*

SPE
SPE 19077
Wet Gas Flow Measurement
by N. Nederveen, Nederlandse Aardoliemaatschappij B.V.; G.V. Washington, Koninklijke/SheIl
E&P Laboratorium; and F,H. Batstra, Nederlandse Aardoliemaatschappij B.V.
SPE Member

Copyright 1989, %ciety of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Thle paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Gas TechnolWy Symposium heid in Dallas, Texas, June 7-9, 1989.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract aubmiffad by the author(s). Contents of the paper,
as presented, have not been reviewed by the society of Petroleum Engineere and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not neceeeerlly reffecf
any positionof the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its Officsrs,or members. Papers presented at SPE meetings are subject to publicationreviaw by Editorial Committees of the Society
of PetroleumEngineers. Permissionto copy is restrictedto an abstract
of notmcfe then 300 words. Illustrationsmay notk copied.Ths abstractshouldcontainconspicuousacknowWgmant
of where and by whomthepaper
iapresented.
Write Publications Manager, SPE, P.O. Sox S33S38, Richardson, TX 7!XJS%SSS8.Telex, 7309S9 SPEDAL.

ABSTRACT
Vent
meters, used in combination with
relationshipa published for orifice plates to
correct for wetness, can accurately meter wet gas.
This allows separators to be omitted from gas field
developments where they were used only to remove
entrained liquid before the gas was metered. Vortex
meters have also been investigated but they do not
give predictable readings. A calibration technique
based on the tracer dilution technique using inert
%ses haa been developed to calibrate wet-gas
meters.

INTRODUCTION
Wet-gas flow measurements play an important role in
the economical development of small gas fields in
the Netherlands. Traditionally, the Nederlandse
Aardolie Maatschappij (NAM), the largest gas
producer in the Netherlands, has developed small
fields by using separators at each production
location. This ensures that the gas is dry enough
to be metered accurately by conventional techniques
before it is co..tbined
with gas from other fielde
for transport to central processing plants where
the gas quality is brought up to sales standard.
However, with the low gas prices of recent years
(the gas price is coupled to the oil pzice), it is
uneconomic to equip small gas fields with
separators. Therefore, NAM has recently been
developing small fields without separation
equipment; the separation has been carried out at
the central processing plants. This requires the
wet gas to be metered accurately at each gas field
because the gas price and indeed the ownership of
each field is often different (Fig. 1).

References and figures at end of paper.

The use of wet-gas flow measurements fo

gases
with
low liquid/gas ratios (LGR) was accepted by both
the Dutch government and partners, providing NAM
can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements.
This prompted NAM to begin a joint project with the
Koninklijke Shell Exploratie and Produktie
LaboratoAium (KSEPL) to assess the accuracy of
existing wet-gas flow measurements and, if
necessary, to develop new measurement techniques.
The first objectives of the project were to find a
correction for wetness for venturi meters in wet
service under typical NAM conditions (pressures
between 80 and 100 bar (8 - 10 MPa) and a LGR lower
than zoo m$/10~ normal mJ) and to develop a cheap.
calibration technique for these meters. The
ultimate objective was to find or develop a gas
meter that is independent of liquid content. With
this in mind, the second stage of the project was
to evaluate alternative meters in wet service.
This paper presents some of the findings. Firstly,
the literature on differential-pressure-type meters
is discussed and the results compared with the
results from a venturi meter operated at well
fLOwline conditions. Secondly, tests on a vortex
shedding meter are presented together with their
implications for all meters in which the
fundamental measurement is that of gas velocity.
This is followed by a discussion of a calibration
technique using an inert gas chemical tracer. The
remainder of the paper describes some field
measurements and considers
experiences with wet-gas
two exatrtplee
where such measurements were used in
field developments.
DIFFERENTIAL-PRESSURE-TYPE METERS
Literature survey
Many investigators (see ref. 1 for a list) have
proposed ~pressions for calculating the flow rate
of a maltiphase mixture tt.roughan orifice plate or
a venturi flow meter. The aim of most has been to

