0
Pr = Pt P0
d
x
Attenuation
totale (en dB) = Path loss + shadowing
P
= 10 log (P ) 10 log10 (
0
db Pathloss and Shadowing
3.2 The Broadband Wireless Channel:
10
d
kene
Wea
Path
d
) + db
d0
75
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Modele
en bande de base
y (t)
L(t)
X
n=0
avec
n (t) = 2fc n (t) Dn
Z
Dn =
Canal equivalent
en bande de base
h(t, )
L(t)
X
n=0
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
P1: OTA/XYZ
P2: ABC
c02
JWBK249/Myung
19:33
20
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Caracterisation
du canal
3.5 Modeling Broadband Fading Channels
99
Selective in
Frequency
Dispersive in
Time
Selective in
Time
Dispersive in
Frequency
Figure 3.17 The dispersion/electivity duality: Dispersion in time causes frequency selectivity;
dispersion in frequency causes time selectivity.
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Modelisation
du comportement de h(t, )
Autocorrelations
Autocorrelation
du canal temps/retard :
h (t1 , t2 ; 1 , 2 ) = E(h(t1 , 1 )h (t2 , 2 )).
Autocorrelation
du canal temps/frequence
:
h (t1 , t2 ; f1 , f2 ) = E(H(t1 , f1 )H (t2 , f2 )). avec
H(t, f ) = TF (h(t, )(f )
WSSUS hypothesis
Autocorrelation
du canal temps/retard :
h (4t; 4 ) = E(h(t, )h (t + 4t, + 4 ))
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Modelisation
du comportement de h(t, )
Etalement temporel
Delay spread Td max
Coherence Bandwith Bc 1/Td
Etalement frequentiel
Doppler spread fD vfc /c
Coherence time Tc 1/fd
` wemulti-utilisateurs
` multiple
`
` mu
Canaux de
propagation
moddispersion.
elisation
Syst
eme
acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
neither time-flat nor frequency-flat as a non-flat channel. Figure 2.17 shows
the classification of channels following the above approach. The shaded 2.4. CLASSIFICATION OF CHANNELS
region of the figure indicates the physical restriction that it is impossible
for the time bandwidth product of a signal to be less than 1/2 [21]. A
Classification
more rigorous system of classification, emphasising the differences between
distorting and dispersive channels, is shown in Figure 2.18.
125
;'
~ Frequency Dispersive
./
Time Flat
Time-Flat
./
Non-Flat
./
1
4T tn
Be
Be
Flat-Flat
Frequency-Flat
Frequency Flat
Time Distorting
Frequency Flat
Time Diaperaive
Time Duration
Figure 2.1 7: Channel classifications.
4/m
Signal Duration
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
` multiples
Methodes
dacces
eralit
1/3
Gen
es
Motivations
simultanement
creation
dun canal (channelization), portion de temps
delai,
derreur, debits,
connectivites,
etc....
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
` multiples
Methodes
dacces
eralit
2/3
Gen
es
Principales methodes
dacces
` Multiples centralisees
:
Methodes
Acces
Frequency Division Multiple Access, FDMA,
Time Division Multiple Access, TDMA,
Code Division Multiple Access, CDMA,
Space Division Multiple Access, SDMA,
` Distribuees
et/ou Aleatoires
Methodes
Acces
(Packet
Radio/Random Access) :
sur ALOHA,
methodes
basees
Packet Reservation Multiple Acces, PRMA,
Carrier Sense Multiple Access, CSMA
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
` multiples
Methodes
dacces
eralit
3/3
Gen
es
Definitions
et acronymes courants
Emetteur-Recepteur
:
au reseau
loperateur
(points dentree),
Terminal Mobile (Mobile terminal/Mobile Station, MS)
gen
debits
sur voie VD bien superieure
a` VM.
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Duplexage
Duplexage
systeme
pouvant emettre
et recevoir (resp. emettre
ou recevoir),
sequentielle),
`
Mode Simplex : pour les systemes
mono-directionnels.
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Duplexage en temps
Duplexage en temps (Time Division Duplex, TDD)
separation
des voies Down/Up en temps en assignant des slots
(meme
bande de frequence),
temps/periode
de garde requis pour minimiser interference
entre
emission
et reception,
fonction du temps max. pour
communication aller-retour,
par reciprocit
(channel
estimation de canal simplifiee
e
reciprocity assumption) si temps de duplage entre les TS inf.
temps de coherence
du canal,
`
possible sur certains systemes
et certaines conditions de
(canaux dts quasi-statiques)
mobilites
non full-duplex au sens strict.
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Duplexage en temps
312
MULTIPLE-ACCESS TECHNIQUES
erale
Principe gen
du duplexage TDD
Guard time (50 to 200 s)
D1
U1
D2
U2
D3
U3
D4
U4
Time
increased efciency is given at about 16% in a recent report. Because of basic overhead
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Duplexage en frequence
Duplexage en frequence
(Frequency Division Duplex, TDD) :
separation
des voies Down/Up en frequence
en assignant des
bandes de frequence
(frequency bands) de communication
dune communications,
pendant la duree
si separation
entre deux bandes sup. a` la bande de coherence
du canal non
toujours le cas en pratique, donc reciprocit
e
valide
full-duplex au sens strict,
`
thepropagation
requiredetsystem
data Syst
rateeme
modulation: acc
scheme,
or etthey
may also
byeme
` and
` multiple
`
` mu
Canaux de
modelisation
multi-utilisateurs
es
duplexage
GSM be
: un mandated
exemple de syst
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
administrative rules as in the case of rst- and second-generation cellular systems. The
total duplex bandwidth available to a user is Dn + Un . If asymmetrical downlink and
uplink trafc volume is anticipated, Dn does not necessarily have to be the same as Un ,
although in conventional systems it is typical for the downlink and the uplink bandwidths
to be equal.
The duplex frequency separation is chosen largely to make the design of duplexing
waveguides or circuitry at a terminal practical. For a full duplex system, a terminal will
be sending and receiving simultaneously so that both the downlink and the uplink channels are active. If a single antenna is used, which is the economical approach, the device
known as a duplexer at the remote terminal must separate the signals being received on Dn
from those being transmitted on Un . The design of duplex lters to accomplish this task
becomes more difcult and problematic as f decreases. Since the uplink and the downlink signals are different, signal leakage of one into the other represents interference and
Duplexage en frequence
erale
Principe gen
du duplexage FDD
Duplex frequency separation f
Guard band
D1
D2
D3
DN
U1
U2
U3
UN
Frequency
Figure 8.14
division duplexing
(FDD) duplex
with downlink
D
channels
n and uplink channels
CasFrequency
de plusieurs
canaux
es
en frequence
Un with duplex frequency separation f .
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Acces
en Frequence
FDMA
erale
Principe gen
eralement
de sa
frequences
(gen
contigues) pour la durree
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (FDMA)
communication,
279
Frequency
Radio channel N
Radio channel 3
Radio channel 2
Radio channel 1
Time
Code
erale
Principe gen
du FDMA
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Acces
en Frequence
FDMA : duplexage associe
169
Time
Uplink
Time
Downlink
Downlink
user1
user2
user3
user4
user1
user2
user3
user4
t 1*
t1*
t1*
Downlink * t 1 *
t1
t 1*
t1*
t1*
Downlink
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
Uplink
Amplitude
Time
*
*
*
*
f 1* f 1 f 2* f 2f 3* f 3 f 4* f 4 Frequency
Frequency
f3 f3 f4 f4
f 2f 2
t1
Uplink
t1
Uplink
f1
t1
t 1*
t 1*
t1
f 1f 1
f2
f2
FDMA-FDD
Uplink
Uplink
Time Time
t2
t2
t1
t1
t4 t
4
t3 t
3
t2
t2
t1
t3 t
3
t2
t2
t1
t2
amplitude
t3 t
t4 t
4
t4
t 3*
amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
t 3t
t2
f3
f3
t 1*
t 1*
t1
t1
f4
f4
Frequency
Frequency
FDMA-TDD
Downlink
Downlink
t 4*
t4 t
t1
t1
t1
t1
t 1*
(b) (b)
Time
Time
t1
t1
t 1*
t1
t1
f1
t1
t 1*
t 1*
t1
(a)(a)
t 4t
169
t3
t 2*
t2
t 1*
t2
t 1*
t 4*
t 4*
t4
t 3*
t4
t 3*
t3
t 2*
t3
t 2*
t2
t 1*
t
t3
t 2*
t2
t 1*
t 4*
t4
t 3*
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Acces
en Frequence
FDMA : avantages-inconvenients
Avantages
eralement,
Gen
moins de traitement de signal requis
Desavantages
interference
des canaux adjacents (en part. VM), produits
dintermodulation (BS),
necessit
e eventuelle
dintervalle frequentiel
de garde
`
Type de systemes
utlisant le FDMA
`
systemes
de communications analogiques,
`
utilise souvent en combinaison avec dautres methodes
dacces
(ex : GSM),
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Acces
en Temps
erale
287
Frequency
Radio Channel N
TS 1 TS 2
Radio Channel 3
TS 1 TS 2
Radio Channel 2
Radio Channel 1
TS 1 TS 2
TS 1
TS 2
TS K TS 1
TS K TS 1
TS 2
TS 2
TS K TS 1
TS K TS 1
TS K
TS 2
TS K
TS 2
TS K
TS K
Time
Code
Figure 8.6 Time division multiple access (TDMA) with schematic of time slots (TS).
