Grammar 11 PDF

Maria English Society
Essential English Grammar

Teaching Notes - Unit 11
Table of Contents
Adverb clauses
- Adverb clauses of manner
- Adverb clauses of time
- Adverb clauses of place
- Adverb clauses of condition
- Adverb clauses of comparison
- Adverb clauses of reason
- Adverb clauses of condition
- Adverb clauses of result
- Adverb clauses of concession
- Adverb clauses of result
- Adverb clauses of purpose
- Inversion of adverbs
- Inversion of conditional clauses
- Relative adverb: where
- Reduced clauses
- Adverb phrases
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Unit 11
Adverbs clauses
Adverb clauses: manner, time, place, condition
Types of adverb clause
Conjunctions used
1. Adverb clause of manner
as, as if
2. Adverb clause of time
when, until, as long as, as soon as,
3. Adverb clause of place
where, wherever
4. Adverb clause of condition
if,
5. Adverb clause of comparison
than, as .as, so as
6. Adverb clause of reason
as, because, since
7. Adverb clause of concession
Although, even though, though
8. Adverb clause of result
so that, such that
9. Adverb clause of purpose
That may, so that
Adverb clauses of manner

Please examine these complex sentences. Each sentence has a main clause and a dependent
clause. So that you can recognize it more easily, the dependent clause is put in brackets.
John did that work [as it should be done].
The man ran [as if wolves were chasing him].
Answer the questions [as you have been taught].
He fought [as a brave man should fight].
It is quite clear that these clauses do not qualify a noun: they limit the meaning of the verbs did, ran,
answer, and fought. That is, they are doing the work of adverbs. They are adverb clauses.
They answer the questions: How did John do the work? How did the man run? How must you
answer the questions? How did he fight?
They are doing the work of adverbs of manner, so they are adverb clauses of manner.
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Adverb clauses of time

Here are some more adverb clauses.
The thief ran away [when he saw the policeman].
[When I have finished my work], Ill go out to play.

The tooth stopped aching [when the dentist came in].
A cold wind sprang up [just as the sun was setting].
She decided to wait [until the train arrived].
.
In these sentences the dependent clause tells us when the thief ran away, when the speaker will
go out to play, when the tooth stopped aching, when the cold wind sprang up, and up to what time
she decided to wait.
They are adverb clauses of time.
Adverb clauses of place

Let us now examine another group of sentences:
Mary put the meat [where the cat couldnt reach it].
The sailors went [where they expected to find the treasure].
[Where there are flowers], you will generally find bees.
[Wherever Fred goes], Jock is sure to go.
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These clauses answer the questions:

Where did Mary put the meat?
Where did the sailors go?
In what place will you generally find bees?
Where is Jock sure to go?.
These clauses are adverb clauses of place.
An adverb clause is one that does the work of an adverb.
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Complex sentences containing adverb clauses can be analysed like this:
Kind of
Work done by
adverb clause
adverb clause
John did that work as it should be done.
Manner
modifying the verb did
Ill go out to play
when I have finished my work.
Time
modifying the verb will go.
Mary put the meat
where the cat couldnt reach it.
Place
modifying the verb put.
Main clause
Adverb clause
Exercise
Analyse the following complex sentences in the style shown on this page.
1.
When we arrived at the football field, the game had started.
2.
Richard left dirty footmarks wherever he went.
3.
Kick the ball hard as Richard did.
4.
Dont handle those cups and saucers as if they were made of iron.
5.
Im standing where I can see the game.
6.
You cant come in here while we are having a lesson.
7.
As soon as the boys came into the room, the noise began.
8.
Use a paint-brush as I showed you yesterday.
9.
Everywhere I looked, there were dirty footmarks.
10. Our friends had arrived when we got home.
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Adverb clause of condition