WET GAS FLOW

find a universal expression for calculating the
flow rate at all liquid/gas ratios. Although many
expressions have been proposed, there is no
agreement as to which is the most accurate.
However, the differences between the expressions
are small when they are used tc calculate the flow
of a wet gas with liquid-to-gas ratios typical of
gas
wells.
One of the earliest gas/condensate investigations
was carried out by Schusterz in the late 1950s. He
found that liquid entrainment always increases the
differential pressure across an orifice and that
there are no significant differences between the
effects of water and those of condensate. He did
not propose a universal expression but he did
conclude that, for his range of tests (62 bar and
liquid levels of O - 450 mJ liquid to 10~ normal m!
gas), the increase in reading was 0.03% per mJ of
liquid.
Murdocka, in 1962, proposed an expression that has
been the basis for many of the investigations
since. He considered flow through orifice plates
and used a flow model in which the liquid and gas
flowed separately through the plate. He then
correlated his theoretical relationship with
experimental data covering: water/steam flow at 40
bar; air/water and gas/water flow at atmospheric
pressure; and gas with distillate, fresh and salt
water between pressures of 8 and 64 bars. His
results, shown.in Fig. 2 for the gas/liquid
experiments, confirm Schusters findings although
the slope of the line is slightly different.
Murdock proposed one of the most widely used
expressions:
C?t
(1)

Q..=
9

J.

The express on proposed by Chisholm* *

even wider ange of conditions;

covers an

Qg =

. .

/(1 + K/Y + l/Yz)

where

y = &

and

K=

4(P1/Pg)

(ol/Pg)l4

(pg/P1)

14

for low liquid

levels.

Chisholm also treated the flow through the orifice

as separated liquid and gas flow but he solved the
equations in terms of momentum.
A simpler expression was proposed by Matter et ale.
They derived the expression:
Qg

=
1

tp
b

(3)

(Q1/Qg)

where the constant b should be determined

experimentally for each operating pressure, gas
composition.and liquid composi.ti.on.

In normal production a gas well will rarely exceed

a liquid-to-gas ratio of 400 mJ of liquid per
10$ normal ma of gas, and in this range the
disagreement between the various investigators is
small..Both the Murdock and Chisholm expressions
are plotted in Fig. 3 for a nominal natural gas at
100 bar against wetness fraction. Despite the
considerable differences between the expressions,
the results are almost identical. However, the
experimental data base used to derive the
expressions does not cover natural gas at 100 bar;
this result is an extrapolation from the original
measurements.
A further limitation of most of the equations is
that they are specific to a particular form of
differential-pressure-type of flow meter. Their
generality for all forms of meter (e.g. venturi as
well as orifice plate) has not been investigated.
For well monitoring, NAM prefers the venturi meter
to the more commonly investigated orifice meter
because orifice plates are easily bent by the slugs
of liquid occasionally produced from wet wells.
Comparison of predictions aridfield measurements
The effect of wetness ,on a venturi meter was
meter
measured for a nominal 100 mm venturi
installed in a well flowline at a production
station. The testfacility (Fig. 4), installed
between the test header and test separator, was
equipped with water injection facilities and two
identical venturi flow meters. Water was injected
between the two venturis, thereby allowing the
first to be used as a reference meter and the
second to measure the effect of the injected water.
A second reference meter was also available on the
discharge of the test separator, but as this was
the existing process meter its accuracy over the
full flow range was limited. The water was injected
either through a spray head at the centre of the
pipe or through a 25 mm pipe wall tapping so that.
any mixing effect could be identified.
Effect of injected water
The effect of the injected water is summarised in
Fig. 5, where the ratio of the test venturi reading
to the reference venturi reading is plotted against
wetness fraction. Each point on the figure is the
average of four measurements with water injected
either through the spray nozzle or through the wall
tapping. The effect of adding water is linear over
this range, with a slope slightly greater than that
predicted by Murdock or Chisholm. The small zero
shift is due to small differences between the test
and reference venturis. This figure also shows that
there is no difference between the methods of water
injection. This means that different liquid
distributions in the line have no effect.
Eight test runs were made at pressures between 81
and 98 bars and with flows between 56,000 and
180,000 normal mS/day. )luringeach test, the
wetness fraction was changed by adding water and
the effect on the test venturi reading was noted.
Typically, 10 liquid flow rates were used and eight
measurements were taken at each injection flow
rate, four with the water injected through the
spray nozzle at the pipe centre and four with the
water injected at the wall tapping. The actual
conditions for each run are shown in Table 1. Each
measurement consis+s of the average of 10

.-

-.,,

. .