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
t 1*
t 1*
t1*
t1*
Downlink
t 1 *de syst
t1*
`
` multiple et duplexage
` t 1 * base
FDMA/TDMA
` mu
Downlink GSMt 1:* un exemple
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
eme
Acces
Uplink
t1
Uplink
t1
t1
t1
t 1* t 1
*
*
*
*
f 1* f 1 f 2* f 2f 3* f 3f 4* f 4 Frequency
Frequency
f1 f1 f2 f2 f3 f3 f4 f4
t1
t1
f1
f1
f2
f2
f3
f3
t1
t 1*
t1
t1
f4
f4
Frequency
Frequency
Downlink
Downlink
t4 t4
t3 t3
t3 t3
t3 t3
t2 t2
t2 t2
t1 t1
t1 t1
f2 f
2
f 1* f *
1
t3 t3
t2 t2
t1 t1
f 2* f *
2 Frequency
Frequency
f1
(c) (c)
t4
t 3*
t3
t 2*
t2
t 1*
t1
f2
f1
t 4*
t 4*
t 4* t 4*
t4 t4
t 3* t 3*
t3 t3
t 2* t 2*
t2 t2
t 1* t 1*
t1 t1
t4 t4
amplitude
t4 t4
amplitude
t4 t4
Amplitude
Amplitude
t1
TimeTime
Uplink
Uplink
f1 f
1
t1
t 1*
t1
t1
t1
(b) (b)
Time
Time
t1 t1
t1
(a) (a)
t2 t2
t1
t 1*
t1
t1
t1
Acces
en Temps
*
t4
t 3*
t3
t 2*
t2
t 1*
t1
f2
Frequency
Frequency
(d) (d)
TDMA-TDD
TDMA-FDD
FIGURE
5.15.1 (a)(a)FDMA/FDD;
(b)(b)
FDMA/TDD;
(c) (c)
TDMA/FDD
withwith
multiple
carriers;
FIGURE
FDMA/FDD;
FDMA/TDD;
TDMA/FDD
multiple
carriers;
(d(d
) TDMA/TDD
with
multiple
carriers.
) TDMA/TDD
with
multiple
carriers.
824
824
Uplink
Uplink
849
849 869869
Downlink
Downlink
894 MHz
894 MHz
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Acces
en Temps
TDMA : avantages-inconvenients
Avantages
diversity frequentielle
possible,
gestion de differents
services par assignation de plusieurs TS,
periodes
decoute
pendant la phase de silence (handover
facilite).
Desavantages
interference
entre symbole : egalisation
necessaire,
et
intervalle temporel de garde necessaire
(temps de montee
`
de trajets het
enes
entre terminaux) pour synchronisation
temporelle des utlisateurs (surtout uplink),
estimation de canal pour chaque TS possiblement requises,
overhead induit par ces traitements
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Acces
en Temps
erique
erique
Exemple gen
de trame TDMA
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
` Multiples : Schemas
Acces
Hybrides FDMA/TDMA
du GSM : FDMA/TDMA/FDD
172Exemple
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
Carrier 1
25 MHz
200 kHz
Carrier 2
100 kHz
guard band
.
.
.
Uplink channels
Downlink channels
FIGURE 5.3
FDMA/TDMA/FDD in GSM.
100 kHz of band is allocated as a guard band at each edge of the overall allocated band.
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Example
5.11: TDMA in:DECT
Figure
an FDMA/TDMA/TDD
system used in
` Multiples
5.4 shows
Acc
es
Schemas
Hybrides
FDMA/TDMA
the pan-European
digital PCS standard DECT. Since distances are short, a TDD format
Exemple
du DECT : FDMA/TDMA/TDD
allows use of the same frequency for forward and reverse operations. The bandwidth per
Carrier 1
Carrier 2
10 MHz
.
.
.
1.728 MHz
0 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 20 21 22 23
Downlink 5ms
32 bit
preamble
Carrier 5
64 control
bits
Uplink 5ms
388 bit
data
320 bit
channel
60 bit
guard
4 parity
bits
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
` Multiples : Schemas
Acces
Hybrides FDMA/TDMA
Exemple du standard IS-136 (US) : FDMA/TDMA/TDD
Carrier 2
25 MHz
.
.
.
Uplink channels
Downlink channels
FIGURE 5.5
173
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Acces
de Codes
erale
Principe gen
saut de frequences
(Frequency Hopping)
` orthogonale ou non-orthogonale
Methode
dacces
292
MULTIPLE-ACCESS TECHNIQUES
Frequency
Code1
Code 2
Radio channel N
Code K
Radio channel 3
Radio channel 2
Radio channel 1
Code 1
Code 2
Time
Code K
Time slot (for TD-CDMA)
Code
Figure 8.9
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Acces
de Codes
es
Propriet
reception
(detection
multi-utilisateurs possible en uplink),
Utilisation de codes orthogonaux en liaison descendante (type
Walsh-Hadamard),
Utilisation de codes non-orthogonaux en liaison montante :
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Acces
de Codes
MEDIUM ACCESS METHODS
CDMA/FDD
Downlink
175
CDMA/TDD
Code
Downlink
Uplink
Uplink
User 1
User 2
Time
User 3
User 4
User 5
User 6
(b)
User 7
Frequency
(a)
FIGURE 5.7
transmitter and receiver use the same carrier frequency (Fig. 5.7b), the system is CDMA/
TDD.
In CDMA, each user is a source of noise to the receiver of other users, and if we increase
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Acces
Spatiale
erale
Principe gen
` pour ameliorer
methode
dacces
lefficacite des methodes
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
erale
GSM : Presentation
gen
standard ouvert,
3 versions de GSM :
GSM-900,
GSM-1800 (DCS-1800),
GSM-1900(PCS1900), surtrout USA.
Evolutions :
EDGE,
GPRS
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Duplexage FDD
GSM-900 :
Uplink : 890 to 915 Mhz,
Downlink : 935 to 960 Mhz,
separation
frequentielle
pour duplexage : 45Mhz,
GSM-1800 :
Uplink : 1710 to 1785 Mhz,
Downlink : 1805 to 1880 Mhz,
separation
frequentielle
pour duplexage : 9 :ml5Mhz,
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
the first GSM version, frequencies from 890 to 915 MHz and from 935 to 960 MHz were
ailable. The lower band is used for the uplink (connection from the MS to the BS). The upper
nd is used for the downlink. The frequency spacing between the uplink and downlink for any
ven connection is 45 MHz. Therefore, relatively cheap duplex filters are sufficient for achieving
Interface Air
ry good separation between the uplink and downlink.
For GSM1800, the frequency ranges are 1,7101,785 MHz for the uplink, and 1,8051,880 MHz
r the downlink. In North America, 1,8501,910 MHz are used for the uplink and 1,930
990 MHz for the downlink. Other bands are added as they become available, see also Chapter 27.
cons
ecutive
en
utlisant
la
num
erotation
Absolute
Radio
nd supports a data rate of 271 kbit/s. Each subband is shared by eight users. The time axis
partitioned into timeslots, which are periodically available to each of the possible eight users
Frequency Channel Numbers, ARFCNs.
igure 24.2). Each timeslot is 576.92 s long, which is equivalent to 156.25 bits. A set of eight
DMA
oth uplink and downlink frequency bands are partitioned into a 200-kHz grid. The outer 100 kHz
each 25-MHz band are not used,4 as they are guard bands to limit interference in the adjoined
ectrum, which is used by other systems. The remaining 124 200-kHz subbands are numbered
nsecutively by the so-called Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Numbers (ARFCNs).
TDMA/FDMA
A physical channel
is denoted by timeslot
index and ARFCN
Time
7
6
5
4
Amplitude
3
2
1
m
Ti
lo
es
t in
de
0
7
1
ARFCN
Frequency
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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Systeme
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un utilisateur accede
a` un time-slot specifique
de
consecutives
en utilisant la numerotation
Absolute Radio
Frequency Channel Numbers, ARFCNs.
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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Air : exemple
172Interface
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
Carrier 1
25 MHz
200 kHz
Carrier 2
100 kHz
guard band
.
.
.
Uplink channels
Downlink channels
FIGURE 5.3
FDMA/TDMA/FDD in GSM.
Each
subscriber periodically
timeslot
every
frame Acces
0 to 7.