The if-clause are adverb clauses of condition, modifying the verb in the main clause. Learners must
remember the following FOUR patterns of if-clause. All forms of tenses are fixed, and you do not
change any of them.
1. real
2. real
3. Unreal
4. Unreal
If-clause
Result clause
If I have enough time,
I watch TV every evening.
(simple present)
(simple present)
If I have enough time,
I will watch TV later on tonight.
(simple present)
(will + simple form)
If I had enough time,
I would watch TV now or later on.
(simple past)
(would + simple form)
If I had had enough time,
I would have watched TV yesterday.
(past perfect)
(would have + past participle)
Examples:
Richard will learn grammar [if he works hard].
[If the rain stops], Ill go for a walk.
Well help you [if you need help].
I cant read it [unless you write clearly].
These sentences tell us on what condition Richard will learn grammar, on what condition I will go for a
walk, on what condition we will help, and on what condition I can read something.
Clauses that express the condition on which an action was done, is done, or will be done, are called
adverb clauses of condition.
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Exercise
Underline the adverb clause, say what kind of adverb clause it is and use an arrow to point out
which verb it modifies.
Example:
If I were you, I would take up the job.
1. When Fred goes, Jack is sure to go. (Adverb clause of ____________ )

2. She decided to wait until the train arrived. (Adverb clause of ____________ )
3. The man ran as if wolves were chasing him. (Adverb clause of ____________ )
4. If you lent me a pen, I would not go to buy one. (Adverb clause of ____________ )
5. The thief was arrested where he was caught. (Adverb clause of ____________ )
6. After I finish my work, I will go to play with you. (Adverb clause of ____________ )
7. Make hay while the sun shines. (Adverb clause of ____________ )
8. If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well. (Adverb clause of ____________ )
9. Look before you leap. (Adverb clause of ____________ )
10. Forgive us as we forgive our enemies. (Adverb clause of ____________ )
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Adverb clause of comparison: as as , so as, than

Three conjunctions are reserved only for adverb clause of comparison. Unlike other kinds of
adverb clauses, adverb clauses of comparison modify adjective, or adverb, not verb.
Examples:
Adverb clause of comparison modifies an adjective
He is older than he looks.
He is as stupid as he is lazy.
He is not so clever as you think.
Adverb clause of comparison modifies an adverb

I walk faster than you swim.
John manages his family as carefully as his father does.
The mother doesnt treat her daughter so nicely as she handles her son.
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1. when the main clause verb is INTRANSITIVE or BE, the verb of adverb clause of
comparison can be UNDERSTOOD.
Examples:
A plane flies faster than a bird.
A plane flies faster than a bird flies.
He is much later than I.
He is much later than I am.
He is as stupid as I.
He is as stupid as I am.
3. But, when the main clause verb is TRANSITIVE or has a PREPOSITION, we can have subject
or object after than and as.
Examples:
Main clause verb is TRANSITIVE
S
V O
The coach likes Joe more than I __ __.

SV O
The coach likes Joe more than I like Joe.
V O
The coach likes Joe more than __ __ me.

S
The coach likes Joe more than the coach likes me.
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Main clause has a PREPOSITION

S
The coach paid more attention to Joe than I __ __ __ __ __.

SV
The coach paid more attention to Joe than I paid attention (to Joe).
S V
The coach paid more attention to Joe than __ __ __ __ __ me.
The coach paid more attention to Joe than the coach paid attention (to me).
prep.
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Exercise
Adverb clauses of comparison uses 3 subordinate conjunctions: than, so as, as as
Very often the verb and subject or object in the adverb clause are omitted, and you are required to
write them out as the following example.
Example:
Mary has more clothes than I.
=
Mary has more clothes than I have clothes.
1. In many places, ice is as widely used as bread.

=
In many places, ice is as widely used as __________________________ .
2. General Lee proved himself to be a better general than any of the unionist commander.
=
General Lee proved himself to be a better general than _________________________ .
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3. The teacher pays more attention to Jack than me.

=
The teacher pays more attention to Jack than _______________________________ .
4. The teacher pays more attention to Jack than I.