------------

-.

. .--..-..=

individual readings made over about 15 seconds.

Seth the average and the standard deviation of the
10 readings were calculated; and if the standard
deviation exceeded 0.1, the run was rejected and
repeated because the flow conditions were
considered unstable. The flow was calculated in
accordance with ISO 51677.
run
showing each individual
The results of one test
measurement are given in Fig. 6. This figure shows
the typical spread in measurements used to obtain
the average points shown in Fig. 5. The groups of
measurements that were averaged are easily seen.

Figure 7 shows the results grouped according to

pressure. The pressure effect predicted by Murdock
(or any of the other investigators) cannot be
verified since the spread of the results is larger
than any effect. Fig. 8 shows the measurements
grou~sd according to gas flow rate: no dependence
can be seen. This is in agreement with the
predictions from the literature.
The precision of these measurements is discussed
in Appendix A.
OTHER METERS
The ideal meter would be one that is independent of
liquid content in the line and many contenders
could exist. However, tests in the same facility
using a vortex meter show a considerable drawback
of one group of such meters - those that measure
gas velocity. This group includes vortex meters,
ultrasonic meters and perhaps swirl meters and
turbine meters.
Figure 9 shows the results of two test runs for
various liquid/gas ratios at gas flow rates of
85,000 normal m/day and 135,000 normal ins/dayat a
pressure of 80 bars. The results show that the
vortex meter was affected by liquid, that the
effect was dependent upon the gas flow rate and, at
the lower liquid/gas ratios, that the effect was
not repeatable.
The apparent variation with gas flow rate can be
explained by considering the cross-sectional areas
in the pipe taken up by the liquid and the gas. The
vortex meter in gas service is a velocity-measuring
device. It is reasonable to suppose that the
inccease in reading was due to an increase in gas
velocity and that this was due to liquid hold-up in
the pipe. The hold-up causes a reduction in the
cross-sectional area available for the gas because
some of the pipes cross-section is blocked by
the liquid. The area blocked is minimum when the
liquid and the gas are traveling at the same
velocity, and in this case the ratio of areas for
liquid and gas would be the same as the ratio of
liquid/gas flow rate=. In practice, however, there
is slip between the liquid and the gas: the liquid
travels more slowly than the gas and therefore less
area $s available for the gas. As a result, the gas
velocity increases by a factor greater than the
ratio of the liquid/gas flow rates.
The actual areas taken up by the gas and the liquid
are difficult to predict. At the conditions testedl
typical of normal gas pipeline velocities, the
liquid travels as a small film around the.

--

...

. .

-------

the bottom of the horizontally mounted pipe. The

thickness of the film or river depends on the
relative velocity of the liquid and the gas in the
pipe, and this depends upon the pipe geometry and
the gas and liquid flow rates and properties. In
the vortex meter tests, the main dependence was on
liquid flow rate as shown in Fig. 10 where the
results for both tests are plotted against liquid
flow rate in the line. The 75 mm line tested
required a rivez of only 1.6 mm depth or a film
of only 0.9 mm thick to increase in gas flow rate
by 58.
Liquid can be expected to affect the vortex meter
least when it is flowing at the same velocity as
the gas: this is only likely to be so in a downward
flowing line. However, as vortex meters are
sensitive to flow profile, a long straight length
and the
total
is requiredupstream of the meter
length of vertical section would often be
impractically long.
It can be concluded that entrained liquid increases
the reading of a velocity-type flowmeter in gas
service. The actual increase depends on the slip
between the liquid and gas phases and the resulting
liquid hold up in the line. This in turn depends on
the installation geometry, and the gas and liquid
flow rates and properties.
TRACER-DILUTION TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING GAS FLOW
The tracer technique measures gas flow
independently of any free liquid in the gas or of
any other meters in the gas line. A chemical gas
tracer is injected at a known flow rate into the
wet-gas stream. At some point downstream the wet
gas is sampled. Ihe
gas flow can be calculated from
the concentration of the tracer in the gas sample
and the tracer injection rate. The technique
follows that described in IS0.4033a and is shown
schematically in Fig. 11.
Neon was chosen as the tracer because it is not
present in produced natural gas and it does not
dissolve in the produced liquids. However, the
accurate measurement of low concentrations of neon
in natural gas requires complex measuring
techniques. A technique has been developed that
uses a gas chromatographywith a plasma and massspectrometer detector; this gives an accuracy of 1%
at ppm levels. At concentrations greater than 100
ppm a standard thermal conductivity detector can be
used, but the quantity of neon required for
injection is too large for the injection equipment
to be considered portable in an offshore
environment.
The results of three trials are shown in Fig. 12.
In each successive trial improvements were made
until in trial 3 the method was shown to be within
25%, the target accuracy. The main problem in
developing the technique was the selection of a
suitable flowmeter for measuring the very low flow
rates of the injected neon. At first a thermal
conductivity meter was tried but this was too
unstable, resulting in errors of up to 20%. The
successful meter was a turbine meter from Fluid
Dynamics Inc. By checking the calibration on site
with a standard positive-displacement type of gas
meter at ambient pressure, the uncertainty of the
b
d
1%