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Canaux de numbered
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Syst
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GSMspecific
: un exemple
de systeme
e FDMA/TDMA
on one frequency subband. The combination of timeslot number and frequency band is called the
physical channel . The kind of data that are transmitted over one such physical channel depends on
the logical channel (see also Section 24.4).
of the air interface are now described in a step-by-step manner.
Interface Air
fonctionnalit
es
The:important
features
Num
erotation
desthetime-slots
entheuplink
et downlink
A subscriber
utilizes
timeslots with
same number
(index) in
eme
indexes
time-slot
entre UP etbecause
DOWN
links,
This M
facilitates
the design de
of the
MS transmitter/receiver,
reception
andmais
transmission do
not occur
(compare
24.3).
at the same
decalage
detime
3 slots
en Figure
liaison
montante
Timeslots for uplink and downlink
Timeslot index
k
Up
lin
k
nlin
Dow
45 MHz
2 3 4 5 6 70 12 34 5 6 7 01
ARFCN
012 34 5 6 7 01
Timeslot index
Figure 24.3
Frame
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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Midambule : sequence
CAZAC de synchronisation
57
26
Control
bit
Tail
bits
Data
Figure 24.6
57
Tail
bits
Control
bit
Midamble
3 8.25 Bits
Data
Guard
period
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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Wireless Communications
definition
dun masque en puisdance associe au time-slot
Power
+4dB
+1dB
1 dB
6 dB
6 dB
30 dB
30 dB
70 dB
70 dB
10s 8 s 10 s
10 s 8 s 10 s
3
57
26
57
3
Time
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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CHAPTER 6.
528
PARTIAL-RESPONSE MODULATION
9(t)
1.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0L-1IIIII:::::::::::.-:::::t:..........::::::::...-----U------L---..::::::=...--...;E:::-.-~---'
Bit Periods
Figure 6.13: Impulse response g(t) for GMSK for different values of BN.
Egalisation requise,
adaptatif de puissance
Controle
reduction
jusqua` 30dB de la
enabling us to rewrite:Equation
6.37 as
puissance emise,
par pas= 4~de
2 dB,
[ erf (n ~B (~ + ~) ) - erf (n ~B (~ ~)
(6.39)
are fr
expressed by the following series expansion
Saut de frequence
pourThediversit
error functions e
nowequentielle
Un
00
(-l)k z2k+l
) ] .
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` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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...o
C'"
(S"
00
Logical channels
Control channels: CCH
o
en
~
0-
crq
(;.
~
:::r~
~
~
~
~
@
t!j
~
-..~
~
Duplex BS H MS
Traffic channels: TCH
FEC-coded FEC-coded
Speech
Data
TCH/F9.6
TCH/F
22.8 kbit./s
TCH/F4.8
TCH/F2.4
22.8 kbitj's
TCH/H
11.4 kbit/s
TCH/H4.8
TCH/H2.4
11.4 kbit/s
Broadcast CCH
BCCH
BS -t MS
Common CCH
CCCH
Freq.Corr.Ch:
FCCH
Synchron. Ch:
SCH
General Inf.
::sN
::s
0..
en
~
~
~
-..Cb
......
~
~
Stand-alone
Dedicated CCH
SDCCH
BS f-t MS
SDCCH/4
SDCCH/8
Associated CCH
ACCH
BS H MS
Fast ACCH:
FACCH/F
FACCH/H
Slow ACCH:
SACCH/TF
SACCH/TH
SACCH/C4
SACCH/C8
o
=:
>
~
t;!
~
~
ctn
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Structure multi-trame
~
ciQ-
=
It
11
00
1 hyps-r Fr-o ne
GITEI-
l:J'"
\\
egTCHIFS
t:'
~
e.g.BCCH
>
~
~
~
MultifrQMe
= 26
",
tIEl
>
~
....~
2
o
eo
o
....
o
==
>
2
...
IT]
B~{H
t;!j
t""
en
- -0
./
./
./
/./
./
c,
""
ffiJ
= 51
o
-,
~,.....-
IcHe/SACCH
TC:~Fs[]]~IEEGI~m:_
CD
CD
1 l"'Iultifro.l"'le
,.
>
t"4
25
/"
,.- /"
C'D
24
~I
tJj
~(;5'"
bffij
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1-3
- ----
"
~~
o:
0, 1
t-t
1 super-Fr-o ne
-003
S
o<::"t-
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t-t
C1
sr:
= 2,715,648
superfro.l"'les
------
(t)
en
<::"t-
= 2048
/./
./
--
0.5i7MS)
./
./
/?
1 bit duro.tion
s.69us)
- --
- - -
_~
TB
58 Encrypted bits
58 Encrypted bits
~
-...
~
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Schema
traitement couche physique
8.3. MAPPING
LOGICAL
CHANNELS
Structure
emetteur-r
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675
Chu.el
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Codage
avec protection inegale
contre
les erreurs
13 kbps
260 bits/20MS
C1b
132 bits
Po.r rt y
Check
132
189 bits
/
'/
/
/
Convolutional Code
r = 1/2, k = 5
378
I
/
78
Data
Block:for
Encoding
GSM
Global System
Communications
605 Acces
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Last 3 parity bits
Block Encoding of Voice Data As discussed above, only class-1a bits of the voice data are
encoded
using
a
(53,50)
block
code.
This
is
a
very
weak
block
code.
It
is
only
supposed
to
1 ... 50 CKL: SW closed
detect bit errors and cannot detect more than three bit errors within the 50 class 1a bits reliably.
Convolutional Encoding
51 ... this
53isCKL:
SW
open
However,
sufficient,
since
a block is completely discarded if an error is detected within the
Both the class-1 bits
of bits;
the voice
datathen
andsmoothes
all of the
signaling
information
area encoded
with
a
class-1a
the receiver
the resulting
signal
by inventing
block. Figure
24.12
shows
the linear
shift register
representation
the block
encoder.
As the
code isshift
systematic,
the
convolutional coder
at code
rate-1/2
(see Section
14.3).ofThe
bits are
fed into
a 5-bit
register.
Figure 24.12 Shift register For
structure
for
voice
block
encoding,
Cla
(53,50)
systematic,
cyclic
block
encoder.
50
data
bits
pass
through
the
encoder
unchanged.
However,
each
of
them
impacts
the
state
of
the
each new input bit, two codebits are calculated according to the generator polynomials
shift register. The final state of the shift register determines the 3 parity bits which are attached to
In this figure: CKL, Clock; SW, Switch.
the 50 class-1a bits. G1(D)
Class 1a, =
1b, and D
parity
bits4
are then reordered and interleaved. Finally,
3+D
+ Dcheck
Reproduced with permission from Steele and Hanzo [1999]
J. Wiley
Ltd. 1 +
fourall-zero
tail &
bitsSons,
are attached,
which are needed for the convolutional decoder (see below).
Schemas
de codage canal et detection
derreur
G2(D) = 1 + D 3 + D 4
(24.2)
Generator-Polynomial
G4(D) = D 3 + D + 1
and transmitted. The 4 final tail bits attached to the input sequence ensure that the encoder terminates
Block Encoding of Signaling
Data As mentioned in Section 24.4.1, theSW
signaling information has
in the all-zero state at the end of each encoded block.
to have stronger protection against bit errors than the voice data. While a bit error in voice-related
data
might
lead d
to
audio :signal for 20
ms, a+ bit error
in signaling
bits can have
GSM
Global
System
for
Mobile
Communications
605 a
an unintelligible
Code
etecteur
derreur
+
D
D
D
Interleaving
more severe impact e.g., handover to a wrong cell and therefore loss of connection.
Thus,
higher
First 50
bits
Data
Due to the nature of fading channels, bit errors may occur in bursts in some transmission
redundancy is required. For
most of the control channels, only 184 signal bits areLast
transmitted
within
3 parity bits
blocks e.g., if those blocks were transmitted during a deep fade. Interleaving orders the bits
1 ... 50 CKL: SW
closed
20Convolutional
ms (instead ofEncoding
260 forinspeech).
Thisthat
allows
better
bits are encoded
such a manner
the burst
errorserror
due to correction.
the 51
channel
areSignaling
(hopefully)
distributed
evenly (see
... 53 CKL:
SW
open
Section
the more the
distributes
corrupted bits, the better. However,
with a (224,184) Fire code.
The14.7.1)
Fire Evidently,
code is defined
byinterleaver
the generator
polynomial:
Figure
24.12allShift
structure
for voice
block encoding,
Cla (53,50)
systematic,
cyclicwith
block encoder.
Both the class-1 bits of latency
the voice
and
ofregister
signaling
information
are
encoded
a
of thedata
speech
signal
puts
anthe
upper
limit
on interleaver
depth:
In order
to give
acceptable
In this figure:
CKL, Clock;
SW, Switch.