=
The teacher pays more attention to Jack than _______________________________ .
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Adverb clauses:
reason, concession, result, purpose
Adverb clauses of reason
Look at these sentences:
The thief ran away [because he saw the policeman].
Louis passed his examination [because he worked hard].
[Because he worked hard], Louis passed his examination.
[Because he hadnt worked hard], Richard didnt pass his examination.
Why did the thief run away? Why did Louis pass his examination? Why didnt Richard pass? What
was the reason for his failure?
Clauses that tell why something happened are adverb clauses of reason.
Adverb clauses of concession

There is another kind of adverb clause you ought to know. You will meet
sentences like this:
[Although Richard tried harder last term], his work is still not good enough.
The line of thought in the sentence is: I agree that Richard tried harder or Ill grant you that
Richard tried harder or Ill concede the fact that Richard tried harder, but in spite of all that, his
work is still not good enough.
So, because sentences like this concede something, they are called adverb clauses of concession.
Here are some further examples:
[Though there was no hope of winning], the team played their hardest to the very end of
the game.
He is a very active man [though he is over eighty].
[Although Richard got up early], he was late in arriving at school.
[Although the work looks difficult], it is really quite simple.
[Though I was telling him the truth], he still didnt believe me.
[Though I am poor], I am honest.
I come out to meet you, [even if it rains].
[No matter how hard he works], he still cant get promotion.
Adverb clauses of concession concede or grant a fact. The action or situation named by the verb
in the main clause happens in spite of that fact.
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Adverb clauses of result

Adverb clause of result uses so that, such that.
Examples:
He was so weak [that he could not speak].
He behaved in such a bad manner [that his reputation suffered].
We paid him immediately, [so that he went away happily].
Adverb clauses of purpose

Adverb clause of purpose uses that may, so that.
Examples:
The guard drew his sword [that he might defend himself].
We paid him immediately [so that he would go away happily].
For purpose clause:

1.
there is no comma before so.
2.
there is would or may
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Exercise
Analyse the following complex sentences containing a main clause and an adverb clause. Say
what kind of adverb clause it is and what function it performs. (The function of a clause means the
work it is doing.) Number 1 is done for you.
Principal
Adverb clause
Kind
Function
I need a
because I am going
Reason
Modifies the
hammer and
to repair the shed
clause
verb need
nails
1.
I need a hammer and nails because I am going to repair the shed.
2.
We couldnt play the match because the fog was too thick.
3.
We shall come and see you if we have a holiday.
4.
Although it was rather foggy, we played the match.
5.
We shall play the match, even though it is rather foggy.
6.
We had to cancel the match because it was so foggy.
7.
Russ Conway played the piano well though he couldnt use all his fingers.
8.
I will tell you the secret if you wont tell it to anyone else.
9.
The wind blew so hard that the fire went out.
10.
Our neighbors landscaped their lawn so that they would win the prize.
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Clause of phrase?
Adverb Clause of Reason
(Conjunction + SV)
- because
Adverb Phrase of Reason

(Preposition + noun)
because of, as a result of
S V
Correct: He eats because he is hungry.
prep. O
Correct: He eats because of his hunger
Incorrect: He east because his hunger.
Incorrect: He east because of he is hungry.
A clause has a finite verb, so we have to use the conjunctions

Because, though, although, even if, even though.
Adverb Clause of Concession
(Conjunction + SV)
- though, although, even if, even though
S V
Correct: He comes though it rains.
Adverb Phrase of Concession

