SLEEPING SICKNESS (Trypanosomiasis ) -

Slender and wavy organism in peripheral blood

DOHLE BODIES: are dilated "rough endoplasmic reticulum"

appear as coarse blue granule of cytoplasm
seen in sepsis; myelodysplastic syndrome and chediak higashi syndrome
PAWN -BALL MEGAKARYOCYTE( separated lobes of nuclei in megakaryocytes):SYNDROME

MYELODYSPLASTIC

BENIGN HTN:
showing HYALINE ARTERIOLOSCLEROSIS.
AFB STAINING:showing bacilli inside macrophages
MYELOBLAST:granular cytoplasm and 3-5 prominent nucleoli
LYMPHOBLAST:Agranular cytoplasm with no nucleoli
SECONDARY T.B.--caseous necrotic areas with many CAVITATORY lesions.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY:1) shows "DENSE CORE GRANULES "( you can appreciate round dark black structures which are
NEUROSECRETORY GRANULES )
2) seen in NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOURS
3) MARKERS are ------ chromogranin, neuron specific enolase, synaptophysin, leucine -7
Malignant hypertension showing --1)ONION SKIN APPEARENCE...
2) HYPERPLASTIC ARTERIOSCLEROSIS...
3) FIBRINOID NECROSIS
ZELLBALLEN PATTERN(nests of chief cells surrounded by vascular septae)
seen in PARAGANGLIOMA.

AUER RODS - single rod like cytoplasmic structure)----max. in AML-M3( ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA)...
CONGENITAL NEMALINE ROD MYOPATHY( LIGHT MICROSCOPY) ROD LIKE CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS ( floppy
infant )
DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS:a/w HLA DQ-2 AND HLA-DQ-8.
SUBEPIDERMAL BLISTERS( neutrophilic microabscess in dermal pappilae)
DIRECT IMMUNOFLUOROSCENCE showing SELECTIVE IgA depositon at DERMAL -PAPPILAE TIP---- DERMATITIS
HERPETIFORMIS
CONGENITAL NEMALINE ROD MYOPATHY( electron MICROSCOPY) showing Z- band ( made of actinin; and also
known as ZEBRA BODIES)
HAIRY CELL( HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA :
PHASE -CONTRAST MICROSCOPY--CD 11,25,103+VE.....
MOST SPECIFIC MARKER---ANNEXIN A1
RANKES COMPLEX :Ghons focus alongwith FIBROSIS and CALCIFICATION known as RANKES COMPLEX.

LACUNAR REED STERNBERG CELLS:-(notice clear space around nucleus thats why lacunar!!!!! its artifact!!!!)
Seen in NODULAR SCLEROSIS HL
CD 15+/30+
NESTROF TEST (Naked Eye Single Tube Rbc Osmotic Fragility test):Thallessemia screening
interpretation of test ---1).lines seen --NORMAL.

2).no lines( because thallessemia have stable rbc membranes)-----thalessemia patient..

GHONS FOCUS:Subpleural fibrocaseous lesion (CONSOLIDATION) of lung parenchyma (mc---lower part of upper lobe.)
microscopically contains epitheloid granulomatous inflammation
LISSENCEPHALY (=AGYRIA):Absence of cortical gyri..i.e...due to total absence of gyrus brain surface is smooth....
MUTATION---1)LIS-1 GENE (M.imp)..
2) alpha-DYSTROGLYCAN GENE...MUTATIONS
POP-CORN CELLS (=LYMPHOCYTE PREDOMINANT HODGKINS LYMPHOMA):---CD20+/ 15-,30-.......( NOTE:- see nucleus its like polyp/popcorn like lobes )
a/k/a LYMPHOCYTE HISTIOCYTE RICH R-S CELLS..
Bcl-6+ve (germinal centre proliferation marker)
Dichroic mirror (DM) :Dichroic mirror is the optical element that separates the excitation light from the fluorescence.
Dichroic mirrors are special mirrors that reflect only a specific wavelength of light, allowing all other wavelengths
to pass through .
Dichroic mirrors used in epi-fluorescence microscope filter blocks are placed in a 45 incidence angle to light,
creating a "stop band"of reflected light and a "pass band"of transmitted light.
Light passing through the excitation filter is reflected 90 toward the objective and the specimen.
Finally, light emanating from the specimen is passed through and directed toward the observer (or highsensitivity camera).
PAPILLARY CARCINOMA OF THYROID:neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor gene mutation.
nuclear feature are diagnostic consisting of -optically clear nuclei /orphan annie nuclei/ pseudoinclusion / owl eye appearence
Tennis racket appearence (BIRBECK GRANULES) (ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ) :Seen in Langerhans cells cytoplasm in histiocytosis X ( Langerhan's cell histiocytosis)
**it should not be confused with "Tennis racket cells" seen in "Sarcoma botryoides"(a variant of
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA")
INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
Centromeric pattern of staining of nuclei----- seen in Systemic sclerosis and sjogren syndrome
Speckled pattern of staining of nuclei----- seen in Antibodies reactive with Sm and RNP (ribonucleoprotein)
Nucleolar pattern of staining of nuclei----- (antibodies are against RNA) seen in Systemic sclerosis
Homogenous or Diffuse staining of nuclei----- seen in Antibodies reactive with dsDNA,Nucleosomes and Histones
(common in SLE)