40
26
23
17
3
speech
quality,
the
delay
of
the
signal
should
be
less
than
100
ms.
convolutional
rate-1/2
The
a 5-bit shift register.
+Section
Dwith permission
+ 14.3).
Dfrom Steele+and
DHanzo bits
+ Dare
+fed
1 into
(24.1)
G(D)
= D(see
Reproduced
[1999]
J. Wiley
& Sons,
Ltd.
Code coder
Fire at: code
GSM interleaves the data of two blocks (henceforth called a and b) in the following way:
For each new input bit, two
codebits are calculated according to the generator polynomials
first, each of the blocks is divided into eight subblocks. Specifically, each bit receives an index
Block Encoding capable
of Signaling of
Datacorrecting
As mentioned burst
in Sectionerrors.
24.4.1, theBurst
signaling information
Fire codes are block codesi which
particularly
arehas
{0, . . . ,are
455},
and the
bits are
sortedagainst
subblocks
with index
k {0, . . . , 8} errors
according
to
3 intoD
to have
protection
bit4errors than the voice data. While a bit error in voice-related
=stronger
1lead
+
D
+unintelligible
D
defined as a series of bit kerrors,
that
two
more
consecutive
wrong;
such
error
= i modmeaning
8.G1(D)
Each
ofto
block
a +
contributes
oneforhalf
of the
inin asignaling
transmission
burst
datasubblock
might
anor
audio signal
20bits
ms,
a are
bit bits
error
bits can
have a
(24.2)
(114 bits).
The other
is impact
associated
subblocks
either
a previous
or
a succeeding
morehalf
severe
e.g., with
handover
to a wrong
cell
andof
therefore
lossbits
of connection.
Thus,block
higher
bursts occur,
e.g.,
when Viterbi
fails
(see3Chapter
Aoftotal
4 tail
are attached
Code
convolutif
: decoding
4 of 14).
redundancy
required.
the control channels, only 184 signal bits are transmitted within
G2(D)
= 1is+
D +For
Dmost
b. Figure 24.13
illustrates
diagonal
interleaving.
to the resulting 224 bits. The result is fed
the
convolutional
encoder
at code
rate-1/2,
which
is
20 msinto
(instead
of 260
for speech). This allows
better error
correction.
Signaling bits
are encoded
a (224,184) Fire code. The Fire code is defined by the generator polynomial:
theand
same
as that used
class
of attached
thewithvoice
selected
logical
channels,
such
transmitted.
The 4for
final
tail 1bits
to signal.
the inputFor
sequence
ensure
thatsignaling
the encoder
terminates
40
26
23
17
3
G(D) = D + D + D + D + D + 1
Frameblock.
numberare
asinRACH
and SCH,
polynomials
used. The interested reader is referred (24.1)
to
the all-zero
state different
at the endgenerator
of each encoded
Fire codes are block codes which are particularly capable of correcting burst errors. Burst errors are
Steele and Hanzo [1999] and the GSM
i + 0specifications.
i+1
i+2
i+3
i+4
i+5
i+6
i+7
defined as a series of bit errors, meaning that two or more consecutive bits are wrong; such error
Entrelacement :
Interleaving
Due to the nature of
blocks e.g., if those
e.g.,2a
when6b
Viterbi
Chapter
total 7a
of 4 3b
tail bits are attached
0a bursts
4b occur,
1a 5b
3a decoding
7b 4afails
0b(see5a
1b 14).
6a A2b
to the resulting 224 bits. The result is fed into the convolutional encoder at code rate-1/2, which is
that used for class 1 of the voice signal. For selected logical signaling channels, such
114 the
Bitssame
114asBits
as RACH and SCH, different generator polynomials are used. The interested reader is referred to
fading channels,
errors
may
in bursts in some transmission
Steele bit
and Hanzo
[1999]
and theoccur
GSM specifications.
Figure 24.13
interleavingduring
for traffica channel/slow
associated
control channel/fast
control
blocks
wereDiagonal
transmitted
deep fade.
Interleaving
ordersassociated
the bits
channel data.
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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de signalisation
Schema
de codage canal pour les donnees
677
184 Bits
/
/
Fire-Code (224,184)
/
/
/
/
40
26
G (D)= D + D +
5
23
17
+ D + D +
tQiling
po r rt y
40
456
Figure 8.5: Mapping of SACCR, FACCH, BCCH, SDCCH, PCH and AGCH
logical channels.
the SACCH, as also shown in Figure 8.5, but its 456-bit frame is mapped
onto eight consecutive 114-bit TDMA traffic bursts, exactly as specified for
TCR/FS. This is carried out by stealing the even bits of the first four and
the odd bits of the last four bursts, which is signalled by setting hu = 1,
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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602
Wireless Communications
Normal
3 start
bits
58 data bits
(encrypted)
26 training
bits
58 data bits
(encrypted)
3 stop
bits
8.25 bits
guard period
3 stop
bits
8.25 bits
guard period
3 stop
bits
8.25 bits
guard period
FCCH burst
3 start
bits
142 zeros
SCH burst
3 start
bits
39 data bits
(encrypted)
64 training
bits
39 data bits
(encrypted)
RACH burst
8 start
bits
41 synchronization
bits
36 data bits
(encrypted)
3 stop
bits
Dummy burst
3 start
bits
58 mixed bits
Figure 24.10
26 training
bits
58 mixed bits
3 stop
bits
24.6 Coding
8.25 bits
guard period
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cos(2 f c)
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA .
y(t)
.
.
Demod..
1
LPF
Demod
2
LPF
R bps
P/S
cos(2 f c+ f)
Demod.
L
LPF
cos(2 f c+(L1) f)
Figure 4.2 A basic multicarrier receiver: Each subcarrier is decoded separately, requiring L
pendent receivers.
|H(f)|
interferences
entre symboles pour
les canaux fortement dispersifs,
Bc
B/L
bande de coherence
du canal. subchannel,
since B/L B , even though the overall channel experiences frequency-sele
flat fading sur chaque canal fading: B > B .
1
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
123
Time Domain
n
X
L-pt
IDFT
P/S
Add
CP
h[n]
A circular channel: y = h
124
Delete
CP
S/P
L-pt
DFT
Y
FEQ
^
X
x+n
We begin
L data symbols
intoes
known
an OFDM symbol.
sym
` grouping
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`
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Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systbyeme
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exemple
de systeme
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bol lasts for a duration of T seconds, where T = LTs. In order to keep each OFDM symbol independent of the others after going through a wireless channel, it is necessary to introduce a guard
time between OFDM symbols:
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
OFDM Symbol
Guard
OFDM Symbol
Guard
OFDM Symbol
119
Tg is larger
than the delay spread of the channel , each OFDM symbol will interfere only with itself:
This way,
a series
of OFDM symbols, as long as the guard time
after receivingen
OFDM : structure emetteur-r
ecepteur
mono-utilisateur
Delay Spread
The key to making OFDM realizable in practice is the use of the FFT algorithm, which has
OFDM Symbol
OFDM Symbol
Symbol
low complexity.
In order for the IFFT/FFT
to create an ISI-freeOFDM
channel,
the channel must
appear to provide a circular convolution, as seen in Equation (4.4). Adding cyclic prefix to the
transmitted
signal,
as
is
shown
in
Figure
4.4,
creates
a
signal
that
appears
to
be x[ n]L ,aand
so
Put simply, OFDM transmissions allow ISI within an OFDM symbol. But by including
suffiy[ n]ciently
= x[ n]large
h[ nguard
].
band, it is possible to guarantee that there is no interference between subse-
Cyclic Prefix
xL-v
xL-v+1 OFDM
... xL-1symbols
x0 xhave
xL-v-1orthogonal
xL-v xL-v+1
xL-1interval, the
Now that
subsequent
rendered
with a...
guard
1 xbeen
2 ...
next task is to attempt to remove the ISI within each OFDM symbol. As described in Chapter 3,
when an input data stream x[ n] is sent through a linear time-invariant Finite Impulse Response
(FIR) channel h[ n] , the output is the linear convolution of the input and the channel:
Copy and paste last v symbols.
y[ n] = x[ n]* h[ n] . However, lets imagine computing y[ n] in terms of a circular convolution:
Figure
OFDMSynchronization
cyclic prefix
4.4 Timing4.4
and The
Frequency
y[ n] = x[ n] h[ n] = h[ n] x[ n],
(4.1)
Prefixe
cyclique : rendre la convolution avec le canal circulaire
127
Lets see how this works. If the maximum channel delay spread has a duration of v + 1 samples, adding a guard band Delay
of at least
between
OFDM symbols makes each OFDM
v samples
Spread
(v samples,
T m sec)
symbol independent of those coming before and after it, and so only a single OFDM symbol can
be considered. Representing such an OFDM symbol in the time domain as a length L vector gives
CP
L Data Symbols
x = [ x1 x2 xL ].