(Preposition + noun)
despite, in spite of
prep.
O
Correct: He comes despite the rain.
Incorrect: He comes though rain.
Incorrect: He comes despite it rains.
A phrase doesnt have any verb, so we have to use prepositions to form an adverb phrase.
Exercise
1. _____ the hardships facing the rest of the financial community, the stock market is booming.
(A) Despite
(B) Even though
(C) Regardless
(D) Furthermore
2. Mrs. Kim is planning to attend the regional seminar, _______ it is not absolutely necessary that
she be there.
(A) whether
(B) of
(C) because
(D) although
3. _____ the Mintell Company has been in business for only three years, it has been making
extremely large profits.
(A) Before
(B) Once
(C) Useless
(D) Although
4. The central bank will continue its anti-inflation policies, _____ it means higher interest rates
and increasing numbers of bankruptcies in the short term.
(A) whichever
(B) even if
(C) in spite of
(D) both
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5. _____ we requested that the new machine parts be sent immediately, we were informed that
they would not arrive before the end of the week.
(A) However
(B) Although
(C) Meanwhile
(D) But
6. _____ Ms. Yoshioka was unhappy with the inventory report, she patiently listened to the
accountants explanation.
(A) But
(B) In spite of
(C) Nevertheless
(D) Although
7. The company president suggested a budget cut _____ concerns from a few of the partners.
(A) since
(B) unless
(C) whereas
(D) despite
8. _____ becoming one of the nations largest exporters of aluminum, the Chen Aluminum
Company has entered the international stock market.
(A) As a result of
(B) Even though
(C) Quite
(D) Whenever
9. Despite of his enthusiasm for the company, Mr. Kim resigned after having been there
A
B
C
for just a year.
D
10. The colloquium on portfolio management will not be held this year although financial
A
B
C
difficulties.
D
11. The planning session was postponed because of the vice president had to attend an
A
B
C
D
urgent meeting.
12. Despite to many people, the machine seem very complex, they are remarkably simple
A
B
C
D
to assemble.
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A summary on adverb clauses

There are 9 kinds of adverb clauses:
1.
Adverb clause of manner uses the subordinating conjunctions: as, as if, as though.
Some people act as though they could do no wrong.
Men will reap as they sow.
He walked as if he were drunk.
2.
Adverb clause of time uses 'when, while, after, before, since, as, etc'
When you have finished your work, you may go home.
Don't talk while she is singing.
He came after night had fallen.
Do it before you forget.
I have not been well since I returned from China.
There was silence as the loader spoke.
3.
Adverb clause of place uses 'where, wherever'.

I met my old friend where we played together in our childhood.
Let him be arrested wherever he may be found.
4.
Adverb clause of comparison uses 'as as, so as, than'.

He is as stupid as he is lazy.
He is not so clever as you think.
He is older than he looks.
5.
Adverb clause of condition uses subordinating conjunctions: if, unless, whether.

If it rains, we will stay at home.
You must go whether you hear from him or not.
Unless you work harder, you will fail. ('Unless' = 'if ... not')
If you do not work harder, you will fail.
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Sometimes, the subordinating conjunctions can be omitted.

Had I not seen this with my own eyes, I would not have believe it.
= If I had not seen this with my own eyes, I would not have believed it.
He would be happier were he honester.
= he would be happier if he were honester.
6.
Adverb clause of reason uses 'because, as, since'.

I did it because I wanted to.
As he was strong, he could carry this heavy box.
Since you are clever, you'll be able to explain this.
'Since' introduces a time clause only when it goes with present perfect tense 'have been' in No. 3
above, not other tenses. The usage of 'as' depends on the context of the sentence.
As the clock strikes 9, banks begin their daily business.
As she did not feel well, she did not attend the meeting.
The girl tried to cook a meal as her mother did.
7.
(As = when)
(As = because)
(As = the preposition 'like')
Adverb clause of concession uses 'though, although, even if'.

Though I am poor, I am honest.
Although he is fat, he runs very fast.
Even If it rains, I will come.
Now, we come to another two kinds of adverb clauses.

8.
Adverb clause of result uses 'so that, such that'.

He was so weak that he could not speak.
He behaved in such a bad manner that his reputation suffered.
We paid him immediately, so that he went away happily.
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9.
Adverb clause of purpose uses 'that may,
so that'.
The guard drew his sword that he might defend himself.