WET GAS FLOW 1

FIELD EXPERIENCE WITH WET-GAS FLOW MEASUREMENTS

prove wet-gas flow meters
in actual service a
comparison was made between wet- and dry-gas
measurements made with fiscal metering
installations on three offshore installations where
two satellite platforms produce to a main platform.
Each platform is fitted with a fiscal metering
installation using orifice meters (see Fig. 13),
but because of undersizing of the separation
equipment on one of the satellites liquid is
carried over into the export, gas resulting in a
LGR of 15-20 m3/10~ m>. When the wells on the main
platform were closed-in for a period of three
months, the opportunity was taken to check the gasmeteringstations on the satellites against the
dry-gas-metering ?tation on the main platform.
FigUKe 14 shows the production during this time and
indicates the apparent overreading due to wetness
on the
satellite
with
the
of the gas meter
undersized
separators;
it
was assumed that the very
low production of the dry gas on the other
satellite was measured without error. The
overreading of approximately 3.5% is in line with
the data acquired in our tests. The expected
overreading due to wetness is approximately +1%.
The accuracy f6r the dry meters is of the order of
*1% and for the wet meters k2%.
To

Wet-gas flow measurements are also used in a few

wholly NAM-owned onshore fields for well monitoring
and production reallocation purposes. These meters
are standard venturi meters but they are less
regularly maintained than the fiscal meters.
Experience has shown that the total production (LGR
10-30 m3/10t ma) from the summation of these
venturi meters is normally within t5% of the
production measured with the fiscal meter.
IMPLEMENTATION OF WET-GAS FLOW MEASUREMENTS
The first example concerns the implementation of
wet-gas measurements in two new onshore fields with
partner interest through unitization agreements.
The Hardenberg and Den Velde Fields will produce
through minimum wellsite facilities to the existing
Coevorden facilities (see fig. 15). The Coevorden
field lies entirely in the Schoonebeek concession
(100% NAM), while both Hardenberg and Den Velde
Fields lie partly in the Schoonebeek and partly in
the North East Overijssel concession (50% NAM and
50% DSM). Approximately 3/4 of the ultimate
recovery from the Hardenberg/Den Velde production
will be allocated to NAM and the remainder to DSM.
Wet-gas-flow measurements will be used to split the
income between NAM and DSM.
The LGR of the Hardenberg/Den Velde field is
approximately 20 m3/10f mJ and of the Coevorden
field approximately 30 ms/lOC mJ. Applying the
relationship between wetness and overreading found
in our tests (Fig. 5) revealed that the total loss
or gain for each party is very small (1000 mJ/d),
when uncorrected wet gas flow measurements are
used. Correcting the measurements Eor the
systematic overreading due to wetness reduces this
figure to zero (assuming the wetness fractions are
known accurately). The money at stake compared to
the extra costs that would be incurred if more
accurate measurement were required shows that the
wet-gas flow measurements are attractive.