CP
L Data Symbols
(4.8)
(4.9)
Original Data
Ajout
Prefixe
cyclique : plus IES intra symbole OFDM
The output of the channel is by definition y = h * x , where h is a length v + 1 vector describcp
cp
otherresponse
hand, ifofthe
not within
this
4 window 0 Tm Tg ,
ingOn
thethe
impulse
the timing
channeloffset
during theis OFDM
symbol.
The output ycp has
intersymbol
regardless
of vwhether
shift interference
is appropriately
The first
samplesthe
of phase
ycp contain
from accounted
the
( L + v) + (v interference
+ 1) 1 = L + 2occurs
v samples.
for.
This can
be confirmed
for the
scenario
that >disperse
for the
<subsequent
T T . For the
0 and into
preceding
OFDM
symbol andintuitively
so are discarded.
The
last v samples
of modulation
into blocks
adds adecyclic
the sequence
`
` symbols
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation etvides
modelisation
Systeme
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: acces
multiple et duplexage
GSMand
: un exemple
systeme
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
prefix (CP) to the beginning of each block. The CP is a copy of the last
part of the block as shown in Figure 2.14. As in OFDM, the CP prevents
inter-block interference. It also ensures that the convolution of the channel
impulse response with the modulated symbols has the form of a circular
convolution. This matches the signal processing performed by the channel
by the FDE
Egalisation Monoporteuse
dans
le domaine
frequentiel
: SC-FDE
OFDM
with the signal
processing
performed
becausevs
multiplication
in
the DFT-domain is equivalent to circular convolution in the time domain.
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
SC/FDE
Add
CP/
PS
Channel
Remove
CP
Npoint
DFT
Equalization
Add
CP/
PS
Channel
Remove
CP
Npoint
DFT
Equalization
Npoint
IDFT
Detect
OFDM
Npoint
IDFT
Detect
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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Systeme
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Acc
es
multiples
par R
epartition
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
OFDM
SC/FDE
33
Equalizer
Detect
Equalizer
Detect
Equalizer
Detect
DFT
DFT
Equalizer
IDFT
Detect
Also, the duration of the modulated time symbols is expanded in the case
of OFDM with parallel transmission of the data block during the elongated
time period, as shown in Figure 2.16. Also, the system bandwidth Bs Hz
is subdivided into smaller-bandwidth subcarriers and the individual data is
Acces
parhasRadvantages
epartition
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
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Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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to single carrier
modulation at the transmitter;
low PAPR due
frequences
:OFDMA
et SC-FDMA
BS Hz
OFDM
BS Hz
to spectral
null;
SC-FDE robustness
vs OFDM : interpr
etation
dans le plan temps-frequence
Single carrier
T seconds
Figure 2.16 OFDM and SC/FDE symbols: there are six data symbols and the
system bandwidth is Bs Hz
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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Acces
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:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
` multiples bases
OFDM
Acces
OFDM-FDMA
180
5 Principles of OFDMA
frequency
On assigne differentes
sous-porteuses
a` chaque utilisateurs,
TDMA-OFDM
maniere
round robin
Allocation
dynamique
des
porteuses
possible
pour
Fig. 5.3 TDMA-OFDM:
There are
6 users
(U), and TDMA
scheme has fixed
time gain
intervalsen
between frames (t) and fixed packet sizes
diversit
e en utilisant des algorithmes de scheduling
frequency
FDMA-OFDM
U1-U6
U1-U6
U1-U6
U1-U6
U1-U6
U1-U6
U1-U6
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
` multiples bases
OFDM
Acces
OFDM-TDMA
5 Principles of OFDMA
frequency
TDMA-OFDM
U1
U2
U3
U4
U5
U6
U1
time
round robin
Fig. 5.3 TDMA-OFDM: There are 6 users (U), and TDMA scheme has fixed time intervals be-
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
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Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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Acces
en frequences
:
OFDMA et SC-FDMA
` multiples bases
OFDM
Acces
OFDMA
` FDMA et TDMA,
Combinaison dun acces
temps-frequence
On alloue un pave
(slice, resource grids) :
Differents
types dallocation :
(distributed/comb/diversity allocation), type IFDMA,
distribuee
(localized/block/grouped/band AMC cluster), type
localisee
LFDMA.
5 Principles of OFDMA
frequency
OFDMA
Inelisation
we
first gave: acc
anes
of SC-FDMA
and explained
this chapter,
`
` overview
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et mod
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs
multiple et duplexage
GSM : un exemple
de systeme
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
the transmission and reception operations in detail. SC-FDMA has two different approaches to subcarrier mapping: distributed and localized. In a disSC-FDMA:
+ data symbols occupy a set of
tributed subcarrier mapping
scheme, a users
subcarriers distributed overOFDMA:
the entire frequency range of the channel and
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
erale
Transmitter and receiver structure of SC-FDMA and OFDMA
SC-FDMA : principe
en
Figureg3.1
systems
Digital-to-analog
/ Radio frequency
Parallel-to-serial
Subcarrier
mapping
Serial-toparallel
{ xm }
M
DFT
(M-point)
{X k }
Subcarrier
Mapping
{Yl }
IDFT
(N-point)
{ yn }
N
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Canaux c03
de propagation
et modelisation
Syst27,
eme
multi-utilisateurs
:Printer
acces
multiple
ettoduplexage
GSM : un exemple de systeme
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
42
Base station
Terminal 2
N-point
DFT
Subcarrier
de-mapping
/ User separation
Remove
cyclic prefix
Radio frequency
/ Analog-to-digital
Terminal Q
Equalization
Mpoint
IDFT
Detect
Terminal 1 data
Equalization
Mpoint
IDFT
Detect
Terminal 2 data
Equalization
Mpoint
IDFT
Detect
Terminal Q data
*M<N
Figure 3.4 SC-FDMA receiver structure from a multiple user access perspective
with Q terminals in the uplink
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
Digital-to-analog
/ Radio frequency
Npoint
IDFT
39
Parallel-to-serial
Mpoint
DFT
Subcarrier
mapping
Serial-toparallel
Comparaison
OFDMA
SC-FDMA : structure
Single
CarriervsFDMA
Channel
SC-FDMA:
Radio frequency
/ Analog-to-digital
Remove
cyclic prefix
Npoint
DFT
Serial-to-parallel
Mpoint
IDFT
Subcarrier
de-mapping
/ Equalization
Detect
Parallelto-serial
*M<N
OFDMA:
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` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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CanauxP2:
de ABC
propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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A/XYZ
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Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
Single
Carrier FDMA
SC-FDMA
: allocation
de sous porteuses
43
X0
X0
August 27, 2008
X1
X1
X2
X2
43
44
Y0
Y0
Zeros
Zeros
19:34
Printer Name:
Name: Yet
Yet to
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19:34
Printer
X0
X1
Zeros
Y0
Zeros
Zeros
X M 1
Terminal 1
X M 1
Terminal 2
X M 1
X M 1
Zeros
Zeros
Zeros
Y N 1 Y N 1
Distributed
Distributed
Terminal 1
X0
X1
Zeros Y
0
Zeros
Single Carrier
Carrier
FDMA
Single
YN 1
Y FDMA
N 1
Terminal 3
Localized
Localized
Figure
Subcarrier
mapping
distributed
and localized
Figure
3.5 3.5
Subcarrier
mapping
modes;modes;
distributed
and localized
Interle
Terminal 2
Figure
3.6 illustrates
three three
examples
of SC-FDMA
transmit
symbolssymbols
in
Figure
3.6 illustrates
examples
of SC-FDMA
transmit
in
the the
frequency
domain
for Mfor
=M
4 symbols
per block,
N = 12Nsubcarriers,
frequency
domain
= 4 symbols
persubcarriers
block,
= 12 subcarriers,
subcarriers
subcarriers
and and
Q =QN/M
= 3=
terminals.