We paid him immediately so that he would go away happily.
(Purpose clause - 1. there is no comma before 'so'. 2. there is 'would' or 'may'.)
Students are required to memorize these 9 kinds of adverb clauses together with all the
examples for each kind. This is the important foundation for advanced English language level
in both comprehension and writing. The 8 kinds of adverb clauses modify the preceding verb
except adverb clause of comparison, which modifies its preceding adjective or adverb (if
there is no preceding adjective).
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Exercise
Here is an exercise which can be done in class with reference to the above examples:
You like curry better than I (like it).
adv. cl. of comparison
I will forgive you if you do not repeat the offence. adv. cl. of condition
1.
If I were you, I would do it at once.
2.
I make friends wherever I go.
3.
Forgive us as we forgive our enemies.
4.
We sow that we may reap.
5.
At Rome we must do as the Romans.
6.
The general was as good as his word.
7.
Some seeds fell where there was no earth.
8.
It is so simple that a child can understand it.
9.
I will die before I submit.
10.
He was caught in a shower as he was returning from school.
11.
He speaks better than he writes.
12.
The young man has more money than brains.
13.
He felt as if the ground were slipping beneath his feet.
14.
A glutton lives that he may eat.
15.
It is dull in our town since my playmates left.
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16.
I have become lonesome since my best friend left.
17.
Open rebuke is better than secret love.
18.
He is humble though he is rich
19.
As he entered, the clock struck five.
20.
Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark.
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Inversion of adverbs
Here is a list of adverbs; their meaning is either restrictive or negative:
Scarcely, hardly, seldom, rarely, little, even less, nor, neither, by no means,
nowhere, at no time, never,
and a number of restrictive adverbs made with only, such as:

Only by chance, only then, only today, only yesterday, only with difficulty,
only on rare occasions, only by luck.
If any of these adverbs is put at the beginning of a sentence the subject must follow the verb as in
a question:
Hardly had he finished when somebody knocked at the door.
Seldom have I heard such a beautiful voice.
If the tense used is Simple Past or Present, we must use the auxiliary verb do, just as in a question:
Nowhere did he make a greater impression than in Paris.

Little does he realize how foolish he looks.
Although these adverbs are often used at the beginning of sentences, we can also put them in
position where they do not affect the order of the verb and its subject.
He had hardly finished, when

He little realizes how
Reconstruct these sentences so that the adverb in italics comes at the beginning of the sentence:
Examples:
I have never heard such nonsense.
= Never have I heard such nonsense.
We seldom go out in the evening these days.

= Seldom do we go out in the evenings these days.
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Exercise
Rewrite the sentences by putting the word(s) in italics in the beginning.
1.
He had hardly finished his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
2.
You know little of what goes on behind the scenes.
3.
You know even less of what the ministers are thinking.
4.
He not only showed her how to do it but offered to help her as well.
5.
I have never in all my life seen such a sight as this.
6.
There has rarely been such a gathering of celebrities in our house.
7.
You could nowhere find a better adviser.
8.
I heard only by chance that his mother had died.
9.
We have seldom been treated in such a rude way.
10.
It has at no time been easier to enter a University than nowadays.
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Inversion in Conditional Clauses.

1.
If you have any questions, please feel free to write to us.

= Should you have any questions, please feel free to write to us.
2.
If you were to buy a car, it would cost you a lot of money.

= Were you to buy a car, it would cost you a lot of money.
3.
If you had bought the car, you would have spent a lot of money.
= Had you bought the car, you would have spent a lot of money.
Exercise
Select the correct answer for each of the following sentences.
1.
had engineers begun analyzing data when new discoveries rendered their working
model obsolete.
(A) Hardly
2.
(B) Merely
(C) Only
(D) Fairly
you need secretarial services during your stay, please contact the hotel
receptionist.
(A) Perhaps
(B) Whether
(C) May
(D) Should
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Adverb Clause - Inversion