Offshore even bigger saving are being,made by

omitting separation equipment on satellite
platforms; this s~ves deck space and weight.
However, it is difficult to identify the actual
savings because of the adoption of wet gas
measurements, since they are an integral part of a
total platform concept. For example, for a recently
completed satellite platform, the overall costs
were reduced by 60%.
This unmanned four-leg, four-slot platform in 30 m
of water has wells of a corrosion-resistant design,
inhibition or processing
requires no corrosion
facilities, and has no running equipment or
permanent kill facilities. Wet gas is transported
via a 4 km Coflexip corrosion-resistant pipeline to
the main processing platform and the services for
the satellite are supplied from the main platform
via an umbilical. The only pieces of equipment on
the satellite are a crane, a fire-fighting system
and a 25-ton facilities module containing the
emergency shelter, local control room and battery
room. The absence of gas-treatment facilities and
through an umbilical has
the supply of utilities
resulted in large capex savings and will
significantly reduce the operatingand maintenance
costs. Two platforms of the same design are at
present under construction.
CONCLUSIONS
The effect of entrained liquid on the reading of
a venturi meter in gas service can be predicted:
no influence of flow regime is found.
The effect of entrained liquid on a venturi
meter reading is similar to the effects reported
in the literature on orifice -.eterreadings.
Many different expressions a~e quoted but they
give similar results in the range of liquid-toqas ratio 0-400 ms/lO* ml.
The flow should be calculated using the dry gas
density and the observed differential pressure
according to ISO 51677. This calculated flow is
then corrected by using Murdocks (1) or
Chisholms (2) expression. Using this method to
predict the effect for gases at pressures
between 80 and 100 bar results in an uncertainty
that is *1% per 100 ml liquid to 10$ ms gas more
than the uncertainty when the flow of dry gas
with no entrained liquid is measured.
Entrained liquid increases the reading of a
vortex shedding meter (velocity type of meter).
The minimum amount by which the meter reading
increases is the liquid-to-gas volume ratio.
Slip between the phases will increase the meters
overreading.
A tracer dilution technique has been developed
which can measure the flow of dry gas alone in a
wet-gas stream to an accuracy of *5%.
or more per small
Onshore savings of $500,000
gas field development can be achieved by
omitting the separators and installing wet-gas
flow-meters. Offshore much higher savings can be
realized.

PE 19077

N. Nederveen, G.V. Washir

:on, F.H. Batstra

&OJMENCLATURE
Qg
Q1
Q
tp
x

Flow of gas alone

Flow of liquid alone
Flow calculated from the measured differential
pressure and the dry gas density
Gas quality (ratio of mass of gas to mass of
1iquid)
Discharge coefficient for gas

APPENDIX A Uncertainties
There are three main sources of uncertainty in the
results: the three venturi meters, the injection
water flow rate and the effect of the initial
wetness of the gas.

9
Expansion coefficient for gas

~
c1

Discharge coefficient for liquid

density

Pg

Gas

P1

Liquid density

According to 1S0 5167 the uncertainty calculations

for the venturis show that a maximum uncertainty of
il.2t should be taken for the test and reference
of *28
venturis and that a maximum uncertainty
should
be taken
for
the
separator
venturi. The
uncertainty in the liquid-to-gas ratio was
approximately 22%. This is the combination of the
uncertainties of the injection water meter and the
reference venturi measurement.

REFERENCES
with
1. Lin, Z. H., Two-phase flow measurements
orifices, Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics,
chapter 29, vol 3, Gulf 1986.
2. Schuster, R.: Wet gas can be measure5
accurately,M World Oil, July 1959.
3. Murdock, J.W.: Two-phase flow measurement with
orifices, Journal of Basic Engi~eering,
December 1962.
4. Chisholm, D.: Flow of incompressible two-phase
mixtures through sharp edge orifices, Journal
of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 9 No. 1
1967
5. Chisholm, D.: Research note: Two-phase flow
through sharp edge orifices, Journal of
Mechanical Engineering Science, I.Mech.E. 1977.

Table 1.

6. Matter, L., Aziz, K., Gregory, G., and

Nicholson,
M.: Orifice metering of two-phase
flow,n SPE 7411, 1970
7. 1S0 5167-1980, International Organisation for
Standardisation, 1980
8. 1S0 4033-1980, International Oraanisation
for
.
Standardisation, 1980

Additional errors could also be due to the initial

wetness of the gas at the wellhead. However, as the
relationship between added water and meter
overreading was linear, the actual initial wetness
of the gas is unimportant. The wetness was measured
and found to be small in comparison to the injected
liquid volumes.