In theInlocalized
mode, mode,
the fourthe
modulation
= N/M
3 terminals.
the localized
four modulation
Y1 X=0 , XY11, Y=2 =
symbols
occupy
subcarriers
0, 1, 0,
2, and
Y0 =
2 ,2 = X2 ,
X1 ,XY
symbols
occupy
subcarriers
1, 2,3:and
3: X
Y00, =
Interleaved
Localized
Mode
(distributed)
Mode
Localized
Mode
Yi =Y0 for
i = 0, 1, 2, 3. In the distributed mode with moduY3 =
3 , and
X3 , and
Y3X=
i = 0 for i = 0, 1, 2, 3. In the distributed mode with modulation symbols equally spaced over all the subcarriers, Y0 = X0 , Y2 = X1 ,
Terminal 3
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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Canaux de propagation et modelisation
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Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
{xm }:
x0
x1
x2
x3
DFT X k =
{X k }:
{Yl }
M 1
2
mk
M
m =0
, M = 4
X0
X1
X2
X3
IFDMA
X0
X1
X2
X3
DFDMA
X0
X1
X2
X3
LFDMA
X0
X1
X2
X3
Current
implementation
in 3GPP LTE
frequency
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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Acces
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frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
Dynamique des signaux : SC-FDMA vs OFDMA
Single Carrier FDMA
50
0.6
IFDMA
0.4
0.2
0
0.6
10
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
30
40
Sample [time]
50
60
LFDMA
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.6
10
DFDMA
0.4
0.2
Amplitude [linear]
0.6
10
OFDMA
0.4
0.2
0
10
20
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
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Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA vs OFDMA
SC-FDMA :
PAPR faible,
OFDMA :
PAPR plus important,
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
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Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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Mecanismes
dadaptation et de diversite
eraux
Principes gen
Principe
` dynamique les parametres
`
Adapter de maniere
de transmission
pour sadapter aux variations temporelles du canal,
Exploiter la diversite due aux variations du canal
`
Principaux parametres
dadaptation
puissance demission,
taille de constellation,
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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Mecanismes
dadaptation et de diversite
eraux
Principes gen
Notions de QoS
Adaptation et mecanismes
de diversite visent a` garantir une QoS
pour
Differents
types de contraintes peuvent etre
imposees
: delai,
lors de la presentation
aux couches superieures,
erale,
en gen
on traduit les contraintes QoS comme une
contriante de taux derreur paquet sur la couche physique
` quoi ?
Qui gere
` lensemble des el
ements
el
de traitements logiques et decisionnels
sur les
a` transmettre, ie. gestion des mecanismes
donnees
et
`
parametres
dadaptation et allocation (diversite multi-utilisateurs)
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Mecanismes
dadaptation
Techniques dadaptation
Adaptive Modulation and coding (AMC),
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ),
de puissance,
Allocation/controle
Allocation de porteuses/scheduling des utilisateurs,
dadmission
controle
`
`
Hypotheses
systeme
a` lemission,
recepteur
des mecanismes
utilises
Mecanismes
de prediction
pour traquer les variations du canal,
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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maniere
` doptimisation possible : maximisation du debit
instantane
Critere
Mecanismes
AMC pour adaptation de lien
` conjointe a` lemetteur
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
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Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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le mecanisme
dAMC selectionne
le MCS qui maximise le debit
instantane sous certaines contraintes de QoS
par un PER cible en sortie de codage
Si la QoS est donnee
`
`
canal alors le probleme
de decision
est un probleme
a` seuils
Marges a` considerer
pour robustesse aux erreurs destimation.
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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-.-.
MCS(1)
t'
SIR threshold between
MCS(I) and MCS(2)
SIR
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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Methodologie
A lemetteur,
seule la statistique du canal base sur un SINR
equivalent
est necessaire
pour choisir le MCS.
PER = f (MCS, SINR, N)
ou` N est la taille du mot de code.
En pratique, seul lindex du MCS est fourni. Ce dernier est
calcule au recepteur
en fonction des estimations du canal
disponible. Cet index est appele CQI (channel quality index),
Ensuite, determiner
une relation entre CQI = g(h, N), ou` h est
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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ou` I(.) est une fonction qui lie le SINR a` une mesure LQI,
Mesures LQI possibles :
Identite (SINR moyen, (LESM)) : I() = ,
Capacite de Shannon (CESM) : I() = log2 (1 + ),
EESM (Exponential Effective SINR mapping) : I() = e ,
MIESM (Mutual Information Equivalent SINR Mapping) :
2
M1 Z
e(yxm )
1 X
(yxm )2
I() = log2 (M) +
e
log2 ( PM1
)dy
2M
e(y xk )2
m=1
m=1
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple
`
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA
6
de lien
(link adaptation)
par AMC
Results for MCS
Fig. 4.
using SCM channel model
j5jAdaptation
Link Quality Metrics : performances
04
elf
024
cr
w
a.
smit
the
4-6
dels
a:
w
(L
` mu
Acces
codingschemes.Fromlefttoright,thecurvesinthisexamplecorrespondtoQPSK,16QAM
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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: un exemple de systeme
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
and64QAM,rates1/3,1/2,2/3and4/5.
210
QPSK, r=1/3
QPSK, r=1/2
QPSK, r=2/3
QPSK, r=4/5
16QAM, r=1/3
16QAM, r=1/2
16QAM, r=2/3
16QAM, r=4/5
64QAM, r=1/3
64QAM, r=1/2
64QAM, r=2/3
64QAM, r=4/5
BLER
10
10
10
15
20
25
SNR
Figure 10.1 Typical BLER versus Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for different modulation and
coding schemes. From left to right, the curves in this example correspond to QPSK, 16QAM
and 64QAM, rates 1/3, 1/2, 2/3 and 4/5.
Efficiency
CQIindex Modulation Approximate code rate (informationbits per symbol)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Notransmission
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
0.076
0.12
0.19
0.3
0.44
0.59
0.37
0.48
0.6
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.93
0.1523
0.2344
0.3770
0.6016
0.8770
1.1758
1.4766
1.9141
2.4063
2.7305
3.3223
3.9023
4.5234
5.1152
5.5547
AMC can exploit the UE feedback by assuming that the channel fading is sufficiently
slow. This requires the channel coherence time to be at least as long as the time between
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
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Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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derreur
Controle
Mecanismes
HARQ
variable rate.
Efficient for good channel conditions.
Fixed rate.
Efficient for bad channel conditions.
17/12/2009
3 / 46
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
derreur
Controle
Mecanismes
HybridHARQ
Automatic
Receiver
Transmitter
Type-I
Parity CRC
Message
Tx1
Tx2
Message
Tx3
Type-II
Incremental redundancy (IR-HARQ)
Parity 1 Parity 2 Parity 1 CRC
Message
17/12/2009
Tx1
Tx2
Tx3
Parity CRC
Message
Parity CRC
Message
Parity CRC
Message
Parity CRC
Message
Parity 1 CRC
Message
Parity 2
signal
combining
code
combining
Parity 3
4 / 46
length
may be impractical
in manyde
applications
of
is caused
bythe
inretransmitting
the
timewasted
`
` multiple
`
` mu
Canaux deThis
propagation
et mod
elisation
Syst
eme
multi-utilisateurs
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systeme
base because
FDMA/TDMA
Acces
restrictions imposed by the data format.
By the 1970's, ARQ systems were in extensive use in
packet-switched and other data networks. Higher data rates
andutilization
of satellitechannelswithlonground-trip
delaysestablishedthe
need forcontinuoustransmission
strategies to replacethestop-and-waitprocedures.Internationalstandardsorganizations
suchas CCITT (the International Telegraph and Telephone ConsultativeCommittee)
began makingeffortsforprotocolstandardization.
This
resultedin the high-level data link. control (HDLC) and the
CCITT X.25 standards. These envisaged the use of a go-back-
codewords detected in error. This problem becomes particularly severe if there is significant round-trip delay between
the transmission of a codeword and the receipt of its error
statusinformationbackat
the transmitter. Long delayis
inevitable
when satellites or longterrestrialchannels
are
Protocoles
Stop-and-Wait
being used.
Anotherapproach to error control is through
theuse of
hybrid ARQ schemes which incorporate both FEC and retransmission.Hybrid ARQ schemes offerthepotentialforbetter
performance if appropriate ARQ and FEC schemes are
properly combined. Either block or convolutional codes may
derreur
Controle
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
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Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
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derreur
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Protocoles Go-Back-N
tinuously.However,thetransmitteronly
resends
those
codewords that are negatively acknowledged (NAKed). After
resendinga
NAKed codeword,thetransmittercontinues
transmittingnewcodewordsinthetransmitterbuffer(as
illustratedin Fig. 3). Withthis scheme, abuffermust
be
provided at the receiver
to store the error-free codewords
following
received
a
word
detected
in
error,
because,
ordinarily, codewords must be delivered to the end user in
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA
mitter
ARQ
system,the
receivercommitsadecoding
ency.
InSyst
an eme
error whenever it accepts a received word with undetected
errors. Such an event is called an error event. Let P(E) denote
hat, whenever a
o rejects
theRepeat
probability of an error event. Clearly, for an ARQ system
Protocoles Selective
any
of them
to be reliable,the P(E) should be madeverysmall.
The
e retransmitted.
throughput efficiency (simple throughput) of an ARQ system
ch can result in
is defined as the ratio of the average number of information
ncelarge
if
le,
consider
a
approximately
long and the bit
ay, N = 700
one received
are rejected. If
ut may fall
derreur
Controle
e ineffective for
ge
caused bythe
ollowinga
rcome by using
ve-repeat ARQ
mittedcon-
` mu
Acces
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Gen
mitigation de linterference
inter-cellule,
Applications multicast et broadcast,
and 8 (in Europe). Similarly, bands 2, 4, 10, cover the Personal Communication System (PCS)
currently
`
`inmultiple
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation
et modelisation
Systoccupied
eme
multi-utilisateurs
: acces
et duplexage
eme
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
frequencies
by operators
the U.S.A.,
while GSM
band: un
5 exemple
covers de
thesyst
frequencies
long used by U.S. operators for lower-frequency operation. Bands 6 and 9 cover the traditional
Japanese operator frequencies. Bands that became available through the digital dividend include
several blocks of spectrum in the 700-MHz range have been recently auctioned off (bands 12, 13,
14,ees
17) in the U.S.A. In Europe and Asia, current activity concentrates on the 2,3002,700 MHz
allou
range (bands 7, 38, 40); further spectrum in the 3,4003,600-MHz range will become available
in the near future. Note that some newly available spectra are reserved exclusively for specific
systems, while other frequencies might be used by the operators as they deem fit.