1.
Adverb clause of time
Hardly when . = scarcely when ... = no sooner than
He had hardly finished his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
=
Hardly had he finished his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
He had scarcely finished his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
=
Scarcely had he finished his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
He had no sooner finished his dinner than the servant came rushing in.
= No sooner had he finished his dinner than the servant came rushing in.
(Both actions 'had finished' and 'came' occur at the same time.)
'When ... rushing in' - adverb clause of time, modifying the verb 'had finished' in the main clause.
If the verb of the main clause is past tense, we add 'did' to the verb.
He hardly finished his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
=
Hardly did he finish his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
Scarcely did he finish his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
No sooner did he finish his dinner than the servant came rushing in.
2.
Adverb clause of condition

If I had not seen this with my own eyes, I would not have believed it.
=
Had I not seen this with my own eyes, I would not have believed it. ('If' is omitted.)
He would have learned if he had worked hard.
He would have learned had he worked hard.
('If' is omitted.)
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If he were honster, he would be happier.

=
Were he honster, he would be happier.
('If' is omitted.)
He would learn if he were to work hard.

=
3.
He would learn were he to work hard.
Adverb clause of result.
('If' is omitted.)
So ... that
('So' is an adverb), such ... that ('Such' is an adjective.)

They fought so bravely that the enemy were driven off.
=
So bravely did they fight that the enemy were driven off.
(Add 'did'.)
He is so good a man that all respect him.

=
So good a man is he that all respect him.
('Be' doesn't need to add 'did'.)
She went to such lengths in rehearsal that two actors walked out.
=
To such lengths did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out. (Add 'did'.)
He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.
In such a low voice did he speak that few could hear him.
*
*
(Add 'did'.)
In an examination the answer of inversion type is preferred.

In writing a sentence of inversion type will earn you some credits.
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REDUCED CLAUSES (Verbless Clause)

Some adverb clauses can have their subjects and verbs understood, and these adverb clauses are
called Reduced Clauses or Verbless Clauses. The following conjunctions will form Reduced Clauses:
Adverb clause of time:
When, While, Till.
Adverb clause of concession:
Though, Whether or.
Adverb clause of condition:
If, Unless. (Unless = if not)
Time
When ripe, strawberries are red.
When (they are) ripe, strawberries are red.
While running for the bus, I slipped on the ice.
While (I was) running for the bus, I slipped on the ice.
This medicine must be kept till called for.
This medicine must be kept till (it is) called for.
Concession
Though still in our shirt sleeves, we set to work.
Though (we are) still in our shirt sleeves, we set to work.
His opinion, whether right or wrong, does not concern me.
His opinion, whether (it is) right or wrong, does not concern me.
Condition
Come next week, if possible
Come next week, if (it is) possible
Ill be present at the meeting unless sick.
I ll be present at the meeting unless (I am) sick.
The subject and verb of these seven kinds of reduced clauses are usually the same subject and verb
of the main clause.
The use of these seven conjunctions should be memorized together with the examples.
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ADVERB PHRASES
There are TWO kinds of Adverb Phrases: (1) preposition + noun, (2) to-infinitive.
(1)
Preposition + noun (pronoun)
a. To modify a verb.
In Heaven ambition cannot dwell.
(Put at the beginning of a sentence.)
In Hong Kong we met some old friends.

The earth turns on its axis. (Put after a verb.)
He met his misfortune with courage.
b.
To modify an adjective.
She was anxious about her child.
(Put after the adjective)
China is rich in minerals.

We have learned the preposition + noun can be used as an Adjective Phrase to qualify a noun. Now
we rewrite the phrase again for our-comparison between an adverb phrase and an adjective phrase.
Adjective phrase ONLY to qualify a noun (pronoun).
The man with red hair is my uncle.
(Put after the noun.)
He is my uncle with red hair.

His star is in the ascendant. (Put after 'be'.)
This old hat is of no use.
(The phrase after 'be' is to qualify the subject 'star' and 'hat'.)
More examples:
The train at platform 6 will leave soon.
(Adjective phrase, qualifying the noun 'train'.)
The train stops at platform 6.
(Adverb phrase, modifying the i.v. 'stops'.)
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Lesson 11 Page 28
(Version 1.0 2007)
The train is at platform 6 now.