Test run conditions

Nomina1
9 Press. Temp.
Maximum
Liq/Gas
Gas Flow
(m3/day)i (kg/s) (bars) ( c) (m3/10m)1] (%)
I
180000
150000
95000
56000
75000
108000
72000
180000
1 Volumes

. I
I
40
82
1.7
1.4
0.9
0.5
0.7
1.0
0.7
1.7

are

at

38
39
32
42
43
35
38

83
85
86
98
97
80
78
1 bar

and

O C.

100
100
240
150
400
180
365
100

0.8
0,8
2.0
1.3
3.8
1.7
3.1
0.8

.
m
!.
,,

,.,
.,,

. ..-

k-:.
---..-
., 1 L,,;
;.
:/
;
;:

-.--

~->
,. :.
. .
>&
,.

..

..:<!

t..-

NAM.

Fig,1

Fxlnm

(ddlnw

.oochbkck)

I%rt of the Netherlands showing onshore and offshore

concessions, gas fields and principol concession owners.

2~---

,1

I.j

1.15
+

;.05-

1.1
+
1.05

+
1

Liquid/Gas

-l

100

200
300
400
Ratio (m3 / 106 rn3)

Fig. 3

LtP
es

Pcv

Test Loop
r

I
---

Well Head

Reference
tenturi
Ted
Venturi

I
I

Ii
!

\_____

*
I

1 ----

Equations

----

Test Ha Ider

tik:lr
----

----

Rg. 4

----

Test Facilities

300

Ratio (m3 / 106 m3)

Liquid/Gas

Fig. 2 Murdocks data

I
I
I
1

200

100

at

100bars

400

19077

SPE

.#

1.1

xx
xx

Xe

1.2

#*
***

1 .05-

1.15

x 9*+k

+~y

$:$.
~=: 4 0
1-

1.7 kg/s

1.4 kg/s

x 0.9 kg/s
*

o.95~

0.5 kg/s

o.95~
o

100
Liquid/Gas

400

300

200
Ratio (m3 /

50

100

Liquid/Gas

106 m3)

Fig. 5 Venturi trial results

150

Ratio (m3 /

2(

106 m3)

Fig. 8 Gas flowrate effect

1.15
1.05

H *X=:
**

1.1

J%

&*

1.05

Centre spray

0.95

High flow

I
~oo

0.95
Liquid/Gas

Fig. 6

Ratio (m3 /

100

Liquid/Gas

106 m3)

Single measurements

Low flow

x Wall

200
300
Ratio (m3 / 106 m3)

Fig. 9 Wetness effect on vortex meter

*+++
+

2~
1.15
1.1

g++
1.05
+ 85 Bar
A

t1
I

50
Liquid/Gas

Fig. 7

100

150

Ratio (m3 /

106 m3)

Pressure effect

0.95
200

o Low flow

98 Bar

High flow

10
5
15
Liquid flow rate (l/rein)

Fig. 10 Liquid rate effect on vortex meter

20

Tracer
domge
bottle

Tracer
flowmeter

1 Tracer flow

E-

Minimum 150 diameters

Sample
bottle

Tracer flow

Gas flow -

mole fraction of tracer in sample

Fig.

11

Tracer technique

schematic

I_-_-I
~ Trial 1

u Trial 2

Trial 3

Fig. 12 Tracer trial results

=2!+
Fig. 13

Schematic
picture of offshore
rdatforms and final cauality

orifice metering stations

SPE 19077

Gas production platform B ond

7.0-
K8 2

6.0u

5.0-

W
E

4.0-

-1

*****

::~

*****

*****

*****

KB*************
*****************************
Kll
,

Aug.

Sept.

Apparent

overreading

Oct.

platform B

6.0
~

5.04
4.0
3.0
2.0

1.0
w
Aug.
Fig.

14

Apparent

overreading

Sept.
platform

B gas

Oct.

measurement

. .

$=

19077

Ten Arlo
( Sales point)

**
*+++*+#
Ilx
#
n

**

~u
xx

Den Velde

Hardenbera

4x-

x.

~
facilities
with

Fig. 15

Schematic

situation

map

locations

treating

(no ;iquid

knock out )

facilities

Coevorden / Hardenberg

/ Den Velde

area

,.