Table 27.2
Operating band
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
17
UL (MHz)
1920 1980
1850 1910
1710 1785
1710 1755
824 849
830 840
2500 2570
880 915
1750 1785
1710 1770
1428 1453
698 716
777 787
788 798
704 716
DL (MHz)
2110 2170
1930 1990
1805 1880
2110 2155
869894
875885
2620 2690
925960
1845 1880
2110 2170
1476 1501
728746
746756
758768
734746
Bandwidth
1.4
10
15
20
Europe, Asia
America
Europe, Asia
America
America
Japan
Europe, Asia
Europe, Asia
Japan
Americas
Japan
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
PM
Page 47
Long
Term Evolution
Duplexage
he special subframe
s an ordinary, albeit
ame and is used for
on. Its length can be
elve OFDM symbols.
s, where the control
e OFDM symbols, the
n in DwPTS is two
on is the location of
Bandwidth flexibility
1.4 MHz
20 MHz
Duplex flexibility
2:17 PM
Page 46
FDD
fDL
fUL
Half-duplex FDD
fDL
fUL
Paired spectrum
Reduced UE complexity
TDD
fDL/UL
Unpaired spectrum
UL
DL
fUL
fDL
tion toSubframe
transmission.
#0
#1 In addition,
#2
#3 the
#4guard
#5 time
#6
#7
#8
#9
(Special subframe)
(Special subframe)
also must be selected
by taking base-station-toUL
TDD
fDL/UL
base-station
interference
into
account.
Due
to
the
DL
propagation delay, a downlink transmission from a
distant base station
in the air at the base
DwPTS is
GPstill
UpPTS
station trying to receive uplink transmissions even
n Figure 2. LTE frame structure.
though all base stations switched from downlink to
uplink at the same time. With the DwPTS and
UpPTS durations mentioned above, LTEthe
supports
widest bandwidth. Unlike previous cellular
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
670
Wireless Communications
Layer 3
Control/measurements
Layer 2
RRC
Logical channels
Medium
Access
Control
Transport channels
Physical layer
Layer 1
Figure 27.2
Reproduced from [3GPP LTE] 2009. 3GPPTM TSs and TRs are the property of ARIS, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TTA and TTC
who jointly own the copyright in them. They are subject to further modifications and are therefore provided
to you as is for information purposes only. Further use is strictly prohibited.
uses all available subcarriers, then this is identical to the single-carrier transmission with Cyclic
ariant
provides
an et modelisation
`
` multiple et duplexage
Canaux
de propagation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
ge power ratio that
S1-U
nt terminals.
X2-U
ource that is addressE-UTRAN
n the two-dimensionPile
protocolaire
de
linterface
radio
lled a resource block.
assembles 12 subcarX2-C
h of 180 kHz. In the
eNB
block has a subframe
ch a short subframe
channel variations by
n Figure 1. Overview of the EPC/LTE architecture.
ing on their current
e time, a short hybrid
time of only 8 ms can
`
` mu
GSM : un exemple de systeme
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
S1-U
TOCOL
STACK
UE
ARQ
(incl. Seg/Conc.)
Re-ordering
HARQ
Header
compression
eNB
PDCP
PDCP
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
PHY
PHY
Ciphering
Scheduling
e number of resource
d selecting a modulato meet the current
ly scalable transport
ulting in a wide range
tion, it is possible to
ms by utilizing multiMIMO) transmissions
even further under
eNB
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
non-acquitte et acquitte)
des
PDCP PDU et gestion RLC ARQ,
Medium
Access Control (MAC) : H-ARQ, mapping entre canaux
logiques et physiques, multiplexing
Couche physique (PHY)
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
MEYER LAYOUT
3/25/09
2:18 PM
Page 54
IP
via S1 or from
UEs stack
IP UDP
Payload
IP TCP
Payload
overhead without
sacrificing reliability.
Most errors are
PDCP
Header compression
and ciphering
H
PDCP
H
PDCP SDU
PDCP
PDU
PDCP
captured and
corrected by the
lightweight HARQ
protocol. Only
RLC
RLC
Segmentation
concatenation
Segmentation
RLC SDU
RLC
Concatenation
RLC SDU
RLC
PDU
MAC
MAC
Multiplexing
Multiplexing (padding)
MAC SDU
MAC SDU
MAC
L1
Coding,
interleaving,
modulation
Transport block
MAC
PDU
CRC
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
3/25/09
2:18 PM
Page 55
RLC SDU
BLER ~10-6
UL ARQ
transmitter
RLC
RLC PDU
BLER ~10-4-10-3
RLC STATUS
BLER ~10-4-10-3
MAC
DL HARQ
receiver
UL ARQ
receiver
UL HARQ
transmitter
HARQ ACK/NACK
error rate=10-4-10-3
RLC STATUS
as DL HARQ data
UL HARQ
receiver
DL HARQ
transmitter
Transport block
BLER e.g.10-1
Uplink L1
Downlink L1
uplink/downlink
nsmissions
ention resolution
t, DL assignment)
A message
ntity, BSR, etc.)
response
ance, UL grant, etc.)
2
eNB
preamble
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
686
Wireless Communications
Downlink Channels
Logical
Transport
PCCCH
PCCH
BCCH
BCH
Physical
PBCH
Uplink Channels
Transport Physical
CCCH
ULSCH
PUSCH
DCCH
RACH
PRACH
DTCH
CCCH
DCCH
Logical
DLSCH
PDSCH
MCH
PMCH
PUCCH
DTCH
MCCH
MTCH
PDCCH
PHICH
PCFICH
Figure 27.14
Physical Random Access CHannel (PRACH): it is used for the random access, i.e., MS communicating to the BS before a connection with scheduling has been established.
Figure 27.14 summarizes the mapping between the channels.
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
671
Codewords
Layers
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
Layer
mapper
Scrambling
Antenna ports
Modulation
mapper
Figure 27.3
Resource element
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Resource element
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Precoding
From [3GPP LTE] 2009. 3GPPTM TSs and TRs are the property of ARIS, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TTA and TTC
jointly
own the copyright in them. They are subject to further modifications and are therefore provided
Principauxwhoel
ements
to you as is for information purposes only. Further use is strictly prohibited.
Scrambling,
1011
1001 0001
0011
1110
1100 0100
0110
QPSK
Medium
Access
1010 Control
1000 0000(MAC)
0010 : H-ARQ, mapping entre canaux
logiques et physiques, multiplexing
MIMO,
11 Elements
01
Mapping des symboles sur les Resource
(assignation
1101
1111
temps-fr
0101 0111
des paves
equence).
Each subframe consists of two slots, which are each 0.5 ms long.
Each slot consists of 7 (or 6) symbols.
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
Duration
of the
different units is often given in terms of the sampling time T = 1/30,720,000 s.
LongNote
Term
Evolution
that this sampling time is a bookkeeping unit; RXs are not obligated to actually sample
s
at the corresponding rate. In particular, for bandwidths <15 MHz, a larger sampling time (lower
sampling frequency) is feasible.
One radio frame, Tf = 307200 Ts = 10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360 Ts = 0.5 ms
#0
#1
#2
#3
#18
#19
One subframe
Slot = 0.5 ms
CP
LB #0
CP
Tcp = 160 Ts
LB #1
CP
LB #2
CP
LB #3
CP
LB #4
CP
LB #5
CP
LB #6
66.7 s = 2048 Ts
144 Ts
LB #0
Tcp = 512 Ts
CP
Extended cyclic prefix mode (e.g., MB-SFN operation)
Figure 27.5
LB #5
`
` multiple et
`
` mu
Time/frequency
resources
are assigned: to
users
as integer
ofsyst
a Resource
Block
Canaux de propagation
et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs
accdifferent
es
duplexage
GSM : multiples
un exemple de
eme
base FDMA/TDMA
Acces
(RB) (Figure 27.6). More precisely, an RB is 12 subcarriers (180 kHz) over the duration of one
slot.3 For the uplink, only contiguous RBs can be assigned to one MS. Furthermore, the number
of RBs has to be decomposable into factors of 2, 3, and 5; this is done to ensure an efficient
Couchesimplementation:
PHY : grille dallocation
with that prescription, any of the necessary DFTs can be composed of radix-2,
radix-3, and radix-5 butterfly structures.