(Adjective phrase, qualifying the subject 'train'.)
At platform 6, we can board the train.
(Adverb phrase, modifying the verb 'can board'.)
The train is accessible at platform 6.
(Adverb phrase, modifying the adjective 'accessible'.)
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Lesson 11 Page 29
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Exercise
Underline the adverb clauses in the following paragraph. Say what kind of adverb clause each one
is.
High positions in every profession go with good English, so it stands to reason

that if your English is vivid and to the point, sincere and charming you get a much
greater chance of success with your career. For, in the eyes of others it is the way
you put down your ideas that matters.
Hence, with care you read books on English usage and style that you may make
words do what you want them to do until every sentence is an example of what
English prose should be. With effort you study syntax that you may put down word,
phrases and clauses where they should stay. Finally you learn grammar energetically
so that you will have confidence in writing correct English. All these prepare you
for a next process, which is a must for anyone who learns an art or a craft. It is the
process of imitation. Bach and Picasso didn't springs up as Bach and Picasso that we
know today: they needed models. This is especially true of writing.
In the course of time, you set down the real English thoughts of others as though
they were gems in your crown. You own the charming phrases as you would a
valuable jewel. Don't worry that you'll lose your own identity by imitating them.
Soon you'll shed those skins to become who you are as an independent individual,
and then, you can write as beautifully as your models, or even better.
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Lesson 11 Page 30
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However, to a professional writer writing is merely a craft, not an art. He will

not only fool himself but also go broke, if he runs away from his craft because he
lacks inspiration to write good English. Good writing doesn't come naturally though
most people seem to think it does. So, rewriting is the essence of writing since very
few sentences come out right at the first time, or even the third time. A writer must
remember this when he is in moments of despair. Now, you know writing is hard,
just because it is hard.
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Lesson 11 Page 31
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Maria English Society

Essential English Grammar

1. Adverb clause of manner

2. Adverb clause of time

when, until, as long as, as soon as,

3. Adverb clause of place

4. Adverb clause of condition

5. Adverb clause of comparison

6. Adverb clause of reason

as, because, since

7. Adverb clause of concession

Although, even though, though

8. Adverb clause of result

so that, such that

9. Adverb clause of purpose

That may, so that

Adverb clauses of manner

Adverb clauses of time

[When I have finished my work], Ill go out to play.

Adverb clauses of place

The sailors went [where they expected to find the treasure].

[Where there are flowers], you will generally find bees.

[Wherever Fred goes], Jock is sure to go.

These clauses answer the questions:

Complex sentences containing adverb clauses can be analysed like this:

John did that work as it should be done.

modifying the verb did

Ill go out to play

when I have finished my work.

modifying the verb will go.

Mary put the meat

where the cat couldnt reach it.

modifying the verb put.

When we arrived at the football field, the game had started.

Richard left dirty footmarks wherever he went.

Kick the ball hard as Richard did.

Im standing where I can see the game.

You cant come in here while we are having a lesson.

Use a paint-brush as I showed you yesterday.

Everywhere I looked, there were dirty footmarks.

10. Our friends had arrived when we got home.

Adverb clause of condition

If I have enough time,

I watch TV every evening.

If I have enough time,

I will watch TV later on tonight.

(will + simple form)

If I had enough time,

I would watch TV now or later on.

(would + simple form)

If I had had enough time,

I would have watched TV yesterday.

(would have + past participle)

1. When Fred goes, Jack is sure to go. (Adverb clause of ____________ )

Adverb clause of comparison: as as , so as, than

Adverb clause of comparison modifies an adverb

John manages his family as carefully as his father does.

The coach likes Joe more than I __ __.

The coach likes Joe more than __ __ me.

Main clause has a PREPOSITION

The coach paid more attention to Joe than I __ __ __ __ __.

The coach paid more attention to Joe than __ __ __ __ __ me.

Mary has more clothes than I have clothes.

The coach likes Joe more than I .

The coach likes Joe more than me.

The coach paid more attention to Joe than I __.

The coach paid more attention to Joe than __ me.