DL
UL
SC-FDMA symbols
Nsymb
DL
RB
k = N RB N sc
1
UL
RB
k = N RB N sc
1
Resource block
Resource block
UL
DL
RB
subcarriers
N
RB
UL
R.R
CC
N RB N R subcarriers
R.R
RB
UL
N CC subcarriers
N RB N R subcarriers
k=0
l=0
UL
l = N symb 1
Uplink resources
RB
k=0
l=0
DL
l = N symb 1
Downlink resources
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
eralit
Gen
es
` multiple bases
CDMA : DS-CDMA (Direct-Sequence),
Acces
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
eralit
Gen
es
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
CDMA et etalement
de spectre
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
CDMA et etalement
de spectre
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
CDMA et etalement
de spectre
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Gain detalement
:
SF =
TS Bspr
Tc BS
Gain de traitement :
Gp =
Bspr
SF + Gc
Binf
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Codes de Hadamard :
HM HM
+1 +1
H2M =
H1 = [+1], H2M =
HM HM
+1 1
m-sequences
Codes de Gold
LFSR de taille n
Si periode
de taille 2n 1,
m-sequence
(maximal length sequ.)
+ decalages
possibles
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
` multiple
DS-CDMA : acces
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
`Outpu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
mu
UMTS : W-CDMA
Codage
de canal
WCDMA/UMTS
649
Reproduced from [UMTS 1999] 1999. 3GPP TSs and TRs are the property of ARIB, ATIS, ETSI, CCSA, TTA, and TTC who jo
copyright in them. They are subject to further modifications and are therefore provided as is for information purposes only. Furthe
prohibited.
Input
D
D
X(t )
Output 0
+
Output 1
x(t )
Y(t )
Y'(t )
D
+
D
Interleaver
Output 0
Output 1
Output 2
+
+
D
+
X'(t )
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
de puissance
DS-CDMA : controle
Motivations
Effet Near-Far : compenser en liaison montante
leblouissement,
evanouissements
long terme (path-loss et shadowing),
: le recepteur
Boucle fermee
calcule son niveau de puissance
evanouissements
rapides.
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
erale
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
UTRA-FDD : stack protolaire
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Canaux de transports et canaux logiques
Canaux logiques
Canaux de controles
: Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH),
Paging Control CHannel (PCCH), Common Control CHannel
(CCCH), Dedicated Control channel (DCCH),
Canaux de traffic : Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH), Common
Traffic Channel (CTCH).
Canaux de transports
Canaux communs : Broadcast CHannel (BCH), Paging CHannel
(PCH), Random Access CHannel (RACH), Forward Access
CHannel (FACH), Common Packet CHannel (CPCH), Downlink
Shared CHannel (DSCH),
es
: Dedicated (transport) channel (DCH).
Canaux dedi
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Canaux physiques
Canaux physiques
Voie montante :
Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (DPCCH) :bits pilotes,
Transmit Power Control (TPC), Feed Back Information (FBI),
Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI),
Dedicated Physical Data CHannel (DPDCH) : data,
Physical RACH (PRACH) et Physical Common Packet CHannel
(PCPCH).
Voie descendante :
DPCCH et DPDCH,
propres : Primary Common Control Physical
Canaux de controle
CHannel (P-CCPCH), Secondary Common Control Physical
CHannel (S-CCPCH), Synchronization CHannel (SCH), Common
PIlot CHannel (CPICH),
autres : Physical Downlink Shared CHannel (PDSCH), Acquisition
Indication CHannel (AICH), Page Indication CHannel (PICH).
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Mapping canaux de transports et physiques
646
Wireless Communications
Transport Channels
Physical Channels
DCH
RACH
CPCH
BCH
FACH
PCH
Synchronisation CHannel (SCH)
Physical Downlink Shared CHannel (PDSCH)
DSCH
Figure 26.6
Reproduced from [UMTS 1999] 1999. 3GPP TSs and TRs are the property of ARIB, ATIS, ETSI, CCSA, TTA, and TTC who jointly own the
copyright in them. They are subject to further modifications and are therefore provided as is for information purposes only. Further use
strictly prohibited.
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Mapping canaux de transports et physiques
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Chane UTRA-FDD, chaine globale
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Chane UTRA-FDD, voie montante
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Chane UTRA-FDD, voie montante
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Chane UTRA-FDD, voie montante
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Chane UTRA-FDD, voie montante
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Chane UTRA-FDD, voie montante
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Chane UTRA-FDD, voie descendante
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Chane UTRA-FDD, voie descendante
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Chane UTRA-FDD, voie descendante
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Chane UTRA-FDD, voie descendante
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : W-CDMA
Chane UTRA-FDD, voie descendante
chance to transmit bit streams in such a way that all bits experience the same
average level of error after combining successive retransmissions in the receiver
UMTS
side. : HSXPA
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
360 UMTS
Upper layers
Physical layer
CRC
Bit
Code block
Turbo
Node B. However, the HS-DSCH distinguishes itself from DSCH by the following:
AP-AICH
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
The HS-DSCH is mapped onto one or several High Speed Physical Downlink
UMTS
: Channels
HSXPA
Shared
(HS-PDSCHs). The structure of an HS-PDSCH is composed of
Chane HSXPA
: structure
sub-frames
of 3 slots (7,690 chips) each. Channelization coding and scrambling are
HS-PDSCH m
16-QAM symbols
serial to parallel
I branch
channelization
code
S
gain m dl,n
cell scrambling
code (complex)
c16,m
cos(t)
Q branch
j
HS-PDSCH k
serial to parallel
I branch
gain k Sdl,n
c16,k
Re{.} RRC
filter
DAC
Im{.} RRC
filter
DAC
PA
-sin(t)
Q branch
j
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
UMTS : HSXPA
Chane HSXPA
: trame
364 UMTS
Sub-frame (2 ms)
Slot 0
Slot 1
a) HS-PDSCH
Slot 2
Data
M 160 bits (M = 2 for QPSK and M = 4 for 16-QAM)
SF = 16 (fixed)
Bit rate = 480-960 kbps
QPSK or 16 -QAM
2,560 chips
Sub-frame (2 ms)
Slot 0
Slot 1
b) HS-SCCH
Slot 2
SF = 128 (fixed)
Bit rate = 60 kbps
QPSK or 16 -QAM
Data
40 bits
2,560 chips
10 ms
Sub-frame 0 Sub-frame 1
Sub-frame i
Sub-frame 4
2 ms (7,680 chips)
HARQ-ACK
2,560 chips
c) HS-DPCCH
SF = 256 (fixed)
Bit rate = 15 kbps
QPSK
5,120 chips
`
`
` mu
Canaux de whereas
propagation et modthe
elisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs
GSM : un exemple
de systeme
bascarrying
e FDMA/TDMA Acc
es
hannel,
uplink
channel: accises` multiple
usedet duplexage
as feedback
channel,
for
the TCP and FBI bits. Other services such as speech can also be carried on
H.UMTS : HSXPA
UE scrambling
code (complex)
DPDCH
c256,0
SDPCH,m
DPCCH
c256,k
I + jQ
to RRC
filter
HS
HS-DPCCH
DL DPC H
(R99)
HS-SCC H
#1
HS-SCC H
#2
Node B
HS-SCCH
#3
HS-SCCH
#4
UE
HS-PDSC
H
HS-DPCCH
UL DPC H (R
99)
Data
errors or not, the UE1 sends a CRC-based ACK/NACK response on the HSDPCCH. Whilst waiting for the UE1 feedback, Node B takes the opportunity to send
radio
conditions
error rate.
Tableare14.2
examples of user data
blocks
and 3 toso maintain
that severaltheH-ARQ
processes
activegives
in parallel;
UMTS
: 2HSXPA
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
described
[TS(AMC
Chane HSXPA
avancees
from: fonctionalit
the procedurees
in
25.214,+HARQ)
R5], the UE1 estimates and then
Table 14.2. User data rates on top of Layer 2 obtained from different coding
rates and modulation schemes (including overhead)
HS-SCCH UE1
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE1
HS-PDSCH UE1, block 1 UE1, block 2 UE1, block 3 UE2, block 1 UE1, block 1 UE1, block 4 UE2, block 2 UE1, block 3
In a typical
HS-DPCCH ARQ mechanism, the receiver sends an acknowledge (ACK)
message to UE1
the sending station when a data block has been successfully received,
ACK + CQI
NACK + CQI ACK + CQI NACK + CQI ACK + CQI NACK + CQI
e.g. by CRC checksum comparison. When the checksum calculated by the receiver
HS-DPCCH
does not match the checksum included within the
transmitted data block, the
UE2
receiver will send a negative acknowledge (NACK) to ACK
the+ CQI
sender and discard the
erroneous block. This so-called Stop and Wait (SAW) method is not very efficient